Problem 1. Problem 5.1 An ideal single phase transformer has a voltage gain of 10.

The secondary is
terminated in a load impedance of ZL=30+j40ohms.
a. find the primary driving point impedance, i.e., the input impedance of the transformer-load pair as
seen from the source terminals.
b. If the primary voltage is 120V, find the primary current, secondary current, complex power into
the load, and complex power into the transformer primary.
j :=

Restate the given

gain := 10

ZL := ( 30 + j 40) ohm

Because the transformer is ideal, the driving point impedance is the load impedance reflected to
the primary. Reflecting the load impedance across the transformer means multiplying it by the
square of the turns ratio of the transformer. The wording of the problem infers that the turns ratio
is the reciprocal of the gain.
N := gain

ZLp :=

N = 10
ZL

ZLp = 0.3 + 0.4i

( N N)

This is the driving point impedance.

Restate the given for part b

Vin := 120 V

Vin = 120 V

Find the secondary voltage first. It is the primary voltage multiplied by the turns ratio.
Vout := Vin N

Vout = 1.2 kV

Use Ohm's law to find the secondary current.

Vout
Iout :=
ZL

Iout = 14.4 19.2i A

Iout = 24 A

( )

arg Iout = 53.13 deg

Complex power to the load

Sout := Vout Iout

Sout = 17.28 + 23.04i kV A

Sout = 28.8 kV A arg Sout = 53.13 deg

Use the gain to find the input current.

Iin := N Iout

Iin = 144 192i A

Iin = 240 A

( )

arg Iin = 53.13 deg

Complex power in

Sin := Vin Iin

Sin = 17.28 + 23.04i kV A

( )

Sin = 28.8 kV A arg Sin = 53.13 deg

Problem 2. Problem 5.4 A single phase transformer has the following ratings: 10kVA, 240/2400V. IN the
open circuit test with rated primary voltage, the primary current is 0.85A and the secondary voltage
is 2400V. A short circuit test is performed as follows: The primary is short circuited and a reduced
secondary voltage is applied. Rated secondary circuit is achieved with a secondary voltage of
121V. Neglect resistance and find Xl, Xm, and n=N2/N1.
Writing down the test data,
V1oc := 240 V

V2oc := 2400 V
Srated
I2sc :=
V2oc

V2sc := 121 V

I1oc := 0.85 A

Srated := 10 kV A

I2sc = 4.167 A

A first set of calculations gives us reasonable estimates of the items that we seek. The ratio of the
open circuit voltages is a good approximation of the turns ratio.
n :=

V2oc

n = 10

V1oc

The leakage reactance is approximately the ratio between short circuit voltage and short circuit
current, assuming that the magnetizing reactance is large enough to be insignificant in the
calculations.

Z2sc :=

V2sc

Z2sc = 29.04

I2sc

The magnetizing reactance is approximately the ratio between open circuit voltage and open circuit
current. This measurement is taken on the low voltage side, according to the problem statement.
V1oc
Xl :=
I1oc

Xl = 282.353

These give reasonable approximations of the items that we seek. A more detailed solution follows:
Using the equivalent circuit model of Figure 5.4,
V1oc
Xl + Xm =
I1oc
V1oc
Xl + Xm

V2sc

V2oc
n Xm

The sum of the leakage and magnetizing reactance is the ratio of the input
voltage to input current under open circuit conditions.

The input voltage divides across the leakage and magnetizing reactances;
the portion reflected from the magnetizing reactance is the output voltage.

n X1 Xm

Xsc =
=
Xl + Xm
I2sc

Looking back into the circuit from the output terminals, the impedance
that appears from the output terminals is reflected parallel combination
of the leakage and magnetizing reactances.

Three equations...let's solve. There are a host of ways to solve. One of the better ones is to
assume one value, work our way through the equations in sequence, and then compare the
result by recalculating the first equation in the sequence. We use new values of the unknowns
as we calculate them. This method is known as Gauss-Seidel iteration. We will take the
equations in inverse order...
Assume n=2400V/240V=10
n := 10
V2sc
Xsc :=
I2sc
Xm

Xsc = 29.04

X1 + Xm

or rearranging,

V2oc
n V1oc

n X1

V2oc
n V1oc

Solve for X1,

X1 :=

29.04 ohm n V1oc

2

n V2oc

X1 = 0.29 ohm

Rearranging the first equation,

V1oc
Xm :=
X1
I1oc

Xm = 282.063

Comparing for convergence, rearrange the third equation,

n :=

V2sc X1 + Xm
I2sc X1 Xm

n = 10.005

Go through the equations again to improve our results...

X1 :=

29.04 ohm n V1oc

2

n V2oc

V1oc
Xm :=
X1
I1oc

n X1

Substituting,
29.04 ohm

29.04 ohm

X1 = 0.2903 ohm

Xm = 282.06

Xm
X1 + Xm

n :=

V2sc X1 + Xm

n = 10.008

I2sc X1 Xm

We have our answers correct to 4 significant figures. Another iteration doesn't change much,
so we can say that we have converged.

X1 :=

29.04 ohm n V1oc

2

n V2oc

V1oc
Xm :=
X1
I1oc
n :=

X1 = 0.2902 ohm

Xm = 282.06

V2sc X1 + Xm
I2sc X1 Xm

n = 10.009

Problem 3. Prob 5.14 on page 183 of the text. A 1 phase generator is represented by a
Thevenin Equivalnet circuit: 1320V in series with Zs=2 / 84 degrees ohms. A load, ZL = 50 / 60
degrees ohms, is connected across the terminals. Draw per unit diagrams for the following
choice of bases.
a. VB = 1000V, SB = 100 kVA
b. VB = 1320V, SB = 50 kVA
Using the per unit diagrams, do circuit analysis to find the per unit load voltage, current, and
complex power in each case. Convert per unit quantities to actual quantities and show they are
the some in both cases.

part a: V B

1000 . volt

SB

100 . kV . A

VS

1320 . volt

ZS

2 . ( cos( 84 . deg )

ZL

50 . ( cos( 60 . deg )

ZS=0.2 ej84 deg pu

+
-

ZL=5 ej60 deg pu

VS=1.32 ej0 deg pu

j . sin( 84 . deg ) ) . ohm

j . sin( 60 . deg ) ) . ohm

Find the impedance and current bases.

ZB

V B .V B

2 3
Z B = 10 kg . m . s . A

SB

IB

SB

I B = 100 A

VB

Convert to per unit

V Spu

VS

Z Spu

VB

V Spu = 1.32

ZS

Z Lpu

ZB

Z Spu = 0.021

0.199i

ZL
ZB

Z Lpu = 2.5

4.33i

Find the current

I pu

V Spu
Z Spu

Z Lpu

I pu = 0.124

0.223i
Ipu

I pu = 0.255

angle Re I pu , Im I pu

Ipu = 60.9 deg

360 . deg

Find the load voltage

I pu . Z Lpu

V Lpu

V Lpu = 1.273

0.02i
VLpu

V Lpu = 1.273

360 . deg

angle Re V Lpu , Im V Lpu

VLpu = 0.9 deg

Find the complex power
V Spu . I pu

S Spu

S Spu = 0.163

S Lpu

0.294i

V Lpu . I pu

S Lpu = 0.162

S linepu

V Spu

S linepu = 1.356 . 10

0.281i

V Lpu . I pu
3

0.013i

Convert to actual quantities

VL

V Lpu . V B

V L = 1273.3 V
VL

I pu . I B

I = 25.5 A
360 . deg

angle Re V L , Im V L

VL = 0.9 deg

SS

S Spu . S B

S S = 16.3

part b: V B
SB

S Lpu . S B

S L = 16.2

S line

28.1i kV . A

S linepu . S B

S line = 0.14

1.29i kV . A

1320 . volt
50 . kV . A

Find the impedance and current bases.

ZB

V B .V B
SB

360 . deg

I = 60.9 deg

SL

29.4i kV . A

angle( Re( I ) , Im( I ) )

Z B = 34.85

IB

SB
VB

I B = 37.88 A

Convert to per unit

V Spu

VS

Z Spu

VB

ZS

Z Lpu

ZB

Z Spu = 5.999 . 10

V Spu = 1

ZL
ZB

0.057i Z Lpu = 0.717

1.243i

Find the current

I pu

V Spu
Z Spu

I pu = 0.327

Z Lpu

0.587i
Ipu

I pu = 0.672

360 . deg

angle Re I pu , Im I pu

Ipu = 60.9 deg

Find the load voltage

V Lpu

I pu . Z Lpu

V Lpu = 0.965

0.015i

V Lpu = 0.965

VLpu

angle Re V Lpu , Im V Lpu

360 . deg

VLpu = 0.9 deg

Find the complex power

S Spu

V Spu . I pu

S Spu = 0.327

S Lpu

0.587i

V Lpu . I pu

S Lpu = 0.324

S linepu

V Spu

S linepu = 2.712 . 10

0.562i

V Lpu . I pu
3

0.026i

Convert to actual quantities

VL

V Lpu . V B

V L = 1273.3 V
VL

I pu . I B

I = 25.5 A
angle Re V L , Im V L

360 . deg

VL = 0.9 deg
SS

S Spu . S B

S S = 16.3

29.4i kV . A

angle( Re( I ) , Im( I ) )

360 . deg

I = 60.9 deg
SL

S Lpu . S B

S L = 16.2

S line

28.1i kV . A

Which are the same actual values as found in part a.

S linepu . S B

S line = 0.14

1.29i kV . A

Problem 4. Prob 5.15 on page 184 of the text. Draw an impedance diagram for the system whose
one-line diagram is shown in Figure P5.15. the 3 phase and line-line ratings are as follows:
Generator: 30 MVA, 138 kV, Xs=0.10 pu
Motor :
20 MVA, 13.8 kV, Xs=0.08 pu
T1:
20 MVA, 13.2-132 kV, Xl=0.10 pu
T2:
15 MVA, 13.8-13.8 kV, Xl=0.12 pu
Line:
20 + j 100 ohms
Pick the generator ratings for the bases in the generator section.

It doesnt take long to figure out that there is an error in the problem statement. The configuration is not
practical. We should see a step up in voltage from generator to line, transmission at high voltage, and a
step down in voltage to feed the load. Practical generators will normally generate in the 10kV-30kv range,
not 138kV. When we find that the line impedance is too large, this confirms our suspicions. Therefore, the
solution is based on a more practical problem statement. If you prefer the original numbers, please
change the bases in MATHCAD.
Generator: 30 MVA, 13.8 kV, Xs=0.10 pu
Motor :
20 MVA, 13.8 kV, Xs=0.08 pu
T1:
20 MVA, 13.2-132 kV, Xl=0.10 pu
T2:
15 MVA, 138-13.8 kV, Xl=0.12 pu
Line:
20 + j 100 ohms
MVA

6
10 .volt .amp

Our bases reflect this revised set of specifications.

SB

30 .MVA

V Bgen

13.8 .kV

V Bline

138 .kV

V Bmotor

13.8 .kV

X sg

0.10

Convert to uniform base system

j

13.2 .13.2
T1:

X l1

0.10 .

20
13.8 .13.8

X l1 = 0.137

30
13.8 .13.8
T2:

X l2

0.12 .

15
13.8 .13.8

X l2 = 0.24

30
13.8 .13.8
Motor:

X sm

0.08 .

20
13.8 .13.8

X sm = 0.12

30
Line:

Z line

j .100 ) .ohm
V Bline .V Bline

( 20

SB

Z line = 0.032

0.158i

X sg = 0.1

+
-

X l1 = 0.137

Z line = 0.032

0.158i

X l2 = 0.24

X sm = 0.12

Vgen

Vmotor

Gen

T1

line

T2

+
-

Motor

Problem 5. Prob 5.16 on page 184 of the text. Using the impedance diagram of Problem 5.15,
assume that the motor voltage is 13.2 kV when the motor draws 15 MW at a power of 0.85 leading.
a. find the following quantities in per unit: motor current, transmission line current, generator
current, generator terminal voltage, sending end transmission voltage, and complex power supplied
by the generator.
b. convert the quantities found in part a to actual units.
MW
Convert the motor voltage and kVA to per unit
V motor

13.2 .kV

V motor = 0.957

V Bmotor

15 .MW

j.

S motor

15 .MW .15 .MW

0.85 .0.85

15 .MW .15 .MW

S motor = 0.5

SB

0.31i

Find the motor current

I pu

S motor
V motor

I pu = 0.523
I pu = 0.615

0.324i
I

angle Re I pu , Im I pu

I = 31.788 deg

6
10 .volt .amp

The transmission line current and generator current are the same series current...the same value in per
unit.
Find the generator voltage
V gen

I pu . j .X l1

V motor

V gen = 0.8

j .X l2

Z line

V gen = 0.851

0.29i

gen

angle Re V gen , Im V gen

gen = 19.9 deg

Find the sending end voltage
V send

I pu . j .X l2

V motor

V send = 0.844

0.218i

Z line

V send = 0.872

send

angle Re V send , Im V send

send = 14.5 deg

Find the generator complex power

S gen

V gen .I pu

S gen = 0.512

0.108i

S gen = 0.523
S motor

V motor .I pu
S motor = 0.588

part b. Same quantities in actual units. First, calculate the base currents.

I Bgen

I Bline

I Bmotor

SB
V Bgen . 3
SB
V Bline . 3
SB
V Bmotor. 3

3
I Bgen = 1.255 .10 A

I Bline = 125.511 A

3
I Bmotor = 1.255 .10 A

Now calculate the quantities requested.

I pu .I Bmotor

I motor
I line

I motor = 656.08

I pu .I Bline

I gen

I pu .I Bgen

V send

S gen
S motor

I line = 65.608

40.66i A

I line = 77.2 A

I gen = 656.08

406.602i A

I gen = 771.9 A

V send .V Bline V send = 116.501

V gen = 0.8

0.29i

I motor = 771.9 A

406.602i A

V gen .V Bgen

V gen

S gen .S B

S gen = 15.357

S motor .S B

V send = 120.3 kV

30.085i kV

S motor = 15

V gen = 11.7 kV
S gen = 15.7 MVA

3.229i MVA

S motor = 17.6 MVA

9.296i MVA

Problem 6. Prob 5.17 on page 184 of the text. Assume that the motor is replaced by a Y-connected
load impedance woith ZL=20 / 45 degrees in each leg. the generator terminal voltage is 13.2 kV. find
the voltage and current at the load n per unit and actual units.

X l1 = 0.137

+
-

Gen

Z line = 0.032

0.158i

X l2 = 0.24

Vgen = 13.2 kV

Vmotor

T1

Given the load impedance:

ZL

line
20 .( cos( 45 .deg )

T2
j .sin( 45 .deg ) ) .ohm

ZL

Motor
Z L = 14.1

14.1i ohm

Convert to per unit

ZL

ZL

Z L = 2.23

V Bmotor.V Bmotor

Z L = 3.15

2.23i

SB
Given the generator voltage, convert to per unit
13.2 .kV

V gen

V gen = 0.957

V Bgen

Find the current

I pu

V gen
j .X l1

Z line

j .X l2

ZL

I pu = 0.268

I pu = 0.17

0.207i

angle Re I pu , Im I pu

360 .deg

I = 50.7 deg

360 .deg

Vload = 5.7 deg

Find the load voltage

V load

I pu .Z L
V load = 0.844

V load = 0.84
Vload

0.084i

angle Re V load , Im V load

Convert to actual units

I load
V load

I pu .I Bmotor

I load = 212.965

260.403i A

V load .V Bmotor V load = 1.16 .10

1.162i .10 volt

The angles are the same in per unit and actual units.

I load = 336.398 A
V load = 11.653 kV