L01 02 Introduction

07/27/2015
Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Gonzalez & Woods
www.ImageProcessingPlace.com
Chapter 1
Introduction
Lecture 1-2
19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
An image is a 2-D function f(x,y):

x, y: spatial coordinates
f: intensity / grey level
f(x,y): Pixel
If x, y and f are discrete: Digital Image

Digitization of x, y: Spatial Sampling
Digitization of x, y: Quantization
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Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
If f(x, y) is:
0 / 1: Binary Image
[0, 255]: Gray Scale B/W Image
<[0, 255], [0, 255], [0, 255]>: Color or Multispectral Image

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
What is image processing?

Input is image; output is image
Input is image; output is features
DIP is processing of digital images by digital

computers
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Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
Bartlane System, 1920

Trans-Atlantic Transmission
1921: Five gray levels
1929: Fifteen gray levels

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
Bartlane System, 1920

Fifteen gray levels here
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Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
Digital Computers
1948: Transistor, Bell Labs

1950s, 1960s: High-Level Languages
1958: IC, TI
Early 1960s: OS
Early 1970s: Microprocessors, Intel
1980s /1990s: VLSI / ULSI
Advances in Mass Storage / Display System
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Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
Digital Image Processing

1964: Space Probe, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1960s / 1970s:
Medical Imaging
Remote Sensing
Astronomy
Early 1970s: CAT (Computerized Axial

Tomography) or CT

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
DIP relates deeply to other areas
Pattern Recognition
Computer Vision
Artificial Intelligence
Computer Graphics
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Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
Vision: Most important human perception

Limited to Visual Band of EM Spectrum
DIP applies beyond visual:

Gamma Rays to Radio Waves
Ultra-sound, Electron Microscopy,
Synthetic Images Visualized Information

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
07/27/2015

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
Source: Chapter 01 of DIP, 3E:

Introduction
Examples of Fields that use Digital Image

Processing
Gamma-Ray Imaging
X-Ray Imaging
Imaging in UV Band
Imaging in Visible & IR Bands
Imaging in Microwave Band
Imaging in Radio Band
Examples where other Imaging Methods are used

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
Three types of Computer Processes:

Low-level
Noise reduction, Contrast Enhancement, Image
Sharpening
I/P & O/P: Both images
Mid-level
Segmentation / Object Description / Recognition
I/P: Images, O/P: Attributed Entities
High-level
Interpretation, Making Sense,
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Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
Example: Automated Analysis of Document

Text Processing:
Pages, Columns, Paragraphs, etc
Graphical Processing
Non-textual elements: Tables, lines, images, symbols,
delimiters, logo, pictures, etc
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Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction

Acquisition: Scanning

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
Binarization
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Chapter 1
Introduction
Skew / Tilt
Correction

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction

Pre-Processing:
Noise Cleaning,
Binarization,
Tilt Correction
Page Alignment
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Introduction
Region
Segmentation

Gonzalez & Woods
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Introduction
Region
Segmentation
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Chapter 1
Introduction

Segmentation:
Region / Zone Column Paragraph Line
Word Character / Stroke
Text & Non-Text (Image)

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction

Feature Extraction:
Bounding Box,
Curvature,
Length,
Orientation,
Moment,
Classification:
Statistical
Syntactic
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Introduction

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction

Recognition:
Character
Word Formation
Dictionary Validation
Perceptual Map
Words to regions
Captions to Photos
Zone Marking
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Chapter 1
Introduction
Lecture 2

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
Lecture 1 in brief
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Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
An image is a 2-D function f(x,y):

x, y: spatial coordinates
f: intensity / grey level
f(x,y): Pixel
If x, y and f are discrete: Digital Image
Digitization of x, y: Spatial Sampling
Digitization of x, y: Quantization
If f(x, y) is:
0 / 1: Binary Image
[0, 255]: Gray Scale B/W Image
<[0, 255], [0, 255], [0, 255]>: Color or Multi-spectral Image

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
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07/27/2015

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
Three types of Computer Processes:

Low-level
Noise reduction, Contrast Enhancement, Image Sharpening
I/P & O/P: Both images
Mid-level
Segmentation / Object Description / Recognition
I/P: Images, O/P: Attributed Entities
High-level
Interpretation, Making Sense,

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
Skew / Tilt
Correction
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Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
Optical Mark
Recognition
(OMR):
Bubble Sheet
Processing

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
Example: OMR: Bubble Sheet Processing
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Chapter 1
Introduction
Example: OMR: Bubble Sheet Processing


Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
Example: OMR
Acquisition: Scanning
Pre-Processing: Cleaning, Binarization, Alignment
Segmentation: Row / Column Identification
Feature Extraction: Moments
Object Recognition: Blob Detection
Interpretation: Mapping of Marks, Validation
Making Sense: Answer Construction & Correction
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Chapter 1
Introduction
Lecture 5

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
Energy Sources for Images
EM Energy Spectrum
Acoustic
Ultrasound
Electronic
Synthetic
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Chapter 1
Introduction

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction

Introduction
Examples of Fields that use Digital Image Processing
Gamma-Ray Imaging
X-Ray Imaging
Imaging in UV Band
Imaging in Visible & IR Bands
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Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
Gamma Ray Imaging

Nuclear Medicine (Bone Scan, Positron Emission
Tomography (PET))
Astronomical Observations

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
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Chapter 1
Introduction
X-Ray Imaging
Medical Diagnosis
Bone X-Ray
Angiography
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)
Industrial Scanning & Testing

Astronomy

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Introduction
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Chapter 1
Introduction
Imaging in Ultra-Violet Band
Lithography
Industrial Inspection
Microscopy (Fluorescence)
Lasers
Biological Imaging
Astronomical Observations

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Introduction
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Chapter 1
Introduction
Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
Light Microscopy
Remote Sensing
Weather Observation / Prediction
Automated Visual Inspection
Finger Printing

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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction

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Introduction
1993
2003

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Introduction
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Chapter 1
Introduction

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
Imaging in the Microwave Bands

Radar
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Chapter 1
Introduction

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
Imaging in the Radio Bands

Medicine: MRI
Astronomy
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Introduction
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Chapter 1
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Introduction
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Chapter 1
Introduction

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Chapter 1
Introduction
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07/27/2015

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1

Introduction
Introduction
Examples of Fields that use Digital Image Processing

Gamma-Ray Imaging
X-Ray Imaging
Imaging in UV Band
Imaging in Visible &X-ray
IR Bands
Gamma
Ultra Violet
Infra ray
Micro wave
Radio

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
EM
Gamma Ray Imaging
X-Ray Imaging
Imaging in Ultra-Violet
Band
Imaging in the Visible
and Infrared Bands
Imaging in the
Microwave Bands
Imaging in the Radio
Bands
Non EM
Acoustic
Ultrasound
Electronic
Synthetic
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Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction

Gonzalez & Woods
Chapter 1
Introduction
36

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07/27/2015

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

An image is a 2-D function f(x,y):

If x, y and f are discrete: Digital Image

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

What is image processing?

DIP is processing of digital images by digital

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Bartlane System, 1920

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Bartlane System, 1920

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

1948: Transistor, Bell Labs

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Digital Image Processing

Early 1970s: CAT (Computerized Axial

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

DIP relates deeply to other areas

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Vision: Most important human perception

DIP applies beyond visual:

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Source: Chapter 01 of DIP, 3E:

Examples of Fields that use Digital Image

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Three types of Computer Processes:

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Example: Automated Analysis of Document

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Example: Automated Analysis of Document

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Example: Automated Analysis of Document

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.

Example: Automated Analysis of Document

19922008 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed.