UNIVERSITATEA "SPIRU HARET"

FACULTATEA DE DREPT

'5(37 ,17(51$ ,21$/ 35,9$7

- /HF LL GH VLQWH] - Lector Sorin Popescu -

, 3$57($ *(1(5$/

CAPITOLUL 1
RAPORTORTUL JURIDIC DE DREPT

,17(51$,21$/ 3,59$7

1. Elementul de extraneitate sau elementul "strLQ

GLVWLQJHUH D UDSRUWXULORU MXULGLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW ID

FRQVWLWXLH SULQFLSDOXO IDFWRU GH

GH DOWH UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH (O HVWH

DFHD SDUWH FRPSRQHQW D UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF FDUH VH DIO vQ VWULQWDWH VDX VXE LQFLGHQ D XQHL OHJL
VWULQH

ElePHQWXO

GH H[WUDQHLWDWH QX FRQVWLWXLH XQ HOHPHQW GH VWUXFWXU GLVWLQFW DO UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF

DOWXUL GH VXELHFWH FRQ LQXW L RELHFW FL RULFDUH GLQWUH DFHVWHD SRDWH FRQVWLWXL XQ HOHPHQW GH

extraneitate.
ntr-un raport juridic pot fi unul sau mai multe elemente de extraneitate.
 ([LVWHQ D HOHPHQWXOXL GH H[WUDQHLWDWH vQWU-XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF IDFH FD vQ OHJWXU FX DFHO
UDSRUW MXULGLF V VH QDVF XQ conflict de legi.
&RQIOLFWXO GH OHJL HVWH VLWXD LD FDUH DSDUH vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH vQWU-un raport juridic exisW XQ

HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH L FDUH FRQVW vQ DFHHD F DFHO UDSRUW MXULGLF GHYLQH VXVFHSWLELO GH D L VH
DSOLFD GRX VDX PDL PXOWH VLVWHPH GH GUHSW DSDU LQkQG XQRU VWDWH GLIHULWH
(OHPHQWHOH HVHQ LDOH

a) izvorul conflictulXL

ale conflictului de legi sunt:

GH OHJL HVWH HOHPHQWXO GH H[WUDQHLWDWH 1XPDL H[LVWHQ D vQWU-un

raport

MXULGLF D XQXL HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH IDFH FD vQ OHJWXU FX DFHO UDSRUW V VH QDVF XQ FRQIOLFW GH
OHJL LDU HO GHYLQH LPSOLFLW XQ UDSRUW GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

b) confOLFWXO

GH OHJL QX LPSOLF vQ QLFL XQ IHO XQ FRQIOLFW GH VXYHUDQLW L vQWUH VWDWXO URPkQ L

FHO VWULQ FX FDUH HOHPHQWXO GH H[WUDQHLWDWH DUH OHJWXU $FHDVWD GHRDUHFH MXGHFWRUXO URPkQ
DVFXOW QXPDL GH OHJHD

URPkQ

ULL

VDOH LDU FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL HVWH VROX LRQDW GH FWUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO

F UDSRUWXO MXULGLF FDUH FRQ LQH XQ HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH HVWH QXPDL VXVFHSWLELO GH D L VH

DSOLFD GRX VDX PDL PXOWH VLVWHPH GH GUHSW GLIHULWH L DQXPH FHO URPkQ L RULFDUH GLQWUH FHOH OD

care elementele de extraneitate trimit, deoarece, prin mecanismul normei conflictuale, acestuia i se
DSOLF XQ VLQJXU VLVWHP GH GUHSW L DQXPH FHO LQGLFDW GH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO FD lex causae - sistem

FDUH SRDWH IL FHO DO IRUXOXL URPkQ VDX XQXO VWULQ

d) conflictul de legi

DSDUH vQWUH VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW DOH XQRU VWDWH GLIHULWH GHFL QR LXQHD GH

OHJH WUHEXLH OXDW vQ VHQVXO GH VLVWHP GH GUHSW DSDU LQkQG XQXL DQXPLW VWDW

&DX]D DSDUL LHL FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL UH]LG

vQ IDSWXO F UHJOHPHQWULOH GLQ VLVWHPHOH GH

drept ale VWDWHORU VXQW GHRVHELWH XQHOH GH DOWHOH FX SULYLUH OD DFHHDL SUREOHP GH GUHSW
3. Conflictele de legi pot apare numai n UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO
privat GHRDUHFH QXPDL vQ DFHVWH UDSRUWXUL LQVWDQ D URPkQ SRDW V DSOLFH R OHJH VWULQ VDX 
DOWIHO VSXV FRPSHWHQ D OHJLVODWLY DGLF GUHSWXO DSOLFDELO GH FWUH LQVWDQ
FRPSHWHQ D MXGHFWRUHDVF DGLF GH QD LRQDOLWDWHD LQVWDQ HL FRPSHWHQWH

SRDWH GLIHUL GH

([SOLFD LD DFHVWHL VLWXD LL FRQVW vQ IDSWXO F vQ UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW SULYDW SU LOH VH

DIO XQD ID

GH FHDODOW SH SR]L LH GH HJDOLWDWH MXULGLF  LDU HJDOLWDWHD MXULGLF D SU LORU DWUDJH

LPSOLFLW HJDOLWDWHD VLVWHPHORU GH GUHSW FURUD HOH OH DSDU LQ LDU vQWUH VLVWHPH GH GUHSW DIODWH SH

picior de egalitDWH VH SRDWH SXQH SUREOHPD FDUH GLQWUH HOH VH YD DSOLFD UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF vQ FDX]

/HJHD QU  FX SULYLUH OD UHJOHPHQWDUHD UDSRUWXULORU GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO

privat

SUHYHGH vQ DUW  DOLQ  F UDSRUWXULOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VXQW Uaporturile

civile,

FRPHUFLDOH GH PXQF GH SURFHGXU FLYLO L DOWH UDSRUWXUL GH GUHSW SULYDW FX HOHPHQW GH

extraneitate.

3UHFL]UL

D (QXPHUDUHD OHJLL FDUH HVWH HYLGHQW H[HPSOLILFDWLY SRDWH IL FRPSOHWDW FX DOWH UDSRUWXUL

juridice, precum cele de IDPLOLH FHOH GLQ WUDQVSRUWXULOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH GH SURSULHWDWH LQWHOHFWXDO HWF
E 1X WRDWH UDSRUWXULOH GLQ UDPXULOH GH GUHSW HQXPHUDWH GH DUWLFROXO PHQ LRQDW DSDU LQ

GUHSWXOXL SULYDW 'H H[HPSOX GLQWUH UDSRUWXULOH GH PXQF VXQW GH GUHSW SULYDW vQ SUincipal,

SULYLQG FRQWUDFWXO GH PXQF

cele

F 5DSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW SXEOLF QX SRW GD QDWHUH OD FRQIOLFWH GH OHJL vQ VHQVXO F vQ

DFHVWH UDSRUWXUL QX H[LVW vQ SULQFLSLX SRVLELOLWDWHD DSOLFULL GH FWUH MXGHFWRUXO URPkQ D XQHL OHJL
VWULQH ([SOLFD LD UH]LG vQ IDSWXO F OD DFHVWH UDSRUWXUL SU LOH VH DIO XQD ID
SR]L LH GH VXERUGRQDUH MXULGLF LQWHUYHQLQG HOHPHQWXO
DF LRQHD]

GH DXWRULWDWH DO

GH FHDODOW SH

VWDWXOXL URPkQ FDUH

de jure imperii.
4. Obiectul de reglementare al dreptului LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FD UDPXU GH GUHSW vO FRQVWLWXLH
raporturile juridice de drept privat, cu elemente de extraneitate.

5DSRUWXUL MXULGLFH GH GUHSW SULYDW XQ HOHPHQW VWULQ SRW LQWUD vQ RELHFWXO GH UHJOHPHQWDUH L DO

DOWRU UDPXUL GH GUHSW VLWXD LD FHD PDL UHOHYDQW ILLQG DFHHD D UDSRUWXULORU FRPHUFLDOH FX HOHPHQW GH
H[WUDQHLWDWH FDUH IRUPHD] RELHFWXO GUHSWXOXL FRPHU XOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO GDU GHRVHELUHD HVHQ LDO
GLQWUH FHOH GRX UDPXUL GH GUHSW FRQVW vQ QDWXUD QRUPHORU MXULGLFH FDUH LQWU vQ FRQ LQXWXl

lor.

CAPITOLUL 2

&21,1878/ '5(378/8, ,17(51$,21$/ 35,9$T

&RQ LQXWXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW vO FRQVWLWXLH QRUPHOH MXULGLFH FDUH IRUPHD] DFHDVW

UDPXU GH GUHSW

3ULQFLSDOD FODVLILFDUH D QRUPHORU GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW HVWH vQ QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH L
QRUPH PDWHULDOH VXEVWDQ LDOH

6HF LXQHD 
Normele conflictuale
1. Normele conflictuale

VXQW DFHOH QRUPH MXULGLFH VSHFLILFH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

FDUH DX R VWUXFWXU SURSULH L VROX LRQHD] FRQIOLFWH GH OHJL vQ VHQVXO F VWabilesc

VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW vQ SUH]HQ

 WUHEXLH V VH DSOLFH FX SULYLUH OD UDSRUWXO MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY

2. Normele conflictuale se deosebesc de cele materiale (VXEVWDQ

care dintre

LDOH GLUHFWH FHO SX LQ

VXE XUPWRDUHOH DVSHFWH

D QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO QX FkUPXLHWH UDSRUWXO MXULGLF SH IRQGXO VX FL QXPDL DUDW VLVWHPXO

GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO $DGDU VSUH GHRVHELUH GH FHD PDWHULDO QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO HVWH R QRUP GH

trimitere, de fixare.

E QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO DUH R DSOLFDUH SUHDODELO ID

QRUPD PDWHULDO DSOLFDELO

GH QRUPD PDWHULDO L LQIOXHQ HD]

$SOLFDUHD SUHDODELO D QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH VH H[SOLF SULQ VXFFHVLXQHD ORJLF D HWDSHORU GH

UHDOL]DUH D GUHSWXOXL L DQXPH PDL vQWkL WUHEXLH GHWHUPLQDW SH ED]D QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH VLVWHPXO GH

drept aplicabLO

vQ VSH



GH FWUH LQVWDQ D GHFODUDW FRPSHWHQW LDU DELD DSRL DFHDVW LQVWDQ

WUHEXLH V GHWHUPLQH GLQ VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FDUH HVWH QRUPD PDWHULDO SHQWUX VROX LRQDUHD

litigiului.
De asemenea,

QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO

LQIOXHQ HD]

QRUPD PDWHULDO

DSOLFDELO 

deoarece

WULPLWHUHD GH FWUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO OD XQ DQXPLW VLVWHP GH GUHSW GXFH SH IRQG OD DSOLFDUHD

normelor materiale ale acelui sistem de drept.

3. Structura normei conflictuale HVWH vQ HVHQ  DFHHDL FD D RULFUHL QRUPH MXULGLFH
cLYLOH L DQXPH FRQ LQH ipoteza L GLVSR]L LD QRUPHL GDU HOHPHQWHOH HL SRDUW GHQXPLUL L DX XQ
FRQ LQXW VSHFLILF

(OHPHQWHOH QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH VXQW XUPWRDUHOH

a)

FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL HVWH LSRWH]D QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH DGLF

b)

OHJ WXUD QRUPHL HVWH GLVSR]L LD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH DGLF

MXULGLFH VDX DOWIHO VSXV PDWHULD OD FDUH UHVSHFWLYD QRUP VH UHIHU

DFHD FDWHJRULH GH UDSRUWXUL

DFHD SDUWH D QRUPHL FDUH

LQGLF VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO SHQWUX FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL $DGDU OHJWXUD WULPLWH OD VLVWHPul
GUHSW FDUH YD UHJOHPHQWD UDSRUWXO MXULGLF FDUH IRUPHD] FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH

de

/HJWXUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH SRDWH IL IRUPXODW vQ PRG GLUHFW VDX vQ PRG DEVWUDFW

GHWHUPLQkQG vQ IXQF LH GH DFHVW FULWHULX R FODVLILFDUH D QRUPHORU FRQIOLFWXDOH (D VH PDWHULDOL]HD]

prin

 

SXQFWXO HOHPHQWXO GH OHJ WXU  FDUH FRQVWLWXLH FULWHULXO FRQFUHW SULQ FDUH VH VWDELOHWH

OHJWXUD GLQWUH UDSRUWXO MXULGLF FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH L XQ DQXPLW VLVWHP GH GUHSW FDUH

FRQVWLWXLH OHJHD DSOLFDELO

- lex causae - vQ VSH 

 &HOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH SXQFWH GH OHJWXU DGPLVH GH OHJHD URPkQ VXQW

a) FHW

HQLD

6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW OD FDUH DFHVW SXQFW GH OHJWXU WULPLWH VH QXPHWH

lex patriae.

b) GRPLFLOLXO VDX UHHGLQ D

Sistemul de drept la care trimite GRPLFLOLXO FD SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH QXPHWH lex domicilii.
c) sediul social

6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FD XUPDUH D WULPLWHULL IFXWH GH DFHVW SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH

QXPHWH

lex societatis.

1R LXQHD JHQHULF SHQWUX D GHVHPQD VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW DSOLFDELOe

n materia statutului

SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH L D VWDWXWXOXL RUJDQLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH DFHHD GH OHJHD SHUVRQDO lex

personalis).
d) ORFXO VLWXULL EXQXOXL

6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FD XUPDUH D WULPLWHULL IFXW GH DFHVW SXQFW

nuPHWH lex rei sitae

GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO VH QXPHWH

e) YRLQ

GH OHJWXU VH

Q FD]XO DSOLFULL DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU vQ PDWHULD VXFFHVLXQLL VLVWHPXO

lex succesionis.

D S U LORU

6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO SULQ HIHFWXO DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH QXPHWH

lex

voluntatis.
f) locul ncheierii contractului

6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW OD FDUH DFHVW SXQFW GH OHJWXU WULPLWH VH QXPHWH

g) ORFXO H[HFXWULL FRQWUDFWXOXL

lex loci contractus.

6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FD XUPDUH D DF LXQLL DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH QXPHWH

loci executionis sau lex loci solutionis,

h) locul ntocmirii actului

GDF VH IDFH R SODW

lex

5HJXOD SULYLQG DSOLFDUHD DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU SHQWUX IRUPD DFWXOXL MXULGLF HVWH UHGDW

prin adagiul locus regit actum.

i) DXWRULWDWHD FDUH H[DPLQHD]

YDOLGLtatea

actului juridic

FRQGL LLOH GH IRUP DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF vQ DQXPLWH FD]XUL

HVWH SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU SHQWUX

5HJXOD SULQ FDUH HVWH H[SULPDW DFHDVW OHJWXU HVWH UHGDW SULQ DGDJLXO

auctor regit

actum.
j) locul unde are loc faptul juridic (ilicit)

6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FD XUPDUH D DSOLFULL DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH QXPHWH

lex

loci delicti commissi.

k) locul producerii prejudiciului

6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO SULQ LQFLGHQ D DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH QXPHWH

laesionis.
l) iQVWDQ

lex loci

D VHVL]DW

6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FD XUPDUH D DSOLFULL DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH QXPHWH

fori DGLF OHJHD IRUXOXL

 Q IXQF LH GH natura lor SXQFWHOH GH OHJWXU VH FODVLILF vQ GRX FDWHJRULL
D SXQFWH GH OHJWXU fixe, care nu SRW IL GHSODVDWH GH VXE LQFLGHQ D XQXL VLVWHP

lex

GH GUHSW

VXE LQFLGHQ D DOWXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW ,QWU vQ DFHDVW FDWHJRULH GH H[HPSOX ORFXO VLWXULL EXQXOXL
LPRELO ORFXO VYkULULL GHOLFWXOXL L DO SURGXFHULL SUHMXGLFLXOXL
E SXQFWH GH OHJWXU

mobile, n DFHDVW FDWHJRULH

sistem de drept n altul.

OHJWXU FDUH VH SRW GHSODVD GLQWU-un

LQWUkQG WRDWH FHOHODOWH SXQFWH GH

,PSRUWDQ D DFHVWHL FODVLILFUL FRQVW vQ FRQVHFLQ HOH MXULGLFH GLIHULWH SH FDUH OH SURGXF

ILHFDUH GLQ FHOH GRX FDWHJRULL GH SXQFWH GH OHJWXU

 1RUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH VH FODVLILF vQ IXQF LH GH PDL PXOWH FULWHULL

D Q IXQF LH GH FRQ LQXWXO ORU DGLF GH SULPXO HOHPHQW GH VWUXFWXU DO QRUPHL DFHVWHD VH

FODVLILF vQ QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH FX SULYLUH OD SHUVRDQH IL]LFH L MXULGLFH EXQXUL PRWHQLUH

VXFFHVLXQH DFWXO MXULGLF IDSWHOH MXULGLFH HWF $FHVWD HVWH FULWHULXO GXS FDUH HVWH VWUXFWXUDW vQ

general, Legea nr. 105/1992.

E 1RUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH VH FODVLILF L GXS

juridice care intU

normei.

ramurile de drept FURUD

OH DSDU LQ UDSRUWXULOH

vQ FRQ LQXWXO ORU $FHDVWD HVWH vQ IRQG WRW R FODVLILFDUH vQ IXQF LH GH FRQ LQXWXO

3ULQ UDSRUWDUH OD DFHVW FULWHULX H[LVW QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH vQ GRPHQLXO GUHSWXOXL FLYLO IDPLOLHL

FRPHUFLDO PXQFLL WUDQVSRUWXULORU SURSULHW LL LQWHOHFWXDOe,

F 'XS IHOXO OHJ WXULL

procesual civil etc.

(cel de-DO GRLOHD HOHPHQW DO QRUPHL DFHVWHD VH FODVLILF vQ

A. QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH XQLODWHUDOH VDX FX OHJWXU GLUHFW FDUH LQGLF vQ PRG GLUHFW F
ntr-un raport juridic cu element de extraneitate, sH DSOLF VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DO XQXL DQXPLW VWDW FDUH
HVWH vQWRWGHDXQD VWDWXO LQVWDQ HL VHVL]DWH DO IRUXOXL $FHVWH QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH DSDU LQkQG

VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW URPkQ FLUFXPVWDQ LD] VIHUD GH DSOLFDUH D GUHSWXOXL URPkQ

B. normele conflictuale bilDWHUDOH

FX LQGLFDUH JHQHUDO  FX DF LXQH GXEO ,

n care

OHJWXUD HVWH IRUPXODW vQ PRG DEVWUDFW SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU HVWH JHQHUDO DVWIHO vQFkW QRUPD
FRQIOLFWXDO FLUFXPVWDQ LD] VIHUD GH DSOLFDUH DWkW D GUHSWXOXL IRUXOXL FkW L D GUHSWXOXL VWULQ Q

DFHVW FD] OHJWXUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH HVWH QXPLW XQHRUL vQ OLWHUDWXUD GH VSHFLDOLWDWH IRUPXO GH

fixare".

1RUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH ELODWHUDOH IRUPHD] PDUHD PDMRULWDWH D QRUPHORU FRQIOLFWXDOH

 1RUPD FRQIOLFWXDO DSDU LQH GH SULQFLSLX VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW DO LQVWDQ HL VHVL]DWH

LQGLIHUHQW GDF DFHDVWD HVWH R LQVWDQ

 GH MXGHFDW GH DUELWUDM VDX DOW RUJDQ GH MXULVGLF LH $DGDU

LQVWDQ D VHVL]DW DSOLF vQ SULQFLSLX SURSULD VD QRUP FRQIOLFWXDO $FHDVW UHJXO HVWH H[SULPDW

prin formula "normele conflictuale sunt ale forului", n care "legea forului" (lex fori H[SULP VLVWHPXO
GH GUHSW DO LQVWDQ HL VHVL]DWH

Regula de mai sus se MXVWLILF SULQ XUPWRDUHOH DUJXPHQWH

a) IRU D MXULGLF D QRUPHORU FRQIOLFWXDOH care sunt, n general, imperative (cX

H[FHS LD

E LQVWDQ HOH MXGHFWRUHWL VXQW

FHORU GLQ PDWHULD FRQWUDFWHORU GH H[HPSOX L GHFL LQVWDQ D WUHEXLH V OH DSOLFH FD DWDUH
SURSULD ORU QRUP FRQIOLFWXDO

organe

QD LRQDOH URPkQHWL L GHFL HOH WUHEXLH V

DSOLFH

c) un argument logic n sprLMLQXO UHJXOLL F QRUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH VXQW DOH IRUXOXL FRQVW vQ
reducerea la absurd D LSRWH]HL DSOLFULL QRUPHORU FRQIOLFWXDOH DSDU LQkQG DOWXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW L
anume a celor din sistemul de drept care constituie lex causae vQ VSH  QWU-DGHYU QRUPa
FRQIOLFWXDO QX SRDWH IL GHFkW D IRUXOXL GHRDUHFH QXPDL OHJHD IRUXOXL - FD OHJH D LQVWDQ HL
competente - DSDUH FD GHWHUPLQDW vQ PRG ORJLF vQ PRPHQWXO vQ FDUH VH SXQH SUREOHPD DSOLFULL
normei conflictuale; legea cauzei (lex causae QX HVWH VWDELOLW vQ DFHO PRPHQW FL XUPHD] D IL
VWDELOLW DELD XOWHULRU L DQXPH FD HIHFW DO DSOLFULL QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH

d) un alt argument se poate deduce din

YRLQ D WDFLW

D S U LORU

care, atunci cnd au

GHWHUPLQDW FRPSHWHQ D LQVWDQ HORU URPkQH SRW IL VRFRWLWH F DX DOHV WRWRGDW GUHSWXO FRQIOLFWXDO

URPkQ FD DSOLFDELO OLWLJLXOXL UHVSHFWLY vQ WHPHLXO SUH]XP LHL UHODWLYH H[SULPDW SULQ DGDJLXO FLQH
DOHJH LQVWDQ D DOHJH L GUHSWXO

6HF LXQHD D -a

Normele materiale, ca izvoare ale dreptului
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYat
1. Normele materiale

VXEVWDQ LDOH GLUHFWH VXQW L]YRU DO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

DWXQFL FkQG UHJOHPHQWHD] UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH FX HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH

Spre deosebire de normele conflictuale, cele materiale crmuiesc n mod direct aceste
raporturi juridice.
1RUPHOH PDWHULDOH VH VXEFODVLILF OD UkQGXO ORU vQ QRUPH GH GUHSW PDWHULDO VDX VXEVWDQ LDO

FLYLO IDPLOLHL FRPHUFLDO HWF L QRUPH GH GUHSW SURFHVXDO

&HOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH QRUPH PDWHULDOH DSDU LQkQG GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW Vunt

UHJOHPHQWHD] GRX LQVWLWX LL SULQFLSDOH DOH DFHVWHL UDPXUL GH GUHSW L DQXPH

cele care

D FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL SHUVRDQ IL]LF VDX MXULGLF vQ 5RPkQLD

E HIHFWHOH KRWUkULORU MXGHFWRUHWL L DUELWUDOH VWULQH vQ 5RPkQLD

2. n cadrul

QRUPHORU PDWHULDOH FDUH LQWHUHVHD] GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW R SR]L LH

VSHFLDO RFXS QRUPHOH GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW

DSDU LQkQG VLVWHPXOXL

GH GUHSW

QHFHVDU FDUH VXQW DFHOH QRUPH PDWHULDOH

LQWHUQ DO VWDWXOXL

IRUXOXL

FDUH

GDW

ILLQG JUDGXO ORU vQDOW

de

LPSHUDWLYLWDWH VH DSOLF FX SULRULWDWH LPHGLDW XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF LQWHUQD LRQDO FX HOHPHQW GH

H[WUDQHLWDWH DWXQFL FkQG DFHO UDSRUW MXULGLF DUH XQ DQXPLW SXQFW GH OHJWXU FRQFUHW FX DUD IRUXOXL
H[FOX]kQG vQ DFHVW IHO FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL L GHFL DSOLFDUHD vQ FDX] D YUHXQHL QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH

Q FD]XO H[LVWHQ HL XQHL QRUPH GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW VH DSOLF DFHDVWD IU D VH LQH VHDPD

GH VROX LD GDW GH VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FRQIRUP QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH FDUH vQ OLSVD QRUPHL GH
DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW DU IL IRVW LQFLGHQW vQ FDX]

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A.

 

$VHP Q UL:

D DPkQGRX SULYHVF UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH FX HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH FDUH DX XQ SXQFW GH

OHJWXU FX DUD IRUului.

E DPkQGRX DSDU LQ VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW LQWHUQ DO XQXL VWDW

B.

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'HRVHELUHD HVHQ LDO

WULPLWHUH FDUH GHFL QX GDX VROX LD SH IRQG FL QXPDL SODVHD] UDSRUWXO GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SUivat

VIHUD XQXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW QRUPHOH GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW VXQW QRUPH PDWHULDOH FDUH FRQ LQ HOH

vQVHOH VROX LD SH IRQG L VH DSOLF FX SULRULWDWH ID

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vQ FDX] vQOWXUkQG DVWIHO SRVLELOLWDWHD DSOLFULL vQ FDX] D XQXL GUHSW VWULQ

4. Justificarea DSOLFULL QHFHVDUH

imperativitate VXQW GH RUGLQH SXEOLF vQ

D QRUPHORU GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW HVWH

gradul lor nalt de

GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DO IRUXOXL FDUH IDFH FD VWDWXO

IRUXOXL V QX DFFHSWH DSOLFDUHD vQ FDX] D YUHXQHL OHJL VWULQH

constituie H[FHS

LQFLGHQW

1RUPHOH

GH

DSOLFD LH

LPHGLDW

LL GH OD UHJXOD DSOLF ULL QRUPHORU FRQIOLFWXDOH vQ UDSRUWXULOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO

SULYDW L HOH H[SULP R VLWXD LH DQRUPDO vQ DFHDVW UDPXU GH GUHSW VLWXD LD QRUPDO ILLQG DFHHD
D DSOLFULL QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH FDUH SULQ LSRWH] QX H[FOXGH GH OD DSOLFDUH XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW

VWULQ 'H DFHHD WHQGLQ D vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ HVWH FD QRUPHOH GH DSOLFD LH
LPHGLDW V VH UHVWUkQJ FD QXPU

CAPITOLUL 3

'20(1,8/ '5(378/8, ,17(51$,21$/ 35,9$7

 Q GRPHQLXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW LQWU JUXSHOH GH QRUPH MXULGLFH LQVWLWX LLOH

MXULGLFH FDUH IRUPHD] UDPXUD GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW L FDUH FRQVWLWXLH LPSOLFLW SULQFLSDOHOH

materiL GH VWXGLX DOH WLLQ HL GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

 3ULQFLSDOHOH LQVWLWX LL FDUH LQWU vQ GRPHQLXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW UH]XOW GLQ

SUHYHGHULOH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  L DQXPH

I. Normele pentru determinarea legii aplicabile unui raport juridic material de drept
normele conflictuale FDUH VROX LRQHD] FRQIOLFWHOH GH OHJL

LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW $FHVWHD VXQW

PDWHULDOH L UHSUH]LQW SULQFLSDOD PDWHULH GH VWXGLX D WLLQ HL GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

II.

 n OLWLJLLOH SULYLQG UDSRUWXUL GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FDUH VH

1RUPHOH GH SURFHGXU

VXEFODVLILF OD UkQGXO ORU vQ WUHL FDWHJRULL SULQFLSDOH

a) norme privind

 vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW $FHVWH QRUPH

FRPSHWHQ D MXULVGLF LRQDO

UHJOHPHQWHD] FRQIOLFWHOH GH MXULVGLF LL FDUH DOWXUL GH FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL IRUPHD] SULQFLSDOHOH
GRPHQLL GH VWXGLX DOH WLLQ HL GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

b) norme privind procedura propriu-]LV SURFHVHOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

c) norme privind HIHFWHOH KRWUkULORU MXGHFWRUHWL L DUELWUDOH VWULQH vQ 5RPkQLD.
1RUPHOH GH SURFHGXU vQ OLWLJLLOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VXQW GH UHJXO norme
conflictuale PDL DOHV XQLODWHUDOH GDU L ELODWHUDOH
$FHVWH QRUPH SRW IL vQV L materiale.
III 'UHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW PDL FXSULQGH R LQVWLWX LH LPSRUWDQW L DQXPH FRQGL LD
MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL SHUVRDQ IL]LF VDX MXULGLF n Romnia.

Q PRG VSHFLILF QRUPHOH FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL vQ 5RPkQLD VXQW

norme materiale romne

'HFL FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL HVWH vQWRWGHDXQD VXSXV OHJLL

PDWHULDOH URPkQH FD OHJH D IRUXOXL DGLF OHJHD ORFXOXL XQGH VWULQXO VH JVHWH

&RQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL GHL HVWH UHJOHPHQWDW H[FOXVLY GH QRUPH PDWHULDOH URPkQH

HVWH R LQVWLWX LH FDUH DSDU LQH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SHQWUX FHO SX LQ XUPWRDUHOH DUJXPHQWH
D DUH OHJWXU FX FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL H[LVW

UHFXQRVF VWULQLORU GUHSWXUL vQ 5RPkQLD

FRQIOLFW GH OHJL QXPDL vQ PVXUD vQ FDUH VH

E DUH OHJWXU FX SURFHGXUD GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRnal

privat;

F WLLQ D GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW HVWH vQ PVXU V DVLJXUH XQ VWXGLX XQLWDU DO LQVWLWX LHL

FRQGL LHL MXULGLFH D VWULQXOXL LQVWLWX LH FDUH vQ HOHPHQWHOH HL FRPSRQHQWH SRDWH IDFH RELHFWXO GH
VWXGLX L DO DOWRU UDPXUL GH GUHSW FRQVWLWX LRQDO ILQDQFLDU DGPLQLVWUDWLY HWF

Q FDGUXO LQVWLWX LHL FRQGL LHL MXULGLFH D VWULQXOXL vQ 5RPkQLD VH LQFOXG L QRUPHOH SULYLQG

UHJLPXO MXULGLF DO FHW HQLHL URPkQH GREkQGLUHD SLHUGHUHD UHWUDJHUHD FHW HQLHL URPkQH HWF GDU

QXPDL vQ PVXUD vQ FDUH VXQW SULYLWH SULQ SULVPD GUHSWXULORU L REOLJD LLORU VWULQLORU vQ DFHDVW

materie.
IV

,QWHUHVHD]

GUHSWXO

LQWHUQD LRQDO

SULYDW

normele juridice privind regimul

SHUVRDQHORU IL]LFH VDX MXULGLFH URPkQH vQ UDSRUWXULOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDt 'HL

DFHVWHD DSDU LQ SULQ FRQ LQXWXO ORU DOWRU UDPXUL GH GUHSW VWXGLHUHD ORU vQ FDGUXO GUHSWXOXL
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH MXVWLILF FHO SX LQ SHQWUX XUPWRDUHOH FRQVLGHUHQWH

D SULYHVF UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH FX HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH FDUH ULGLF SUREleme

VSHFLILFH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

juridice

E WLLQ D GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SRDWH DVLJXUD R VWXGLHUH XQLWDU D DFHVWRU QRUPH

FDUH DOWIHO VXQW GLVSHUVDWH vQ FDGUXO WLLQ HL DOWRU GLIHULWH UDPXUL GH GUHSW

3. n concluzie, privit priQ

SULVPD GRPHQLXOXL VX GH UHJOHPHQWDUH GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO

SULYDW UHSUH]LQW WRWDOLWDWHD QRUPHORU MXULGLFH FRQIOLFWXDOH L PDWHULDOH FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] 

FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL  SURFHGXUD vQ OLWLJLLOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW  FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL
vQ 5RPkQLD LQFOXVLY DVSHFWHOH OHJDWH GH GREkQGLUHD SLHUGHUHD UHWUDJHUHD FHW HQLHL URPkQH HWF

SULYLWH SULQ SULVPD GUHSWXULORU L REOLJD LLORU VWULQLORU vQ DFHDVW PDWHULH SUHFXP L  DVSHFWHOH GH
GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SULYLQG UHJLPXO SHUVRDQHORU IL]LFH L MXULGLFH URPkQH vQ UDSRUWXULOH FX

element de extraneitate.

CAPITOLUL 4

,=92$5(/( '5(378/8, ,17(51$,21$/ 35,9$7

,]YRDUHOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH FODVLILF vQ LQWHUQH L LQWHUQD LRQDOH

I. Izvoarele interne
PrincLSDOHOH L]YRDUH

LQWHUQH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VXQW DFWHOH QRUPDWLYH FDUH VH

VXEFODVLILF vQ GRX FDWHJRULL L]YRDUH VSHFLILFH L QHVSHFLILFH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
$

,]YRDUHOH VSHFLILFH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FRQ Ln,

n marea majoritate,

QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH VDX PDWHULDOH GHVWLQDWH UHJOHPHQWULL UDSRUWXULORU MXULGLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO

privat.
&HO PDL LPSRUWDQW L]YRU VSHFLILF DO DFHVWHL UDPXUL GH GUHSW FDUH FRQ LQH vQ VSHFLDO QRUPH

conflictuale, l constituie Legea nr. 105/1992 cu privire la reglementarea raporturilor de drept

LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SXEOLFDW vQ 02I QU 

Norme materiale sunt cuprinse n mai multe acte normative care constituie, n mod
privat, precum: Legea nr. 123/2001 privind regimul

SUHSRQGHUHQW L]YRDUH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO

VWULQLORU vQ 5RPkQLD HWF

B. Izvoarele nespecifice

VXQW DFHOH DFWH QRUPDWLYH FDUH LQWHUHVHD] vQ SULPXO UkQG DOWH

UDPXUL GH GUHSW GDU FDUH FRQ LQ L QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH VDX PDWHULDOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
D 'LQ FDWHJRULD DFWHORU QRUPDWLYH FDUH SUHYG

885, 1773, 1789); D.-/

QU



SULYLQG

norme conflictuale fac parte: C.civ. (art.

DXWRUL]DUHD

IXQF LRQDUHD

vQ

5RPkQLD

UHSUH]HQWDQ HORU VRFLHW LORU FRPHUFLDOH L RUJDQL]D LLORU HFRQRPLFH VWULQH DUW  OLW E DUW  
2* QU  SULYLQG VWDWXWXO L UHJLPXO UHIXJLD LORU vQ 5RPkQLD
E FHOH PDL QXPHURDVH VXQW DFWHOH QRUPDWLYH FDUH FRQ LQ

norme materiale interesnd

GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

n cadrul acestora, categoria SUHSRQGHUHQW R IRUPHD] DFWHOH QRUPDWLYH FH FXSULQG norme

de drept material PDL DOHV FHOH SULYLQG FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQLORU L URPkQLORU vQ UDSRUWXULOH FX

HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH GLQWUH FDUH PHQ LRQP ' QU  FX SULYLUH OD QXPH /HJHD QU
 SULYLQG VRFLHW LOH FRPHUFLDOH /HJHD FHW HQLHL URPkQH QU  HWF

Norme de drept procesual privind procesele cu element de extraneitate sunt cuprinse n

special n C.proc.civ.
& &RQVWLWX LD 5RPkQLHL GHRDUHFH UHJOHPHQWHD] SULQFLSLLOH fundamentale ale politicii

LQWHUQD LRQDOH D VWDWXOXL URPkQ FRQ LQH QRUPH FDUH LQWHUHVHD] L GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW 'LQWUH
DFHVWHD PHQ LRQP FHOH GLQ DUW  &HW HQLD DUW  5RPkQLL GLQ VWULQWDWH DUW  &HW HQLL

URPkQL vQ VWULQWDWH DUW  &HW HQLL VWULQL L DSDWUL]LL DUW  /LEHUD FLUFXOD LH DUW 
3URWHF LD SURSULHW LL SULYDWH DUW  ([HUFLWDUHD GUHSWXULORU L D OLEHUW LORU HWF
,, ,]YRDUHOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH

 ,]YRDUHOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VXQW WUDWDWHOH FRQYHQ LLOH
DFRUGXULOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH HWF EL L PXOWLQD LRQDOH

'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DFHVWH L]YRDUH VH FODVLILF GXS

FRQ LQXWXO ORU vQ GRX FDWHJRULL L DQXPH FHOH FDUH FRQ LQ QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH L UHVSHFWLY QRUPH

materiale (uniforme).
 D &RQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH FDUH FXSULQG

exclusiv norme conflictuale sunt mai rare. n

DFHDVW FDWHJRULH LQWU GH H[HPSOX &RQYHQ LD SHQWUX D UHJOHPHQWD FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJH vQ PDWHULH GH

FVWRULH L &RQYHQ LD SHQWUX D UHJOHPHQWD FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJH L MXULVGLF LH vQ PDWHULH GH GHVSU HQLH
L GH VHSDUD LXQH GH FRUS UDWLILFDWH GH 5RPkQLD SULQ '-L

nr. 873/1904.

E 5HJXOD R IRUPHD] FRQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH FDUH FRQ LQ QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH L]RODWH,

princiSDOXO ORU FRQ LQXW IRUPkQGX-O vQV QRUPHOH PDWHULDOH vQ GRPHQLXO UHVSHFWLY GH UHJOHPHQWDUH
Dintre FRQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH PXOWLODWHUDOH FDUH FRQ LQ QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH L]RODWH

PHQ LRQP FD H[HPSOX &RQYHQ LD 1D LXQLORU 8QLWH DVXSUD FRQWUDFWHORU GH YkQ]DUH LQWHUQD LRQDO

GH PUIXUL 9LHQD  OD FDUH 5RPkQLD D DGHUDW SULQ /HJHD QU 

1RUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH L]RODWH VH UHJVHVF vQV FHO PDL IUHFYHQW vQ FRQYHQ LL ELODWHUDOH,

precum:

- DFRUGXULOH ELODWHUDOH SULYLQG SURPRYDUHD L SURWHMDUHD UHFLSURF D LQYHVWL LLORU

- WUDWDWHOH GH DVLVWHQ  MXULGLF vQ PDWHULH FLYLO IDPLOLDO L SHQDO
- FRQYHQ LLOH FRQVXODUH
 ,]YRDUHOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH FRQ LQkQG QRUPH PDWHULDOH XQLIRUPH
1RUPHOH MXULGLFH XQLIRUPH FXSULQVH vQ FRQYHQ LL LQWHUQD LRQDOH

nu

DSDU LQ vQ SULQFLSLX,

GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FL UDPXULORU GH GUHSW VDX GLVFLSOLQHORU MXULGLFH GH FDUH VXQW OHJDWH SULQ
FRQ LQXWXO ORU FLYLO IDPLOLHL PXQFLL
3ULQ H[FHS LH SRW IL L]YRDUH L DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FRQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH

PXOWL L EL-ODWHUDOH FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] LQVWLWX LLOH MXULGLFH FDUH IRUPHD] GRPHQLXO VSHFLILF DO

GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW PDL DOHV FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL L URPkQXOXL vQ GUHSWXO
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SURFHVXO FLYLO LQWHUQD LRQal

etc.), sau care sunt strns legate de aspectele

conflictuale.
 Q FD] GH FRQFXUV vQ DSOLFDUH vQWUH L]YRDUHOH LQWHUQH L FHOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH DOH GUHSWXOXL

LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SUHYDOHD] L]YRDUHOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH $FHDVW LGHH VH GHVSULQGH GLQ SUHYHGHrile

DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FURUD GLVSR]L LLOH DFHVWHL OHJL VXQW DSOLFDELOH vQ PVXUD vQ

FDUH FRQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH OD FDUH 5RPkQLD HVWH SDUWH QX VWDELOHVF R DOW UHJOHPHQWDUH

CAPITOLUL 5

&$/,),&$5($ , &21)/,&78/ '( &$/,),&5,

1

1RUPD FRQIOLFWXDO vQ DPEHOH VDOH HOHPHQWH GH VWUXFWXU FRQ LQXWXO L OHJWXUD HVWH

H[SULPDW vQ QR LXQL MXULGLFH 'H H[HPSOX

a) FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL HVWH UHGDW SULQ QR LXQL SUHFXP

- VWDUHD FDSDFLWDWHD L UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH DOH SHUVRDQHL

IL]LFH SHUVRDQD MXULGLF FRQGL LLOH

GH IRQG L GH IRUP DOH FVWRULHL VDX DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF PRWHQLUHD HWF

b) OHJWXUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH HVWH H[SULPDW SULQ QR LXQL

persoanei fizice; sediul social; locul ncheierii contractului, etc.

SUHFXP FHW HQLD L GRPLFLOLXO

Q SURFHVXO DSOLFULL HL QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO WUHEXLH FRQIUXQWDW FX UDSRUWXO MXULGLF FRQFUHW

GLQWUH SU L FDUH FRQVWLWXLH VLWXD LD GH IDSW FX VFRSXO GH D YHGHD vQ FRQ LQXWXO VDX OHJWXUD FUHL

QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH LQWU UHVSHFWLYXO UDSRUW MXULGLF 3HQWUX D DGXFH OD DFHODL QXPLWRU vQ VFRSXO GH D

SXWHD IL FRPSDUDWH FHOH GRX HOHPHQWH DOH UD LRQDPHQWXOXL ORJLFR-juridic

L DQXPH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO

DEVWUDFW L UDSRUWXO MXULGLF

care se face n acest caz,

- concret - este necesar ca acestea V ILH

calificate.
Calificarea SRDWH IL GHILQLW vQ GRX PRGXUL L DQXPH SRUQLQGX-VH GH OD QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO
FWUH VLWXD LD GH IDSW VDX LQYHUV $VWIHO

D FDOLILFDUHD HVWH RSHUD LXQHD ORJLFR-MXULGLF GH GHWHUPLQDUH D VHQVXOXL H[DFW L FRPSOHW DO

QR LXQLORU MXULGLFH FDUH H[SULP FRQ LQXWXO L OHJWXUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH SHQWUX D YHGHD GDF XQ
UDSRUW MXULGLF R VLWXD LH GH IDSW FRQFUHW VH LQFOXGH VDX QX vQ DFHVWH QR LXQL

E FDOLILFDUHD HVWH LQWHUSUHWDUHD XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF VLWXD LL GH IDSW FRncrete),

vQ FRQ LQXWXO L OHJWXUD FUHL QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH LQWU

pentru a vedea

&DOLILFDUHD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH HVWH R QR LXQH VLPLODU FHOHL GH LQWHUSUHWDUH D QRUPHL

juridice, din dreptul comun.

 1R LXQLOH MXULGLFH FDUH H[SULP FRQ LQXWXO L SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU DO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH SRW

V QX DLE DFHODL vQ HOHV vQ VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW FDUH VXQW vQ SUH]HQ

 FX SULYLUH OD XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF

Q FD]XO vQ FDUH DFHHDL QR LXQH MXULGLF DUH DFFHS LXQL GLIHULWH vQ VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW DSOLFDELOH XQXL

raport MXULGLF H[LVW XQ FRQIOLFW GH FDOLILFUL

&RQIOLFWXO GH FDOLILFUL

HVWH VLWXD LD FDUH DSDUH DWXQFL FkQG QR LXQLOH GLQ FRQ LQXWXO LVDX

OHJWXUD XQHL QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH DX vQ HOHVXUL GLIHULWH vQ VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW VXVFHSWLELOH GH D VH

aplica unui raport juridic.

 ,PSRUWDQ D VROX LRQULL FRQIOLFWXOXL GH FDOLILFUL HVWH GDW GH HIHFWXO FDOLILFULL (IHFWXO

FDOLILFULL HVWH GLIHULW vQ IXQF LH GH HOHPHQWXO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH FDUH VH FDOLILF DVWIHO
D DWXQFL FkQG RELHFWXO FDOLILFULL vO FRQVWLWXLH

VROX LRQDUH

FRQIOLFWXOXL

GH

FDOLILFUL

GHWHUPLQ

FRQ inutul normei conflictuale, modul de

vQVL

QRUPD

FRQIOLFWXDO

DSOLFDELO

GHFL

LQIOXHQ HD] FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL L VFKLPE DVWIHO VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO L GHFL SRVLELO VROX LD

vQ VSH



b) cnd

vQV VH FDOLILF OHJWXUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH PRGXO GH VROX LRQDUH D FRQIOLFWXOXL GH

FDOLILFUL QX LQIOXHQ HD] DVXSUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH GDU GHWHUPLQ VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO L
GHFL SRVLELO VROX LD vQ VSH



 /HJHD GXS FDUH VH IDFH FDOLILFDUHD OHJHD GXS FDUH VH

FDOLILFUL

A. Ca UHJXO

VROX LRQHD] FRQIOLFWXO GH

FDOLILFDUHD VH IDFH GXS OHJHD LQVWDQ HL VHVL]DWH lex

fori $FHDVW UHJXO VH

GHVSULQGH GLQ SUHYHGHULOH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FURUD DWXQFL FkQG GHWHUPLQDrea

OHJLL DSOLFDELOH GHSLQGH GH FDOLILFDUHD FH XUPHD] V ILH GDW XQHL LQVWLWX LL GH GUHSW VDX XQXL UDSRUW
MXULGLF VH LD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH FDOLILFDUHD MXULGLF VWDELOLW GH OHJHD URPkQ

Argumente:
a) normele conflictuale sunt cuprinse n sistemul de drepW

DO IRUXOXL DGLF VXQW QRUPH

QD LRQDOH vQ VHQVXO F LQVWDQ D DSOLF vQ SULQFLSLX SURSULXO VX VLVWHP GH QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH
$DGDU LQWHUSUHWDUHD DFHVWRU QRUPH WUHEXLH V VH IDF GXS VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW FDUH OH FRQ LQH

DGLF GXS OH[ IRUL FRQIRUP SULQFLSLXOXL DFHOXLD vL DSDU LQH LQWHUSUHWDUHD FDUH D HGLFWDW QRUPD
E XQ DO GRLOHD DUJXPHQW HVWH FHO DO UHGXFHULL OD DEVXUG D DOWHUQDWLYHL FDOLILFULL GXS

lex fori
causae). Astfel, nu se
lex causae), deoarece determinarea acesteia

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fori

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calificarea acestor nR LXQL

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act juridic,

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D

2. FDOLILFDUHD OHJDO

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3. FDOLILFDUHD VHFXQGDU
Sub aspect terminologic, cDOLILFDUHD

HVWH VHFXQGDU DWXQFL FkQG HVWH VHFXQGXP DGLF

XOWHULRDU VXEVHFYHQW XQHL FDOLILFUL SULQFLSDOH SULPDUH

&DOLILFDUHD VHFXQGDU HVWH DDGDU FHD FDUH VH IDFH GXS FH D RSHUDW FDOLILFDUHD

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cauzei (lex causae $VWIHO FDOLILFDUHD VHFXQGDU - QX LQIOXHQ HD] OHJHD DSOLFDELO GDU DIHFWHD] VROX LD SH IRQG
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&DOLILFDUHD VHFXQGDU SRDWH izvor GLQ OHJH GLQ SUDFWLFD MXGLFLDU VDX SRDWH IL UH LQXW GH
literatura de specialitate.
4. FDOLILFDUHD LQVWLWX LLORU MXULGLFH QHFXQRVFXWH GUHSWXOXL IRUXOXL
,QVWLWX LLOH MXULGLFH QHFXQRVFXWH GH OHJHD IRUXOXL VH FDOLILF vQ SULQFLSLX GXS VLVWHPXO de

VSUH GHRVHELUH GH FHD SULQFLSDO

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CAPITOLUL 6

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prin aplicarea normei conflictuale a forulXL GH FWUH LQVWDQ D FRPSHWHQW vQ VROX LRQDUHD OLWLJLXOXL
8

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cu privire la un anumit raport juridic;

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&D GHILQL LH, retrimiterea eVWH

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ci fie trimite napoi

OD GUHSWXO VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL ILH WULPLWH PDL GHSDUWH OD GUHSWXO XQXL VWDW WHU 

Felurile retrimiterii:
a) retrimitere de gradul I UHWULPLWHUHD VLPSO VDX WULPLWHUHD vQDSRL FDUH H[LVW
FkQG QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO VWULQ retrimite la dreptul forului;
b) retrimitere de gradul al II-lea UHWULPLWHUH FRPSOH[ VDX WULPLWHUH PDL GHSDUWH
FkQG QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO VWULQ WULPLWH OD GUHSWXO XQXL VWDW WHU 

DWXQFL
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Argumente:
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QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO D IRUXOXL OD XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW VWULQ

RIHUW IFXW DFHVWXLD GH D VH DSOLFD

constituie o

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UHWULPLWHUH WUHEXLH DFFHSWDW

b) argumentul XQLW LL VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW VWULQ

'DF QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ WULPLWH

OD XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW VWULQ DFHVWD WUHEXLH SULYLW vQ PRG XQLWDU GHFL LQkQGX-se

normele

VDOH FRQIOLFWXDOH Q FD]XO vQ FDUH GLQ VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW VWULQ V-ar

FRQIOLFWXDOH L V-DU DSOLFD QXPDL FHOH PDWHULDOH XQLWDWHD DFHVWXLD DU IL DIHFWDW

seama inclusiv de
desprinde normele

c) retrimiterea la gradul I DVLJXU R FRRUGRQDUH D VLVWHPHORU GH GUHSW vQ SUH]HQ , n

VHQVXO F QRUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH DOH DPEHORU VLVWHPH GH GUHSW VXQW GHRSRWULY DSOLFDWH

4. Prin H[FHS LH UHWULPLWHUHD GH JUDGXO , QX HVWH DGPLV vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
romn, n cazurile n care legea prevede n mod expres astfel.
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normele ei conflictuale".
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QX HVWH DGPLV SRWULYLW DUW  DO  GLQ

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IU HIHFW

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sisteP

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Justificarea refuzului retrimiterii de gradul al II-OHD

MXULGLF SH FDUH DFHDVW LQVWLWX LH R JHQHUHD]

vQ GUHSWXO URPkQ FRQVW vQ QHVLJXUDQ D

CAPITOLUL 7

$3/,&$5($ /(*,, 675,1( &$

LEX CAUSAE

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drept stULQ

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caz contrDU

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/HJHD QU  FHUH H[SUHV FRQGL LD UHFLSURFLW LL vQ XQHOH FD]XUL

a) art. 43 alin. 2 -

FD GH SLOG

3HUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH VWULQH IU VFRS SDWULPRQLDO SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ

5RPkQLD SULQWUH DOWHOH VXE FRQGL LD UHFLSURFLW LL

b) art. 162 alin. 3 - Scutirea de supralegalizare a actelor oficiale ntocmite sau legalizate de

R DXWRULWDWH VWULQ HVWH SHUPLV SULQWUH DOWHOH L SH ED] GH UHFLSURFLWDWH

c) art. 176 alin. 1 lit. c) - +RWUkULOH MXGHFWRUHWL VWULQH SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD VSUH
a beneficia de puterea lucrului judecat, dac HVWH vQWUXQLW DOWXUL GH DOWHOH FRQGL LD FD V H[LVWH
UHFLSURFLWDWH vQ FH SULYHWH HIHFWHOH KRWUkULORU VWULQH vQWUH 5RPkQLD L VWDWXO LQVWDQ HL FDUH D
SURQXQ DW KRWUkUHD HWF

&RQGL LD UHFLSURFLW LL SRDWH IL SUHY]XW vQ OHJL VSHFLDOH De ex. aUW

 GLQ 2UGRQDQ D

*XYHUQXOXL QU  FX SULYLUH OD DVRFLD LL L IXQGD LL SUHYHGH F SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH VWULQH IU
VFRS SDWULPRQLDO SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD VXE FRQGL LD UHFLSURFLW LL

3. Reciprocitatea poate fi de trei feluri:

a) legislDWLY DWXQFL FkQG vQ DUD VWULQ

H[LVW QRUPH MXULGLFH FDUH SUHYG DFHOHDL

GUHSWXUL SHQWUX HQWLW LOH MXULGLFH URPkQH VLPLODUH Q DFHVW FD] L]YRUXO UHFLSURFLW LL vO FRQVWLWXLH
LGHQWLWDWHD GLVSR]L LLORU OHJDOH LQWHUQH GLQ VWDWHOH vQ SUH]HQ

b) diplRPDWLF



DWXQFL FkQG UHFLSURFLWDWHD L]YRUWH GLQWU-R FRQYHQ LH LQWHUQD LRQDO OD FDUH

UHVSHFWLYHOH VWDWH VXQW SU L

c) de fapt DWXQFL FkQG HD HVWH DSOLFDW vQ SUDFWLFD DXWRULW LORU FRPSHWHQWH GLQ VWDWHOH
respective.
Conform art. 6 alin. 2 din Legea nU  vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH SHQWUX DSOLFDUHD OHJLL VWULQH

HVWH FHUXW FRQGL LD UHFLSURFLW LL GH IDSW vQGHSOLQLUHD HL HVWH SUH]XPDW SkQ OD GRYDGD FRQWUDU
SUH]XP LH UHODWLY

juris tantum).
3. Spre deosebire de alte sisteme de drept (spre exemplu, cel englez, american), unde
GUHSWXO VWULQ HVWH FRQVLGHUDW XQ element de fapt vQ FRQFHS LD MXULGLF URPkQHDVF GUHSWXO VWULQ
OD FDUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ WULPLWH HVWH XQ element de drept $DGDU GUHSWXO VWULQ HVWH
DSOLFDW vQ 5RPkQLD FX DFHODL WLWOX FD L GUHSWXO QD LRQDO VLWXD LH GLQ FDUH UH]XOW PDL PXOWH

FRQVHFLQ H MXULGLFH LPSRUWDQWH &X WRDWH DFHVWHD GDW ILLQG QDWXUD OXL H[WUDQHH GUHSWXO VWULQ QX
SRDWH IL DVLPLODW WRWDO GUHSWXOXL IRUXOXL vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH HIHFWXO OXL vQ DU FHHD
UHJLPXO QD LRQDO DSOLFDELO DFHVWXLD V H[LVWH DQXPLWH H[FHS LL L DWHQXUL
 $SOLFDUHD GUHSWXOXL VWULQ vQWU-un

ce face ca de la

raport juridic cu element de extraneitate poate fi

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5. n dreptul romn VDUFLQD SUREHL OHJLL VWULQH VH vPSDUWH vQWUH MXGHFWRU DUELWUX L SU L

$VWIHO LQVWDQ D GH MXGHFDW GDWRULW FDUDFWHUXOXL REOLJDWRULX DO DSOLFULL GUHSWXOXL VWULQ vQ

FD]XO vQ FDUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ SUHYHGH DVWIHO SUHFXP L vQ WHPHLXO SULQFLSLXOXL UROXOXL
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FRUHFWH L FRPSOHWH DOH OHJLL VWULQH vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ

trimite la ea. n

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FRQVLGHU DGHFYDWH

6XE DFHVW DVSHFW H[LVW vQV R

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vQWUH GUHSWXO VWULQ L FHO QD LRQDO

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("jura novit curia

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/HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FUXLD 3DUWHD FDUH LQYRF R OHJH VWULQ
IDF GRYDGD FRQ LQXWXOXL HL

poate fi

alin. 2 din

VQ REOLJDW V

6. 0LMORDFHOH GH SURE D OHJLL VWULQH

D Q GUHSWXO URPkQ IXQF LRQHD] SULQFLSLXO OLEHUW LL LQVWDQ HL L D SU Llor

n alegerea

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FRQVDFUDW vQ DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FUXLD &RQ LQXWXO OHJLL VWULQH VH

VWDELOHWH GH LQVWDQ D MXGHFWRUHDVF SULQ DWHVWUL RE LQXWH GH OD RUJDQHOH VWDWXOXL FDUH DX HGLFWDW-o,

prin avizul unui expert sau un alt mod adecvat".

(VWH GH GRULW SHQWUX YHULGLFLWDWHD GRFXPHQWULL FD OHJLOH VWULQH V ILH SUREDWH SULQ VXUVH

scrise directe, precum Monitorul Oficial, culegHUL GH OHJL GH MXULVSUXGHQ  HWF

10

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indirecte SURFXUDWH ILH GH OD DXWRULW L FRPSHWHQWH GLQ VWDWXO VWULQ ILH GH OD GLIHULWH RUJDQLVPH
reprezentative ale acestuia din Romnia.
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DWHVWUL SURYHQLQG GH OD QRWDULL SXEOLFL GH OD &DPHUD GH &RPHU GLQ DFHO VWDW HWF

Dintre VXUVHOH GH GRFXPHQWDUH SULYLQG OHJHD VWULQ SURFXUDWH SH SODQ LQWHUQ,

PHQ LRQP FHUWLILFDWHOH HOLEHUDWH GH DPEDVDGHOH VDX FRQVXODWHOH VWDWHORU UHVSHFWLYH vQ 5RPkQLD
LQIRUPD LL GH OD RUJDQL]D LLOH GH
Q FHHD FH SULYHWH

cult corespondente din Romnia etc.

IRU D SUREDQW

D PLMORDFHORU GH GRYDG SURYHQLQG GLQ VWULQWDWH vQ

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juris tantum SXWkQG IL FRPEWXW SULQ GRYDGD FRQWUDU

,QVWDQ HOH MXGHFWRUHWL URPkQH QX VXQW DELOLWDWH V LD OHJWXUD GLUHFW FX LQVWDQ HOH VWDWXOXL

VWULQ L QLFL FX DPEDVDGHOH VDX

alte organisme de reprezentare ale acestor state, din Romnia, ci

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DFHVWH LQVWLWX LL VDX RUJDQLVPH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO 0LQLVWHUXOXL $IDFHULORU ([WHUQH

b) PriQ

DGHUDUHD OD &RQYHQ LD (XURSHDQ vQ GRPHQLXO LQIRUPULL DVXSUD GUHSWXOXL VWULQ

VHPQDW OD /RQGUD OD  LXQLH  L OD 3URWRFROXO DGL LRQDO OD DFHDVW FRQYHQ LH VHPQDW OD

Strasbourg la 15 martie 1978 (H.G. nr. 153/1991), Romnia a intrat n circuitul european de
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vQVR LW GH OXFUUL GH GRFWULQ OXFUUL SUHJWLWRDUH L GH FRPHQWDULL H[SOLFDWLYH 6WDWXO VROLFLWDW SRDWH
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care a

FkQG FRQVLGHU F UVSXQVXO DU IL GH QDWXU V DGXF

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GDW FkW PDL

UHSHGH SRVLELO L VH UHGDFWHD] vQ SULQFLSLX FD L FHUHUHD vQ OLPED VWDWXOXL VROLFLWDW &KHOWXLHOLOH

ocazionate de cerere sunt suportate de statul solicitant.

7. n cazul LPSRVLELOLW LL GH D VWDELOL FRQ LQXWXO OHJLL VWULQH VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ DUW 
alin. 3 din Legea nr. 105/1992).
Pentru a se aplica dreptul romn, ca lex fori HVWH QHFHVDU V H[LVWH UHDOPHQWH R VLWXD LH GH
LPSRVLELOLWDWH GH GRYDG D OHJLL VWULQH vQ FLXGD GLOLJHQ HORU IFXWH GH LQVWDQ

 FX VSULMLQXO SU LORU


vQ GRVDUXO FDX]HL 2 VLPSO GLILFXOWDWH GH SUREDUH D OHJLL VWULQH JHQHUDW GH GHSUWDUHD JHRJUDILF
D VWDWXOXL VWULQ ID  GH 5RPkQLD GH QHFXQRDWHUHD FKLDU WRWDO D GUHSWXOXL VX vQ 5RPkQLD GH
lipsa izvoareloU VFULVH vQ UHVSHFWLYXO VLVWHP GH GUHSW HWF QX MXVWLILF DSOLFDUHD LPHGLDW L
QHFRQGL LRQDW D OHJLL URPkQH
Aplicarea legii forului apare ca un subsidiar, MXVWLILFDW QXPDL GH LPSRVLELOLWDWHD HYLGHQW
GH SUREDUH D OHJLL VWULQH
Argumente pentru aceaVW VROX LH
D OLWLJLXO QX SRDWH UPkQH QHMXGHFDW SULQ UHVSLQJHUHD DF LXQLL UHFODPDQWXOXL VXE PRWLYXO F
OHJHD VWULQ QX HVWH FXQRVFXW GHRDUHFH vQ DFHVW FD] MXGHFWRUXO DU IL FXOSDELO GH GHQHJDUH GH
GUHSWDWH 2 DVHPHQHD VROX LH DU IL QHGUHDSW SHQWru reclamant, deoarece sarcina probei legii
VWULQH QX LQFXPE vQ SULPXO UkQG L vQ RULFH FD] QX H[FOXVLY SU LORU FL LQVWDQ HL
E vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH OHJHD VWULQ QX SRDWH IL GRYHGLW VH DSOLF SUH]XP LD VLPSO H[SULPDW
$FHVWH GLOLJHQ H WUHEXLH V UH]XOWH GLQ SUREDWRULLOH GLVSXVH L GLQ GHPHUVXULOH HIHFWXDWH GH LQVWDQ

prin adagiul "cine alege inVWDQ D DOHJH L GUHSWXO

11

CAPITOLUL 8

&$=85,/( '( 1/785$5( '( /$ $3/,&$5( $

/(*,, 675,1(
/HJHD VWULQ VH vQOWXU GH OD DSOLFDUH FRQIRUP SUHYHGHULORU DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU

 vQ GRX FD]XUL

D GDF vQFDOF RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ

E GDF D GHYHQLW FRPSHWHQW SULQ IUDXG

6HF LXQHD 
2UGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ
 2UGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ

HVWH IRUPDW GLQ DQVDPEOXO

principiilor fundamentale de drept ale statului romn, aplicabile n raporturile juridice cu element de
extraneitate.
6XE DVSHFW SURFHGXUDO RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH PDWHULDOL]HD] SULQ

H[FHS LD GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

Elementele definitorii DOH RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

A. &RQ LQXWXO QR LXQLL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW vO

FRQVWLWXLH SULQFLSLLOH

IXQGDPHQWDOH GH GUHSW DOH VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL DSOLFDELOH vQ UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQal
SULYDW $FHVWD HVWH FRQ LQXWXO DEVWUDFW DO QR LXQLL

moduri:

a) GH UHJXO

n mod curent DFHVW FRQ LQXW HVWH VWDELOLW vQ GRX

HO VH GHWHUPLQ GH FWUH LQVWDQ D GH MXGHFDW FDUH YD VWDELOL FkQG R QRUP

GLQ VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW URPkQ FRQVDFU XQ SULQFLSLX

juridic fundamental al statului nostru, astfel nct

vQFOFDUHD OXL GH FWUH OHJHD VWULQ FRPSHWHQW vQ VSH

de la aplicare.
b) n anumite cazuri

 SRDWH V MXVWLILFH vQOWXUDUHD DFHVWHL OHJL

OHJLXLWRUXO URPkQ vQVXL VWDELOHWH H[SOLFLW QRUPHOH MXULGLFH D FURU

vQFOFDUH FRQVWLWXLH XQ WHPHL GH LQYRFDUH D RUGLQHL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ L
GHFL GH vQOWXUDUH GH OD DSOLFDUH D OHJLL VWULQH FRQWUDUH

% ([FHS LD GH RUGLQH SXEOLF FDUH H[SULP SH SODQ SURFHGXUDO DFHDVW LQVWLWX LH MXULGLF

este o H[FHS LH GH IRQG FDUH SRDWH IL LQYRFDW GH RULFH SDUWH LQWHUHVDW VDX GH LQVWDQ  GLQ RILFLX

& ([FHS LD GH RUGLQH SXEOLF vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH HVWH DGPLV vPSLHGLF SURGXFHUHD SH

ULL

WHULWRULXO

D HIHFWHORU XQHL OHJL VWULQH GDU DFHDVWD FD DWDUH QX SRDWH IL DIHFWDW GH DFHDVW

H[FHS LH

' /HJHD VWULQ DOH FUHL HIHFWH VXQW vPSLHGLFDWH V VH SURGXF SH WHULWRULXO

ULL DU IL IRVW

QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY GHRDUHFH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ D

trimis la ea.
2. &RPSDUD LH vQWUH RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQ L

LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

&HOH GRX LQVWLWX LL VH

DVHDPQ

RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW

SULQ IDSWXO F DPkQGRX vQOWXU GH OD DSOLFDUH R OHJH FX

SUHFL]DUHD F RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQ FHQ]XUHD] DFWHOH MXULGLFH DOH SU LORU FDUH FRQVWLWXLH
OHJHD DFHVWRUD 'H DVHPHQHD DFHVWH LQVWLWX LL vL DX L]YRUXO vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ DO VWDWXOXL
QWUH FHOH GRX IHOXUL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF H[LVW vQV

deosebiri LPSRUWDQWH L DQXPH

a) DX IXQF LL GLIHULWe, astfel:
- RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQ FDUH HVWH GDW GH DQVDPEOXO QRUPHORU LPSHUDWLYH DOH
sistemului de drept respectiv, are ca scop mpiedicarea producerii efectelor actelor juridice care
VXQW FRQWUDUH DFHVWRU QRUPH HD H[SULP OLPLWHOH DXWRQRPLHL GH YRLQ

D SU LORU vQ UDSRUWXULOH

juridice interne;
- RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW are scopul de a mpiedica aplicarea, pe

WHULWRULXO VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL D HIHFWHORU XQHL OHJL VWULQH GHL QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH UDSRUWXO

juridiF UHVSHFWLY DDGDU HD H[SULP OLPLWHOH DSOLFULL OHJLL VWULQH vQ DUD IRUXOXL
b) au sfere de aplicare diferite vQ VHQVXO F RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQ HVWH PDL ODUJ

GHFkW FHD GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW Q FRQVHFLQ



QX WRW FHHD FH HVWH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF vQ

GUHSWXO LQWHUQ HVWH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF L vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW ([SOLFD LD DFHVWHL GLIHUHQ H GH
VIHU UH]LG vQ DFHHD F VWDWXO UHJOHPHQWHD] FX PDL PXOW IHUPLWDWH UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW

intern dect cele de drept interQD LRQDO SULYDW

3. Prevederi legale
12

D $FWHOH QRUPDWLYH LQWHUQH DGRSW FX SULYLUH OD RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO

SULYDW XQD GLQ XUPWRDUHOH VROX LL

1. 'H UHJXO ele QX VWDELOHVF FRQ LQXWXO RUGLQLL SXEOLFH FL QXPDL SUHYG
pRVLELOLWDWHD DSOLFULL DFHVWHLD vQ GRPHQLLOH PDWHULLOH SH FDUH OH UHJOHPHQWHD]

vQ DEVWUDFW

'H H[HPSOX DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  SUHYHGH F 'UHSWXULOH FkWLJDWH vQ DU VWULQ

VXQW UHVSHFWDWH vQ 5RPkQLD DIDU QXPDL GDF VXQW FRQWUDUH RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO

privat romn".
2. n unele cazuri

vQV

OHJHD VWDELOHWH L FRQ LQXWXO FRQFUHW DO RUGLQLL SXEOLFH, n

GRPHQLXO UHVSHFWLY GH UHJOHPHQWDUH vQ VHQVXO F LQGLF QRUPHOH MXULGLFH D FURU vQFOFDUH MXVWLILF
DSOLFDUHD H[FHS LHL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

6XQW GRX VLWXD LL $ OHJHD VWDELOHWH QXPDL FRQ LQXWXO RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO

SULYDW URPkQ % OHJHD RFURWHWH RUGLQHD SXEOLF D FUXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO vQ VSH
$ 3HQWUX SULPD VLWXD LH SRDWH IL GDW XUPWRUXO H[HPSOX

- DUW



 DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  FDUH FRQVDFU FDUDFWHUXO GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW

LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DO SULQFLSLXOXL OLEHUW LL GH D vQFKHLD R FVWRULH SHQWUX FHW HQLL URPkQL

% /HJHD URPkQ RFURWHWH vQ DQXPLWH FD]XUL RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

D RULFUXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW QRUPDO DSOLFDELO vQ VSH

 Q DFHVWH FD]XUL QH DIOP vQ ID D XQRU SUHYHGHUL

GH RUGLQH SXEOLF FX DF LXQH GXEO SHQWUX GUHSWXO URPkQ L SHQWUX FHO VWULQ vQ FD]XO vQ FDre

este

aplicabil).

D 6H vQFDGUHD] vQ DFHDVW VLWXD LH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU 

- testatorul poate

VXSXQH WUDQVPLWHUHD SHQWUX PRWHQLUH D EXQXULORU VDOH DOWHL OHJL GHFkW OHJHD VD QD LRQDO GDF HVWH

YRUED GH R VXFFHVLXQH PRELOLDU VDX OHJHD ORFXOXL VLWXULL EXQXOXL GDF HVWH YRUED GH R
VXFFHVLXQH LPRELOLDU

IU D DYHD GUHSWXO V vQOWXUH GLVSR]L LLOH HL LPSHUDWLYH

$DGDU vQ

DFHVW FD] GLVSR]L LLOH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF DOH RULFUXLD GLQWUH VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW DSOLFDELOH VXFFHVLXQLL

(romn sau sWULQ WUHEXLH UHVSHFWDWH

E Q FRQYHQ LL LQWHUQD LRQDOH FDUH FRQVWLWXLH L]YRDUH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

RUGLQHD SXEOLF HVWH SUHY]XW GH UHJXO vQ

mod abstract.

'H H[HPSOX &RQYHQ LD GH OD 1HZ <RUN SHQWUX UHFXQRDWHUHD L H[HFXWDUHD VHQWLQ HORU

DUELWUDOH VWULQH GLQ  OD FDUH 5RPkQLD D DGHUDW SULQ 'HFUHWXO QU  vQ DUW 9 DOLQ  OLW

E SUHYHGH F UHFXQRDWHUHD L H[HFXWDUHD XQHL VHQWLQ H DUELWUDOH VWULQH SRDWH IL UHIX]DW SULQWUH
DOWHOH GDF HVWH FRQWUDU RUGLQLL SXEOLFe

a statului solicitat.

 2UGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SUH]LQW XUPWRDUHOH FDUDFWHUH HVHQ LDOH:

a)

GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH VSD LDO DUH XQ FDUDFWHU QD LRQDO vQ FRQ LQXWXO V X vQ VHQVXO F

RUGLQHD SXEOLF VH LQWHUSUHWHD] SULQ SULVPD GUHSWXOXL URPkQ 2 VLWXD LH VSHFLDO R FRQVWLWXLH WRWXL
QRUPHOH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF FX DF LXQH GXEO

b) din punct de vedere temporal

LQVWDQ D GH MXGHFDW
SURQXQ

ULL

RUGLQHD SXEOLF DUH XQ FDUDFWHU

URPkQ WUHEXLH V LD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH FRQ LQXWXO RUGinii

actual, vQ VHQVXO F
publice din momentul

KRWUkULL LDU QX FHO GLQ PRPHQWXO vQFKHLHULL UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF VDX GLQ PRPHQWXO vQ FDUH

VHQWLQ D VWULQ DOH FUHL HIHFWH VH FHU D IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD D IRVW SURQXQ DW vQ

VWULQWDWH

c) din punct de vedere material (pe fond)

RUGLQHD SXEOLF DUH XQ FDUDFWHU GH H[FHS LH

GH OD UHJXOD F OHJHD VWULQ QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW WUHEXLH V VH DSOLFH UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF FX HOHPHQW

de extraneitate.
&RQVHFLQ HOH DFHVWXL FDUDFWHU VXQW vQ HVHQ

 XUPWRDUHOH

- ordinea SXEOLF HVWH GH VWULFW LQWHUSUHWDUH

- RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ

VWU LQH SH WHULWRULXO

romne), numai vQ
dreptului romn.

ULL

L SH FDOH GH FRQVHFLQ



 SURGXFHUHD HIHFWHORU OHJLL

vPSLHGLF

DWUDJH DSOLFDUHD vQ ORFXO DFHVWHLD D OHJLL

 n care aceste efecte contravin principiilor fundamentale ale

P VXUD VWULFW

 2UGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DUH GRX

efecte:
a) un efect negativ L DQXPH vQOWXUDUHD GH OD DSOLFDUHD OHJLL VWULQH FDUH UH]XOW GLQ
prevederile DUW  DOLQ  OLW D GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FURUD $SOLFDUHD OHJLL VWULQH VH
vQOWXU GDF vQFDOF RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ

Un exemplu de efect negativ este consacrat de art. 18 alin. 2 din Legea nr. 105/1992,
coQIRUP FUXLD GDF XQD GLQWUH OHJLOH VWULQH DSOLFDELOH FRQGL LLORU GH IRQG DOH FVWRULHL SUHYHGH

XQ LPSHGLPHQW OD FVWRULH FDUH SRWULYLW GUHSWXOXL URPkQ HVWH LQFRPSDWLELO FX OLEHUWDWHD GH D

vQFKHLD R FVWRULH DFHO LPSHGLPHQW YD IL vQOWXUDW FD LQDSlicabil

c) un efect pozitiv,

..."

SUHY]XW GH DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FUXLD Q

FD]XO vQOWXUULL OHJLL VWULQH VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ

13

Efectul pozitiv al ordinii publice se poate manifesta vQ GRX PRGXUL

a) implicit (mai atenuat vQ VHQVXO F OHJHD IRUXOXL HVWH DSOLFDW QXPDL

HIHFWHOH OHJLL VWULQH

SHQWUX D vQOWXUD

b) explicit (mai ferm vQ VHQVXO F OHJHD IRUXOXL HVWH DSOLFDW L vQ PDWHULDOLWDWHD HL vQ JROXO

OVDW SULQ vQOWXUDUHD OHJLL VWULQH

6. 6IHUHOH QR

 GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

LXQLL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF

6IHUD QR LXQLL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW HVWH GLIHULW vQ IXQF LH GH FDGUXO

FRQIOLFWXDO vQ FDUH VH LQYRF

$VWIHO RUGLQHD SXEOLF SRDWH IL LQYRFDW ILH vQ FDGUXO FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ VSD LX ILH DO

FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ WLPS L VSD LX

6IHUD RUGLQLL SXEOLFH HVWH PDL ODUJ

vQ FDGUXO FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ VSD LX GHFkW D

FHOXL vQ WLPS L VSD LX 'HFL QX WRDWH SULQFLSLLOH MXULGLFH FDUH VXQW GH RUGLQH SXEOLF

sunt invoFDWH

DWXQFL FkQG

vQ FDGUXO FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ VSD LX VXQW GH RUGLQH SXEOLF L DWXQFL FkQG SULYHVF

GUHSWXUL GHMD GREkQGLWH vQ VWULQWDWH

7.

&RPSDUD LH vQWUH RUGLQHD SXEOLF

DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW

GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

L QRUPHOH GH

QWUH FHOH GRX LQVWLWX LL H[LVW DVHPQUL FRQVWkQG vQ DFHHD F DX FD UD LXQH

ocrotirea

XQXL SULQFLSLX LQWHUHV IXQGDPHQWDO DO OHJLL IRUXOXL L WRWRGDW DX DFHODL HIHFW L DQXPH DSOLFDUHD
OHJLL IRUXOXL vQ ORFXO FHOHL VWULQH

Deosebirea HVHQ LDO GLQWUH HOH UH]LG vQ PHFDQLVPXO ORJLF DO DSOLFULL L DQXPH
- QRUPD GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW vQOWXU GH OD vQFHSXW QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO FRPSHWHQW

L GHFL

vQ FD]XO HL QX VH SXQH SUREOHPD DSOLFULL XQHL OHJL VWULQH QRUPD GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW FRQ LQkQG
VROX LD MXULGLF vQ

chiar cuprinsul ei;

RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH ULGLF QXPDL GXS FH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO

URPkQ D IRVW DSOLFDW SHQWUX D vQOWXUD HIHFWHOH OHJLL VWULQH QRUPDO FRPSHWHQWH FDUH FRQWUDYLQ

principiilor fundamentale ale dreptului forului.

6HF LXQHD D -a

)UDXGDUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
 ([LVW IUDXG OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DWXQFL FkQG SU LOH XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF

IRORVLQG vQ VFRS IUDXGXORV LOLFLW XQ PLMORF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DX IFXW DSOLFDELO DFHOXL

UDSRUW MXULGLF XQ DOW VLVWHP GH GUHSW GHFkW FHO QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH

 )UDXGDUHD OHJLL vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH SRDWH IDFH GH UHJXO vQ GRX

PRGDOLW

 L

a) ntr-un raport juridic de drept intern se introduce n mod fraudulos un element de

H[WUDQHLWDWH FDUH GHFODQHD] DUWLILFLDO XQ FRQIOLFW GH OHJL LDU SULQ DSOLFDUHD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH

QRUPDO FRPSHWHQWH SHQWUX LSRWH]D FUHDW VH WULPLWH OD XQ DOW VLVWHP GH GUHSW GHFkW GUHSWXO LQWHUQ

(care ar fi fost n mod firesc aplicabil).

b) ntr-XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF FDUH DUH

GHMD XQ HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH SU LOH VFKLPE vQ VFRS

IUDXGXORV SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU IFkQG DSOLFDELO DFHOXL UDSRUW MXULGLF SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO QRUPHL

conflictuale aplicabile pentru noul punct de lHJWXU

XQ DOW VLVWHP GH GUHSW GHFkW FHO QRUPDO

FRPSHWHQW FRQIRUP QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH LQL LDOH

 3HQWUX D H[LVWD IUDXG OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW WUHEXLH vQWUXQLWH FXPXODWLY

XUPWRDUHOH FRQGL LL:

D V H[LVWH XQ DFW GH YRLQ  D SU LL SU LORU vQ VHQVXO GHSODVULL SXQFWXOXL GH

 SULYLWRU OD XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF
E SU LOH V IRORVHDVF XQ PLMORF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FDUH SULQ HO vQVXL HVWH

OHJ WXU

licit.

c) VFRSXO XUPULW GH SU L V ILH LOLFLW

d) UH]XOWDWXO UHDOL]DW GH SU L V ILH LOLFLW

5H]XOWDWXO UHDOL]DW GH SU L SULQ DSOLFDUHD vQ UDSRUWXO MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY D XQXL DOW VLVWHP GH

GUHSW GHFkW FHO QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW WUHEXLH V ILH

RE LQXW GDF V-ar

mai favorabil acestora dect cel care s-ar fi

fi aplicat sistemul de drept nRUPDO FRPSHWHQW Q FD] FRQWUDU QX DU H[LVWD UD LXQHD

SHQWUX SU L GH D VYkUL R DVHPHQHD IUDXG OD OHJH

IFXW R

4. Pentru analiza VDQF LXQLL IUDXGHL OD OHJH

GLVWLQF LH, n IXQF LH GH RELHFWXO IUDXGHL.
14

vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ WUHEXLH

, 6LWXD LD vQ FDUH HVWH IUDXGDW GUHSWXO URPkQ vQ IDYRDUHD XQXL GUHSW VWULQ

3HQWUX DFHDVW VLWXD LH DUW  DOLQ  OLW E L DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  SUHYHGH H[SUHV

$SOLFDUHD OHJLL VWULQH VH vQOWXU  E GDF D GHYHQLW FRPSHWHQW SULQ IUDXG Q FD]XO vQOWXUULL
OHJLL VWULQH VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ
LPSOLF

'LQ DFHVW WH[W UH]XOW F VDQF LXQHD IUDXGULL GUHSWXOXL QD LRQDO vQ IDYRDUHD XQHL OHJL VWULQH

GRX HIHFWH

A. unul negativ L DQXPH vQOWXUDUHD GH OD DSOLFDUH D OHJLL VWULQH

n mRG FRQFUHW SH SODQXO DFWXOXL MXULGLF IUDXGXORV vQFKHLDW GH

PDWHULDOL]HD] SULQ

SU L DFHVW HIHFW VH

a) fie LQRSR]DELOLWDWHD DFWXOXL vQ ID D DXWRULW LORU URPkQH

Q FD]XO LQRSR]DELOLW LL DFWXO UPkQH WRWXL YDODELO vQ VWULQWDWH

b) fie constDWDUHD GHFODUDUHD QXOLW LL DFWXOXL GH FWUH LQVWDQ HOH MXGHFWRUHWL URPkQH

Q FD]XO QXOLW LL DFWXO MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY QX PDL SRDWH SURGXFH HIHFWH vQ DU L vQ SULQFLSLX

QLFL vQ VWULQWDWH
VWULQH

B. un efect pozitiv

L DQXPH DSOLFDUHD OHJLL URPkQH vQ JROXO UPDV SULQ vQOWXUDUHD OHJLL

,, 6LWXD LD vQ FDUH HVWH IUDXGDW GUHSWXO VWULQ QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW FRQIRUP QRUPHL

conflictuale romne, n favoarea dreptului romn (sau D GUHSWXOXL XQXL VWDW WHU 

&X SULYLUH OD DFHVW DVSHFW QLFL /HJHD QU  L QLFL R DOW OHJH URPkQ QX FRQ LQH

SUHYHGHUL GDU VH RSLQHD] F IUDXGD OHJLL VWULQH WUHEXLH VDQF LRQDW vQ DFHODL PRG FD L IUDXGD

legii romne.
Argumente:
a) dreptul VWULQ

HVWH HOHPHQW GH GUHSW FD L GUHSWXO IRUXOXL L GHFL WUHEXLH V L VH DFRUGH

DFHHDL SURWHF LH

E IUDXGDUHD GUHSWXOXL VWULQ QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH FRQIRUP QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH

URPkQH FRQVWLWXLH GH IDSW R vQFOFDUH D QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH URPkQH FDUH GH UHJXO DUH FDUDFWHU

imperativ;

F FHHD FH VH VDQF LRQHD] vQ WRDWH FD]XULOH HVWH LQWHQ LD IUDXGXORDV D SU LORU fraus

omnia corrumpit).
 &D L vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ IUDXGD OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SRDWH IL

RULFH PLMORF GH SURE ILLQG R VLWXD LH GH IDSW

GRYHGLW prin

3UDFWLF H[LVW GLILFXOW L vQ GRYHGLUHD IUDXGHL OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW GHRDUHFH

FHHD FH WUHEXLH GRYHGLW HVWH LQWHQ LD IUDXGXORDV D SU LORU DGLF XQ HOHPHQW VXELHFWLY

Domeniile n caUH SRDWH DSDUH IUDXG OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VXQW vQ SULQFLSDO

XUPWRDUHOH

a) VWDUHD FLYLO FDSDFLWDWHD L UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH DOH SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH (statutul
persoanei fizice).

)UDXGD vQ DFHDVW PDWHULH FRQVW GH UHJXO vQ IDSWXO F SHUVRDQD IL]LF vL VFKLPE vQ

VFRS IUDXGXORV FHW HQLD GRPLFLOLXO RUL UHHGLQ D

9 VSH D %HUWROD L VSH D 0LKLOHVFX

Q JHQHUDO IUDXGD OD OHJH vQ PDWHULD VWULL FLYLOH FDSDFLW LL L UHOD LLORU GH IDPLOLH DOH

persoanei fizice este mult mai greu

GH UHDOL]DW DVW]L vQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH VFKLPEDUHD FHW HQLHL

URPkQH HVWH VWULFW UHJOHPHQWDW SULQ OHJHD FHW HQLHL URPkQH QU  LDU SUHYHGHUL vQ PDWHULH
GH FHW HQLH H[LVW SUDFWLF vQ WRDWH VWDWHOH OXPLL

b) statutul organic al persoanei juridice

Q DFHVW FD] IUDXGD OD OHJH FRQVW GH FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL vQ PXWDUHD VHGLXOXL VRFLDO GH SH

teritoriul statului forului pe cel al unui stat considerat "paradis fiscal" (precum Liechtenstein,
Monaco, Panama, Liberia etc.), n scopul evaziunii legilor ILVFDOH DOH IRUXOXL FX SUHFL]DUHD F

SHUVRDQD MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY FRQWLQX V IXQF LRQH]H SH WHULWRULXO VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL FD SHUVRDQ

MXULGLF VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO VWULQ Q DFHVW FD] DDGDU QRXO VHGLX VRFLDO QX HVWH VHULRV DGLF

are un caracter fraudulos.

n prezent DUW 

DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FURUD VHGLXO VRFLDO FDUH

GHWHUPLQ QD LRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH VH VWDELOHWH SRWULYLW DFWXOXL FRQVWLWXWLY QX H[FOXG

IUDXGD OD OHJH L GH DOWIHO QLFL QX DU SXWHD-o face deRDUHFH SULQFLSLXO DXWRQRPLHL GH YRLQ  D
fondatorilor persoanei juridice este general admis n materia stabilirii sediului social. n schimb,
DFHDVW IUDXG HVWH PXOW OLPLWDW SULQ DSOLFDUHD SUHYHGHULORU DUW  DOLQ  L  GLQ /HJHD QU

105/1992, pentru

LSRWH]D vQ FDUH SHUVRDQD MXULGLF DUH VHGLXO vQ PDL PXOWH VWDWH GHRDUHFH vQ

DFHDVW LSRWH] GHWHUPLQDQW SHQWUX D VH LGHQWLILFD QD LRQDOLWDWHD DFHVWHLD HVWH VHGLXO UHDO  SULQ

15

FDUH VH vQ HOHJH ORFXO XQGH VH DIO FHQWUXO SULQFLSDO GH FRQGXFHUH L GH JHVWLXQH D DFWLYLW LL

statutare.
c) regimul juridic al bunului mobil

Q DFHDVW PDWHULH IUDXGD FRQVW vQ IDSWXO F VH VFKLPE ORFXO VLWXULL EXQXOXL PRELO vQWU-un

DOW VWDW ,QWU vQ DFHDVW VLWXD LH L VFKLPEDUHD SDYLOLRQXOXL QDYHL VDX DHURQDYHL GH SULQFLSiu,
VWDW FRQVLGHUDW SDUDGLV ILVFDO FD L vQ FD]XO SHUVRDQHORU MXULGLFH OD FDUH QH-am

d) IRUPD H[WHULRDU D DFWHORU MXULGLFH

ntr-un
referit mai sus).

Q DFHVW FD] IUDXGD OD OHJH FRQVW GH UHJXO vQ IDSWXO F VH vQFKHLH DFWXO vQWU-XQ DOW VWDW L

pULQ

HIHFWXO QRUPHL FRQILFWXDOH H[SULPDW SULQ SULQFLSLXO locus

regit actum

VH DSOLF DFHOXL DFW R

OHJH PDL IDYRUDELO SHQWUX SU L GHFkW FHD QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH vQ FDX] GH H[HPSOX

SU LOH EHQHILFLD] GH FRQGL LL PDL XRDUH OD vQFKHLHUHD FVWRULHL vQFKHLHUHD DFWXOXL VH IDFH VXE
VHPQWXU SULYDW vQ ORF GH DFW DXWHQWLF HWF

n prezent, DFHDVW IRUP GH IUDXG HVWH H[FOXV vQ OXPLQD SUHYHGHULORU DUW  GLQ /HJHD
nr. 105/1992.
e) FRQ LQXWXO FRQWUDFWHORU IRQGXO REOLJD LLORU FRQWUDFWXDOe)
Acesta este unul dintre domeniile cele mai predispuse fraudei la lege n dreptul

LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW vQWUXFkW vQ DFHDVW PDWHULH IXQF LRQHD] SULQFLSLXO FRQIRUP FUXLD FRQWUDFWXO

HVWH VXSXV OHJLL DOHVH SULQ FRQVHQV GH SU L lex

voluntatis), consacrat de art. 73 din Legea nr.

 FHHD FH IDYRUL]HD] IUDXGD OD OHJH FX DWkW PDL PXOW FX FkW OHJHD DGRSW FRQFHS LD

VXELHFWLYLVW SULYLQG OLPLWHOH OLEHUW LL SU LORU vQ DOHJHUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH vQ VHQVXO F QX LPSXQH FD
OHJHD DOHDV GH SU L V DLE R OHJWXU PDWHULDO RELHFWLY FX FRQWUDFWXO &X WRDWH DFHVWHD

VLPSOXO IDSW F SU LOH DOHJ R OHJH DSOLFDELO FRQWUDFWXOXL FDUH QX DUH QLFL R OHJWXU RELHFWLY FX
DFHVWD QX WUHEXLH FRQVLGHUDW GH SODQR FD ILLQG R IUDXG OD OHJH DWkWD WLPS FkW SU LOH
YHGHUH DQXPLWH DYDQWDMH OLFLWH SH FDUH OHJHD DOHDV OH SUH]LQW SHQWUX HOH

au avut n

6. &RPSDUD LH vQWUH IUDXGD OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW L XQHOH LQVWLWX LL
juridice apropiate

 &RPSDUD LH FX IUDXGD OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ

ExiVW

IUDXG OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ DWXQFL FkQG SU LOH OD XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF IU HOHPHQW

VWULQ DSOLF R GLVSR]L LH OHJDO SULQ GHWXUQDUHD HL GH OD VFRSXO ILUHVF SHQWUX FDUH D IRVW HGLFWDW GH

legiuitor, eludnd, astfel, prevederile unei alte legi internH

GHIDYRUDELO

QWUH FHOH GRX LQVWLWX LL MXULGLFH H[LVW

DVHPQUL

vQ DEVWUDFW DFHOHDL vQ DPEHOH FD]XUL XQ DFW GH YRLQ

LPSHUDWLYH

FDUH

OH

HVWH

vQV

L DQXPH FRQGL LLOH IUDXGHL OD OHJH VXQW

 DO SU LORU XQ PLMORF OLFLW

rezuOWDW LOLFLW $PkQGRX VXQW vQFOFUL LQGLUHFWH DOH OHJLL

XQ VFRS LOLFLW XQ

QWUH HOH H[LVW vQV LPSRUWDQWH GHRVHELUL FDUH VH PDQLIHVW vQ SULQFLSDO VXE XUPWRDUHOH

aspecte:
a) obiectul fraudei

$VWIHO vQ WLPS FH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ VH IUDXGHD] R OHJH LQWHUQ vQ IDYRDrea

alte legi interne,

GHFL VH UPkQH vQ FDGUXO DFHOXLDL VLVWHP GH GUHSW vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH IUDXGHD]

QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO D IRUXOXL L SULQ DFHDVWD XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW vQ IDYRDUHD DOWXLD

b) PHFDQLVPXO IUDXGULL
La frauda la lege n dreptul intern

VH VFKLPE FRQ LQXWXO IDSWLF DO UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF FDUH

GXFH OD DSOLFDUHD vQ PRG IUDXGXORV D XQHL DOWH OHJL GHFkW FHD FRUHFW DSOLFDELO Q FD]XO IUDXGHL OD

lege vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

VH VFKLPE FRQ LQXWXO IDSWLF FRQIOLFWXDO FHHD

ce duce la

IUDXGDUHD VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW SULQ XQD GLQ FHOH GRX PRGDOLW L GH IUDXGDUH

analizate mai sus.

2. &RPSDUD LH FX RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
$VHPQDUHD HVHQ LDO FRQVW

vQ IDSWXO F vQ DPEHOH FD]XUL QX VH DSOLF VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW

QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW GHFL DPEHOH FRQVWLWXLH H[FHS LL GH OD DSOLFDUHD OHJLL ILUHVF DSOLFDELOH vQ UDSRUWXO

juridic respectiv.
Deosebirile GLQWUH HOH SRDUW vQ SULQFLSDO DVXSUD XUPWRDUHORU DVSHFWH
a) FDX]D QHDSOLFULL OHJLL QRUPDO Fompetente
Astfel:
- OD RUGLQHD SXEOLF FDX]D HVWH GH QDWXU RELHFWLY L DQXPH OHJHD VWULQ
VX vQFDOF SULQFLSLLOH IXQGDPHQWDOH GH GUHSW DOH VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL

SULQ FRQ LQXWXO

OD IUDXGD OD OHJH FDX]D HVWH GH QDWXU VXELHFWLY L DQXPH OHJHD IRUului

VWULQ HVWH vQOWXUDW GH OD DSOLFDUH SULQ DFWLYLWDWHD IUDXGXORDV D SU LORU

b) VDQF LXQHD DSOLFDELO

16

(sau legea

- OD RUGLQHD SXEOLF VDQF LXQHD FRQVW vQ vQOWXUDUHD HIHFWHORU OHJLL VWULQH L DSOLFDUHD vQ
locul acesteia, a legii forului;
- OD IUDXGD OD OHJH VDQF LXQHD UH]LG vQ IDSWXO F VH vQOWXU OHJHD URPkQ VDX VWULQ SH
FDUH SU LOH DX IFXW-R DSOLFDELO SULQ IUDXG L vQ ORFXO HL VH DSOLF OHJHD FRUHFW FRPSHWHQW 3H

SODQXO DFWXOXL MXULGLF IUDXGXORV VDQF LXQHD FRQVW vQ LPSR]DELOLWDWHD DFWXOXL vQ ID D DXWRULW LORU
URPkQH VDX QXOLWDWHD DFWXOXL GXS FD]

c) UROXO LQVWDQ HL GH MXGHFDW

Q FD]XO LQYRFULL H[FHS LHL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW LQVWDQ D WUHEXLH

V FXQRDVF FRQ LQXWXO OHJLL VWULQH QRUPDO FRPSHWHQWH SHQWUX F QXPDL DVWIHO SRDWH V-L GHD

VHDPD GDF HD vQFDOF VDX QX SULQFLSLLOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH GUHSWXOXL IRUXOXL

Q VFKLPE OD IUDXGD OD OHJH QX HVWH QHDSUDW QHFHVDU DFHVW OXFUX GHRDUHFH FHHD FH VH

VDQF LRQHD] HVWH vQVL DFWLYLWDWHD IUDXGXORDV D SU LORU

7. &RPSDUD LH FX VLPXOD LD
$VHPQUL

D DPEHOH LPSOLF XQ DFW GH YRLQ

E SULQ DFHVW DFW GH YRLQ



 FRPXQ D SU LORU

vQ DPkQGRX FD]XULOH VH FUHHD] VDX VH PRGLILF vQ PRG

artificial, un conflict de legi;

c) mijloacele folosite sunt, prin ele nsele, licite;
G FRQVHFLQ D ID

GH WHU L HVWH vQ SULQFLSLX DFHHDL L DQXPH LQRSR]DELOLWDWHD DFWXOXL

IUDXGXORV UHVSHFWLY D FRQWUDvQVFULVXOXL ID

 GH DFHWLD

Deosebiri:
D IUDXGD OD OHJH SUHVXSXQH H[LVWHQ D XQXL VLQJXU DFW MXUidic

(cel fraudulos), n timp ce

VLPXOD LD LPSOLF SULQ GHILQL LH GRX DFWH MXULGLFH L DQXPH DFWXO DVFXQV GDU UHDO FRQWUDvQVFULVXO
L DFWXO DSDUHQW GDU PLQFLQRV

E IUDXGD OD OHJH LPSOLF R RSHUD LXQH HIHFWLY PDWHULDO GH GHSODVDUH D SXQFWXOXL

de

OHJWXU GLQWU-XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW XQ VWDW vQ DOWXO Q VFKLPE OD VLPXOD LH RSHUD LXQHD HVWH ILFWLY

DGLF HVWH H[SULPDW SULQ DFWXO DSDUHQW GDU FRQWUD]LV SULQ FRQWUDvQVFULV

F IUDXGD OD OHJH SUHVXSXQH H[LVWHQ D XQXL VFRS LOLFLW L D XQXL UH]XOWDW LOLFLW /D VLPXOD LH
VFRSXO SRDWH IL L OLFLW

G FHOH GRX LQVWLWX LL MXULGLFH LPSOLF XQHRUL FRQVHFLQ H GLIHULWH ID

GH IUDXG GDF VH SURQXQ

 GH SU L $VWIHO vQ FD]

QXOLWDWHD DFWXOXL MXULGLF IUDXGXORV DFHVWD QX SURGXFH HIHFWH QLFL vQWUH

SU L /D VLPXOD LH vQV FRQWUDvQVFULVXO HVWH YDODELO vQWUH SU L L ID

 GH VXFFHVRULL ORU XQLYHUVDOL L FX

WLWOX XQLYHUVDO GDF QX V-DX IUDXGDW GUHSWXUL QVFXWH GH OHJH GLUHFW SH FDSXO ORU GH H[ UH]HUYD
VXFFHVRUDO

CAPITOLUL 9
CONFLICTUL DE LEGI N 7,03 , 63$,8
5(63(&7$5($ '5(3785,/25 &7,*$7( 1

$5 675,1

 ([LVW FRQIOLFW GH OHJL vQ WLPS L VSD LX vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH HIHFWHOH XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF QVFXW
VXE LQFLGHQ D VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW DO XQXL VWDW VH FHU XOWHULRU D IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQWU-un

alt stat.

3ULYLW SULQ SULVPD GUHSWXOXL URPkQ FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ WLPS L VSD LX SXQH SUREOHPD

UHVSHFWULL vQ 5RPkQLD D GUHSWXULORU GREkQGLWH FkWLJDWH vQWU-R DU VWULQ

Acest conflict este "vQ VSD LX

GHRDUHFH FHOH GRX VLVWHPH GH GUHSW vQ SUH]HQ

 - respectiv

FHO VWULQ VXE LQFLGHQ D FUXLD V-D QVFXW GUHSWXO L FHO URPkQ vQ FDGUXO FUXLD GUHSWXO VH FHUH D IL

recunoscut - FRH[LVW GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH VSD LDO

&RQIOLFWXO HVWH WRWRGDW L n timp GHRDUHFH

vQWUH PRPHQWXO QDWHULL UDSRUWXOXi

juridic

GHFL D GUHSWXOXL VXE LQFLGHQ D OHJLL VWULQH L PRPHQWXO FkQG HIHFWHOH DFHVWXLD VH FHU D IL
UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD H[LVW XQ LQWHUYDO GH WLPS

2. &RPSDUD LH FX FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ VSD LX

&RQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ VSD LX HVWH FHO FDUH DSDUH vQ PRPHQWXO QDWHULL PRGLILFULL VDX VWLQJHULL

XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF DWXQFL FkQG GDWRULW HOHPHQWXOXL GH H[WUDQHLWDWH SH FDUH UHVSHFWLYXO UDSRUW vO
FRQ LQH DVXSUD OXL VXQW VXVFHSWLELOH GH DSOLFDUH
GUHSW DSDU

innd unor state diferite.

&HOH GRX IRUPH GH FRQIOLFW GH OHJL VH

vQ VHQVXO F VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW vQ SUH]HQ

vQ DFHODL WLPS

DVHDPQ

GRX VDX PDL PXOWH VLVWHPH GH

SULQ IDSWXO F DPkQGRX VXQW vQ VSD LX

FRH[LVW VSD LDO (OH VH

deosebesc

vQV SHQWUX IDSWXO

F SH FkQG OD FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ VSD LX FHOH GRX VLVWHPH VXQW GHRSRWULY SDVLELOH GH DSOLFDUH

simultan

DVXSUD UHVSHFWLYXOXL UDSRUW MXULGLF OD FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ WLPS L VSD LX HOH VH DSOLF

17

succesiv,

vQ VHQVXO F GUHSWXO QVFXW vQWU-un

stat este apoi recunoscut n alt stat. Conflictul de legi

vQ WLPS L VSD LX VH VROX LRQHD] vQ SULQFLSLX SULQ DSOLFDUHD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH D IRUXOXL

3. Formele FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ WLPS L VSD LX

$ UDSRUWXO MXULGLF GUHSWXO VH QDWH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ DO XQXL VWDW VWULQ L DSRL VH LQYRF vQ

RoPkQLD

Q DFHVW FD] OD PRPHQWXO QDWHULL OXL vQ VWULQWDWH GUHSWXO QX DYHD QLFL R OHJWXU FX

DUD IRUXOXL vQ VSH

 FX GUHSWXO URPkQ

'H H[HPSOX GRL FHW HQL JUHFL VH FVWRUHVF vQ *UHFLD LDU DSRL YLQ vQ 5RPkQLD L FHU V OL

VH UHFXQRDVF HIHFWHOH DFHVWHL FVWRULL

% UDSRUWXO MXULGLF GUHSWXO VH QDWH

LDU XOWHULRU VH LQYRF vQ 5RPkQLD

vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW vQ FDGUX LQWHUQD LRQDO

Q DFHVW FD] FX SULYLUH OD UHVSHFWLYXO UDSRUW MXULGLF H[LVW VXFFHVLY XQ FRQIOLFW GH OHJL vQ

VSD LX vQ PRPHQWXO QDWHULL VDOH L XQ FRQIOLFW GH OHJL vQ WLPS L VSD LX DWXQFL FkQG HIHFWHOH VDOH VH

cer a fi recunoscute n Romnia.

$FHDVW IRUP D FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ WLPS L VSD LX SUH]LQW OD UkQGXO HL GRX

VXEVLWXD LL:

D vQ PRPHQWXO QDWHULL VDOH UDSRUWXO MXULGLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW QX DYHD QLFL R

OHJWXU vQ DUD IRUXOXL 5RPkQLD

'H H[HPSOX XQ FHW HDQ JUHF L XQXO IUDQFH] VH FVWRUHVF vQ *UHFLD LDU DSRL YLQ vQ

5RPkQLD L FHU V OL VH UHFXQRDVF HIHFWHOH DFHVWHL FVWRULL

FKLDU GLQ PRPHQWXO QDWHULL VDOH UDSRUWXO MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY DYHD OHJWXU FX DUD IRUXOXL

SULQ IDSWXO F FHO SX LQ XQXO GLQWUH HOHPHQWHOH VDOH GH H[WUDQHLWDWH SULYHDX GUHSWXO URPkQ
'H H[HPSOX VH SURQXQ

 R KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF vQ VWULQWDWH SULYLQG GLYRU XO GLQWUH XQ

FHW HDQ URPkQ L XQXO VWULQ LDU DSRL VH FHUH UHFXQRDWHUHD VDX H[HFXWDUHD DFHVWHL KRWUkUL vQ

Romnia.

'LIHULWHOH IRUPH DOH FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ WLPS L VSD LX SUH]LQW DQXPLWH FRQVHFLQ H MXULGLFH

vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH FRQGL LLOH UHFXQRDWHULL vQ 5RPkQLD D GUHSWXULORU GREkQGLWH vQ VWULQWDWH

 'UHSWXULOH GREkQGLWH vQ VWULQWDWH VXQW

recunoscute, n principiu, n Romnia.

7HPHLXO MXULGLF DO DFHVWHL UHFXQRDWHUL vO FRQVWLWXLH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP

FURUD 'UHSWXULOH FkWLJDWH vQ DU VWULQ VXQW UHVSHFWDWH vQ 5RPkQLD

'LQ DFHVWH SUHYHGHUL UH]XOW LGHHD F XQ GUHSW GREkQGLW vQ VWULQWDWH HVWH UHFXQRVFXW vQ

5RPkQLD GHRDUHFH OHJHD URPkQ SHUPLWH DFHVW OXFUX

 3HQWUX FD XQ GUHSW GREkQGLW vQ VWULQWDWH V ILH UHFXQRVFXW vQ 5RPkQLD VH FHU D IL

ntrunite GRX FRQGL LL FXPXODWLYH

$ 'UHSWXO V ILH FRUHFW QVFXW VXE LQFLGHQ D OHJLL VWULQH FDUH vL HVWH DSOLFDELO

$FHDVW FRQGL LH VH PDQLIHVW DWkW vQ GRPHQLXO GUHSWXOXL PDWHULDO FkW L DO FHOXL SURFHVXal.

a) Astfel, pe planul dreptului material,

GUHSWXO VXELHFWLY QVFXW vQ VWULQWDWH YD IL

UHFXQRVFXW vQ 5RPkQLD GDF V-D QVFXW YDODELO GXS OHJHD VWULQ FRPSHWHQW V L VH DSOLFH

FRQIRUP QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH D VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW VWULQ $FHDVW LGHH FX FDUDFWHU GH UHJXO VH
GHGXFH GLQ SUHYHGHULOH DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  FDUH GHL VH vQFDGUHD] vQ

categoria normelor cu caracter procedural ale legii, privesc un aspect de drept material. Astfel,

FRQIRUP WH[WXOXL UHFXQRDWHUHD XQHL KRWUkUL VWULQH QX SRDWH IL UHIX]DW SHQWUX VLQJXUXO PRWLY F

LQVWDQ D FDUH D SURQXQ DW KRWUkUHD VWULQ D DSOLFDW R DOW OHJH GHFkW FHD GHWHUPLQDW GH GUHSWXO
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ

b) Pe planul dreptului procesual,

R KRWUkUH VWULQ YD IL UHFXQRVFXW vQ 5RPkQLD GDF

HVWH YDODELO SRWULYLW OHJLL VWDWXOXL XQGH D IRVW SURQXQ DW

$FHDVW FRQGL LH UH]XOW H[SOLFLW GLQ PDL PXOWH SUHYHGHUL DOH /HJLL QU  L DQXPH vQ

VSHFLDO GLQ DUW  DOLQ  OLW D L E FRQIRUP FUXLD KRWUkULOH VWULQH SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ
5RPkQLD GDF KRWUkUHD HVWH GHILQLWLY SRWULYLW OHJLL VWDWXOXL XQGH D IRVW SURQXQ DW OLW D L
LQVWDQ D FDUH D SURQXQ DW-R D DYXW SRWULYLW OHJLL PHQ LRQDWH FRPSHWHQ D V MXGHFH SURFHVXO OLW E

&RQGL LD OD FDUH QH UHIHULP $ LPSOLF FHO SX LQ GRX FRQVHFLQ H MXULGLFH, care au caracter
de UHJXOL DSOLFDELOH HIHFWHORU XQXL GUHSW GREkQGLW SRWULYLW OHJLL VWULQH
- XQ GUHSW YDODELO GREkQGLW SRWULYLW OHJLL VWULQH FDUH vL HVWH DSOLFDELO SURGXFH vQ 5RPkQLD
(de principiu WRDWH HIHFWHOH DGPLVH GH OHJHD VWULQ UHVSHFWLY 'H H[HPSOX R FVWRULH UHOLJLRDV
vQWUH GRL FHW HQL VWULQL YDODELO vQFKHLDW vQWU-R DU vQ FDUH DFHVWHLD L VH UHFXQRVF HIHFWHOH MXULGLFH
va produce n Romnia toate efectele juridice pe care legea VWULQ L OH UHFXQRDWH
- XQ GUHSW GREkQGLW vQ VWULQWDWH QX SRDWH SURGXFH vQ 5RPkQLD PDL PXOWH HIHFWH GHFkW vQ
DUD VWULQ vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX D FUHL OHJH D IRVW FUHDW

B. 'UHSWXO GREkQGLW vQ VWULQWDWH V QX ILH FRQWUDU RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW

inWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ (art. 9 din Legea nr. 105/1992).
18

&RQGL LD VH DSOLF LQGLIHUHQW GH IRUPD FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ WLPS L VSD LX DGLF DWkW DWXQFL

cnd dreptul s-D QVFXW vQ FDGUXO LQWHUQ DO XQXL VWDW FkW L DWXQFL FkQG HO V-D QVFXW vQ FDGUXO
inWHUQD LRQDO LDU DSRL HVWH LQYRFDW vQ 5RPkQLD 'H H[HPSOX R KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ SULQ
FDUH VH IDFH R GLVFULPLQDUH vQWUH VR L SH FULWHULL GH UDV QD LRQDOLWDWH HWF QX SRDWH IL UHFXQRVFXW vQ
5RPkQLD LQGLIHUHQW GDF SULYHWH VDX QX XQ FHW Han

romn.

/HJHD URPkQ UHJOHPHQWHD] vQV vQ PRG VSHFLDO DQXPLWH FD]XUL GH vQFOFDUH D RUGLQLL

SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ vQ LSRWH]D vQ FDUH UDSRUWXO MXULGLF GUHSWXO V-D QVFXW vQ
VWULQWDWH vQ FDGUX LQWHUQD LRQDO

FKLDU GLQ PRPHQWXO QDWHULL VDOH DYHD OHJWXU FX GUHSWXO URPkQ

SULQ IDSWXO F FHO SX LQ XQXO GLQWUH HOHPHQWHOH VDOH GH H[WUDQHLWDWH SULYDX GUHSWXO URPkQ

CAPITOLUL 10
CONFLICTUL MOBIL DE LEGI
 ([LVW

conflict mobil de legi atunci cnd un raport juridic este supus

VXFFHVLY OD GRX

VLVWHPH GH GUHSW GLIHULWH FD XUPDUH D GHSODVULL SXQFWXOXL GH OHJWXU DO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH

aplicabile.

'H H[HPSOX GRL VR L FHW HQL IUDQFH]L vL VFKLPE FHW HQLD GHYHQLQG FHW HQL URPkQL

Problema care se pune este, pentru efeFWHOH FVWRULHL

URPkQ"

ORU VH YD DSOLFD OHJHD IUDQFH] VDX OHJHD

&RPSDUD LH FX LQVWLWX LLOH MXULGLFH DSURSLDWH

a) &RPSDUD LH FX FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ WLPS L VSD LX

QWUH FHOH GRX IHOXUL GH FRQIOLFWH H[LVW

coH[LVWHQ D

DVHPQDUH

vQ VHQVXO F DPEHOH SUHVXSXQ

vQ VSD LX D GRX VLVWHPH GH GUHSW SUHFXP L LQFLGHQ D VXFFHVLY vQ WLPS D DFHVWRUD

FX SULYLUH OD DFHODL UDSRUW MXULGLF

Deosebirea HVHQ LDO UH]LG vQ DFHHD F vQ WLPS FH FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ WLPS L VSD LX nu
- L GHFL QLFL D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH -, ci numai se cer a fi
recunoscute ntr-R DU GUHSWXULOH GREkQGLWH vQ VWULQWDWH conflictul mobil de legi presupune o
GHSODVDUH D HOHPHQWXOXL GH H[WUDQHLWDWH FDUH FRQVWLWXLD SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU DO Qormei conflictuale
LPSOLF R VFKLPEDUH D SXQFWXOXL GH OHJWXU

DSOLFDELOH vQ VSH

 L GHFL LPSOLF R VFKLPEDUH D vQVL OHJLL DSOLFDELOH UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY

b) &RPSDUD LH FX FRQIOLFWXO vQ WLPS DO OHJLORU LQWHUQH DOH XQXL VWDW

$VHPQDUHD FRQVW vQ IDSWXO F DPEHOH FRQIOLFWH LPSOLF DSOLFarea, cu privire la un raport

MXULGLF D GRX OHJL vQ PRG VXFFHVLY

Deosebiri:

D FRQIOLFWXO PRELO H[LVW vQWUH GRX VLVWHPH GH GUHSW DSDU LQkQG XQRU VWDWH GLIHULWH SH FkQG

FRQIOLFWXO vQ WLPS OD FDUH QH UHIHULP VH SRDUW vQWUH GRX OHJL GLQ FDGUXO DFHOXLDL VLVWHP GH GUHSW

E OD FRQIOLFWXO PRELO DPEHOH VLVWHPH GH GUHSW UPkQ vQ YLJRDUH VXQW VLPXOWDQH FKLDU GDF

HOH VH DSOLF vQ PRG VXFFHVLY FX SULYLUH OD DFHO UDSRUW MXULGLF OD FRQIOLFWXO vQ WLPS DO OHJLORU LQWHUQH

FHOH GRX OHJL QX VXQW vQ YLJRDUH VLPXOWDQ FL OHJHD DQWHULRDU HVWH DEURJDW L vQORFXLW FX R OHJH
QRX

3. Domeniile n care poate interveni conflictul mobil de legi

&RQIOLFWXO PRELO SRDWH LQWHUYHQL QXPDL vQ OHJWXU FX UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH OD FDUH VXQW

aplicabile norme conflictuale FX SXQFWH GH OHJWXU PRELOH YDULDELOH FDUH SRW IL GHSODVDWH vQ WLPSXO
H[LVWHQ HL UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY

$VWIHO FRQIOLFWXO PRELO SRDWH DSDUH vQ FD]XO XUPWRDUHORU SXQFWH GH OHJWXU vQ SULQFLSDO

D FHW HQLD L GRPLFLOLXO UHHGLQ D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH $DGDU FRQIOLFWXO PRELO SRDWH DSDUH vQ

WRDWH UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH vQ FDUH DFHVWHD VXQW SXQFWH GH OHJWXU L DQXPH VWDUHD FLYLO
FDSDFLWDWHD L UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH DOH SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH PRWHQLUHD EXQXULORU PRELOH HWF

b) sediul persoaQHL

MXULGLFH $VWIHO DSDUH FRQIOLFW PRELO DWXQFL FkQG SHUVRDQD MXULGLF vL

PXW VHGLXO GLQWU-XQ VWDW vQ DOWXO SH GXUDWD H[LVWHQ HL VDOH

F ORFXO VLWXULL EXQXOXL PRELO $SDUH FRQIOLFW PRELO vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH EXQXO PRELO DVXSUD

FUXLD V-au

constituit, WUDQVPLV VDX VWLQV GUHSWXUL UHDOH vL VFKLPE DH]DUHD

4. 6ROX LRQDUHD FRQIOLFWXOXL PRELO GH OHJL VH IDFH vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX GLVSR]L LLOH QRUPHORU
conflictuale sau ale altor norme juridice din sistemul de drept al statului forului.
Din analiza normeloU MXULGLFH URPkQH DSOLFDELOH vQ PDWHULD FRQIOLFWXOXL PRELO GH OHJL UH]XOW
XUPWRDUHOH LGHL XQHOH GLQ HOH DYkQG YDORDUH GH UHJXO:
A. 6ROX LD conflictului mobil de legi GLIHU GH OD FD] OD FD] QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ
SXWkQG IDFH DSOLFDELO UDSRUWXOXL juridic ILH OHJHD DQWHULRDU YHFKH ILH OHJHD QRX fie putnd
indica SkQ FkQG VH vQWLQG HIHFWHOH OHJLL YHFKL L GH FkQG vQFHS V VH DSOLFH FHOH DOH OHJLL QRL,
asupra raportului juridic respectiv.
19

Principalele prevederi ale dreptului romnesc n materie sunt cuprinse n Legea nr.
 L DQXPH

a) art. 16 -

&RQGL LLOH HIHFWHOH L DQXODUHD XQHL KRWUkUL SULQ FDUH VH FRQVWDW PRDUWHD

SUH]XPDW DEVHQ D VDX GLVSDUL LD SUHFXP L SUH]XP LLOH GH VXSUDYLH XLUH VDX GH PRDUWH VXQW

crmuite de ultima legH QD LRQDO D SHUVRDQHL GLVSUXWH VQ

QRX

Q DFHVW FD] VH DSOLF

legea

UHVSHFWLY OHJHD XOWLPHL FHW HQLL D SHUVRDQHL GLVSUXWH ILLQG vQOWXUDWH GH OD DSOLFDUH OHJLOH

HYHQWXDOHORU FHW HQLL DQWHULRDUH DOH DFHOHL SHUVRDQH

b) art. 20 alin. 2 - n dRPHQLXO

UHOD LLORU SHUVRQDOH L SDWULPRQLDOH GLQWUH VR L /HJHD

QD LRQDO FRPXQ VDX OHJHD GRPLFLOLXOXL FRPXQ DO VR LORU FRQWLQX V UHJOHPHQWH]H HIHFWHOH

FVWRULHL vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH

unul dintre ei vL VFKLPE GXS FD] FHW HQLD VDX GRPLFLOLXO

n acest caz, legea veche FRQWLQX V UHJOHPHQWH]H UDSRUWXO MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY L

VFKLPEULL SXQFWXOXL GH OHJWXU vQ PDWHULH

c) art. 22 alin. 2 -

'DF OHJHD VWULQ DVWIHO GHWHUPLQDW FRQIRUP DUW  DOLQ 

vQ FD]XO

- n.n.), nu

SHUPLWH GLYRU XO RUL vO DGPLWH vQ FRQGL LL GHRVHELW GH UHVWULFWLYH VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ vQ FD]XO vQ

OD GDWD FHUHULL GH GLYRU VQ FHW HDQ URPkQ /HJHD GH OD GDWD FHUHULL
OHJHD YHFKH VDX FHD QRX GXS FXP VR XO vQ FDX] D DYXW anterior sau a

FDUH XQXO GLQWUH VR L HVWH

GH GLYRU

SRDWH IL

GREkQGLW XOWHULRU DFHVWHL GDWH R DOW FHW HQLH

B. n unele cazuri, dreptul romn DSOLF SULQFLSLXO OHJLL PDL IDYRUDELOH PHOLRU OH[

&HOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH H[HPSOH SUHY]XWH GH /HJHD QU 

a) art. 15 -

$SDUWHQHQ D XQHL SHUVRDQH OD R QRX OHJH QD LRQDO QX DGXFH DWLQJHUHD

PDMRUDWXOXL GREkQGLW SRWULYLW OHJLL FDUH vL HUD DQWHULRU DSOLFDELO

b) art. 28 -

ILOLD LD FRSLOXOXL GLQ DIDUD FVWRULHL VH VWDELOHWH SRWULYLW OHJLL QD LRQDOH D FRSLOXOXL

GH OD GDWD QDWHULL VDOH GDU Q FD]XO vQ FDUH FRSLOXO FHW HDQ VWULQ DUH L R DOW FHW HQLH VWULQ
VH DSOLF OHJHD FDUH vL HVWH PDL IDYRUDELO

,, 3$57($ 63(&,$/

NORME CONFLICTUALE N UNELE DOMENII ALE

DREPTULUI PRIVAT

CAPITOLUL 1
1250( &21)/,&78$/( 35,9,1' 67$5($ , &$3$&ITATEA

PERSOANEI FIZICE

 6WDUHD L FDSDFLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH FDUH vPSUHXQ FX UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH IRUPHD]

statutul persoanei fizice VXQW FkUPXLWH GH OHJHD VD QD LRQDO

DUW GLQ /HJHD QU 

,QWHUSUHWDUHD QR LXQLL GH OHJH QD LRQDO HVWH IFXW GH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU 

&RQIRUP WH[WXOXL OHJHD QD LRQDO HVWH OHJHD VWDWXOXL D FUXL FHW HQLH R DUH SHUVRDQD vQ FDX] lex

patriae

&HW HQLD FRQVWLWXLH DDGDU SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU SHQWUX QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO vQ DO FUHL

FRQ LQXW LQWU VWDUHD L FDSDFLWDWHD SUHFXP L UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH DOH SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH
$SOLFDUHD OHJLL QD LRQDOH

FRQVWLWXLH

regula

vQ PDWHULH GH OD FDUH vQV SULQ GLVSR]L LL

$FHVWH H[FHS LL VXQW GDWH GH FD]XULOH vQ FDUH VH DSOLF OHJHD

speciale, se pot stabili H[FHS LL

GRPLFLOLXOXL VDX D UHHGLQ HL

Argumente vQ VSULMLQXO DSOLFULL OHJLL QD LRQDOH vQ PDWHULD VWDWXWXOXL SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH

a) caracterul de stabilitate DO FHW HQLHL FDUH FD OHJWXU SROLWLFR-MXULGLF GLQWUH XQ

FHW HQLL VL VH GREkQGHWH L VH SLHUGH vQ FRQGL LL VWULFW UHJOHPHQWDWH GH OHJH

b) caracterul de certitudine

VWDW L

DO FHW HQLHL FDUH VH GRYHGHWH FX GRFXPHQWH RILFLDOH HPLVH

GH DXWRULW LOH VWDWXOXL GHVSUH D FUXL FHW HQLH HVWH YRUED 'LQ DFHVW SXQFW GH YHGHUH FHW HQLD

fiinG R VWDUH GH GUHSW

SUH]LQW PDL PXOW VLJXUDQ

L SHUPLWH PDL SX LQ IUDXGD OD OHJH

F IDSWXO F

OHJLOH VWDWXOXL GH FHW HQLH

 GHFkW GRPLFLOLXO FDUH HVWH R VLPSO VWDUH GH IDSW

VXQW SULQ LSRWH] FHO PDL ELQH

adaptate vQ IXQF LH

GH SDUWLFXODULW LOH SHUVRDQHORU IL]LFH QD LRQDOH RELFHLXUL QHYRL WHPSHUDPHQW DO DFHVWRUD HWF

'DWRULW DFHVWXL FDUDFWHU OHJLOH VWDWXOXL GH FHW HQLH DVLJXU vQ SULQFLSLX FHD PDL EXQ RFURWLUH D

intereselor persoanelor fizice resortisante, indiferent unde acestea s-ar afOD $FHDVW
H[SULPDW SULQWU-R IRUPXODUH GH PD[LP JHQHUDOLWDWH vQ DUW  GLQ &RQVWLWX LD 5RPkQLHL

LGHH HVWH
SUHFXP L

vQ DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD FHW HQLHL URPkQH QU  FRQIRUP FURUD FHW HQLL URPkQL VH EXFXU
vQ VWULQWDWH GH SURWHF LD VWDtului

romn.
20

Elementul determinant vQ DOHJHUHD OHJLL FHW HQLHL FD OHJH SULPRUGLDO DSOLFDELO VWDWXWXOXL
persoanei fizice este interesul statului GH D DVLJXUD R FkW PDL ODUJ L FRPSOHW H[WLQGHUH D OHJLORU
sale asupra persoanelor fizice resortisante, oriunde s-ar afla acestea. Astfel, n principiu, statele de
HPLJUDUH DGRSW QRUPD FRQIOLFWXO DYkQG FD SXQFW GH OHJWXU FHW HQLD vQ WLPS FH VWDWHOH GH

LPLJUDUH L FHOH IHGHUDOH RSWHD] SHQWUX OHJHD GRPLFLOLXOXL

'DWRULW

DFHVWHL

VLWXD LL

QRUPD

FRQIOLFWXDO

lex patriae

HVWH

WUDGL LRQDO

vQ

GUHSWXO

LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ HD ILLQG SUHY]XW L vQ DUW  DOLQ  &FLY DEURJDW SULQ /HJHD QU

 ILLQG vQ SUH]HQW vQVFULV vQ DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  /HJLOH UHODWLYH OD VWDUHD FLYLO
L OD FDSDFLWDWHD SHUVRDQHORU XUPUHVF SH URPkQL FKLDU FkQG HL vL DX UHHGLQ D vQ VWULQWDWH

'HWHUPLQDUHD L SURED FHW HQLHL VH IDF vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL D FUXL FHW HQLH

VH LQYRF DUW  DOLQ  WH]D  GLQ /HJHD QU  $FHDVW SUHYHGHUH FRQVDFU R H[FHS LH

GH OD UHJXOD FDOLILFULL LQVWLWX LLORU MXULGLFH GXS OHJHD IRUXOXL

/HJHD QD LRQDO D FHW HDQXOXL URPkQ FDUH SRWULYLW OHJLL VWULQH HVWH FRQVLGHUDW F DUH R

DOW FHW HQLH HVWH OHJHD URPkQ DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  $DGDU OHJHD URPkQ VH

DSOLF SHQWUX FHW HQLL URPkQL FKLDU GDF DFHWLD DX GREkQGLW L R DOW FHW HQLH VLWXD LD GXEOHL VDX
PXOWLSOHL FHW HQLL DWkWD WLPS FkW HL QX DX SLHUGXW FHW HQLD URPkQ vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX GUHSWXO

romn.
2. Conform prevederilor art. 11 din Legea nr. 105/1992, VWDUHD L FDSDFLWDWHD SUHFXP L
VXSXVH OHJLL QD LRQDOH (OHJLL FHW HQLHL QXPDL GDF

UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH DOH SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH VXQW

SULQ GLVSR]L LL VSHFLDOH QX VH SUHYHGH DOWIHO 2 DVHPHQHD GLVSR]L LH VSHFLDO HVWH FXSULQV vQ DUW

 DOLQ  FRQIRUP FUXLD GDF R SHUVRDQ QX DUH QLFL R FHW HQLH DSDWULG VH DSOLF OHJHD

GRPLFLOLXOXL VDX vQ OLSV OHJHD UHHGLQ HL

/HJHD QD LRQDO lex patriae L OHJHD GRPLFLOLXOXL lex domicilii VDX D UHHGLQ HL VH
suEVXPHD] QR LXQLL PDL JHQHUDOH GH OHJH SHUVRQDO lex personalis) a persoanei fizice.
3. Normele conflictuale privind statutul persoanei fizice au un caracter imperativ, n sensul

F SU LOH QX SRW GHURJD GH OD HOH SULQ PDQLIHVWDUHD DFRUGXO ORU GH YRLQ



0DL PXOW QRUPD

FRQIOLFWXDO SULYLQG VWDUHD L FDSDFLWDWHD FHW HQLORU URPkQL HVWH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF L vQ GUHSWXO

LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ FRQFOX]LH GHVSULQV GLQ SUHYHGHULOH DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU

105/1992.
4. Domeniul de aplicare al legii statutului persoanei fizice

'HWHUPLQDUHD GRPHQLXOXL GH DSOLFDUH D OHJLL VWDWXWXOXL SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH LPSOLF VWDELOLUHD

PDWHULLORU MXULGLFH LQVWLWX LLOH GH GUHSW L UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH FDUH LQWU vQ FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL

conflictuale privind statutul persoanei fizice. Determinarea acestor materii constituie o SUREOHP GH
calificare D QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH UHVSHFWLYH L DQXPH D SULPXOXL HOHPHQW GLQ VWUXFWXUD DFHVWHLD
FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL

/HJHD SULYLQG VWDWXWXO SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH FkUPXLHWH vQ PDWHULD GUHSWXOXL FLYLO XUPWRDUHOH

LQVWLWX LL MXULGLFH

A. 6WDUHD FLYLO D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH

L DQXPH DQVDPEOXO GH FDOLW L HOHPHQWH SHUVRQDOH

FDUH L]YRUVF GLQ DFWH L IDSWH GH VWDUH FLYLO GH FDUH OHJHD OHDJ DQXPLWH HIHFWH MXULGLFH VSHFLILFH
L FDUH VHUYHVF SHQWUX LGHQWLILFDUHD SHUVRDQHL vQ IDPLOLH L VRFLHWDWH

$VWIHO VXQW VXSXVH QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH SULYLQG VWDWXWXO SHUVRQDO vQ SULQFLSDO XUPWRDUHOH

FDOLW L FDUH LQWU vQ FRQ LQXWXO VULL FLYLOH ILOLD LD FVWRULD DGRS LD UXGHQLD DILQLWDWHD HWF

B. &DSDFLWDWHD FLYLO D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH

/HJHD QD LRQDO VH DSOLF DWkW FDSDFLW LL GH IRORVLQ

fizice.



a) &DSDFLWDWHD GH IRORVLQ  D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH HVWH

determinnd att "ncepuWXO L vQFHWDUHD SHUVRQDOLW LL FkW

FDSDFLW LL GH IRORVLQ

FkW L FHOHL GH H[HUFL LX D SHUVRDQHL

VXSXV OHJLL QD LRQDOH DFHDVW OHJH

L FRQ LQXWXO DFHVWHLD Q FRQ LQXWXO

D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH LQWU FD XQ HOHPHQW HVHQ LDO FDSDFLWDWHD DFHVWHLD GH D

ncheia acte juridice.

n cazul n care este vorba de determinarea drepturilor

L REOLJD LLORU XQHL SHUVRDQH IL]LFH

VWULQH vQ 5RPkQLD OHJHD QD LRQDO D VWULQXOXL FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] FRQ LQXWXO FDSDFLW LL VDOH GH
IRORVLQ

 VH DSOLF FXPXODWLY FX OHJHD PDWHULDO URPkQ FDUH VWDELOHWH FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL

SHUVRDQ IL]LF vQ 5RPkQLD

&kW SULYHWH

LQFDSDFLW LOH GH IRORVLQ 

DFHVWHD VXQW VSHFLDOH vQ VHQVXO F OLSVHVF

SHUVRDQD IL]LF GH DSWLWXGLQHD GH D DYHD QXPDL DQXPLWH GUHSWXUL L REOLJD LL FLYLOH LDU SH SODQXO

GUHSWXOXL LQWHUDQD LRQDO SULYDW HOH VXQW VXSXVH XQRU QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH GLIHULWH vQ IXQF LH GH
FDOLILFDUHD FDUH OL VH DFRUG GH OD FD] OD FD]

Astfel, LQFDSDFLW LOH FX FDUDFWHU GH VDQF LXQH FLYLO -

FD GH H[HPSOX GHFGHUHD GLQ

GUHSWXULOH SULQWHWL DUW  &IDP VXQW VXSXVH OHJLL QD LRQDOH D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH vQ FDX]

21

,QFDSDFLW LOH FX FDUDFWHU GH PVXUL GH RFURWLUH sunt, n principiu, calificate n mod

GLIHULW vQ IXQF LH GH VIHUD SHUVRDQHORU vQWUH FDUH DF LRQHD]

$VWIHO LQFDSDFLW LOH GH IRORVLQ

 absolute

FDUH RSHUHD]

FDSDFLWDWH HVWH vQJUGLW L WRDWH FHOHODOWH SHUVRDQH QHGHWHUPLQDWH

vQ SULQFLSLX OHJLL QD LRQDOH D SHUVRDQHL

vQWUH SHUVRDQD D FUHi

- erga omnes - ), sunt supuse,

vQJUGLWH ILLQG GLVSXVH GH OHJH vQ FRQVLGHUDUHD FDOLW LORU

SDUWLFXODULW LORU DFHVWHLD ,QWU vQ DFHDVW FDtegorie,

de exemplu incapacitatrea minorului mai mic

GH  DQL GH D GLVSXQH SULQ GRQD LH VDX SULQ WHVWDPHQW

Q VFKLPE LQFDSDFLW LOH GH IRORVLQ

 relative

FDSDFLWDWH HVWH vQJUGLW L R DOW VDX DOWH SHUVRDQH

FDUH RSHUHD] QXPDL vQWUH SHUVRDQD D FUHL

determinate), fiind legate strict de un anumit

act juridic - SH FDUH OHJHD vO SURKLEHWH -, sunt supuse, n principiu, legii actului prohibit (lex
contractus GDF HVWH YRUED GH XQ FRQWUDFW VDX lex succesionis GDF HVWH YRUED GH WHVWDPHQW
Se include n DFHDVW FDWHJRULH GH SLOG LQFDSDFLWDWHD PLQRUXOXL GH D GLVSXQH SULQ WHVWDPHQW VDX

GRQD LH vQ IDYRDUHD WXWRUHOXL VX DUW  &FLY L DUW  &IDP

5HJLPXO GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SULYLQG VIkULWXO FDSDFLW LL GH IRORVLQ

D SHUVRDQHL

fizicH HVWH VWDELOLW GH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  &RQIRUP WH[WXOXL FRQGL LLOH HIHFWHOH L DQXODUHD
XQHL KRWUkUL SULQ FDUH VH FRQVWDW PRDUWH SUH]XPDW DEVHQ D VDX GLVSDUL LD  SUHFXP L SUH]XP LLOH

GH VXSUDYLH XLUH VDX GH PRDUWH VXQW FkUPXLWH GH XOWLPD OHJH QD LRQDO D SHUVRDQHL GLVSUXWH 'DF
DFHDVW OHJH QX SRDWH IL LGHQWLILFDW VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ

b) &DSDFLWDWHD GH H[HUFL LX D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH HVWH VXSXV OHJLL QD LRQDOH DD FXP UH]XOW
din prevederile art. 11 din Legea nr. 105/1992, care voUEHWH vQ JHQHUDO GH FDSDFLWDWHD 
persoanei fizice".

Q FRQ LQXWXO FDSDFLW LL GH H[HUFL LX D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH LQWU FDSDFLWDWHD DFHVWHLD GH D

ncheia personal acte juridice.

,QFDSDFLW LOH GH H[HUFL LX FDUH VXQW

JHQHUDOH vQ VHQVXO F VH UHIHU Oa

toate sau la

FDWHJRULL GH DFWH MXULGLFH DOH LQFDSDELOXOXL VXQW VXSXVH OHJLL QD LRQDOH D DFHVWXLD PLQRU VDX LQWHU]LV

MXGHFWRUHVF /HJHD QD LRQDO D LQFDSDELOXOXL YD GHWHUPLQD vQ VSHFLDO FDWHJRULLOH GH DFWH MXULGLFH

pe care acesta

nu le poate face (VDX

SULQ H[FHS LH OH SRDWH IDFH VDQF LXQHD vQFOFULL

LQFDSDFLW LL L DQXPH QXOLWDWHD DFWXOXL FD]XULOH GH QXOLWDWH L IHOXULOH DFHVWHLD SHUVRDQHOH FDUH R
SRW LQYRFD L vQ FH FRQGL LL HWF
Q FHHD FH SULYHWH PDMRUDWXO DSOLFkQG SULQFLSLXO OHJLL PDi

favorabile n materia conflictului

PRELO GH OHJL DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  SUHYHGH F DSDUWHQHQ D XQHL SHUVRDQH OD R QRX OHJH
QD LRQDO QX DGXFH DWLQJHUH PDMRUDWXOXL GREkQGLW SRWULYLW OHJLL FDUH vL HUD DQWHULRU DSOLFDELO

5. ([FHS LD GH OD DSOLFarea legii personale normal competente, cu privire la capacitatea

interesului
QD LRQDO HVWH UHJOHPHQWDW vQ DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  &RQIRUP SULPXOXL DOLQHDW DO DFHVtui
SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH FXQRVFXW vQ OLWHUDWXUD GH VSHFLDOLWDWH VXE GHQXPLUHD GH teoria

DUWLFRO SHUVRDQD FDUH SRWULYLW OHJLL QD LRQDOH VDX OHJLL GRPLFLOLXOXL VX HVWH OLSVLW GH FDSDFLWDWH
VDX DUH FDSDFLWDWH GH H[HUFL LX UHVWUkQV QX SRDWH V RSXQ DFHDVW FDX] GH QHYDOLGLWDWH FHOHL

care l-D VRFRWLW

a fost ntocmit".

FX EXQ FUHGLQ

9 VSH D

 FD ILLQG GHSOLn capabil n conformitate cu legea locului unde actul

Lizardi)

3HQWUX D VH DSOLFD WHRULD LQWHUHVXOXL QD LRQDO WUHEXLH vQWUXQLWH FXPXODWLY XUPWRDUHOH

FRQGL LL

D SHUVRDQD V ILH OLSVLW GH FDSDFLWDWH GH H[HUFL LX VDX V DLE FDSDFLWDWH GH H[HUFL LX

UHVWUkQV SRWULYLW OHJLL VDOH SHUVRQDOH lex

patriae sau lex domicilii

GDU V ILH SH GHSOLQ FDSDELO

potrivit legii forului;

E DFWXO V IL IRVW vQWRFPLW vQ DUD IRUXOXL

F FRFRQWUDFWDQWXO ORFDO V ILH GH EXQ FUHGLQ

 3ULQ DFHDVWD VH vQ HOHJH F DFHVWD WUHEXLH

V QX IL FXQRVFXW L vQ PRG UH]RQDELO QLFL V QX IL SXWXW FXQRDWH FDX]D GH QHYDODELOLWDWH D DFWXOXL

MXULGLF DGLF LQFDSDFLWDWHD VWULQXOXL SRWULYLW OHJLL VDOH QD LRQDOH 3HQWUX FD DFHDVW FRQGL LH V ILH

ntrunit

HVWH QHFHVDU FD FHW HDQXO QD LRQDO V IL vQFKHLDW XQ DFW FXUHQW DO SURIHVLXQLL VDOH SHQWUX

FDUH SULQ QDWXUD RSHUD LXQLL UHVSHFWLYH QX VH FHU D IL IFXWH YHULILFUL VSHFLDOH
G DQXODUHD DFWXOXL V ILH GH QDWXU D SURGXFH XQ

prejudiciu nejustificat cocontractantului

QD LRQDO

efectul juridic al teoriei L DQXPH

patriae sau lex domicilii HVWH vQORFXLW FX OHJHD ORFDO D ORFXOXL vQFKHLHULL
actului (lex loci actus).
ConIRUP SUHYHGHULORU DUW  DOLQ  GLQ OHJH UHJXOD H[SULPDW GH WHRULD LQWHUHVXOXL
Q FD]XO vQ FDUH DFHVWH FRQGL LL VXQW vQWUXQLWH VH SURGXFH

OHJHD SHUVRQDO lex

QD LRQDO QX VH DSOLF DFWHORU MXULGLFH UHIHULWRDUH OD IDPLOLH PRWHQLUH L WUDQVPLWHUHD LPRELOHORU

22

n literatura de specialitate s-au invocat mai multe temeiuri pentrX IXQGDPHQWDUHD WHRUHWLF
D WHRULHL LQWHUHVXOXL QD LRQDO L DQXPH D RFURWLUHD RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW D

IRUXOXL WHPHL VXJHUDW GH DOWIHO GH vQVL GHQXPLUHD DFHVWHL WHRULL FDUH XUPUHWH SURWHMDUHD

LQWHUHVXOXL QD LRQDO E QHFXQRDWHUHD VFX]DELO D OHJLL VWULQH GH FWUH FHW HDQXO QD LRQDO F

vPERJ LUHD IU MXVW WHPHL D VWULQXOXL vQ GHWULPHQWXO FRFRQWUDFWDQWXOXL QD LRQDO G HURDUHD

FRPXQ L LQYLQFLELO D QD LRQDOLORU error

communis facit jus).

CAPITOLUL II
NORME CONFLICTUALE PRIVIND PERSOANELE JURIDICE
 1RUPD FRQIOLFWXDO DSOLFDELO vQ PDWHULD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH SUHY]XW vQ DUW  DOLQ

1 din Legea nr. 105/1992: "Statutul organic al persoanei juridice este crmuit de legea sa
QD LRQDO...".
Statutul orJDQLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH FRQVWLWXLH FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH LDU OHJWXUD
DFHVWXLD FX XQ DQXPLW VLVWHP GH GUHSW HVWH GDW GH QD LRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH UHVSHFWLYH
6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH IRUPHD] OHJHD SHUVRQDO

D DFHVWHLD FDUH HVWH GHVHPQDW L SULQ QR LXQHD GH

(lex personalis)

lex societatis.

1RUPD FRQIOLFWXDO SULYLQG VWDWXWXO RUJDQLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH LPSHUDWLY GHRDUHFH

SU LOH vQ SULQFLSLX QX SRW GHURJD GH OD HD )RQGDWRULL SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SRt

determina liber sediul

SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH GDU QX SRW IDFH DSOLFDELO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SHVWH YRLQ D ORU R DOW OHJH GHFkW

cea a sediului social.

 )LLQG HOHPHQWXO FDUH SODVHD] SHUVRDQD MXULGLF vQ VIHUD XQXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW

QD LRQDOLWDWHD

este cea

FDUH H[SULP DSDUWHQHQ D DFHVWHLD OD XQ DQXPLW VWDW 1D LRQDOLWDWHD MRDF

SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH UROXO SH FDUH vO MRDF FHW HQLD SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH IL]LFH

 LL

'HWHUPLQDUHD QD LRQDOLW

intHUQD LRQDO

SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SUH]LQW

LPSRUWDQ



SH SODQXO GUHSWXOXL

SULYDW vQ VSHFLDO GHRDUHFH FX DMXWRUXO QD LRQDOLW LL VH VWDELOHWH GDF R SHUVRDQ

 HVWH QD LRQDO URPkQ VDX VWULQ 'H FDUDFWHUXO QD LRQDO VDX VWULQ D
D SHUVRDQD MXULGLF VWULQ vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH IXQF LRQDUHD VD SH WHULWoriul Romniei, este
VXSXV QRUPHORU PDWHULDOH URPkQH SULYLQG FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL SHUVRDQ MXULGLF
E vQ IXQF LH GH QD LRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH VH VWDELOHWH vQ FH PVXU L VH DSOLF

MXULGLF

SUHYHGHULOH FRQYHQ LLORU LQWHUQD LRQDOH OD FDUH 5RPnia

este parte;

F vQ IXQF LH GH QD LRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH VH VWDELOHWH FH VWDW DUH FDOLWDWHD V-i

RFURWHDVF GUHSWXULOH SH FDOH GLSORPDWLF L FRQVXODU 'H DVHPHQHD QD LRQDOLWDWHD GHWHUPLQ

GDF R SHUVRDQ MXULGLF XUPHD] V EHQHILFLH]H GH PVXULOH GH SURWHF LH VSHFLDO vQ DQXPLWH

GRPHQLL GH DFWLYLWDWH SH FDUH XQ VWDW OH DGRSW FX SULYLUH OD SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH FDUH vL DSDU LQ VDX

GLPSRWULY V VXSRUWH FRQVHFLQ HOH XQXL UHJLP UHVWULFWLY SH FDUH VWDWXO vO LQVWLWXLH FX SULYLUH OD

persoanele MXULGLFH VWULQH

 1D LRQDOLWDWHD XQHL SHUVRDQH MXULGLFH HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GXS

criterii ce pot fi diferite n

VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW DOH VWDWHORU 'H DFHHD VH SXQH SUREOHPD GXS FDUH VLVWHP GH GUHSW VH YRU
VWDELOL FULWHULLOH QD LRQDOLW LL )LLQG R SUREOHP GH FDOLILFDUH QD LRQDOLWDWHD FULWHULLOH QD LRQDOLW LL XQHL

SHUVRDQH MXULGLFH VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH GXS

regula SULYLQG OHJHD DSOLFDELO FDOLILFULL

lex fori.

3ULQ DFHDVWD QD LRQDOLWDWHD VH vQFDGUHD] vQ

XQHL LQVWLWX LL MXULGLFH L VH GHRVHEHWH LPSOLFLW GH FHW HQLH

FD SXQFW GH OHJWXU SHQWUX VWDWXWXO SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH FDUH FRQVWLWXLH R H[FHS LH GH OD FDOLILFDUHD
GXS

lex fori.

&ULWHULXO GH GHWHUPLQDUH D QD LRQDOLW LL HVWH SH SODQXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SXQFWXO

GH OHJWXU DO QRUPHL FRQIOLFXWDOH SULYLQG SHUVRDQD MXULGLF

 Q GUHSWXO URPkQ H[LVW XQ

SHUVRDQHORU MXULGLFH SUHFXP L

criteriu de drept comun SHQWUX

criterii speciale SUHFL]DWH vQ GLIHULWH

materie.
A. Criteriul de drept comun

GHWHUPLQDUHD QD LRQDOLW LL

UHJOHPHQWUL DSOLFDELOH vQ

HVWH VWDELOLW GH /HJHD QU  &RQIRUP GLVSR]L LLORU DUW

 DOLQ  GLQ OHJH VWDWXWXO RUJDQLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH FkUPXLW GH OHJHD VD QD LRQDO

GHWHUPLQDW vQ PRGXO SUHY]XW GH DUW  LDU DFHVW GLQ XUP DUWLFRO vQ DOLQ  SUHYHGH F
3HUVRDQD MXULGLF DUH QD LRQDOLWDWHD VWDWXOXL SH DO FUXL WHULWRULX L-a

constitutiv, sediul social

stabilit, potrivit actului

Q IXQF LH GH DFHVW FULWHULX DO VHGLXOXL VRFLDO SHUVRDQD MXULGLF YD IL

URPkQ VDX VWULQ GXS FXP DUH VHGLXO vQ DU VDX vQ VWULQWDWH

23

Sediul social este stabilit, "potrivit actului constitutiv" - astfel spus, este sediul statutar -,

FHHD FH GHQRW F vQ GHWHUPLQDUHD VHGLXOXL SULPRUGLDO HVWH YRLQ D IRQGDWRULORU SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH
UHVSHFWLYH 3ULQ DFHDVW VROX LH OHJHD URPkQ IDFH R DSOLFDUH D SULQFLSLXOXL DXWRQRPLHL GH YRLQ
SU LORU vQ IL[DUHD VHGLXOXL SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SULQFLSLX JHQHUDO DGPLV vQ DFHDVW PDWHULH
6HGLXO VRFLDO WUHEXLH V ILH

pUREOHPD

serios

DGLF V QX ILH IUDXGXORV vQ DFHVW XOWLP FD] SXQkQGX-se

IUDXGHL OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW 'H DVHPHQHD VHGLXO WUHEXLH V ILH

FD] FRQWUDU HO DYkQG FDUDFWHU ILFWLY DGLF H[LVW VLPXOD LH SULQ ILFWLYLWDWH

&ULWHULXO GH GUHSW FRPXQ SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD QD LRQDOLW LL SHUVRDQHL MXULGice

RUL GH FkWH RUL QX H[LVW R UHJOHPHQWDUH FDUH V SUHYDG XQ FULWHULX VSHFLDO vQ PDWHULH

B. Criterii speciale

D

real, n

este aplicabil

SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD QD LRQDOLW LL XQHL SHUVRDQH MXULGLFH VXQW vQWkOQLWH

vQ UDUH FD]XUL vQ GUHSWXO URPkQ L DFHDVWD PDL DOHV vQ FRQYHQ LL LQWHUQD LRQDOH SHQWUX VLWXD LL
GHRVHELWH &HO PDL DGHVHD vQ FD]XULOH vQ FDUH DSDU DVHPHQHD FULWHULL QX SULYHVF QD LRQDOLWDWHD vQ

DQVDPEOX D SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH FL QXPDL DSDUWHQHQ D HL OD XQ DQXPLW VWDW SULYLW SULQ SULVPD XQRU

efecte jurLGLFH VSHFLDOH SH FDUH UHVSHFWLYD FRQYHQ LH LQWHUQD LRQDO OH UHJOHPHQWHD]

Astfel, unul din aceste criterii speciale este cel al controlului. Conform acestui criteriu, o
SHUVRDQ MXULGLF SRDWH IL VRFRWLW FD DSDU LQkQG XQXL VWDW VWULQ GDWRULW controlului care se

H[HUFLW DVXSUD HL GH FWUH LQWHUHVH VWULQH 'H UHJXO FRQWUROXO VH DSUHFLD] GXS FHW HQLD
QD LRQDOLWDWHD DVRFLD LORU GXS SURYHQLHQ D FDSLWDOXOXL VRFLDO LVDX GXS FHW HQLD SHUVRDQHORU

FDUH IRUPHD] RUJDQHOH GH FRQGXFHUH DOH UHVSHFWivei

persoane juridice.

 /HJHD QU  FRQ LQH SUHYHGHUL VSHFLDOH SHQWUX VLWXD LD vQ FDUH SHUVRDQD MXULGLF

DUH VHGLL vQ PDL PXOWH VWDWH &RQIRUP DUW  DOLQ  vQ DFHDVW VLWXD LH GHWHUPLQDQW SHQWUX D
LGHQWLILFD QD LRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFe

este sediul real".

6HGLXO UHDO HVWH GHILQLW vQ DUW  DOLQ  FD ILLQG ORFXO XQGH VH DIO FHQWUXO SULQFLSDO GH

FRQGXFHUH L GH JHVWLXQH D DFWLYLW LL VWDWXWDUH FKLDU GDF KRWUkULOH RUJDQXOXL UHVSHFWLY VXQW

adoptate potrivit directivelor transmise de

DF LRQDUL VDX DVRFLD L GLQ DOWH VWDWH $FHVW DOLQHDW QH

RIHU XQ H[HPSOX GH FDOLILFDUH OHJDO D XQHL LQVWLWX LL MXULGLFH

 6WDWXWXO RUJDQLF GHQXPLW XQHRUL L VWDWXWXO SHUVRQDO DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH FDUH HVWH

FkUPXLW GH OHJHD QD LRQDO D DFHVWHLD FRQVWLWXLH R LQVWLWX LH MXULGLF FRPSOH[ FDUH VXEVXPHD]
WRWDOLWDWHD HOHPHQWHORU

FDUH FRQILJXUHD] UHJLPXO MXULGLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH 'HWHUPLQDUHD

VHQVXOXL L vQWLQGHULL DFHVWHL LQVWLWX LL FRQVWLWXLH R SUREOHP GH FDOLILFDUH

- statutul organic constituind

lex fori.
Legea nr. 105/1992, n art. 42, stabilind domeniul de aplicare a legii statutului organic al
SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SURFHGHD] LPSOLFLW OD FDOLILFDUHD QR LXQLL de statut organic, stabilind elementele
FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH SULYLQG SHUVRDQD MXULGLF - VXSXV OHJLL URPkQH FD

SULQFLSDOH FDUH LQWU vQ VIHUD DFHVWHLD L DQXPH

D FDSDFLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH 'HRDUHFH OHJHD QX GLVWLQJH YRU IL VXSXVH OHJLL QD LRQDOH D
SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH DWkW FDSDFLWDWHD GH IRORVLQ

 FkW L FHD GH H[HUFL LX D DFHVWHLD

 OHJHD QD LRQDO

$VWIHO vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH FDSDFLWDWHD GH IRORVLQ

YD GHWHUPLQD vQ

special:
- elementele constitutive ale persoanelor juridice;
- PRGDOLW LOH GH FRQVWLWXLUH vQILLQ DUH D DFHVWRUD vQFHSXWXO FDSDFLW LL GH IRORVLQ 
- FDSDFLWDWHD GH D vQFKHLD DFWH MXULGLFH GH D FRQWUDFWD SUHFXP L OLPLWHOH DFHVWHL FDSDFLW L

GH H[HPSOX SULQFLSLXO VSHFLDOLW LL FDSDFLW LL GH IRORVLQ

D SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SUHY]XW GH DUW

din Decretul nr.31/1954);

- UHRUJDQL]DUHD L vQFHWDUHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH D FDSDFLW LL HL GH IRORVLQ  HWF

Q OHJWXU FX FDSDFLWDWHD GH H[HUFL LX D SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH OHJHD VD QD LRQDO FkUPXLHWH

vQ VSHFLDO FRQVWLWXLUHD L DWULEX LLOH RUJDQHORU GH FRQGXFHUH DOH SHUVRDQHORU MXULGLFH UHOD LD Gintre

RUJDQHOH GH FRQGXFHUH L SHUVRDQD MXULGLF vQVL SUHFXP L GLQWUH DFHVWH RUJDQH L WHU LL FX FDUH
SHUVRDQD MXULGLF vQFKHLH DFWH MXULGLFH HWF

E PRGXO GH GREkQGLUH L GH SLHUGHUH D FDOLW LL GH DVRFLDW

F GUHSWXULOH L REOLJD LLOH FH GHFXUJ GLn

calitatea de asociat;

G PRGXO GH DOHJHUH FRPSHWHQ HOH L IXQF LRQDUHD RUJDQHORU GH FRQGXFHUH DOH SHUVRDQHL

juridice;
e) reprezentarea acesteia prin intermediul organelor proprii;

I UVSXQGHUHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH L D RUJDQHORU HL ID

g) modificarea actelor constitutive;

K GL]ROYDUHD L OLFKLGDUHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH

24

 GH WHU L

CAPITOLUL 3
UNELE NORME CONFLICTUALE N MATERIA DREPTULUI FAMILIEI
1. 5HOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH FDUH vPSUHXQ FX VWDUHD FLYLO L FDSDFLWDWHD IRUPHD] VWDWXWXO
persoanei fizice sunt crmuite, n principal, de OHJHD QD LRQDO OHJHD FHW HQLHL LDU GDF
SHUVRDQD QX DUH QLFL FHW HQLH GH OHJHD GRPLFLOLXOXL VDX vQ OLSV GH FHD D UHHGLQ HL SHUVRDQHL
IL]LFH FRQIRUP SUHYHGHULORU DUW L  GLQ /HJHD QU

Sec LXQHD 
/HJHD DSOLFDELO FVWRULHL
1. &RQGL

 

LLOH GH IRQG L LPSHGLPHQWHOH OD F V WRULH

&DOLILFDUHD FRQGL LLORU SULYLQG vQFKHLHUHD FVWRULHL FD ILLQG GH IRQG LQFOXVLY LPSHGLPHQWH OD

FVWRULH VDX GH IRUP VH IDFH GXS OHJHD IRUXOXL lex

alin. 1 din Legea nr.105/1992).

fori), confRUP

UHJXOLL SUHY]XWH GH DUW 

 

&RQGL LLOH GH IRQG FHUXWH SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD F V WRULHL VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH GH OHJHD QD LRQDO

D ILHFUXLD GLQWUH YLLWRULL VR L DUW DOLQ  'HFL SHQWUX YDODELOLWDWHD vQFKHLHULL FVWRULHL WUHEXLH V

ILH vQGHSOLQLWH vQ PRG FXPXODWLY FRQGL LLOH GH IRQG SUHY]XWH GH OHJLOH QD LRQDOH DOH DPELORU VR L

 

,PSHGLPHQWHOH OD F V WRULH ILLQG FRQGL LL GH IRQG QHJDWLYH VXQW VXSXVH DFHOHLDL FRQGL LL D

FXPXOXOXL GH OHJL QD LRQDOH DOH FHORU GRL YLLWRUL VR L

Q FHHD FH SULYHWH LPSHGLPHQWHOH OD FVWRULH DUW DOLQ FRQ LQH R SUHYHGHUH GH RFURWLUH

D RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ &RQIRUP WH[WXOXL GDF OHJHD QD LRQDO D

RULFUXLD GLQWUH YLLWRULL VR L HVWH R OHJH VWULQ LDU DFHDVWD SUHYHGH XQ LPSHGLPHQW OD FVWRULH FDUH

SRWULYLW GUHSWXOXL URPkQ HVWH LQFRPSDWLELO FX OLEHUWDWHD GH D vQFKHLD R FVWRULH DFHO LPSHGLPHQW YD
IL vQOWXUDW FD LQDSOLFDELO vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH XQXO GLQWUH YLLWRULL VR L HVWH FHW HDQ URPkQ L FVWRULD VH

ncheie pe teritoriul Romniei.

 DOH FVWRULHL

 &RQGL LLOH GH IRUP

)RUPD vQFKHLHULL FVWRULHL HVWH VXSXV OHJLL VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUXLD VH FHOHEUHD]
DUW DOLQ (VWH DSOLFDELO DDGDU SULQFLSLXO

locus regit actum.

&VWRULD XQXL FHW HDQ URPkQ DIODW vQ VWULQWDWH SRDWH IL vQFKHLDW vQ ID D DXWRULW LORU

ORFDOH GH VWDW FRPSHWHQWH RUL vQ ID D DJHQWXOXL GLSORPDWLF VDX IXQF LRQDUXOXL FRQVXODU ILH DO
5RPkQLHL ILH DO VWDWXOXL FHOXLODOW YLLWRU VR DUW DOLQ 'HRDUHFH WH[WXO SUHYHGH SRVLbilitatea

unui

FHW HDQ URPkQ vQ VWULQWDWH GH D VH FVWRUL QXPDL vQ ID D DXWRULW LL GH VWDW VDX D DJHQWXOXL
GLSORPDWLF RUL FRQVXODU FDUH HVWH WRW XQ IXQF LRQDU GH VWDW UH]XOW

per a contrario F

R FVWRULH

vQFKHLDW vQ ID D XQXL RUJDQ ORFDO FRQIHVLRQDO UHOLJLRV QX YD IL UHFXQRVFXW FD YDODELO vQ

DU

'LVSR]L LLOH DUW DOLQ  FRQVWLWXLH R QRUP GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW FDUH vQOWXU GH OD DSOLFDUH QRUPD

FRQIOLFWXDO GLQ DUW DOLQ

'HRDUHFH DUW DOLQ  QX GLVWLQJH R FVWRULH UHOLJLRDV D XQXL FHW HDQ URPkQ DIODW vQ

VWULQWDWH QX HVWH VRFRWLW YDODELO vQ

DU L QLFL vQ LSRWH]D vQ FDUH OHJHD ORFDO DFRUG HIHFWH

MXULGLFH FVWRULHL UHOLJLRDVH L FKLDU GDF DFHDVW OHJH DU IL OHJHD QD LRQDO D FHOXLODOW VR 

Q FD]XO vQ FDUH FVWRULD VH vQFKHLH vQ ID D DJHQWXOXL GLSORPDWLF VDX IXQF LRQDUXOXL FRQVXODU

DO 5RPkQLHL HD HVWH VXSXV FRQGL LLORU GH IRUP DOH OHJLL URPkQH DUW DOLQ

3. 5HOD

LLOH SHUVRQDOH L SDWULPRQLDOH GLQWUH VR L

$UW DOLQ L  GLQ /HJHD QU SUHYHGH F UHOD LLOH SHUVRQDOH L SDWULPRQLDOH GLQWUH

VR L VXQW VXSXVH PDL PXOWRU OHJL FDUH VH DSOLF vQ PRG

succesiv L DQXPH

D OHJLL QD LRQDOH FRPXQH D VR LORU 3HQWUX D VH DSOLFD DFHDVW OHJH HVWH QHFHVDU FD DPELL

VR L V ILH FHW HQL URPkQL VDX FHW HQL VWULQL DL DFHOXLDL VWDW

E OHJLL GRPLFLOLXOXL FRPXQ DO VR LORU vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH HL DX FHW HQLL GHRVHELWH 'HRDUHFH

OHJHD DGRSW FD SXQFW GH OHJWXU GRPLFLOLXO FRPXQ HVWH LQGLIHUHQW GDF VR LL ORFXLHVF vQ IDSW
vPSUHXQ VDX VHSDUDW

F vQ OLSV GH FHW HQLH FRPXQ VDX GH GRPLFLOLX FRPXQ OHJLL VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUHLD

VR LL DX RUL DX DYXW UHHGLQ D FRPXQ VDX FX FDUH vQWUH LQ vQ FRPXQ FHOH PDL VWUkQVH OHJWXUL

4. 'LYRU

XO

'XS FXP UH]XOW GLQ SUHYHGHULOH DUW  GLYRU XO HVWH FkUPXLW GH OHJHD DSOLFDELO HIHFWHORU

FVWRULHL UHOD LLORU SHUVRQDOH L SDWULPRQLDOH GLQWUH VR L GXS GLVWLQF LLOH GLQ DUW  DOLQ  L 
$DGDU GLYRU XO YD IL VXSXV OHJLL QD LRQDOH FRPXQH D VR LORU VDX vQ VXEVLGLDU OHJLL GRPLFLOLXOXL ORU

25

comun sau, ntr-un al dRLOHD

VXEVLGLDU OHJLL UHHGLQ HL ORU FRPXQH RUL D VWDWXOXL FX FDUH vQWUH LQ vQ

FRPXQ OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH

Q FD]XO vQ FDUH GLYRU XO SULYLQG XQ VR

FHW HDQ URPkQ HVWH SURQXQ DW vQ VWULQWDWH

GHRDUHFH HVWH YRUED GH XQ SURFHV FH SULYHWH VWDUHD FLYLO D XQXL FHW HDQ URPkQ LQVWDQ D VWULQ

WUHEXLH V UHVSHFWH GH SULQFLSLX QRUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH GLQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ DGLF

FHOH GLQ DUW  vQ FD] FRQWUDU KRWUkUHD GH GLYRU VWULQ QHSXWkQG IL UHFXQRVFXW vQ 5RPkQLD

conform diVSR]L LLORU DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU 

$UW  DOLQ  FRQIHU FDUDFWHU GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GLVSR]L LLORU OHJLL URPkQH SULYLQG

DGPLVLELOLWDWHD GLYRU XOXL SH ED]D XQRU PRWLYH WHPHLQLFH FDUH QX VXQW vQV H[FHVLY GH UHVWULFWLYH

Astfel, textul SUHYHGH F GDF OHJHD VWULQ GHWHUPLQDW FRQIRUP DUW  DOLQ  QX SHUPLWH GLYRU XO

RUL vO DGPLWH vQ FRQGL LL GHRVHELW GH UHVWULFWLYH VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH XQXO GLQWUH
VR L HVWH OD GDWD FHUHULL GH GLYRU  FHW HDQ URPkQ

5. NulitDWHD FVWRULHL

&RQIRUP DUW  DOLQ  OHJHD FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] FHULQ HOH OHJDOH SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD

FVWRULHL VH DSOLF QXOLW LL FVWRULHL SUHFXP L HIHFWHORU DFHVWHL QXOLW L

$DGDU vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH FDX]HOH GH QXOLWDWH OHJHD DSOLFDELO VH VWDELOHWH GXS

XUPWRDUHOH GLVWLQF LL

D QXOLWDWHD FVWRULHL SHQWUX QHUHVSHFWDUHD FRQGL LLORU GH IRQG

FVWRULHL VH SURQXQ

1);

E QXOLWDWHD FVtoriei

cerute pentru ncheierea

vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX OHJHD QD LRQDO D ILHFUXLD GLQWUH YLLWRULL VR L DUW  DOLQ

pentru nerespectarea

 la ncheierea ei se

FRQGL LLORU GH IRUP

vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUXLD V-D FHOHEUDW FVWRULD locus

regit
actum) sau cu legea agentului diplomatic ori consular care a instrumenta-o (auctor regit actum).

SURQXQ

Q FD]XO vQ FDUH FVWRULD D IRVW vQFKHLDW vQ VWULQWDWH QXOLWDWHD HL SHQWUX vQFOFDUHD

FRQGL LLORU GH IRUP SRDWH IL DGPLV vQ 5RPkQLD QXPDL GDF VDQF LXQHD QXOLW LL HVWH SUHY]XW L GH
OHJHD URPkQ DUW  DOLQ 
2EVHUYD LL

a) textXO QX SXQH FRQGL LD FD FHO SX LQ XQXO GLQWUH VR L V ILH FHW HDQ URPkQ

E vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FRQGL LD QXOLW LL GH IRUP QX HVWH SUHY]XW L GH OHJHD URPkQ

QXOLWDWHD SURQXQ DW SULQ KRWUkUHD VWULQ QX VH UHFXQRDWH vQ 5RPkQLD GHL vQ VWULQWDWH
FVWRULD HVWH OHJDO DQXODW

F WH[WXO QX VH DSOLF vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FVWRULD D IRVW DQXODW SHQWUX QHUHVSHFWDUHD

FRQGL LLORU GH IRQG SUHY]XWH GH OHJHD VWULQ FKLDU GDF DFHVWH FRQGL LL QX VXQW DGPLVH L GH OHJHD
URPkQ

(IHFWHOH QXOLW LL FVWRULHL VXQW VXSXVH FD L FD]XULOH GH QXOLWDWH OHJLL FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]

FHULQ HOH OHJDOH SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD FVWRULHL GXS FXP SUHYHGH DUW  DOLQ 

CAPITOLUL 4

1250(/( &21)/,&78$/( 35,9,1' &21',,,/(

DE FOND ALE ACTULUI JURIDIC

1.

&RQGL LLOH GH IRQG

ale DFWXOXL

MXULGLF QR LXQH vQ FDUH VH LQFOXG vQ SULQFLSDO DVSHFWHOH GH

IRQG SULYLQG vQFKHLHUHD IRUPDUHD DFWXOXL MXULGLF HIHFWHOH H[HFXWDUHD WUDQVPLWHUHD L VWLQJHUHD
REOLJD LLORU UH]XOWDWH GLQ DFWXO MXULGLF VXQW VXSXVH OHJLL DFWXOXL lex

actus), respectiv, n cazul

contractelor, legii contractului (lex contractus).

'H UHJXO OHJHD DFWXOXL FRQWUDFWXOXL HVWH DOHDV GH SU L SULQ YRLQ D ORU FD] vQ FDUH HVWH

GHVHPQDW SULQ QR LXQHD GH

lex voluntatis

Q OLSVD PDQLIHVWULL GH YRLQ

D SU LL SU LOor)

privind

OHJHD DSOLFDELO IRQGXOXL DFWXOXL MXULGLF FRQWUDFWXOXL DFHVWD HVWH ORFDOL]DW vQ VIHUD XQXL VLVWHP GH
GUHSW vQ IXQF LH GH FULWHULL RELHFWLYH VWDELOLWH GH OHJH

2. Lex voluntatis

HVWH H[SUHVLD SH SODQXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW D SULncipiului

 D SU LORU VDX SULQFLSLXOXL OLEHUW LL FRQWUDFWXDOH FDUH JXYHUQHD] FRQGL LLOH GH
IRQG DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF vQ JHQHUDO DUW  &FLY Q WHPHLXO DFHVWXL SULQFLSLX DD FXP SU LOH VXQW
OLEHUH V SUHFL]H]H FRQ LQXWXO DFWXOXL MXULGLF HOH SRW WRWRGDW V GHWHUPLQH VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW FDUH
DXWRQRPLHL GH YRLQ

se va aplica actului lor, ca lex causae.

/HJHD YRLQ HL SU LL SU LORU VH DSOLF WXWXURU DFWHORU MXULGLFH DWkW XQLODWHUDOH FkW L ELODWHUDOH

FRQWUDFWHORU $VWIHO FRQIRUP GLVSR]L LLORU DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  &RQGL LLOH GH IRQG

DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF XQLODWHUDO VXQW VWDELOLWH GH OHJHD DOHDV GH FWUH DXWRUXO VX LDU vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH
FX FHOH DOH DUW  &RQWUDFWXO HVWH VXSXV OHJLL DOHVH SULQ FRQVHQV GH SU L

26

n ceea

FH SULYHWH FRQWUDFWHOH

lex voluntatis

HVWH SUHY]XW FD DSOLFDELO vQ PRG

SULPRUGLDO WXWXURU FRQWUDFWHORU VSHFLDOH OD FDUH VH UHIHU /HJHD QU  $VWIHO vQ FD]XO

DFHVWRU GLQ XUP FRQWUDFWH VH SUHYHGH F FHOHODOWH OHJL

LQkQG GH ORFDOL]DUHD RELHFWLY D

FRQWUDFWXOXL VH DSOLF QXPDL vQ OLSVD XQHL OHJL FRQYHQLWH GH SU L VDX R DOW IRUPXO HFKLYDOHQW

 3RVLELOLWDWHD SU LORU GH D GHVHPQD SULQ YRLQ D ORU OHJHD DSOLFDELO DFWXOXL MXULGLF

izvorul

FRQWUDFWXOXL vL DUH

vQ GLVSR]L LLOH OHJLi

romne, ca lex fori,

L DQXPH vQ QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO

SUHY]XW GH DUW  DOLQ  L  GLQ /HJHD QU  FDUH SHUPLWH FD YRLQ D SU LORU V
FRQVWLWXLH SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU vQ PDWHULD FRQGL LLORU GH IRQG DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF ,PSOLFLW

L OLPLWHOH vQ FDGUXO FURUD YRLQ D SU LORU GH SRDWH PDQLIHVWD vQ PRG YDODELO

lex fori

LQGLF

2ELHFWXO YRLQ HL S U LORU vO FRQVWLWXLH vQV L OHJHD DSOLFDELO  UHVSHFWLY VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DO

XQXL VWDW 'LQ DFHDVW DILUPD LH GHFXUJ FHO SX LQ GRX FRQVHFLQ H:

D SU LOH SULQ DFRUGXO ORU QX SRW WULPLWH GHFkW OD XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW QD LRQDO SHQWUX D IL

aplicabil contractului lor, cu titlul de lex voluntatis.

E GHRDUHFH RELHFWXO YRLQ HL SU LORU vO FRQVWLWXLH vQVL OHJHD DSOLFDELO DFWXOXL LQVWDQ D

WUHEXLH V UHVSHFWH DOHJHUHD SU LORU GDF GHVLJXU QX H[LVW DOWH PRWLYH OHJDOH GH D R FHQ]XUD
vQFOFDUHD RUGLQLL SXEOLFH IUDXGD OD OHJH HWF 'HFL ORFDOL]DUHD FRQWUDFWXOXL SH FULWHULL RELHFWLYH QX
SRDWH RSHUD GHFkW vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH QX H[LVW

4. ModalLW

lex voluntatis.

LOH GH H[SULPDUH D YRLQ HL S U LORU

D Q DFHDVW PDWHULH VXQW DSOLFDELOH GLVSR]L LLOH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP

FURUD $OHJHUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL WUHEXLH V ILH H[SUHV RUL V UH]XOWH QHvQGRLHOQLF GLQ

GLQ FLUFXPVWDQ H 5H]XOW F GUHSWXO URPkQ DGPLWH GRX PRGDOLW L GH

cuprinsul acestuia sau

H[SULPDUH D YRLQ HL SU LORU SULYLQG DOHJHUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH L DQXPH DOHJHUHD H[SUHV L WDFLW

b)

 FRQVW

$OHJHUHD H[SUHV

ILH vQ LQVHUDUHD vQ FRQWUDFWXO SULQFLSDO D XQHL FODX]H vn

sensul

DOHJHULL OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL DFHDVWD ILLQG VLWXD LD UHJXO vQ SUDFWLF ILH vQ vQFKHLHUHD GH

FWUH SU L D XQXL FRQWUDFW VHSDUDW DYkQG DFHVW RELHFW

&ODX]D FRQWUDFWXDO FXSULQV vQ FRQWUDFWXO SULQFLSDO VDX FRQYHQ LD VHSDUDW SULQ FDUH SU LOH

DOHJ OHJHD DSOLFDELO FRQWUDFWXOXL ORU SULQFLSDO VH QXPHWH

DOHJHUH VDX FODX] FRQYHQ LH GH

/HJHD DSOLFDELO

Conform dispo]L LLORU

electio juris.

pactum de lege utenda

FODX]HL GH DOHJHUH HVWH PHQ LRQDW

FODX] GH

vQ DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU 

DOLQ  GLQ DFHVW DUWLFRO ([LVWHQ D L YDOLGLWDWHD GH IRQG D FRQVLP

PkQWXOXL

SU LORU UHIHULWRU OD OHJHD DSOLFDELO FRQWUDFWXOXL VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH GH vQVL OHJHD SH FDUH DX DOHV-o".

2 H[FHS LH GH OD DFHDVW UHJXO HVWH SUHY]XW vQ DOLQ  GLQ DUW  GDF OHJHD DOHDV GH

SU L GHFODU QHYDODELO DOHJHUHD DVWIHO FRQYHQLW FRQWUDFWXO YD IL FkUPXLW GH OHJHD FDUH UH]XOW GLQ

ORFDOL]DUHD RELHFWLY D DFHVWXLD $FHDVW H[FHS LH HVWH R DSOLFDUH D SULQFLSLXOXL IXQGDPHQWDO GH

interpretare a actelor juULGLFH FRQVDFUDW GH DUW  &FLY FRQIRUP FUXLD DFWXO VH LQWHUSUHWHD] vQ
sensul de a produce efecte juridice, iar nu n acela de a nu produce.
$OHJHUHD H[SUHV GH FWUH SU L D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL ORU poate fi, la rndul ei, de
GRX IHOXUL GLUHFW DWXQFL FkQG SU LOH L-DX H[SULPDW YRLQ D H[SOLFLW vQ FKLDU FRQWUDFWXO SULQFLSDO

VDX VHSDUDW L LQGLUHFW vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH SU LOH DX IFXW UHIHULUH vQ FRQWUDFWXO ORU OD XQ FRQWUDFW WLS
FRQGL LL JHQHUDOH X]DQ H FRGLILFDWH HWF SH FDUH
FODX] GH DOHJHUH D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH

c) Alegerea

le-DX

UHFHS LRQDW FRQWUDFWXDO

L FDUH FXSULQG R

GH FWUH SU L D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL SRDWH IL L WDFLW,

n cazul n care

DFHDVW DOHJHUH UH]XOW QHvQGRLHOQLF ILH GLQ FXSULQVXO FRQWUDFWXOXL ILH GLQ FLUFXPVWDQ H DUW 
'LQ

DFHVW WH[W VH GHGXFH LGHHD F RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH SRDWH DSUHFLD YRLQ D WDFLW D

SU LORU GXS HOHPHQWH VXELHFWLYH ILH LQWULQVHFL FRQWUDFWXOXL ILH H[WHULRDUH DFHVWXLD FX R VLQJXU

FRQGL LH JHQHUDO FD GLQ DFHVWHD V UH]XOWH QHvQGRLHOQLF YRLQ D SU LORU GH GHVHPQDUH D XQXL DQXPLW

sistem de drept ca aplicabil contractului lor, cu titlul de lex causae.

Pot fi indicii intrinseci FRQWUDFWXOXL GH DSUHFLHUH D YRLQ HL WDFLWH D SU LORU GH H[HPSOX
- XWLOL]DUHD GH FWUH SU L vQ FRQWUDFW D XQRU LQVWLWX LL MXULGLFH VDX QR LXQL FXQRVFXWH VDX
specifice (numai) unui anumit sistem de drept;
- UHIHULUHD SU LORU vQ FRQWUDFWXO ORU OD R X]DQ  FRQWUDFW WLS FRQGL LL JHQHUDOH HWF DSOLFDELOH
numai ntr-R DQXPLW DU
- n anumite cazuri, limba n care este redactat contractul (de exemplu, ncheierea unui
FRQWUDFW GH WUDQVSRUW PDULWLP vQ OLPED HQJOH]

- LQVHUDUHD GH FWUH SU L vQ FRQWUDFW D XQHL FODX]H GH DOHJHUH GH MXULVGLF LH FODX]

compromisorie) n favoarea orgaQHORU GH MXULVGLF LH DOH XQXL DQXPLW VWDW
Ca indicii extrinseci contractului pot fi socotite :
- DWLWXGLQHD SU LORU GXS vQFKHLHUHD FRQWUDFWXOXL FRQVWkQG GH SLOG vQ UHIHULUHD SH FDUH
DFHVWHD R IDF OD OHJHD XQXL DQXPLW VWDW vQ FXSULQVXO XQXL DFW DGL ional la contract;
27

- LQYRFDUHD GH FWUH R SDUWH UHFODPDQW FD WHPHL MXULGLF DO DF LXQLL VDOH D OHJLL XQXL DQXPLW

VWDW L DFFHSWDUHD LPSOLFLW D DFHVWXLD GH FWUH FHDODOW SDUWH SkUkW FDUH ILH F QX VH RSXQH ILH
F LQYRF HD vQVL vQ DSUDUH SUHYHGHULOH DFHOHLDL OHJL

5. /LPLWHOH OLEHUW

LL GH DOHJHUH GH F WUH S U L D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH

'LQ DUW  DO /HJLL QU  FDUH SUHYHGH IU QLFL R GLVWLQF LH F DVSHFWHOH GH IRQG DOH

FRQWUDFWXOXL VXQW VXSXVH OHJLL DOHVH GH SU L SULQ FRQVHQV UH]XOW F vQ SULQFLSLX DFHVWHD DX
GHSOLQ OLEHUWDWH vQ DOHJHUHD OHJLL FDUH V OH JXYHUQH]H FRQWUDFWXO $VWIHO SU LOH SRW VWDELOL FD
DSOLFDELO QX QXPDL XQD GLQWUH OHJLOH FDUH DX R OHJWXU RELHFWLY PDWHULDO UHDO FX FRQWUDFWXO FL
L RULFH DOW OHJe.

/LEHUWDWHD SU LORU vQ DOHJHUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL QX HVWH WRWXL QHOLPLWDW /LPLWHOH

YRLQ HL SU LORU VXQW GH GRX IHOXUL D

DWXQFL FkQG FRQVWLWXLH FDX]H GH vQOWXUDUH GH OD

generale

DSOLFDUH D RULFUHL OHJL FRPSHWHQWH GH D JXYHUQD XQ UDport

juridic n temeiul unei norme conflictuale

speciale,

L DQXPH vQFOFDUHD RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW L IUDXGD OD OHJH L E
FDUH FRQVWDX vQ H[FHS LL GH OD SULQFLSLXO OLEHUW LL GH YRLQ

n ceHD

limitele generale

FH SULYHWH

 D SU LORU vQ PDWHULD FRQWUDFWHORU

vQ SULQFLSLX QX H[LVW SDUWLFXODULW L SHQWUX LSRWH]D OD

FDUH QH UHIHULP L DQXPH DFHHD FkQG OHJHD DSOLFDELO HVWH H[SUHVLD YRLQ HL SU LORU lex
voluntatis). Cu toate acestea, Legea nr. 105/1992, n art. 101, prevede un caz special de limitare a
YRLQ HL SU LORU vQ PDWHULD FRQWUDFWXOXL GH PXQF FDUH FRQVWLWXLH R H[SUHVLH D DSOLFULL H[FHS LHL GH

RUGLQH SXEOLF vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW &RQIRUP WH[WXOXL PHQ LRQDW OHJHD FRQYHQLW GH SU L

spre a crmui contractul

GH PXQF HVWH DSOLFDELO QXPDL vQ PVXUD vQ FDUH QX DGXFH UHVWUkQJHUL

RFURWLULL SH FDUH R DVLJXU VDODULDWXOXL GLVSR]L LLOH LPSHUDWLYH DOH OHJLL DSOLFDELOH vQ OLSVD XQHL DWDUH

alegeri.

DOH OLEHUW LL GH YRLQ

Limitele speciale
contractului sunt:

D FkQG OHJHD DOHDV GH SU L lex

D SU LORU vQ DOHJHUHD OHJii

voluntatis

aplicabile fondului

GHFODU vQVXL FRQWUDFWXO SULQFLSDO FD ILLQG

QHYDODELO DFHDVW OHJH YD IL vQOWXUDW GH OD DSOLFDUH LDU FRQWUDFWXO YD IL ORFDOL]DW GXS FULWHULL

obiective n sfera XQXL DOW VLVWHP GH GUHSW FDUH vO YDOLGHD]

E R OLPLWDUH FRQVDFUDW GH SUDFWLFD MXULVGLF LRQDO FDUH RSHUHD] vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH VLVWHPXO

GH GUHSW DOHV GH SU L HVWH DEVROXW LPSURSULX GH D UHJOHPHQWD FRQWUDFWXO GHRDUHFH QX FRQ LQH
UHJOHPHQWUL DGHFYDWH

6.

nici la nivelul analogiei legii sau a analogiei dreptului.

'HWHUPLQDUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF GXS

 D DFWXOXL MXULGLF

FULWHULL RELHFWLYH ORFDOL]DUHD

RELHFWLY

D 2UJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH SRDWH SURFHGD OD ORFDOL]DUHD XQXL DFW MXULGLF GXS FUiterii

obiective,

vQ VIHUD XQXL DQXPLW VLVWHP GH GUHSW QXPDL vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH SU LOH QX DX GHVHPQDW HOH vQVHOH OHJHD
DSOLFDELO DFWXOXL MXULGLF FD

lex voluntatis

$DGDU ORFDOL]DUHD RELHFWLY D DFWXOXL MXULGLF SUH]LQW XQ

 GH DSOLFDUHD OHJLL YRLQ HL SU LORU

FDUDFWHU VXEVLGLDU ID

Q FHHD FH SULYHWH FRQWUDFWHOH DUW  DOLQ  SUHYHGH F DFHVWHD VXQW VXSXVH ORFDOL]ULL

obiective "n lipsa unei legi alese conform art. 73".

E &ULWHULLOH GH ORFDOL]DUH RELHFWLY D DFWHORU MXULGLFH VXQW DFHOH HOHPHQWH

stabilite de lege,
lex voluntatis

vQ IXQF LH GH FDUH DFWXO MXULGLF HVWH SODVDW vQ VIHUD XQXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW vQ OLSVD XQHL

DOHVH GH SU L

/HJHD QU  UHJOHPHQWHD] XQ FULWHULX SULQFLSDO GH ORFDOL]DUH D DFWHORU MXULGLFH

DQXPH H[LVWHQ D OHJWXULORU FHOH PDL VWUkQVH vQWUH DFWXO MXULGLF L XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW - SUHFXP L PDL

PXOWH FULWHULL VXEVLGLDUH FDUH VXQW ORFXO vQFKHLHULL DFWXOXL ORFXO H[HFXWULL FRQWUDFWXOXL DD FXP YRP

vedea imediat mai jos.

c) Criteriul principal de localizare obiectLY

D DFWHORU MXULGLFH GXFH OD DSOLFDUHD OHJLL VWDWXOXL

FX FDUH DFWXO MXULGLF SUH]LQW OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH $FHDVW OHJH HVWH DSOLFDELO vQ OLSVD XQHL
OHJL DOHVH GH SU L DWkW vQ FD]XO DFWHORU MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH FkW L DO FRQWUDFWHORU

d) No LXQHD

GH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH HVWH FDOLILFDW vQ GRX DOLQHDWH FDUH H[SULP

GRX PRGXUL GLIHULWH GH FDOLILFDUH GLQ DUW  GLQ OHJH

A. n primul rnd

FRQIRUP DOLQ  GLQ DUW  VH FRQVLGHU

F XQ FRQWUDFW SUH]LQW

OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL vQ FDUH GHELWRUXO SUHVWD LHL FDUDFWHULVWLFH DUH OD GDWD
vQFKHLHULL FRQWUDFWXOXL GXS FD] GRPLFLOLXO VDX vQ OLSV UHHGLQ D RUL IRQGXO GH FRPHU VDX VHGLXO

statutar".

Q OHJWXU FX DFHVWH SUHYHGHUL VH LPSXQ FkWHYD REVHUYD LL

 OHJHD GHILQHWH QR LXQHD GH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH QXPDL SHQWUX FRQWUDFWH DUW 

alin. 2 referindu-VH
unilaterale;

OD DFHVWHD GDU DFHHDL FDOLILFDUH WUHEXLH DSOLFDW L vQ FD]XO DFWHORU MXULGLFH

28

 SXQFWHOH GH OHJWXU UHOHYDQWH SHQWUX GHELWRUXO SUHVWD LHL FDUDFWHULVWLFH VXQW  GXS FD]

GRPLFLOLXO VDX vQ OLSV UHHGLQ D SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH IL]LFH VHGLXO SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH L ORFXO
XQGH VH DIO IRQGXO GH FRPHU  SHQWUX FRPHUFLDQ L SHUVRDQH IL]LFH VDX MXULGLFH Q VLWXD LD vQ FDUH

SHQWUX DFHODL GHELWRU VXQW LQFLGHQWH PDL PXOWH SXQFWH GH OHJWXU DFHVWHD VXQW DOWHUQDWLYH

RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH XUPULQG V VWDELOHDVF FX FDUH GLQWUH HOH FRQWUDFWXO DUH vQ FRQFUHW
OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH

 QR LXQHD GH SUHVWD LH FDUDFWHULVWLF HVWH GHILQLW vQ DUW  SH ED]D XQHL SUH]XP LL

legale relative.
B. n al doilea rnd,

vQ DUW  DOLQ  QR LXQHD GH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH HVWH

FDOLILFDW DVWIHO &RQWUDFWXO UHIHULWRU OD XQ GUHSW LPRELOLDU VDX OD XQ GUHSW GH IRORVLQ

WHPSRUDU

DVXSUD XQXL LPRELO DUH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL XQGH DFHVWD VH DIO VLWXDW
$DGDU SHQWUX WRDWH DVSHFWHOH SULYLQG FRQGL LLOH GH IRQG L HIHFWHOH XQXL DVHPHQHD FRQWUDFW

numai pentru regimul juridic al imobilului care IDFH RELHFWXO VX - VH YD DSOLFD OHJHD ORFXOXL
bunului (lex rei sitae).
n acest caz, legea instituie o SUH]XP LH OHJDO DEVROXW vQ VHQVXO F XQ FRQWUDFW

- iar nu
VLWXULL

SULYLQG

XQ GUHSW UHDO LPRELOLDU HVWH FHO PDL VWUkQV OHJDW SULQ QDWXUD RELHFWXOXL VX FX OHJHD VLWXD LHL

bunului.

H 6H FRQVLGHU F XQ FRQWUDFW DUH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL vQ FDUH

debitorul SUHVWD

LHL FDUDFWHULVWLFH vL DUH ORFDOL]DWH DWULEXWHOH GH LGHQWLILFDUH

1R LXQHD GH SUHVWD LH FDUDFWHULVWLF HVWH FDOLILFDW vn

WH[WXOXL SULQ SUHVWD LH FDUDFWHULVWLF VH vQ HOHJH SULQWUH DOWHOH

art. 78 alin. 1 din lege. Conform

3UHVWD LD SU LL FDUH vQ WHPHLXO XQXL FRQWUDFW WUDQVODWLY SUHFXP YkQ]DUHD VDX DOWHOH

3UHVWD LD SU LL FDUH,

VLPLODUH vQVWULQHD] XQ EXQ PRELO

n temeiul unui contract de nchiriere sau altele similare, pune la

GLVSR]L LD XQHL SHUVRDQH SH R GXUDW GH WLPS GHWHUPLQDW IRORVLQ D XQXL EXQ HWF

I 3UHYHGHULOH DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  FDUH FDOLILF QR LXQHD GH SUHVWD LH

caracteriVWLF

DX FDUDFWHUXO XQHL SUH]XP LL OHJDOH UHODWLYH FDUDFWHU FH UH]XOW GLQ DUW  DOLQ 

FRQIRUP FUXLD 3UH]XP LLOH VWDELOLWH vQ DOLQHDWXO SUHFHGHQW SRW IL vQOWXUDWH GDF SDUWHD LQWHUHVDW
IDFH GRYDGD F GLQ FLUFXPVWDQ H UH]XOW F H[LVW OHJWXUL Pai

stat".
Q FRQVHFLQ

strnse ale contractului cu legea altui

 SDUWHD LQWHUHVDW SRDWH SURED F GDWH ILLQG vPSUHMXUULOH FRQFUHWH DOH VSH HL

FRQWUDFWXO SUH]LQW OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH FX OHJHD DOWXL VWDW GHFkW FHO LQGLFDW OD DUW  DOLQ 

"CiUFXPVWDQ HOH

OD FDUH VH UHIHU DUW  DOLQ  FDUH V MXVWLILFH ORFDOL]DUHD RELHFWLY D

FRQWUDFWXOXL vQ VIHUD DOWXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW GHFkW FHO UH]XOWDW SULQ DSOLFDUHD DUW  DOLQ  XUPHD] D
IL VWDELOLWH GH FWUH RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH vQ IXQF LH GH

contractului. Aceste indicii pot fi:

a) intrinseci contractului

indiciile obiective de localizare a

FRQVWkQG GH H[HPSOX vQ IDSWXO F SU LOH FRQWUDFWDQWH vL DX

GRPLFLOLXO RUL UHHGLQ D IRQGXO GH FRPHU VDX VHGLXO VRFLDO vQ DFHODL VWDW FHHD FH SRDWH

determina

RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH V ORFDOL]H]H FRQWUDFWXO vQ VIHUD VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW DO DFHOXL VWDW Q DFHVW FD]

GHVLJXU FDUDFWHUXO LQWHUQD LRQDO DO FRQWUDFWXOXL WUHEXLH V UH]XOWH GLQ DOWH HOHPHQWH GH H[WUDQHLWDWH

b) extrinseci contractului ca, de pLOG

GLQWUH

OHJLOH

vQ

FRQIOLFW

XQD

FXQRDWH

UHJOHPHQWHD] WLSXO UHVSHFWLY GH FRQWUDFW LDU FHDODOW QX VDX XQD YDOLGHD] FRQWUDFWXO vQ vQWUHJXO

VX LDU FHDODOW QX Q DFHVW FD] RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH SRDWH DSUHFLD F H[LVW XQ LQGLFLX VHULRV GH

locDOL]DUH RELHFWLY D FRQWUDFWXOXL vQ VIHUD VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW FDUH FXQRDWH UHVSHFWLY YDOLGHD]
contractul.
ntre indiciile de localizare a contractului nu se poate face a priori o ierarhie de valoare
(sau de prioritate). Aplicarea unuia sau altuia dintrH DFHVWH LQGLFLL WUHEXLH OVDW H[FOXVLY OD OXPLQLOH
L vQ HOHSFLXQHD MXGHFWRUXOXL VDX DUELWUXOXL DUW  &FLY
J /HJHD ORFXOXL vQFKHLHULL DFWXOXL VH DSOLF

D DFWHORU MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH FkW L

h) &RQGL

a contractelor.

n subsidiar

SHQWUX ORFDOL]DUHD RELHFWLY DWkW

 D FRQWUDFWXOXL

LLOH GH IRQG SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD YDODELO

Q SULQFLSLX OHJHD FRQWUDFWXOXL HVWH FHD FDUH VWDELOHWH FRQGL LLOH GH IRQG SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD

YDODELO D XQXL FRQWUDFW DGLF HQXPHU DFHVWH FRQGL LL HOHPHQWH L LQGLF GDF UHVSHFWLYXO
FRQWUDFW VH FRQVLGHU vQFKHLDW L HVWH YDODELO

Lex contractus

HVWH DSOLFDELO L vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH H[LVW OLWLJLX FX SULYLUH OD DFHVWH FRQGL LL

VDX OD H[LVWHQ D YDODELO D FRQWUDFWXOXL $VWIHO FRQIRUP DUW  ([LVWHQ D L YDODELOLWDWHD Ge

fond a
fi

FRQWUDFWXOXL FRQWHVWDW GH FWUH XQD GLQWUH SU L VH GHWHUPLQ vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX OHJHD FDUH L V-ar

DSOLFDW GDF HUD VRFRWLW FD YDODELO $FHVW DUWLFRO VH UHIHU OD H[LVWHQ D L YDODELOLWDWHD GH IRQG D

29

contractului principal, spre deosebire de aUW

 FDUH SULYHWH H[LVWHQ D L YDODELOLWDWHD GH IRQG D

FODX]HL GH DOHJHUH GH FWUH SU L D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL

&RQGL LLOH GH IRQG DOH FRQWUDFWXOXL SRW IL VXSXVH VDX QX OHJLL FRQWUDFWXOXL vQ IXQF LH GH

FDOLILFDUHD FDUH OL VH DFRUG FD XUPDUH D QDWXULL L SDUWLFXODULW LORU ORU

A. Capacitatea de a contracta

ILLQG R IRUP D FDSDFLW LL FLYLOH D SHUVRDQHL QX FDGH VXE

LQFLGHQ D OHJLL FRQWUDFWXOXL FL D OHJLL SHUVRQDOH D SU LL vQ FDX] vQ WHPHLXO DUW  SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH

fizice , respectiv art. 42 lit. a) pentru cele juridice.

B. &RQVLP PkQWXO HVWH VXSXV vQ JHQHUDO

OHJLL FRQWUDFWXOXL FDUH YD JXYHUQD XUPWRDUHOH

HOHPHQWH UDSRUWXO GLQWUH YRLQ D LQWHUQ UHDO L FHD GHFODUDW FRQGL LLOH L YLFLLOH FRQVLP
PHFDQLVPXO IRUPULL FRQVLP

PkQWXOXL

PkQWXOXL

FRQGL LLOH RIHUWHL L DFFHSWULL SRVLELOLWDWHD LQFOXGHULL vQ

FRQWUDFW D XQRU FODX]H VSHFLILFH SUHFXP FHOH GH HYLWDUH D ULVFXULORU YDOXWDUH L QHYDOXWDUH D FODX]HL
GH LPSUHYL]LXQH KDUGVKLS HWF L UHJLPXO DFHVWRUD
& &RQGL LLOH de validitate ale obiectului FRQWUDFWXOXL L DOH cauzei acestuia sunt supuse
legii contractului.
Regimul juridic al bunului (care constituie "obiectul derivat" sau "obiectul obiectului"
FRQWUDFWXOXL HVWH vQV VXSXV OHJLL ORFXOXL VLWXULL EXQXOXL FRQIRUP art. 49 din Legea nr. 105/1992.
i) Executarea contractului FDGH GH UHJXO VXE LQFLGHQ D OHJLL IRQGXOXL FRQWUDFWXOXL 3ULQ
H[FHS LH SHQWUX DQXPLWH DVSHFWH SULYLQG H[HFXWDUHD VH DSOLF R DOW OHJH

M 5VSXQGHUHD FRQWUDFWXDO HVWH VXSXV vQ SULQFLSLX OHJLL FRQWUDFWXOXL $FHDVW FRQFOX]LH

GH GHVSULQGHUH GLQ SUHYHGHULOH DUW  DOLQ  OLW F FRQIRUP FURUD OHJHD DSOLFDELO IRQGXOXL OLWLJLXOXL

VH DSOLF FRQVHFLQ HORU QHH[HFXWULL WRWDOH VDX SDU LDOH D REOLJD LLORU L]YRUkWH GLQ FRQWUDFW SUHFXP L

evalXULL SUHMXGLFLXOXL SH FDUH DFHDVW QHH[HFXWDUH O-a cauzat.

CAPITOLUL V
NORMELE CONFLICTUALE PRIVIND FORMA
ACTULUI JURIDIC
 /HJHD QU  vQ DUW  UHJOHPHQWHD] R QRUP FRQIOLFWXDO SULQFLSDO L PDL

multe norme conflictuale subsidiare n materia formei actelor juridice.

Astfel, n principal, FRQGL LLOH GH IRUP ale unui act juridic sunt stabilite de legea care i
FkUPXLHWH IRQGXO (art. 71 alin. 1).
$UW  DOLQ  DGDXJ F DFWXO MXULGLF VH FRQVLGHU WRWXL YDODELO GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH al

IRUPHL GDF vQGHSOLQHWH FRQGL LLOH SUHY]XWH GH XQD GLQ XUPWRDUHOH OHJL

a) legea locului unde a fost ntocmit. n acest caz, se face aplicarea regulii locus regit
actum;

E OHJHD QD LRQDO lex

patriae) sau legea domiciliului (lex domicilii) persoanei care l-a

FRQVLP LW $FHDVW OHJH VH DSOLF QXPDL SHQWUX DFWHOH MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH

F OHJHD DSOLFDELO SRWULYLW GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DO DXWRULW LL FDUH H[DPLQHD]

YDOLGLWDWHD DFWXOXL MXULGLF 6H DSOLF vQ DFHVW FD] UHJXOD

auctor regit actum.

$WkW GLVSR]L LLOH DUW  DOLQ  OD FDUH WULPLWH DUW  DOLQ  FDUH VH UHIHU H[SUHV OD

FRQWUDFWH FkW L FHOH DOH DUW  DOLQ  FX H[FHS LD SUHYHGHULL GH OD OLW E FDUH VXQW FRPSDWLELOH

QXPDL FX DFWHOH MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH VH DSOLF DWkW DFWHORU MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH FkW L FHORU ELODWHUDOH

FRQWUDFWHORU GHRDUHFH OHJHD YRUEHWH GH FRQGL LLOH GH IRUP

ale unui act juridic - VQ IU YUHR

DOW SUHFL]DUH RU XQGH OHJHD QX GLVWLQJH QLFL FHO FDUH R LQWHUSUHWHD] QX WUHEXLH V GLVWLQJ

 $UW  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQ LQH SUHYHGHUL VSHFLDOH FX SULYLUH OD OHJHD DSOLFDELO

FRQGL LLORU GH IRUP DOH FRQWUDFWHORU DFWH MXULGLFH ELODWHUDOH L vQ DFHVW FD] OHJHD FRQVDFU R QRUP

FRQIOLFWXDO FX DSOLFDUH SULPRUGLDO L QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH

subsidiare, n domeniul formei contractelor.

&RQIRUP GLVSR]L LLORU DUW  DOLQ  FRQWUDFWXO HVWH VXSXV FRQGL LLORU GH IRUP VWDELOLWH GH

OHJHD SUHY]XW GH DUW  DOLQ  FDUH VH DSOLF vQ PRG FRUHVSXQ]WRU $DGDU vQ SULQFLSDO

FRQGL LLOH GH IRUP DOH FRQWUDFWXOXL VXQW JXYHUQDWH GH DFHHDL OHJH FD L DFWHOH MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH
L DQXPH FHD FDUH FkUPXLHWH L IRQGXO DFWXOXL

&D VXEVLGLDU DUW  DOLQ  SUHYHGH F XQ FRQWUDFW VH FRQVLGHU YDODELO GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH

DO IRUPHL GDF

D SU LOH FDUH VH JVHVF OD GDWD FkQG O-DX vQFKHLDW vQ VWDWH GLIHULWH DX vQGHSOLQLW FRQGL LLOH

GH IRUP SUHY]XWH GH OHJHD XQXLD GLQWUH DFHVWH VWDWH

E UHSUH]HQWDQWXO SU LL D vQGHSOLQLW FRQGL LLOH GH IRUP DOH VWDWXOXL XQGH V-a

momentul ncheierii actului.

30

aflat n

Ca o

UHPDUF

JHQHUDO  YDODELO

DWkW SHQWUX DFWHOH MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH FkW L SHQWUX

FRQWUDFWH FRQVWDWP F GHL /HJHD QU  DFRUG SULRULWDWH vQ DSOLFDUH FX SULYLUH OD IRUP
OHJLL FDUH JXYHUQHD] IRQGXO DFWXOXL

- GH FDUH OHDJ HIHFWHOH VSHFLILFH SUHY]XWH GH DUW  -  WRWXL

FD UHJXO DFWXO YD IL YDODELO GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH IRUPDO GDF vQGHSOLQHWH FRQGL LLOH RULFUHLD GLQ
OHJLOH PHQ LRQDWH GH DUW  UHVSHFWLY  Q DFHVW IHO VH IDFH DSOLFDUHD

principiului legii mai

favorabile n materia formei actului juridic.

CAPITOLUL VI

()(&7(/( +2755,/25 -8'(&725(7,

675,1(
1. 3UHFL]UL SUHDODELOH. Principalele efecte SH FDUH OH SURGXFH R KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF
sunt: puterea doveditoare a actului autentic; autoritatea de lucru judecDW IRU D H[HFXWRULH O

KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ QX SRDWH DYHD vQV HILFDFLWDWH vQ DFHOHDL FRQGL LL FD L R KRWUkUH
GDW GH R LQVWDQ

SURSULH 2 KRWUkUH VWULQ QX SRDWH DYHD GH SOLQ GUHSW IRU

autoritate de lucru judecat, deoarecH

H[HFXWRULH L

VH RSXQH VXYHUDQLWDWHD VWDWXOXL SH DO FUXL WHULWRULX VH LQYRF

DFHD KRWUkUH Q JHQHUDO vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FHO FDUH D SLHUGXW SURFHVXO QX H[HFXW GH EXQYRLH
REOLJD LD KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF HVWH LQYHVWLW FX IRUPXO H[HFXWRULH L VH SURFHGHD] OD

exHFXWDUHD

VLOLW )RU D H[HFXWRULH D XQHL KRWUkUL MXGHFWRUHWL DUH XQ FDUDFWHU VWULFW WHULWRULDO

QHSXWkQG RSHUD GH SOLQ GUHSW SH WHULWRULXO DOWXL VWDW GHFkW DFHOD D FUXL LQVWDQ

 D LQYHVWLW KRWUkUHD
 H[HFXWRULH
H[HFXWDUHD GDF VH RE LQH

FX IRUPXO H[HFXWRULH +RWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ GREkQGHWH vQ JHQHUDO IRU

vQWRFPDL FD L R KRWUkUH SURSULH D VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUXLD VH FHUH

exequatur-ul.

+RWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ SURGXFH HIHFWH vQ DOW DU GDF VH vQGHSOLQHVF FHULQ HOH

stabLOLWH

GH OHJHD VWDWXOXL XQGH VH LQYRF DFHOH HIHFWH $FHVWH FHULQ H OHJDOH FRQVWDX GH UHJXO vQ

UHFXQRDWHUHD KRWUkULL MXGHFWRUHWL VWULQH VDX vQ RE LQHUHD

exequatur-XOXL SHQWUX DFHD KRWUkUH

Q DQXPLWH FRQGL LL R KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ SRDWH V SURGXF XQHOH HIHFWH L

LQGHSHQGHQW GH vQGHSOLQLUHD FHULQ HORU OHJDOH PHQ LRQDWH

2. 1R

LXQHD GH UHFXQRDWHUH.

/HJHD QU  GHRVHEHWH vQWUH UHFXQRDWHUHD KRWUkULORU MXGHFWRUHWL VWULQH L

executarea acestora.

3H GH DOW SDUWH H[LVW GRX IHOXUL GH UHFXQRDWHUH D GH SOLQ GUHSW E SULQ KRWUkUH

MXGHFWRUHDVF D LQVWDQ HL URPkQH

3ULQ UHFXQRDWHUH KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ EHQHILFLD] OD QRL vQ DU GH DXWRULWDWH

GH OXFUX MXGHFDW vQWRFPDL FD R KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF URPkQ n

acest sens, art. 167 din Legea

QU  SUHYHGH F KRWUkULOH MXGHFWRUHWL VWULQH SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD VSUH D
EHQHILFLD GH SXWHUHD OXFUXOXL MXGHFDW Q DFHVW FD] HVWH YRUED GH UHFXQRDWHUHD SULQ KRWUkUH

MXGHFWRUHDVF URPkQ GDU DFHODL HIHFW vO SURGXFH L UHFXQRDWHUHD GH SOLQ GUHSW

3.

5HFXQRDWHUHD GH GUHSW 5HFXQRDWHUHD KRW UkULORU MXGHF WRUHWL VWU LQH LQWHUYLQH GH

SOLQ GUHSW vQ XUPWRDUHOH FRQGL LL DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU 

D VH UHIHU OD VWDWXWXO FLYLO DO FHW HQLORU VWDWXOXL XQGH DX IRVW SURQXQ DWH

E VDX KRWUkULOH MXGHFWRUHWL VWULQH UHIHULWRDUH OD VWDWXWXO FLYLO DO FHW HQLORU VWDWXOXL GH

FHW HQLH ILLQG SURQXQ DWH vQWU-XQ VWDW WHU  DX IRVW UHFXQRVFXWH PDL vQWkL vQ VWDWXO GH FHW HQLH DO
ILHFUHL SU L

FD]XO vQ FDUH KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ VH UHIHU OD VWDWXWXO FLYLO DO SHUVRDQHL FX

GRPLFLOLXO vQ VWDWXO FDUH D SURQXQ DW-R SULQ DSOLFDUHD OHJLL GRPLFLOLXOXL DFHDVWD EHQHILFLD] GH
UHFXQRDWHUHD GH SOLQ GUHSW GDF HVWH PDL vQWkL UHFXQRVFXW GH VWDWXO FHW HQLHL DFHOHL SHUVRDQH

4. 5HFXQRDWHUHD SULQ KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF

A. &RQGL LL &HOHODOWH KRWUkUL MXGHFWRUHWL VWULQH

GHFkW DFHOHD FDUH EHQHILFLD] GH

UHFXQRDWHUH GH GUHSW SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH SULQ KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF URPkQ GDF VXQW
FXPXODWLY XUPWRDUHOH FRQGL LL

ndeplinite

(art. 167 din Legea nr. 105/1992):

D KRWUkUHD HVWH GHILQLWLY SRWULYLW OHJLL VWDWXOXL XQGH D IRVW SURQXQ DW
E LQVWDQ D FDUH D SURQXQ DW-R D DYXW SRWULYLW OHJLL

EVWH

ULL VDOH FRPSHWHQ D V MXGHFH SURFHVXO

YRUED DWkW GH FRPSHWHQ D GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW D LQVWDQ HL UHVSHFWLYH FkW L GH

FRPSHWHQ D GH GUHSW LQWHU D DFHOHLDL LQVWDQ H GHRDUHFH OHJHD QX GLVWLQJH UHIHULQGX-se

FRPSHWHQ D GH D MXGHFD SURFHVXO FHHD FH vQVHDPQ FRPSHWHQ D VXE DPEHOH

aspecte;

la

F H[LVW UHFLSURFLWDWH vQ FH SULYHWH HIHFWHOH KRWUkULORU VWULQH vQWUH 5RPkQLD L VWDWXO

LQVWDQ HL FDUH D SURQXQ DW KRWUkUHD

31

B.

5HIX]XO

$UW  GLQ /HJHD QU  DUDW FD]XULOH vQ FDUH

UHFXQRDWHULL

UHFXQRDWHUHD KRWUkULL MXGHFWRUHWL VWULQH SRDWH IL UHIX]DW L DQXPH

D KRWUkUHD HVWH UH]XOWDWXO XQHL IUDXGH FRPLV vQ SURFHGXUD XUPDW vQ VWULQWDWH

E KRWUkUHD VWULQ vQFDOF RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ XQ

DVHPHQHD WHPHL GH UHIX] vO FRQVWLWXLH L vQFOFDUHD GLVSR]L LLORU OHJDOH SULYLWRDUH OD FRPSHWHQ D
H[FOXVLY D MXULVGLF LHL URPkQH

F SURFHVXO D IRVW VROX LRQDW vQWUH DFHOHDL SU L SULQWU-R KRWUkUH FKLDU QHGHILQLWLY D

LQVWDQ HORU URPkQH VDX VH DIO vQ FXUV GH MXGHFDW vQ ID D DFHVWRUD OD GDWD VHVL]ULL LQVWDQ HL VWULQH

/HJHD SUHFL]HD] F UHFXQRDWHUHD QX SRDWH IL UHIX]DW SHQWUX PRWLYXO F LQVWDQ D D DSOLFDW

R DOW OHJH GHFkW DFHD DUWDW GH GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ DIDU QXPDL GDF SURFHVXO

SULYHWH VWDUHD FLYLO L FDSDFLWDWHD XQXL FHW HDQ URPkQ LDU VROX LD DGRSWDW GLIHU GH FHD OD FDUH

s-ar fi ajuns potrivit legii romne (art. 168 alin. ultim).

5. ([HFXWDUHD KRWUkULORU MXGHFWRUHWL VWULQH
A. Exequatur-ul $FHVWH KRWUkUL GREkQGHVF vQ JHQHUDO

IRU

 H[HFXWRULH vQWRFPDL FD L

KRWUkUH SURSULH D VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUXLD VH FHUH H[HFXWDUHD GDF VH RE LQH

Exequatur-XO

exequatur-ul.

HVWH SURFHGXUD MXGLFLDU vQ FDGUXO FUHLD vQ XUPD FRQWUROXOXL H[HUFLWDW DVXSUD

KRWUkULL MXGHFWRUHWL VWULQH GH LQVWDQ HOH VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUXLD VH FHUH H[HFXWDUHD KRWUkUHD
MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ HVWH GHFODUDW H[HFXWRULH /HJHD QU  IDFH YRUELUH DUW  DOLQ 
GH

H[HFXWDUHD

KRWUkULL

VWULQH

SH

WHULWRULXO

URPkQ

SH

ED]D

vQFXYLLQ

ULL

GDWH

GH

LQVWDQ D

MXGHFWRUHDVF URPkQ FRPSHWHQW $FHDVW vQFXYLLQ DUH exequatur-XO LQWHUYLQH GDF KRWUkUHD

VWULQ QX VH H[HFXW GH FHL REOLJD L vQ DFHVW VHQV GH EXQYRLH

3H WHULWRULXO URPkQ QX SRW IL SXVH vQ H[HFXWDUH XUPWRDUHOH KRWUkUL VWULQH DUW  DOLQ 

a) cele prin care s-DX OXDW PVXUL DVLJXUWRULL

b) cele date cu executare provizorie.
B. Obiectul exequatur-ului. 'LQ UHGDFWDUHD WH[WXOXL DUW  L  GLQ /HJHD QU 
UH]XOW F RELHFWXO exequatur-XOXL HVWH GH D DFRUGD vQ DUD QRDVWU IRU D H[HFXWRULH XQHL KRWUkUL
MXGHFWRUHWL VWULQH Q UHDOLWDWH HO HVWH PDL ODUJ SULQ exequatur, KRWUkUHD VWULQ GREkQGHWH L
DXWRULWDWHD GH OXFUX MXGHFDW vQ DUD QRDVWU Q DIDUD XQRU H[FHS LL KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ

exequatur-XO

QX SRDWH DYHD vQDLQWH GH D RE LQH

RUL UHFXQRDWHUHD DXWRULWDWH GH OXFUX MXGHFDW

5D LXQHD DFHVWHL VROX LL VH JVHWH vQ SULQFLSLXO VXYHUDQLW LL VWDWHORU L vQ RUJDQL]DUHD MXGLFLDU D

ILHFUXL VWDW

C. &RQGL LLOH FHUXWH

exequatur-XOXL VXQW VWDELOLWH

SHQWUX RE LQHUHD

exequatur-ului.

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executa n Romnia.
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