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Cell Theory
All know living things are made
up of cells
Cells are the basic unit of
structure and function in living
things
All cells come from pre-existing
cells
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Robert Hooke-1665
First to see cells.
First to use the word
cells- named for the
places that monks sleep in
monastery
Built first microscope

Theodor Schwann
1839
Concluded that all animals
are made up of cells

Matthias Schleiden
1839
Concluded that all plant cells are
made up of cells

Two basic Types of Cells

Prokaryotic Cells
DO HAVE
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
DNA
DO NOT HAVE
Organelles
Nucleus
Are all singled celled organisms.
Thought of as more ancient life formsthey came 1 !
st

Eukaryotic Cells
Have organelles.
Singled-celled or
multicellular
organisms!
2 Types: Plant and
Animal

Basic Cell Structure

Cells come in many different shapes
and sizes.
Like bricks in a building, cells make up
all living things
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The Cell Membrane

The outside of ALL cells are
surrounded by a membrane made of
phospholipids.
Nickname: The gatekeeper

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Membrane Structure
There are proteins stuck in the membrane that help get
things into and out of the cells.
They also help to get messages into the cell.

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The
Membrane is
a lipid bilayer.

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How do molecules get

into and out of a cell?

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Transport through the membrane

Two types
Passive Transport
Energy input NOT required
Active Transport
Energy input required

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Passive Transport
Moves material from
High Concentration to
Low concentration

3 types of Passive
Transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion

Protein

Movement of
molecules from a
place of higher
concentration to a
place of lower
concentration
Always higher to
lower!
No energy input
required!

Diffusion

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Osmosis:Diffusion of water through a cell membrane

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Types of solutions: The direction in

which the water moves is determined
by the type of solution.
Remember water runs downhill!
From high concentration to low
concentration.

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3 types of Solutions

What types of solution?

Hypertonic
Or
Hypotonic?

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Facilitated Diffusion
Particles moved with the help of membrane proteins
High
Concentration

Glucose
molecules

Cell Membrane
bilayer

Low Concentration

Protein
channel

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Active Transport
Energy is required.
Need ATP- the
universal energy
molecule.
Low to high
concentration

Let's review Passive Transport!

http://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/biology1111/animations/passive1.swf

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Ways to get molecules into and out of a cell

with active transport

Some molecules are too large to get through the membrane.

Website
Endocytosis

Into
Exocytosis
Out of

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Exocytosis And Endocytosis

HERE

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Cell Structure
Cells are composed of a
variety of structures that
help them do their jobs.

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Cell Wall

Found in Plant, Fungi, and

Bacteria Cells
Provides support and
protection
In plants, the cell wall is
made of the carbohydrate
cellulose.

http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/ribo.htm

Ribosomes

Not technically an
organelles.
Nickname: protein
maker
They help put the amino
acids together to make
proteins.
Made of the nucleic AcidRNA

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The Cytoplasm
jelly-like substance
contains all of the
organelles

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Organelles in the Cytoplasm

Each organelle has a specific function
so that the cell can do its job.
Each organelle has its own job!
Remember: ONLY EUKARYOTIC CELLS
HAVE ORGANELLES!!!!

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Whats an organelle?
Organelle mean tiny organ.
Organelles function together to
help the cell carry out all of lifes
activities!!

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Nucleus-The Control Center

The Brain
Contains the DNA
DNA controls which
proteins get madeand when!
Where ribosomes are
made

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Nucleus
(Continued)
has a phospholipid
bilayer around it
nuclear pores allow
substances to move
into and out of the
nucleus
DNA NEVER leaves
the nucleus

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

Membrane
system function =
protein
synthesis and
transport.
thought of as a
Highway and a
place of protein
synthesis.

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Two types of ER
Smooth
No attached
ribosomes
Rough
Attached ribosomes

Golgi Apparatus
Nickname: UPS
Packages molecules and
sends them to their
destination.
Also checks to make sure
the molecules are put
together correctly, if not
correct it sends them back to
the ER.

Website

Lets Review

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Vacuoles
packages of

material that are

being stored and
transported
Plants usually
have one large
one
Animals
generally have
many small ones.

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Lysosomes
Nickname
Recycling
Center
Has digestive
enzymes that
breakdown and
recycle molecules.

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Chloroplasts
Site of
photosynthesis
in plants.

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Cytoskeleton
Gives cells their shape.
Contain proteins: microtubules (shape) and
microfilaments (movement).

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Mitochondria
Nickname:
Powerhouse
Site of ATP
production
ATP is the
universal energy
molecule
Energy is stored in
the bonds of ATP.
Website

Plant cell
chloroplast

cell wall

Golgi apparatus
nucleolus
rough ER
ribosomes

mitochondria
vacuole

Animal cell
rough ER

mitochondria

microtubules
microfilaments
Golgi apparatus
nuclear pore

ribosomes
centriole

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Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell

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Levels of Organization
Cells make up tissues.
Tissues make up Organs.
Organs make up organ systems.