Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
I.
The Muslim scholars provided the European scholars with ancient Rome and Greek texts
they preserved
A. The Muslim scholars had been studying the Rome and Greek texts for centuries
B. Istanbul is a place to look for ancient Greek and Roman texts
II. The Fall of Constantinople helped the Renaissance because scholars and intellectuals fled
to Italy
III. The Muslims influenced Copernicuss theories
A. Copernicus was one of the brightest minds during the Renaissance
1. Filippo Brunelleschi created a majestic dome for the Cathedral in Florence, modeling
the dome of the Pantheon in Rome
a) Filippo is also an artist, sculptor, and engineer
IV. Leonardo da Vinci
A. Made sketches of nature and models in studio
B. Dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles work
1. Thus, da Vincis painting is realistic
a) Mona Lisa: Women with mysterious smile
b) The Last Supper: Jesus and his apostles on the night before the crucifixion
(1) Restored because the new type of paint da Vinci used decayed over the
years
C. Also studies botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering
a) Made sketches of flying machines and undersea boats before airplanes or
submarines
V. Michelangelo
A. Was a sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet
B. called the melancholy genius because his work reflects his struggles
1. Created David and Piet
a) Pieta: Mary cradles her dead son Jesus
power
1. Looked at real rulers in the past and in his experience, unlike Plato who discussed
leadership and ideals
a) Urged rulers to use any methods necessary to achieve their goals
B. Machiavelli saw himself as the enemy of oppression and corruption
1. Machiavellian today means the use of deceit in politics
2. The Prince is a realistic view on politics
3. Sparks ethical debate about the nature of government and its use of power
I.
Johann Gutenberg from Germany printed the first completed edition of the Bible in 1455
A. Used movable type
B. Begun the printing revolution that produced millions of books
II. Changed Europe immensely
A. Made books easier to produce, lowering its price
B. Making books prevalent, readers became more prevalent as a result
C. Knowledge are gained by people, and new ideas and places are exposed
Northern Renaissance
The Northern Renaissance begun in Flanders, a center of trade for Northern Europe. It
eventually spread to the Spain, France, Germany, and England.
I.
Flemish Painters
A. Jan van Eyck portrays towns people and religious scenes with rich, realistic details in
1400s
B. Pieter Bruegel in 1500s portrays peasant life and also religious and classical themes, but
always with common people
1. Peasant Bruegel
C. Peter Paul Rubens
1. Blended the realism of Bruegel with classical themes and artistic freedom of the
Italian Renaissance
2. Was also a scholar, humanist
a) Has the knowledge of mythology, bible, and classical history
b) Has paintings portraying those themes
II. Drer: Leonardo of the North
A. Albrecht Durer was a German Renaissance artist who is deeply influenced by Italian
Renaissance
1. Traveled to Italy (1494) to study the Italian masters
2. Spreads Renaissance ideas to Northern Europe
a) Influences Italian painters with his own methods
3. Wide-range knowledge gave him the name Leonardo of the North"
B. Applied Italian-learned techniques onto engraving
1. Engraving
a) Make a design on a metal plate and make prints with it
b) Drer studied the method in his fathers goldsmith workshop
2. Drers engravings portrays religious upheavals
Northern Humanists and Writers
Northern Humanists and Writers write in Latin, but also began to write in vernacular, or everyday
language of common people. This appealed to new, middle class audience.
I.
1. I can describe the characteristics of the Renaissance and understand why it began in Italy.
2. I can identify Renaissance artists and explain how the new ideas affected the arts of the
period.
3. I can understand how writers of the time addressed Renaissance themes.
4. I can explain how the printing Revolution shaped European society.
5. I can describe the scenes that northern European artist, humanists, and writers explored.
I.
Ulrich Zwingli admire Erasmus and stresses Bible and the simplification of Church rituals like
Luther
II. John Calvin published a book in 1536 about his religious views
A. Similar to Luther
B. But preach predestination
1. The idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation
C. Two kinds of people: Saints and sinners
III. Calvin set up theocracy in Geneva, in which the church leaders run the government
A. Strict Christians laws
B. Strict Christian behaviors
C. The role model society for Protestants
IV. Calvins ideas spread after reformers visited Geneva and return
A. Although Calvinism spread to Germany, France, Netherlands, England, and Scotland, it
was suppressed by Lutheran, the Church, or local monarchs
Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread
The monarchs and Church scrambled to reform and regain their lost worshippers. Despite their
effort, Protestant ideas continue to spread.
An Explosion of Protestant Sects
I. New sects forms, including radical ones, such as rejecting infant babtism
A. Anabaptism
II. Anabaptism
A. Abolish Private Property
B. Speed up judgement day
III. When radical sects took over some cities, Luther asked his followers to form alliance with
Catholics to suppress these radical threat
IV. Many sects today have Anabaptism as their ancestors
The English Reformation
King Henry VIII made the break with the Catholic Church
I. Henry VIII Seeks and Annulment
A. At first, Henry was stalwartly against Protestant
1. Defender of the Faith
B. Henry wants to divorce with Catherine because she doesnt bare him a son
C. Pope didnt authorize the annulation in fear of offending Charles V
II. Breaking With the Church
A. Henry was furious and guided by his protestant advisors, passed laws in the Parliament
that gave Henry the Popes power over the Church
B. Thomas Cranmer because the new Archbishop and annulled Henrys marriage with
Catherine
1. Henry married Anne and she gave birth to Elizabeth
C. The Parliament passed Act of Supremacy giving Henry more power, and the people who
disagree including Thomas More were killed for Treason
1. The people who were killed were canonized, or become Saints of the Catholic
Church
III. Strengthening the Church of England
A. Henry closed Catholic convents and monastries
B. Confiscated their lands and give them to nobles
C. Henry is not radical, doesnt support Protestant
D. Anglican Church used English Bible
Section 5 Outline
The Scientific Revolution
A new world view of the physical universe is developed as a result of the Renaissance and
Reformation, in which the universe is governed by mathematical laws
Changing Views of the Universe
Before the Scientific Revolution, people believed in Aristotle and Ptolemys theories in which
Earth is the center of the Universe; this idea is also accepted by the Church, but is about to
change
I. Copernicus Challenges Ancient Astronomy
A. Polish scholar Nicolaus Copernicus published a book in which he claimed a heliocentric
universe
1. Heliocentric universe is sun centered and Earth revolve around the sun
B. People rejected Copernicuss theory because people believe that if these classicals
thinkers theories are wrong, then all scientific knowledge may be questioned
1. Danish Tycho Brache provided evidence supporting Copernicuss theory
C. Johannes Kepler, a German assistant of Brache used Braches data to calculate about
the planets orbit, his result
1. Supported Braches and Copernicuss heliocentric theory
2. Claim that planet revolve in an ellipse (oval), not perfect circle