ME 3221 Design & Manufacturing I

Stress and Orientation

Centroid of Trapezoid
ℎ ℎ𝑏
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦= 𝑥+
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎−𝑏 𝑏−𝑎
ℎ
𝑎−𝑏
ℎ 𝑥= 𝑦+𝑏
𝑐𝑦 𝑐𝑦 ℎ
𝑥 𝑏 𝑥
𝑏
First moment of area
𝑦 ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦
Let’s calculate from the basic equation 𝑐𝑦 =
ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦 Area
𝑎−𝑏 ℎ
ℎ
ℎ ℎ 𝑦+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑦 3 𝑏𝑦 2
𝑦 ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦 = 𝑦 ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑦 + 𝑏 ⅆ𝑦 = +
0 ℎ 3ℎ 2
0 0 0
ℎ2 𝑎+𝑏 ℎ 2𝑎 + 𝑏 ℎ
𝑦 ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦 = 2𝑎 + 𝑏 ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦 = 𝑐𝑦 =
6 2 3 𝑎+𝑏
Alternative approach 𝑎

ℎ ℎ 𝑐𝑦𝑟 𝐴𝑟 + 𝑐𝑦𝑡 𝐴𝑡
𝑐𝑦 =
𝑐𝑦𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑡 𝐴𝑟 + 𝐴𝑡
𝑏−𝑎 2𝑎 + 𝑏 ℎ
ℎ ℎ 𝑐𝑦 =
𝑐𝑦𝑟 = 𝑐𝑦𝑡 = 3 𝑎+𝑏
2 3
2
𝐴𝑟 = 𝑎ℎ 𝐴𝑟 = ℎ 𝑏 − 𝑎 /2
 𝑐𝑦𝑟 𝐴𝑟 + 𝑐𝑦𝑡 𝐴𝑡
𝑐𝑦 =
𝑐𝑦𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑡 𝐴𝑟 + 𝐴𝑡

𝑦 ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑
𝑦 ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦
𝑐𝑦 = = 𝐴𝑟 𝐴𝑡
ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦 ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑

𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑
𝑦 ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝑦 ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝑦 ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦
𝑐𝑦 = =
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑
ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦

𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝑦 ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝑦 ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦
𝑐𝑦 =
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦
𝑐𝑦𝑟 𝐴𝑟 + 𝑐𝑦𝑡 𝐴𝑡
𝑐𝑦 =
𝐴𝑟 + 𝐴𝑡
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Second of moment of Trapezoid
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
ℎ ℎ
ℎ
𝑐𝑦 𝑐𝑦 𝑐𝑦
𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥
𝑏

ℎ3 𝑎2 +4𝑎𝑏+𝑏2
One Method: look up in table 𝐼 = 36 𝑎+𝑏
; Second method: 𝐼 = 𝑦 2 ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑦
Third method: 𝐼𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝 = 𝐼𝑟 + 𝐼𝑡

ℎ 𝑎ℎ3 2𝑎 + 𝑏 ℎ
Rectangle: 𝑐𝑟 = ; 𝐼𝑟0 = ; 𝑐𝑦 =
2 12 3 𝑎+𝑏
𝑐𝑟
2 𝑐𝑦
𝐼𝑟 = 𝐼𝑟0 + 𝑐𝑟 − 𝑐𝑦 𝐴𝑟

ℎ 𝑎ℎ3 2𝑎 + 𝑏 ℎ
Triangle: 𝑐𝑡 = ; 𝐼𝑡0 = ; 𝑐𝑦 =
3 36 3 𝑎+𝑏
2
𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼𝑡0 + 𝑐𝑡 − 𝑐𝑦 𝐴𝑡 𝑐𝑦 𝑐𝑡

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Questions for you about Trapezoid
𝑦
𝑎

𝑥𝑐
ℎ
𝑐𝑦
𝑥
𝑏
𝑦𝑐
𝑦
𝑎

𝑐𝑥
ℎ
𝑥
𝑏

What is 𝑐𝑥 ?

What is the moment of inertia about the 𝑦𝑐 axis?

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 Previous Class: Stress Overview
 Force and moment results in stress in materials
 Normal stress and shear stress of the shaft face at
wheel-shaft interface (Bottom-Left Figure)
 Example problem stress at P and Q (Bottom-Right
Figure)
y

x
z
Bx
Bz
𝑀𝑐1 𝑀𝑐2
By 𝜎𝑖 = 𝐾𝑖 𝜎𝑜 = 𝐾𝑜
𝐼 6
𝐼
 This Class: Stress, orientation, Mohr’s Circle
 Importance of the orientation analysis (with some
figures as shown below)

7
 Stress, orientation, Mohr’s Circle
 Force and moment balance analysis with figure like
below

 yy  yx  y' x'
 y' y'  x' y'
 x' x'  x' y'
 xy y
  x' x'
 xx
y
 xx  xx

x
 xy x
 xy
 x' y'
 x' x' 
 yx  yy
y' x'
 yx  yy
 y' y'

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 𝑦
𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜏𝑦𝑥

𝜎𝑥𝑥
𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝑥
Two forms of Mohr’s Circle 𝜙
𝑥
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜏 (CCW)
𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝜏𝑦𝑥 2𝜃 (𝜎𝑦 , 𝜏𝑦𝑥 )
2𝜃
𝜎𝑦𝑦 (𝜎𝑥 , 𝜏𝑥𝑦 )

2𝜙
𝜎 𝜎
2𝜙
(𝜎𝑦 , 𝜏𝑦𝑥 )
(𝜎𝑥 , 𝜏𝑥𝑦 )

𝜏 (CCW)
2𝜃 positive when cw on Mohr’s circle 2𝜃 positive when ccw on Mohr’s circle

Both forms are mathematically correct, and either one can be used. 9

With right-hand one, the positive direction of the angle 2𝜃 is the same in Mohr’s circle
as it is for the element itself. it’s easier to visualize the orientation of the stress element,
and we will stick to this convention from now on
J.M. Gere, B.J. Goodno, Mechanics of Materials, 7th Ed, Cengage Learning, 2008
 Mohr’s Circle (2D and𝑦 3D)
𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = −20 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 20 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 100 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 100 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑧 𝑥
𝑧 𝑥

𝐶𝑦𝑧 𝐶𝑥𝑦 𝐶𝑥𝑧

𝜎𝑛 𝐶𝑦𝑧 𝐶𝑥𝑧 𝐶𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑛

𝜏𝑛 (𝑐𝑐𝑤) 𝜏𝑛 (𝑐𝑐𝑤) 10
 Hand Crank w / Static Vertical Load

 Mark the location of highest

bending stress.
 Mark the location of highest
combined torsional and
transverse shear stress.
 Make three-dimensional Mohr
circle representation at above
two points (Neglect stress
concentration)

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 Summary
 What we have today
 Stress at different orientations
 Mohr Circle
 Next
 Transverse shear stress
 Stress in beam

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