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eduction &
nduction
The question we
now address has
to do with the
strength of this
claim.
Just how strongly
is the conclusion
claimed to follow
from the
premises?
deductive;
But
inductive
ABC
EFGH
Deductive
argument
A
eductive argument is an argument
incorporating the claim that it is impossible for the
conclusion to be false given that the premises are
true.
Deductive arguments are those that involve
necessary reasoning.
Inductive argument
How
to decide whether
an argument is inductive or
deductive?
1st Factor:
Word indicator
Word indicator
Word indicator
Inductive
indicators
Deductive
indicator
All entertainers
are extroverts.
David Letterman
is an entertainer.
Therefore, David
Letterman is an
extrovert.
eductive Argument
Forms
An argument based on
mathematics
For example,
a shopper might place two apples and
three oranges into a paper bag and
then conclude that the bag contains
five pieces of fruit.
statistics.
An argument from
definition
mendacious
adjective \men-dshs\
: not honest : likely
to tell lies
: based on lies
A syllogism, in general, is
an argument consisting of
exactly two premises and
one conclusion.
categorical syllogism
categorical syllogism is a syllogism in which each statement
begins with one of the words all, no, or some.
Example:
All ancient forests are sources of wonder.
Some ancient forests are targets of the
timber industry.
Therefore, some sources of wonder are
targets of the timber industry.
Arguments such as these are nearly
always best treated as deductive.
A hypothetical
syllogism
A disjunctive syllogism
As with hypothetical
syllogisms, such arguments
are usually best taken as
eductive.
Deduction
nduction
Inductive Argument
Forms
Inductive
argument
forms
Inductive
argument
forms
rediction
Or,
one might argue that because certain
fluctuations occurred in the prime
interest rate on Friday, the value of
the peso will decrease against foreign
currencies on Monday
Inductive
argument
forms
An argument from
analogy
For example,
someone
might argue that
because
Christinas Porsche
is a great handling
car, it follows that
Angelas Porsche
must also be a
great handling car.
Inductive
argument
forms
A generalization
A generalization is an argument that proceeds
from the knowledge of a selected sample to
some claim about the whole group
Inductive
argument
forms
An argument from
authority
is an argument that concludes something is true
because a presumed expert or witness has said
that it is.
Or a lawyer might
argue that Mack the Knife committed
the murder because an eyewitness
testified to that effect under oath.
Inductive
argument
forms
An argument based on
signs
is an argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a
sign to a claim about the thing or situation that the sign
symbolizes.
For example,
when driving on
an unfamiliar
highway one
might see
a sign indicating
that the road
makes several
sharp turns one
mile ahead.
probable
adjective \pr-bbl, pr(b)-bl\
: likely to happen
or to be true but
not certain
Inductive
argument
forms
A causal inference
Inductive
argument
forms
Further Considerations
Overlaps can
and do occur
not to
demarcate
To provide
guidelines
Scientific argument
Time
Suppose,
for example, that we want to apply
Boyles law for ideal gases to a
container of gas in our laboratory.
Boyles law states that the pressure
exerted by a gas on the walls of its
container is inversely proportional to
the volume.
Inductive
arguments
particular
to
Gen
eral
Deductive
arguments
General
particular
Three is a prime
number.
Five is a prime
number.
Seven is a prime
number.
Therefore, all odd
numbers
between two and
eight are prime
numbers.
particular
to
Gen
eral
Gabriel is a
wolf.
Gabriel has a
tail.
Therefore,
Gabriels tail is
the tail of a
wolf.
particular
particular
All emeralds
previously
found have
been green.
Therefore, the
next emerald
to be found
will be green.
General
particular
Deductive
argument
forms
Inductive
argument
forms
Summary
3 factors
1&
2
For example
3a
3b
Evaluating an argument
(either deductive or
inductive) involves two
steps:
Exercises
Instruction