Passing of character from parents to offspring..

Phenomenon in which offspring receives character from parent

Key Terms
Multiple

alleles
Sex chromosomes
Sex-linked genes
Allele
Gene
Dominant allele
Recessive allele

Patterns of Human
Inheritance
Human

traits are controlled by:

single genes with two alleles

others by single genes with multiple
alleles.
Still other traits are controlled by
many genes that act together

Single Gene with Two

Alleles
Have

1 dominant and 1 recessive

allele
Have 2 distinctly different
phenotypes
Ex. Widows Peak
Smile dimples

Single Genes with Multiple

Alleles
Some

traits have more than 2 alleles

although a person can have only 2 of
those alleles because chromosomes
exist in pairs. Each chromosome in a
pair carries only 1 allele for each
gene
Ex. Human blood type
3 alleles A, B, O
A and B are codominant
O is recessive

Traits Controlled by Many

Genes
Produce a large variety of
phenotypes
Genes act together as a group to
produce a single trait
Ex. Height at least 4 genes
Skin color at least 3 genes
Question: why child born in English
family looks different from us???
Ans :-

The Sex Chromosomes

One

of the 23 pairs of
chromosomes that carries the
genes that determine whether a
person is male or female
Also carries genes that determine
other traits

Girl or Boy?
The

only chromosome
pair that does not
always match
Girl two sex
chromosomes match
(X,X)
Boy dont match, one
is an X other is a Y
The Y chromosome is
smaller than the X

Sex Chromosomes and

Fertilization
Egg

cells all carry an X chromosome

Sperm cells carry either an X or a Y
When a sperm cell with an X
chromosome fertilizes an egg cell,
the egg has 2 Xs = girl
When a sperm cell with a Y
chromosome fertilizes an egg cell,
the egg has an X and a Y = boy

Sex-linked Genes
Genes

for some human traits are

carried on the sex chromosomes
Traits controlled by sex-linked genes
are called sex-linked traits
EX. Red-green colorblindness
Most of the genes on the X
chromosome are not on the Y
chromosome
An allele on the X may not have a
match on the Y

Sex-Linked Genes
Sex-linked

genes can have dominant

and recessive alleles
In females a dominant allele on one x
will mask a recessive on the other X
In males, there is no matching allele on
the Y to mask a recessive allele on the
X
Any trait on the X chromosome in males
(even a recessive trait) will produce the
trait in a male who inherits it.

Inheritance of
Colorblindness

Colorblindness is a trait controlled

by a recessive allele on the X
chromosome
Many more males have
colorblindness than females
Females can be carriers. They have
one dominant trait for normal color
vision and one recessive trait for
colorblindness. They have normal
color vision

Red-Green Colorblindness

Inheritance of
Colorblindness

If the mother passes on the X

chromosome to a son, he will be
colorblind
If she passes it onto a daughter, she
will also have an X chromosome
from her father. If her father has
normal color vision, then she will
inherit the dominant allele for
normal color vision from him and
she will have normal color vision

Test for Red Green

Colorblindness

Inheritance of
Colorblindness
Father XCY

XC

XC

XCXC

XCY

XCXc

XcY

Mother
XCXc

Xc

The Effect of Environment

Many

of a persons characteristics
are determined by an interaction
between genes and the environment
Several genes work together to
determine height
Environment affects height a poor
diet can prevent a person from
reaching their potential
Environmental factors can also affect
human skills Ex. Playing a musical
instrument need instruction to play
well