DEFINITION :Data Collection Method is Gathering of informatin to address a research problem. DIMENSIONS: 1.Structure 2,Quantifiability 3.Reseatcher obtrusiveness 4, ObjectivitySTRUCTURE Structured plan indicates what information is to be gathered and how to gather it Most self administered questionnaires are highly structured SAQ-include fixed set of questions to be answered in a specified sequence and with predesignated response options (agree or disagree)Quantifiability Data that will be subjected to statistical analysis must be gathered in such a way that they can be quantified For statistical analysis variables must be quantitatively measuredResearcher Obtrusiveness Data collection methods differ in the degree to which people are aware of their status as participants People’s role in the study(behaviour and fesponses may not be normal) Researcher should make an effort to put participants at caseObjectivity It refers to the degree to which two independent researchers can arrive at similar scores or make similar observations regarding the concepts Some reseatch problems require a higher degree of objectivity than othersMajor Types Self Reports Observation Biophysiologic Measures Research question may dictate which specific method to useI. Self Reports INerancthmtnccen tat trl For quantitative study always use a formal, written storjemtinn tele Vast majority of nursing studies involve data collected by self-report Using self reports researcher can gather retrospective data about activities and events occurring in the past Instruments-Interview schedule and Self administered questionnaireTypes of self reports SAC Roetey Me fete eset tay rea ante renee ietonevel tert eaten tte Paige peat cer ccest ttre et epee lacee tateeh Interview schedule AG aeWee Ct Cost Ree NS ees Revel hata mete tera Zteee Cena telephone interviewsQuestions Structured instruments Set of questions in which the wording of both questions and response alternatives is foreelceoenaliite| Two types-Open ended and closed endedOpen ended questions Allow respondents to respond in their own words (eg,) What was the biggest problem you faced after your surgery? Interviewers ate expected to quote responses verbatim or as closely Adequate space must be providedClosed ended questions Are also called fixed alternative questions It offers respondents alternative replies from which subjects choose the one that most closely matches the appropriate answer Good closed ended items are often difficult to construct but easy to administer and analyze Preferred by respondents who are unable to express verballyAdvantages of questionnaire Distribution-mail, person and internet (economical) Cost-less, requires less time and energy, distribution is inexpensive, more diverse sample can be obtained Anonymity is complete No interview biasAdvantages of interviews Ite tence Cee ons Audience-many people cannot fill questionnaire Clarity-offer protection against ambiguous or confusing, questions Drei noe tre tome eters Missing information is not there Reseatcher has the control over the order of questions Sample control-in tented respondents can be contacted Supplementary data-additional data through observationIl.Observation DS rN earennu rents eaters mel Tear trria itt recording of behaviours,events and settings relevant to a problem under study General issucs; 1.characteristics and conditions of individual 2.actiyities and behaviour 3.skill attainment and performance 4.yerbal communication 5,non verbal communication G.cnyironmental characteristicsTypes of observation Check list-it is the instrument observer use to record observed phenomena Rating scales-rate a phenomenon along a descriptive continuum (e.g.) passive/aggressiveIII. Biophysiologic measures CR Reece er rit Ga erent ac TT Fevtat taj erteles = Purpose: 1 basic physiologic process Dadra tariccesete Rey esttre stated to MON Une Meme htanea vents 4.Product assessment 5,measurement and diagnosis improvement 6.Studies of physiologic correlatesTypes of Biophysiologic measure In vivo measurement- Performed directly in or on living organisms ¢.g, BP,oxygen saturation,body temperature In vitro measurements-performed outside the organisms body e.g, Serum potassium concentrate in the bloodAdvantages PXcotiecar elem recente Objective Valid measures of the targeted variables Cost is low(hospital)Disadvantages Measuring tool may affect the variables Risk of damaging the cellsDisadvantages Measuring tool may affect the variables Risk of damaging the cellsOther datas Records Vignettes Projective techniques