Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (2005-2013)

Mathematics Olympiad
2005-2013
SINGAPORE
MATHEMATICAL
OLYMPIAD
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Singapore Mathematical Society

Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO)
2012
Junior Section (First Round)
Tuesday,
29
May
2012
0930-1200
hrs
Instructions to contestants
1. Answer ALL 35 questions.

2. Enter your answers on the answer sheet provided.
3. For the multiple choice questions, enter your answer on the answer sheet by shading the
bubble containing the letter (A, B, C, D or E) corresponding to the correct answer.
4. For the other short questions, write your answer on the answer sheet and shade the ap
propriate bubble below your answer.
5. No steps are needed to justify your answers.
6. Each question carries 1 mark.
7. No calculators are allowed.
8. Throughout this paper, let
example,
lxJ
denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x. For
l2.lj 2, l3. 9J 3.
PLEASE DO NOT TURN OVER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.
Multiple Choice Questions

1. Let
and (3 be the roots of the quadratic equation x2
value of
(a
- f3? is
(B) 1;
(A) 0;
(C)
2;
2bx + b
1. The smallest possible
(E) 4.
(D) 3;
2. It is known that n2012 + n2010 is divisible by 10 for some positive integer n. Which of the
following numbers is not a possible value for n?
(A)
2;
(B) 13;
(E) 59.
(D) 47;
(C) 35;
3. Using the vertices of a cube as vertices, how many triangular pyramid can you form?
(B) 58;
(A) 54;
4.
AB
is a chord of a circle with centre
with
AB
closer to
than to
(E) 70.
(D) 64;
(C) 60;
D.
0. CD
Given that
is the diameter perpendicular to the chord AB,
LAOB =
90 , then the quotient
area of .6.ABC
area of .6.AOD
(A) J2 -1;
(B)
v;;
2 - J2;
5. The diagram below shows that

lines. Let
F and
BG = EF,
ABCD
DE AE.
is a parallelogram and both
be the intersections of
find the quotient
(E) .
-
(C)
BE
with
CD
and
AC
AE
and
BE
are straight
respectively. Given that
6. Four circles each of radius x and a square are arranged within a circle of radius 8 as shown
in the following figure.
What is the range of x?
(B) 0
(A) 0 <X< 4;
(D)
<
x < 8 ( J2 + 1);
(C)
(E) 4- J2 <X< 4(J2
4- 2J2 < x < 8(J2 -1);
7 . Adam has a triangular field
4- 2J2 <X< 4;
ABC
with
AB =
5,
BC =
8 and
CA =
separate the field into two parts by building a straight fence from
BC
such that
(A)
4
J2I .
11 '
AD
(B)
bisects
L.BAC.
(C)
(D)
11 '
5;
11. H e intends to
to a point
Find the area of the part of the field
5J2I.
+ 1).
ABD.
and b be real numbers with b =/= 0 such that
Which of the following statements is incorrect?

(A) If b is an integer then
is an integer;
(B) If a is a non-zero integer then b is an integer;

(C) If b is a rational number then
is a rational number;
(D) If a is a non-zero rational number then b is a rational number;
(E) If b is an even number then a is an even number.

3
on side
(E) None of the above.
8. For any real number x, let lxJ be the largest integer less than or equal to x and x
Let
- lxJ.
9. Given that
--;x;---;x;
y=
is an integer. Which of the following is incorrect?
x can admit the value of any non-zero integer;

(B) x can be any positive number;
(C) x can be any negative number;
(D) can take the value 2;
(E) can take the value -2.
(A)
y
y
10. Suppose that
A, B, C
are three teachers working in three different schools X , Y, Z and spe
cializing in three different subjects: Mathematics, Latin and Music. It is known that
A
(i)
does not teach Mathematics and
does not work in school Z;
(ii) The teacher in school Z teaches Music;

(iii) The teacher in school X does not teach Latin;
B
(iv)
does not teach Mathematics.
Which of the following statement is correct?

(A)
works in school X and
(B)
teaches Latin and works in school Z;
(C)
teaches Latin and works in school
(D)
teaches Music and
works in school
Y;
Y;
teaches Latin;

Short Questions
a
a >
b be real numbers such that b, 2a + 2b 75 and 2-a + 2-b 12-1 . Find the
value of 2a-b .
x3 - x + 120 . an mteger.
.
. . .
12 . Fm. d the sum of all positive
mtegers x sueh t h at
(x - 1 )(x + 1)
11. Let
and
IS
13. Consider the equation
vh
x2 - 8x + 1 + J 9x2 - 24x - 8
3.
It is known that the largest root of the equation is - k times the smallest root . Find k.
14. Find the four-digit number abed satisfying

2(abed) + 1000 deba.
(For example, if a 1, b 2, e 3 and d 4, then abed
=
1234.)
=
15. Suppose x andy are real numbers satisfying x2 + y 2 - 22x - 20y + 221 0. Find xy.
16. Let m and n be positive integers satisfying
mn2 + 876 4mn + 217n.
Find the sum of all possible values of m.
=
17. For any real number x, let lxJ denote the largest integer less than or equal to x. Find the
value of lxJ of the smallest x satisfying lx 2 J - lx J 2 100.
=
18. Suppose XI, x2 , . . . , X 49 are real numbers such that

Find the maximum value of
XI + 2x2 + + 49x49
19. Find the minimum value of

Jx 2 + ( 20 -y ) 2 + Jy 2 + ( 21 - z ) 2 + Jz 2 + ( 20 -w ) 2 + Jw 2 + ( 21 - x ) 2 .
20. Let A be a 4-digit integer.
increased by
number is
n,
When both the first digit (left-most) and the third digit are
and the second digit and the fourth digit are decreased by
n times
A.
Find the value of A.
21. Find the remainder when 1021I 022 is divided by 1023.

5
n, the new
22. Consider a list of six numbers. When the largest number is removed from the list, the average
is decreased by 1. When the smallest number is removed, the average is increased by 1. When
both the largest and the smallest numbers are removed, the average of the remaining four
numbers is
20. Find the product of the largest and the smallest numbers.
23. For each positive integer

Suppose that a1
a2012.
n 2:
1, we define the recursive relation given by

an+l
=1 1
+an
Find the sum of the squares of all possible values of a1.
24. A positive integer is called
friendly if it is divisible by the sum of its digits. For example,
111 is friendly but 123 is not. Find the number of all two-digit friendly numbers.
25. In the diagram below, D and E lie on the side AB, and Flies on the side AC such that
DA=DF=DE, BE= EF and BF= BC. It is given that L_ABC= 2 L_ACB. Find x,
where L_BFD=
X0
26. In the diagram below, A and B(20,0) lie on the x-axis and C(O, 30) lies on they-axis such
that L_ACB= 90. A rectangle DEFG is inscribed in triangle ABC. Given that the area
of triangle CGF is 351, calculate the area of the rectangle DEFG.
y
27. Let
ABCDEF
be a regular hexagon. Let
be a point on
area of AGEF is 100, find the area of the hexagon

G
ED
such that
ABCDEF.
EG =
3GD . If the
c
B
28. Given a package containing 200 red marbles, 300 blue marbles and 400 green marbles. At each
occasion, you are allowed to withdraw at most one red marble, at most two blue marbles and
a total of at most five marbles out of the package. Find the minimal number of withdrawals
required to withdraw all the marbles from the package.
29. 3 red marbles, 4 blue marbles and
5 green marbles are distributed to 12 students.
Each
student gets one and only one marble. In how many ways can the marbles be distributed so
that Jamy and Jaren get the same colour and Jason gets a green marble?
30 . A round cake is cut into
pieces with 3 cuts. Find the product of all possible values of n.
31 . How many triples of non-negative integers ( x, y, z) satisfying the equation
xyz + x y + yz + zx + x + y + z = 2012?
32. There are 2012 students in a secondary school. Every student writes a new year card. The
cards are mixed up and randomly distributed to students. Suppose each student gets one
and only one card. Find the expected number of students who get back their own cards.
33. Two players
and B play rock-paper-scissors continuously until player
wins 2 consecutive
games. Suppose each player is equally likely to use each hand-sign in every game. What is
the expected number of games they will play?
7
34. There are 2012 students standing in a circle; they are numbered 1, 2, . . . , 2012 clockwise. The
counting starts from the first student ( number 1) and proceeds around the circle clockwise.
Alternate students will be eliminated from the circle in the following way: The first student
stays in the circle while the second student leaves the circle. The third student stays while
the fourth student leaves and so on. When the counting reaches number
number
2012, it goes back to
1 and the elimination continues until the last student remains. What is the number
of the last student?
< n.
35. There are k people and chairs in a row, where 2 ::; k There is a couple among the
k people. The number of ways in which all k people can be seated such that the couple
is seated together is equal to the number of ways in which the (k - 2) people, without the
couple present, can be seated. Find the smallest value of n.

Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO) 2012
Junior Section (First Round)
1. Answer: (D) .
Since x 2 + 2bx + (b - 1) 0, we have a/3 b - 1 and a + f3 -2b. Then
(a- /3) 2 (a + /3) 2 - 4af3 ( -2b) 2 - 4(b - 1)
4(b2 - b + 1) 4[(b - 1 2) 2 + 3 4] 3
The equality holds if and only if b 1 2.
2. Answer: (E) .
Note that n 2o 12 n 201o n 201o (n 2 + 1).
If n 2, then 5 (n 2 + 1) and 2 n2010 . If n 13 or 47, then 10 (n 2 + 1).
If n 35, then 2 (n 2 + 1) and 5 n 2010 . If n = 59, then 5 f (59 2 + 1) and 5f n 2010 .
3. Answer: (B).
There are 8 vertices in a cube. Any 4 vertices form a triangular pyramid unless they lie on
the same plane.
(!)- 6 -6 58
4. Answer: (B).
Let the radius of the circle be 1. Then
AE CE 2 CE 2(1 - 1 J2) 2 _ J2
sl::.ABc AE cE
1
OD
AE OD
Sl::.AOD
Sl::.AOD
=
5. Answer: (A) .
DE . Then = EF . Note that
Let
AE
EB
DF + FC EF + FG EF + EB - 2EF + 2
1 - DC
AB - AB AB - EB GB - EB EF - (I__ )
3 - V5 (0 1).
Then + - 3 = 0, and thus =
-;1
2
6. Answer: (D) .
x
< x<
Consider the extreme cases:
Then Xmin
= 8 - 24 = 4 - 2 and
7. Answer: (D)
By Heron's formula,
Then
Xmax
= 28+ 1 = 8( - 1).
s6.ABC
s6.ABD
s6.ACD
=J12(12 - 5)(12 - 8)(12 - 11) 4v'2I.

5
X AB X AD X sin a AB
X AC X AD X sin a AC 11
5v'2I
5
S6.ABD = 5 + 11 X 451 =-4
=
10
A
8. Answer: (B) .
= b ( lJ + { } ) = b lJ + b { }
It follows from a = b lJ + b { } that b lJ = a. Hence, = lJ is an integer.
Note that a = b
Obviously, b is not necessary an integer even if a is an integer.
9. Answer: (C) .
0, then = -=
( -x) = x -= --2x = -2.
x can take any nonzero real number. If x
If x
<
0, then
-=
-fE- -fE
-fE-
-fE- -$
>
-fE
- xX
-8-
=- =
X
10. Answer: (C) .
The assignment is as follows:
A: in Z, teaches Music; B: in
Y,
teaches Latin;
C:
in X , teaches Mathematics.
Short Questions
11. Answer: 4.
75 (2a + 2b )(2-a 2-b ) = 2 2a-b + 2b-a . Then 2a-b 2b-a = 417 = 4 4"1
12
Since a b, we obtain 2a-b = 4.
12. Answer: 25.
x 3 - x + 120
120 . It 1s. an .mteger "f and on y . f ( x2 - 1) -120 .
=x
Note t h at
(x 1) (x 1) x2 1
Then x2 - 1 = 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120.
Hence, x = 0 2 3 4 5 11; and 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 11 = 25.
13. Answer: 9.
+
>
11
0.
Let y =v'3x 2 - 8x +
1 . Then the equation becomes

y y'3 2 - 11 = 3 .
Theny'3y 2 - 11 = 3 - y. Squaring both sides, we have 3y 2 - 11 = 9 - 6y
y 2 + 3y - 10 = 0 . Then y = 2 or y = -5 (rej ected because y 0) .
Solve 3x 2 - 8x 1 = 2 2 . Then x = 3 and x = -3- 1 . Hence, k = 3/3- 1 = 9 .
14. Answer: 2996 .
y
y 2 ; that is,
Rewrite the equation as the following:
b c d
b c d
0 0
+
c b a
Since a is the last digit of 2d, a is even; since 2a 1::::; d::::; 9, a::::; 4 . So a = 2 or a = 4 .
If a = 4, then d 2a 1 = 9 and thus d = 9; but then the last digit of 2d would be 8 1- a, a
a
a
1
d
contradiction.
a = 2, then d 2a 1 = 5 and the last digit of 2d is 2; so d = 6 . The equation reduces to

b c
b c
1
1 c b
There are 2 cases : either 2c 1 = b and 2b = 10 c, which has no integer solution; or
2c + 1 = 10 b and 2b 1 = 10 + c, which gives b = c 9 .
15 . Answer: 110 .
Complete the square: (x - 11) 2 + (y - 10) 2 = 0 . Then x = 11 and y = 10; thus xy = 110 .
16 . Answer: 93 .
If
Rearranging, we have
- 876
8
mn2 - 217n = 4mn - 876 n = 4mn
mn - 21 7 = 4 - mn - 217
Then ( mn - 217) 8 . It follows that mn - 217 = 1, 2, 4, 8 .
So mn = 218, 216, 219, 215, 221, 213, 225, 209, and n = -4, 12, 0, 8, 2, 6, 3, 5 respectively.
mn
216
225
N ot e th at m = - 1s a positiVe mteger. T en m = - = 18 or m = - = 75 .
n
12
3
=?-
. .
12
17. Answer: 50.

Write x = lxJ + --fl: Then 100:::; (lxJ + --fl:-) 2 - lxJ 2 = 2lxj--fl: -+ --fl:...J, 2lxJ + 1.
S o lxJ 50 and x 2
lx2J = 100 + 502 = 2600. On the other hand, x = v'26QO is a solution.
18. Answer: 35.
(X! + 2X 2 + + 49X 49 ) 2 = ( 1 X! + J2 J2X 2 + " " " + .j49 " .j49X 49 r
:::; ( 1 + 2 + + 49) (xi + 2x + + 49x9)
= 49 X2 50 X 1 = 352 .
= X 49 = 351
The equality holds if and only if x1 =
19. Answer: 58.
<
As shown below,
J x2 + (20 -y) 2 + Jy 2 + (21- z) 2 + J z2 + (20 -w) 2 + Jw 2 + (21 - x) 2

= AB + BC + CD +DA
= A'B + BCJ + CD + DA."
:::; A' A" = 422 + 402 = 58.
21-x
A"
A'
A
x
::: ------- -.----"'7""o;::,...-----.,.. ----------:::,..
',
;::,:,
,.. .... ....... """"
,'
;3
,
.... ..I
....
',
,..,
o
C'l
;3
I
'
21- z
C\
\
\
'
\
\ jj
..
...
........
,,
...........
.......
,, A.. -"
'
20. Answer: 1818.
A = abed. Then
1000(a + n) + 100(b - n) + 10(c + n) + (d - n) = nA.
It gives A + 909n = nA; or equivalently, ( n - 1 )A = 909n.
Note that (n - 1) and n are relatively prime and 101 is a prime number. We must have
(n - 1) So n = 2 or n = 4.
If n = 4, then A = 1212, which is impossible since b n. So n = 2 and A = 909 2 = 1818.
Let the 4-digit number be
-9.
<
13
21. Answer: 4.
Note that 1024 = 21 0 1 (mod 1023). Then
10211022 ( _ 2)1022 21022 21ox102+2 1024102 22 1102 22 4
22. Answer: 375.
Let m and M be the smallest and the largest numbers. Then
m + 80 + 1 = M + 80 1 = m + M + 80
5
5
6
Solving the system, m = 15 and M = 25. Then mM = 375.
=
(mod
1023)
23. Answer: 3 .
1 a3 =- 1-,a a4 =--2 +- a, as =-3--,

+ 2a . . . . In general,
a1 = a. Then a2 =-1 -,
+ a 2 + a 3 +2 a 5 + 3a
an =FFnn+l++FnF-na1 a
where F1 = 0, F2 = 1 and Fn +l = Fn Fn-1 for all
1.
F + F2o11 a = a, then (a2 + a - 1)F2o12 = 0.
If a 201 2 = 2o1 2
+ L' 2012 a 2
L'
1
20
3
Since F 201 2 0, we have a + a - 1 = 0. Let and (3 be the roots of a 2 + a - 1 = 0. Then
Let
-=-----'-==----
>
23.
ga + 1, we have (a + b) ga.
. lOa + b = -Smce
a+b a+b
Case 1: If 3 f (a + b), then (a + b) a, and thus b = 0. We have 10 20 40 50 70 80.
3a ::::; 3. If 3a = 1, then
Case 2: If 3 (a + b) but gf(a + b), then (a + b) 3a and 1::::;
a+b
a3a+ b
3a
2a = b, we have 12 24 48. If a + b = 2, then a = 2b, we have 21 42 84. If -= 3, then
a
+
b
b = 0, we have 30 60.
Case 3 : If g (a+ b), then a+b = g or 18. If a+b = 18, then a = b = g, which is impossible.
If a + b = g, then we have g friendly numbers 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 go.
24. Answer:
--
Therefore, in total there are 23 2-digit friendly numbers.
108.
Since DA = DE = DF, LEFA = goo. Let LEBF = LEFB = x0
LBFC =goo - x0 and LCBF = 2x0, LBAC =goo - 2x0
25. Answer:
14
Then
LBCF =
It is given that 3x = 2 ( 9 0 - x ) . Then x = 36. So x = 180 - ( 90 - x ) - ( 90 - 2x ) = 3x = 108.

26. Answer: 468.
AO = 30202 = 45. Then the area of !::,. ABC IS. ( 20 + 452 )

Let the height of !::,. CGF be
Then
3
( ) 2 = 351 = ( 3 ) 2
=
Note that
30
= 975 .
h.
30
Note that the rectangle
975
:::?
30
- h
DEFG has the same base as !::,. CGF. Then its area is
351
2
3
2 = 468
27. Answer: 240.
DE = 1 and denote A = EG = 3 4.
EGAX = 1 +A
AGEF 1 +A
1
1 + 2A
.
- -8
- Imp Ies
4
4
DEXY
DEXY
8
ABCDEF
6
AGEF
1 + 2A
Note that
DEXY = 8" Then ABCDEF 6
12
If AGEF = 100, then ABCDEF = 100
= 240.
S
E A G D
We may assume that
-
1.
X/
I
I
Fl
.'-------------.lL.----->L
28. Answer: 200.

15
5
12
Since at most one red marble can be withdrawn each time, it requires at least
200 withdrawals.
200 is possible. For example,

150 . (1, 2, 2) + 20 . (1, 0, 4) + 10 . (1, 0, 2) + 20 . (1, 0, 0) (200, 300, 400).
29. Answer: 3150.
Case 1: Jamy and Jaren both take red marbles. So 1 red, 4 blue and 4 green marbles are
distributed to 9 students:
() () 630.
Case 2: Jamy and Jaren both take blue marbles. So 3 red, 2 blue and 4 green marbles are
distributed to 9 students:
G) () 1260.
Case 3: Jamy and Jaren both take green marbles. So 3 red, 4 blue and 2 green marbles are
distributed to 9 students. The number is the same as case 2.
630 + 1260 + 1260 3150.
30. Answer: 840.
With three cuts, a round cake can be cut into at least 1 + 3
4 pieces, and at most
1 + 1 + 2 + 3 7 pieces. Moreover, 4, 5, 6, 7 are all possible. 4 5 6 7 840.
On the other hand,
n=
31. Answer: 27.

( + 1)(y + 1)( z + 1) 2013 3 11 61.
I f all y, z are positive, there are 3 ! 6 solutions.
If exactly one of y, z is 0, there are 3 6 18 solutions.
If exactly two of y, z are 0, there are 3 solutions.
6 + 18 + 3 27.
32. Answer: 1.
1 . Then the expectation
For each student , the probability that he gets back his card is
20 12
1
.
of the whole class 2012
2012 1.
x
x,
x,
x,
IS
16
33. Answer: 12.

Let E be the expectation. If
does not win, the probability is
If A wins and then does not win, the probability is
2/3 and the game restarts.
(1/3)(2/3) and the game restarts. The

probability that wins two consecutive games is (1/3)(1/3). Then
E = 32 (E + 1) + 92 (E + 2) + 91 2.
Solving the equation, we get E = 12.
34. Answer: 1976.
If there are 1024 = 21 0 students, then the 1024th student is the last one leaving the circle.
Suppose 2012 - 1024 = 988 students have left. Among the remaining 1024 students, the last
student is (2 988 - 1) + 1 = 1976.
35. Answer: 12.
(n - 1) 2 ( = ) ( k - 2)! = (k : 2) ( k - 2)!. Then 2 = (n k + n k + 2 )
That is, 2n 2 - (4k - 6)n + (2k 2 - 6k + 4 - n) = 0. We can solve
7 - 5 (n k).
v8k --n = k +-4
Note that the square of any odd number has the form 8k-7. Choose k so that v8k - 7-5 = 4,
i.e . , k 11. Then n 12.
A
>
17
"

(Junior Section, Round 2)

0930-1230
Saturday, 23 June 2012
0 be the centre of a parallelogram ABCD and P be any point in the plane.

Let M, N be the midpoints of AP, BP, respectively and Q be the intersection of
MC and ND. Prove that 0, P and Q are collinear.
1. Let
A such that each of the ten digits 0, 1,

exactly once as a digit in exactly one of the numbers A, A2, A3.
2. Does there exist an integer
. . . , 9 appears
L.ABC, the external bisectors of LA and LB meet at a point D. Prove that

the circumcentre of L.ABD and the points C, D lie on the same straight line.
3. In
4.
Determine the values of the positive integer n for which the following system of
equations has a solution in positive integers x1, x2, , Xn. Find all solutions for
each such n.
Xl+ X2 + + Xn = 16
1
1
1 + + . . + - = 1
Xn
X1 X2
5.
(1)
(2)
Suppose S = a1, a2, , a15 is a set of 1 5 distinct positive integers chosen from
2 , 3, ... , 2012 such that every two of them are coprime. Prove that S contains a
prime number. (Note" Two positive integers m, n are coprime if their only common
factor is 1.)
18

(Junior Section, Round 2 solutions)
MN II AB II CD, we have MQN"' CDQ. Hence MN = AB/2 = CD/2.

Thus QM = CQ/2. In ACP, CM is a median and Q divides CM in the ratio 1:2.
Thus Q is the centroid. Hence the median PO passes through Q.
1. Since
Since the total number of digits in A, A2 and A3 is 10, the total number digits in
32, 322, 32 3 is 11 and the total number of digits in 20, 202, 203 is any solution A must
satisfy 21 :::; A :::; 31. Since the unit digits of A, A2, A3 are distinct, the unit digit of A
can only be 2, 3, 7, 8. Thus the only possible values of A are 22, 23, 27, 28. None of them
has the desired property. Thus no such number exists.
2.
9,
CD bisects LC. If CA = CB, then CD is the perpendicular bisector of

AB. Thus the circumcentre of ABD is on CD.
3. Note that
If C A =/:. CB, we may assume that CA > CB. Let E be a point on CB extended and F
be the point on CA so that C F = CB. Then, since CD is the perpendicular bisector of
19
BF, we have LAFD = LDBE = LDBA. Thus AFBD is a cyclic quadrilateral, i.e . , F
is on the circumcircle of 6.ABD. The circumcentre lies on the perpendicular bisector
of BF which is CD.
4.
then
Without loss of generality, we may assume that x1 S x2 S
S Xn If x 1 =
from
n =
and
cannot be satisfied. Thus x1 If x2 = then n = 2 and
again
cannot be satisfied. Thus x2 Similarly, X3 Thus x4+ + Xn S
with x4 Thus n s
(2),
(1)
(1)
4.
4.
2.
3.
1,
4.
2,
n =
(i)
1: No solution.
(ii)
2: The only solution of + 1 is x1 x2 2 which doesn't satisfy
(1) . Thus there is no solution.
(iii)
3: The only solutions of; + +;3 1 are (x1 , x2 , x3) (2, 3, 6) , (2, 4, 4)
and ( 3, 3, 3) . They all do not satisfy (1) .
(iv)
4: According to the discussion in the first paragraph, the solutions of
x 1 + + X4 16 are
(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4) (2, 3, 4, 7), (2, 3,5, 6) ,(2, 4,4, 6) ,(2, 4,5,5),
(3, 3, 4, 6) , (3, 3,5,5),(3, 4,4,5),(4, 4, 4,4) .
Only the last one satisfy (2) .
Thus the system of equations has a solution only when
4 and for this the
only solution is x1 x2 X3 X4 4.
__!_
n =
Xl
n =
n =
__!_
2
X
x12
n =
n,
5.
Suppose, on the contrary, that S contains no primes. For each i, let Pi be the smallest
prime divisor of ai . Then Pl, P2 , . . . , P1 5 are distinct since the numbers in S are pairwise
coprime. The first primes are
5,
If
=
=
>
and aj
Pj is the largest among Pl, P2 , . . . , p1 5 , then Pj
a contradiction. Thus S must contain a prime number.
15
2, 3, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 , 23, 29 , 31, 37, 41, 43, 47.

47
472 472 2309 2012,
20

2012
Senior Section (First Round)
Tuesday,
29
May
2012
0930-1200
hrs
1.
2.
3.
Answer ALL
35
questions.
Enter your answers on the answer sheet provided.

For the multiple choice questions, enter your answer on the answer sheet by shading
the bubble containing the letter (A, B, C, D or E) corresponding to the correct
answer.
4- For the other short questions, write your answer on the answer sheet and shade the
appropriate bubble below your answer.
5.
6.
7.
8.
No steps are needed to justify your answers.

Each question carries
mark.
No calculators are allowed.

Throughout this paper, let LxJ denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
For example, L2.1J = 2, L3.9J = 3.
PLEASE DO NOT TURN OVER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO
21
1. Suppose
and (3 are real numbers that satisfy the equation
) V J2+ 1
(V
x2 + 2 J2+ 1 x+
3 +;3 .
Find the value of
(A) 3 J J2+ 1(J2 - 1) - 8
(B) 8 -6v\12 + 1(J2 - 1)
(C) 3 JJ2+ 1(J2 - 1)+ 8
(D) 6 J J2+ 1(J2 - 1) - 8
(E) None of the above
2. Find the value of

20112 X 2012 - 2013 20132 X 2014 - 2015
-- -------+
-------,-2012!
2014!
1 + 1 - 1 - 1
2 0 1 0! 2 011! 2 01 2 !
2 009!
1 + 13 + 1
(D) 1 + 2 010!
2 01 ! 2 01 4 !
2 009!
1 + 1 + 1 + 1
2 010! 2 011! 2 01 2 !
2 009!
1 + 1 - 1 - 13
(C)
2 010! 2 01 2 ! 2 01 !
2 009!
1 + 1 - 13 - 1
(E)
2 0 1 0! 2 01 ! 2 01 4!
2 009!
(A)
(B)
3. The increasing sequence T = 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11

consists of all positive integers which are not perfect squares. What is the 2012th term of T?
(A) 2055
(B) 2056
(C) 2057
(D) 2058
(E) 2059
4. Let 0 be the center of the inscribed circle of triangle ABC and D be the point on
AC with OD _LAC. If AB = 10 AC = 9 BC = 11, find CD.
(A) 4
(B) 4.5
(C) 5
(D) 5.5
22
(E) 6
(A)
cos4 75 + sin4 75 + 3 sin2 75 cos2 75

cos6 75 + sin6 75 + 4 sin2 75 cos2 75
(B)
(C)
(D) 1
(E) cos 75 + sin 75
6. If the roots of the equation x2 + 3x - 1 = 0 are also the roots of the equation
x4 + ax2 + bx+ c = 0, find the value of a+ b+ 4c.
(A) -13
(B) -7
(C) 5
(D) 7
(E) 11
7. Find the sum of the digits of all numbers in the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . , 1000.
(A) 4501
(B) 12195
(C) 13501
(D) 499500
8. Find the number of real solutions to the equation

X
100
.
smx,
where x is measured in radians.

(A) 30
(B) 32
(C) 62
(D) 63
(E) 64
9. In the triangle 6ABC, AB = AC, LABC = 40 and the point D is on AC such

that BD is the angle bisector of LABC. If BD is extended to the point E such that
DE= AD , find LECA.
A
(A) 20
(B) 30
(C) 40
(E) 50
10. Let m and n be positive integers such that m > n. If the last three digits of 2012m
and 2012n are identical, find the smallest possible value of m+ n.
(A) 98
(B) 100
(C) 102
(D) 104
23
Short Questions
11. Let a b c and d be four distinct positive real numbers that satisfy the equations
(a2m2 c2 o12)(a2012 d2012) 2011
and
(b2o12 c2 o12) (b2o12 d2o12) 2011
Find the value of (cd ) 2 01 2 -(ab ) 2 012 .
12. Determine the total number of pairs of integers x and y that satisfy the equation
1 1 1
+2 3' 2X
_
13. Given a set S

2
, a collectionF of subsets of S is said to be intersecting
if for any two subsets A and B in F, we have A n B -=1 0. What is the maximum
size ofF?
=
10
14. The set M contains all the integral values of m such that the polynomial
2 ( m -1) x2 - ( m2 - m +12)x + 6m
has either one repeated or two distinct integral roots. Find the number of elements
of M.
15. Find the minimum value of
sin x+ cos x
+ coscosx -2xsin x I
----
16. Find the number of ways to arrange the letters A, A, B, B, C, C, D and E in a line,
such that there are no consecutive identical letters.
x
17. Suppose x 3V2+Iog3 is an integer. Determine the value of x.

18. Let f(x) be the polynomial (x-a1 )(x-a2)(x-a3)(x-a4)(x-as) where a1 , a2, a3, a4
and a5 are distinct integers. Given that f (104) 2012, evaluate a1+a2+a3+a4+a5.
19. Suppose x, y, z and are positive real numbers such that
yz 6-Ax
xz 6-Ay
xy 6-Az
x2+y2+z2 1
Find the value of (xyz.A) -1 .
=
24
20. Find the least value of the expression

real numbers satisfying the equation
(x +y )(y +z) , given that x, y, z are positive

xyz(x+y+z) 1.
=
21. For each real number let

be the minimum of the numbers
2012.
4. Determine the maximum value of
-2
x+
x, f(x)
6f (x) +
4x+1, x + 2 and
22. Find the number of pairs (A, B) of distinct subsets of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 such that A is
a proper subset of B. Note that A can be an empty set.
23. Find the sum of all the integral values of that satisfy
JX+3- 4 + JX+ 8- 6
24. Given that
for real values of
1.
I x2+ 4x +5- v'x2+ 2x+5 1 ,
S = v'
x, find the maximum value of 84.
25. Three integers are selected from the set S = 1, 2, 3, ... , 19, 20 . Find the number
of selections where the sum of the three integers is divisible by 3.
26. In the diagram below, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral with AB = AC. The line
FG is tangent to the circle at the point C, and is parallel to BD. If AB =
and
BC = 4, find the value of 3AE.
25
27. Two Wei Qi teams, A and B, each comprising of 7 members, take on each other in
a competition. The players on each team are fielded in a fixed sequence. The first
game is played by the first player _of each team. The losing player is eliminated while
the winning player stays on to play with the next player of the opposing team. This
continues until one team is completely eliminated and the surviving team emerges as
the final winner - thus, yielding a possible gaming outcome. Find the total number
of possible gaming outcomes.
28. Given that m ( cos + ( sin and n ( .J2- sin
( cos where and are
the usual unit vectors along the x-axis and the y-axis respectively, and E ( 1r 2n ) .
If the length or magnitude of the vector m n is given by m n 8'f, find the
value of 5 cos ( + i) 5.
= B) i
B) j
B) i + B ) j , i j
B
+ =
29. Given that the real numbers x, y and

the maximum value of j ( x y
v2 x
z satisfies the condition x +y + z = 3, find

+13 +3y +5+V'8z +12.
30. Let P ( x ) be a polynomial of degree 34 such that P(k) = k (k + 1 ) for all integers
z) =
k=0 1 2
34. Evaluate 42840 x P ( 35) .
31. Given that a is an acute angle satisfying
v369 - 360 cosa +v544 - 480 sina - 25 = 0

find the value of 40 tana.
32. Given that
and
a b c d e are real numbers such that

a+b +c+d+e = 8
a2+b2+ c2+d2+e2 = 16
Determine the maximum value of L eJ.

33. Let L denote the minimum value of the quotient of a 3-digit number formed by three
distinct digits divided by the sum of its digits. Determine L10 J .
34. Find the last 2 digits of
35. Let
f (n) be the integer nearest to yfii. Find the value of
26

Senior Section (First Round Solutions)
1. Answer:
(D)
Note that a (3 =
(2V J2 +1) and a(3 J J2 +1.

__!_ __!_ (a+ (3) 3- 3a(3(a + (3)
+
=
a3
(33
( af3) 3
s..)J2
+1
6vv'2+1
6(vv'2 +1)- s(J2 +1)
v'2+1
6v,---.J'i- +-1 ( .J2 1) s
-
2. Answer: (E)
27
3. Answer: ( C )
Note that 442 = 1936, 452 = 2025 and 462 = 2116. So 2, 3, . . . , 2012 has at most
2012 - 44 terms. For the 2012th term, we need to add the 44 numbers from 2013 to
2056. But in doing so, we are counting 452 = 2025, so the 2012th term should be
2012 + 44 + 1= 2057.
4. Answer: ( C )
is tangent to the circle at D, by constructing E and F as shown, we have

CD= CF, AD= AE and BE= BF. Solving for the unknowns give CD= 5.
AC
5. Answer: (D)
cos6 x + sin6 x+ 4 sin2 x cos 2 x
= ( cos 2 x + sin 2 x ) ( sin4 x + cos 4 x - sin 2 x cos 2 x ) + 4 sin 2 x cos 2 x
= ( sin4 x+ cos4 x + 3 sin2 x cos 2 x ) .
6. Answer: ( B )
We have the factorization
( x2 + 3x - 1 ) ( x2 + mx - c) = x4 + ax 2 + bx + c.
Comparing coefficients give 3 + m= 0, -1 - c + 3m= a and -3c - m= b . We can

solve these equations to obtain a+ b + 4c= -7.
7. Answer: ( C )
Among all numbers with 3 or less digits, each i, i= 0, 1, 2, , 9, appears exactly 300
times. Thus the sum of the digits of all the numbers in the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, , 999
is
300 ( 1 + 2 + . . . + 9 ) = 13500,
and so the answer is 13501.
28
8. Answer: (D)
Since -1:::;; sin x:::;; 1, we have - 100:::;; x:::;; 100. We also observe that 317r < 100 <
327r.
For each integer k with 1 :::;; k :::;; 16, 1 0 = sin x has exactly two solutions in
[2(k-1)7r (2k - 1)7r], but it has no solutions in ((2k - 1)7r 2k7r). Thus this equation
has exactly 32 non-negative real solutions, i.e. x = 0 and exactly 31 positive real
solutions. Then it also has exactly 31 negative real solutions, giving a total of 63.
9. Answer: ( C )
Construct a point F on EC such that EF= EA. Since LAED LFED, 6.AED
is congruent to 6.FED.
Thus DF = DA = DE and LFDE = LADE = 60. We also have LEDC =
LADE= 60, which implies that LFDC= 60 and 6.CFD is congruent to 6.CED.
In conclusion, LEGD= LFCD= 40.
=
10. Answer: (D)

We want to solve 2012m
2012n (mod 1000) which is equivalent to
Since (12m-n - 1) is odd, we must have 8 12n so n 2:: 2. It remains to check that
125 12m-n - 1 i.e. 12m-n 1 ( mod 125). Let <p be Euler's phi function. As
<p(125) = 125 - 25= 100, by Euler's theorem, we know that the smallest m - n must
be a factor of 100. By checking all possible factors, we can conclude m - n= 100
and so the smallest possible value for m+ n is 104 since n 2:: 2.
29
Short Questions
11. Answer: 2011

Let A = a2 01 2 , B = b2 01 2 , C = c2 0 1 2 and D = d2 01 2 . Then A and B are distinct roots
of the equation (x -C ) (x - D) = 2011. Thus the product of roots, AB = CD - 2011
and CD - AB = 2011.
12. Answer: 6
Note that x and y must satisfy
2x+ 1 3 = y(y + 2).
We first assume x :;::: 0, which means both y and y + 2 are even integers. Either
3 y or 3 y + 2. In the first case, assuming y > 0, we have y = 3 2k and
y + 2 = 2(3 . 2k-l + 1) = 2x+1 -k. The only way for this equation to hold is k = 1
and x = 3. So (x, y, y + 2) = (3, 6, 8).
In the case 3 y+ 2, assuming y > 0, we have y+ 2 = 3 2k and y = 2(3 2k-1 - 1) =
2x+ 1 -k. Now the only possibility is k = 1 and x = 2, so (x, y, y + 2) = (2, 4, 6) .
In the two previous cases, we could also have both y and y+ 2 to be negative, giving
(x, y, y + = (3, -8, -6) or (2, -6, -4).
Finally, we consider x < 0 so 3 = 2-x-ly(y + 2). In this case we can only have
x = -1 and (x, y, y + 2) = (-1, 1, 3) or (-1, -3, -1).
Hence possible (x, y) pairs are (3, 6) , (3, -8) , (2, 4) , (2, -6) , ( -1, 1) and ( -1, -3).
2)
13. Answer: 512

If A E F then the complement
can belong to F, that is
S nA
fj. F. So at most half of all the subsets of
F:::;
210
2 = 512.
Equality holds because we can take F to be all subsets of S containing 1.

14. Answer: 4
If m = 1, the polynomial reduces to -12x + 6 = 0 which has no integral roots.
For m-=/:- 1, the polynomial factorizes as ((2x - m) ( (m - 1)x - 6) , with roots x = r;
and x = . For integral roots, m must be even and m - 1 must divide 6. The
m l values are m = -2, 0, 2 and 4. So M has 4 elements.
only possible
15. Answer: 2
Note that cos 2x = cos2 x - sin2 x. So
1
cos x - sin x
= sin x + cos x + .
sin x + cos x +
smx + cos x
cos 2x
Set w = sin x + cos x and minimize lw + I
By AM-GM inequality, if w is positive then the minimum of w + is 2; if w is
negative, then the maximum of w + is -2. Therefore, the minimum of lw + I is
2.
I I
30
16. Answer: 2220

We shall use the Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion. There are
ways to arrange
the letters without restriction. There are
ways to arrange the letters such that
both the As occur consecutively. (Note that this is the same number if we use B or
C instead of A.)
There are ways to arrange the letters such that both As and Bs are consecutive.
(Again this number is the same for other possible pairs.) Finally there are 5! ways
to arrange the letters such that As, Bs and Cs occur consecutively.
For there to be no consecutive identical letters, total number of ways is
21i21
2i1
- 3 X _2!_ + 3 X
212121
2121
17. Answer: 9
J2 log3
Taking logarithm, we get log3
J2
solution for
is 2. Therefore
y = +y
'
6! - 5. - 2220
21
x = + 2x Let y = log3 x.
x = 3 = 9.
The only possible
18. Answer: 17
The prime factorization of 2012 is 2 503. Let b 104. If ai are distinct, so are
b- ai, i.e. (b- a1 ) ,
(b- a3 ) , (b- a4 ) and (b- a5 ) must be exactly the
integers 1 -1 2 -2 503 . Summing up, we have
=
b( -a2) , 2
5(104) - ( a1 + a2+ a3 + a4 + a5 ) = 1 - 1 + 2 - 2 + 503
19. Answer: 54
Multiplying the first three equations by
x, y and z respectively, we have

xyz = 6-\x2 = 6-\y2 = 6-\z2
Since,\# 0 and x2+y2+z2 = 1, we deduce that x2 = y2 = z2 = !,sox = y = z = }s
and
x2 1
2
Hence
\
/\-
xyz
6 x2
x3
- 6V3"
_
20. Answer: 2
Observe that
1
(x+y)(y +z) = xy +xz+y2+yz = y (x+y +z) +xz = -+
xz xz 2: 2
where the equality holds if and only if xz = 1. Let x = z = 1 and y = .J2- 1, then
we have the minimum value 2 for (x + y )(y + z ) .
31
21. Answer: 2028

Let L1, L2, L3 represent the three lines y
+ 1, y
+ 2 and y
+
respectively.
Observe that L1 and L2 intersects at G, D, L1 and L3 intersects at (, 3), and L2
and L3 intersects at
Thus
= 4x
=x
=-2x 4
(, ) .
1.
X<
x=r3 ' f (x) = x 2, 3 <X<
X=-' 3 '
-2x 4, X>
Thus the maximum value of f (x ) is and the maximum value of 6f (x )
4x+ 1,
7
3'
8
3'
2028.
2012 is
22. Answer:
Since B cannot be empty, the number of elements in B is between 1 to
After
picking B with k elements, there are 2k - 1 possible subsets of B which qualifies for
A, as A and B must be distinct. Thus the total number of possibilities is
665
6.
t m (2.
1)
=t, m (2. 1)
= t, m 2 - t, m
=(2 1) 6 - (1 1) 6
=36 - 26
=665.
_
23. Answer:
The equation can be rewritten as (-,fx - 2) 2 + Cv'x=-I. - 3)2 1.
If -yX=l 2: 3, it reduces to -yX=l - + -yX=l - 3 1 i.e. -yX=l 3 giving
10.
If -vX=1 ::;; 2, it reduces to 2 - -yX=l + 3 - -yX=l 1 i.e. -yX=l 2 giving
45
=
2
=
=
X=
=
=
X=5.
If 2 <-yX=l<3, i.e. 5<x <10, it reduces to -v'X=l - 2 3 - -yX=l = 1 which
is true for all values of x between 5 and 10.
Hence the sum of all integral solutions is 5 6 7 8 9 10=45.
24. Answer: 4
2) 2 (0 - 1)2 -y'(x
1) 2 (0 - 2)2 1 .
=y'(x
I
+
32
Let P =
0) , A =
and B =
then S represents the difference
between the lengths PA and PB. S is maximum when the points P, A and B are
collinear and that occurs when P =
0). So
(x,
(-2, 1)
(-1, 2) ,
(-3,
Thus the maximum value of S 4 =
4.
25. Answer: 384

Partition S into three subsets according to their residues modulo 3: S0 = 3, 6, . . . , 18 ,
= 1, 4, . . . , 19 and = 2, 5, . . . , 20 . In order for the sum of three integers
to be divisible by 3, either all three must belong to exactly one or all three must
belong to different
Hence total number of such choices is () + 2 G) + 6 7 7 = 384.
26. Answer: 10
82
81
Si
si.
Since BD II FG and FG is tangent to the circle at C, we have

LBCF = LOBE = LDCG = LBDC = LBAC.
Furthermore
LBEC = LBAC+ LABE = LOBE+ LABE = LABC = LACE.
We can then conclude that BE = BC = DC =
t:.DCE. If we let AE =
4. Also, f:.ABE is similar to

DE AE
2
===> DE = 3x.
=
DC AB
By the Intersecting Chord Theorem, AE EC = BE ED, i.e. x(6- x ) = 4(x ) ,
which gives x = so 3AE = 3x = 10.
27. Answer: 3432
x,
1
3,
We use a1, a2, , a7 and b1, b2, , b7 to denote the players of Team A and Team B,
respectively. A possible gaming outcome can be represented by a linear sequence of
the above terms. For instance, we may have a1a2b1b2a3b3b4b5a4b5b7a5a6a7 which
indicates player followed by player from Team A were eliminated first, and the
third player eliminated was player from team B. However Team A emerged the
final winner as all seven players of Team B gets eliminated with a5, a6 and a7
remaining uneliminated. ( Note a6 and a7 never actually played. ) Thus, a gaming
outcome can be formed by choosing out of possible positions for Team A, with
the remaining filled by Team B players. Therefore, the total number of gaming
outcomes is given by C 74) = cD'2 =
14
7 14
3432.
33
28. Answer: 1
8 =
=V4 + 2 J2 cosB - 2 J2 sinB

= j2 1+ cos ( )
= 2 J2 I cos ( + i) I
+n
() +
Since 1r < () < 27r, we have 7f < + i < 7f. Thus, cos ( + i) <
that cos ( + i) - and hence
29. Answer:
Using the
f(x
0. This implies
5 cos ( + i) + 5 = 1
AM-GM
inequality, we have
y z) =v2x + 13+{!3y + 5+8z + 12

=v 2x ; 13. V4+3y: 5 . {12. {12+8z; 12 . . .
2x+13 + 4 3y+5 + 2 + 2 8z+12 + 2 + 2 + 2
<
+
+ ----8--"'
2
4
3
1
29
= 4 (x+ y+ z)+ 4
4
=8
The equality is achieved at x
_____
= , y = 1 and z = .
30. Answer:
Let n 34 and Q(x) (x+ 1)P(x)-x
Then Q(x) is a polynomial of degree n + 1 and Q(k)
Thus there is a constant C such that
40460
= 0 for all k = 0 1 2
Q(x) (x+ 1)P(x)-x Cx(x- 1)(x- 2 ) (x- n )

Letting x -1 gives
1 C(-1)( -2 ) ( -n - 1) C(-1)n+l (n+ 1)!
Thus C (-1)n+l ( n+ 1)! and
1_ (x+Q(x))__1_ x+ (-1)n+lx(x- 1)(x- 2 ) (x- n )
P(x)__
- x+
1
x+ 1
( n+ 1)1.
So
1
n
(-1)n+1(n+1)1 = 1 n+1+(-1t+l = -P(n+1) = -(
n+ 1+
)
)
--(
"
n+ 2
(n+ l ) !
n+ 2
n+ 2
34
n.
since n
= 34 is even. Hence
42840 X P(35) = 34 X 35 X 36 X 3436=40460
31. Answer: 30
v'369 - 360 cos a and
Let
a.
Y = v'544- 480 sin Observe that

X2 = 122+152-2(12)(15) cos
Y2 = 122+ 202-2(12)(20) cos (90- )
and 152+ 202 = 252 = (X+ Y) 2, so we can construct a right-angled triangle ABD
X=
as shown.
c
y
15
2
B"---D
---=--____,
In particular LABC a and LCBD
fact similar to 6ABD. So LAD B a and
a.
= 90- We can check that 6ACB is in

=
40tana = 40 1520 = 30
x
32. Answer:
We shall apply the following inequality:
4(a2+b2+c2+d2) (a+b+c+d) 2
Since a+b+ c +d = 8-e and a2+ b2+ c2+ d2 = 16-e2, we have
4(16-e2) (8-e) 2
i.e. e(5e -16) :::; 0. Thus 0 :::; e :::; 16 5.
Notethatifa = b = c = d = 6 5,wehavee = 16 5. Hence LeJ = 3.
33. Answer: 105
A three-digit number can be expressed as lOOa+lOb+c, and so we are minimizing
+lOb+ c
F(a b c) = lOOaa+b+c
35
Observe that with distinct digits

Thus we assume that
Note that
a b c, F(a b c) has the minimum value when a<

b<c.
0 <a<b<c :::; 9.
+ lOb+ c = l+ 99a+ 9b
F(a b c) = lOOaa+b+c
a+b+c
We observe now that F(a b c) is minimum when c = 9.
99a+ 9b = 1+ 9 (a+ b+ 9) + 90a- 81 = 10+ 9 (10a- 9)
F(a b 9) = 1+ a+b+9
a+b+9
a+b+9
Now F(a b 9 ) is minimum when b = 8.
a-9) = 10 + 90 (a+ 17) -1611 = 100 1611
F(a 8 9 ) = 10 + 9 (10a+17
a+l7
a+17
which has the minimum value when a
1, and so L F(l 8 9 ) = 10 5 and
lOL = 10 5.
34. Answer: 59
Let a = 1715. and f3 = 1513.
Since 13 is odd. f3 -1 (mod 16) . Now let
cp be Euler 's phi function, cp(lOO) = 40 and cp( 40) = 16. By Euler ' s theorem,
a = 17,8 - 17-1 33 (mod 40)
_
where the last congruence can be calculated by the extended Euclidean algorithm.
Thus by repeated squaring, we have
19a 1933 59
_
(mod
100)
35. Answer:
Note that (n+ ) 2 n2
' so f(n2
n but f(n2
So each
of the sequences (n - f(n) )=1
) and (n f(n))=1
)
increases by for every increment of n by except when n
If n
2 and (n
we have n - f(n)
so the former sequence has
f(n
every perfect square repeated once. On the other hand, if n
we have
n f(n)
so the latter sequence
but (n
f(n
omits every perfect square. Thus
= +n+
+n+1 = n+1.
+n =
= (0 1 1 2 )
+ 2 ) = (2 3 5 26
1
1,
= m +m. = m +m,
=m
+ 1- + 1)) = m2,
2+ m,
=
m
= m2+2m + 1+ + 1)) = m2+2m+ 2,
oo
G) f(n) + () -f(n)
(r
( ) + ()
3
( 3)
()
()
-I: 3 + I: 3 + I: 3 - I: ( 3)
oo
n-f(n)
oo
n+ f(n)
oo
2 n
00
m=1
n=O
=5
36
2
2 m
oo
n=1
2 n
oo
m=1
2
2 m

(Senior Section, Round 2)

0900-1300
1. A circle
through the incentre I of a triangle ABC and tangent to AB at A,

intersects the segment BC at and the extension of BC at
Prove that the line
IC intersects w at a point M such that
E.
MD=ME .
2. Determine all positive integers n such that n equals the square of the sum of the
digits of n.
3. If 46 squares are colored red in a 9 9 board, show that there is a 2 2 block on
x
the board in which at least 3 of the squares are colored red.
an an+l be a finite sequence of real numbers satisfying

ao an+l
and ak-1- 2ak ak+l
= =0
+
Prove that fork = 0 1
n+1,
ak
5.
Prove that for any real numbers a
<
=:;
for
k=1 2
k(n + 1-k)
2
b d 2:: 0 with a + b= +d
37
2,

(Senior Section, Round 2 solutions)
Join AD, ID, IA and AE. Let IE intersect AC at N. We have LIAN=LIAB=

LIEA so that the triangles NIA and AlE are similar. Thus LAN!=LEAl=LIDB.
Also LDCI = LNG!. Therefore, the triangles DC! and NCI are congruent. Hence
LDIC=LNIC implying MD=ME.
1.
Let s ( n ) denote the sum of all the digits of n. Suppose n is a positive integer
such that s ( n ) 2 = n. Let s ( n) =k so that n =k2 . Then s (k2 ) = s ( n ) =k. Let
10r-1 k < lOr, where r is a positive integer. That is k has exactly r digits. From
10r-1 k, we have r logk + 1. From k < 10r, we have k2 < 102r so that k2 has at
most 2r digits. Therefore, s (k2 ) x 2r =18r 18 logk + 18 which is less than k if
k 2 50. Thus the equation s (k2 ) =k has no solution ink ifk 2 50.
Let k < 50 and s (k2 ) =k. Taking mod we get k2 k ( mod
Thus k- 0, 1
( mod
That is k =1, 10, 18, 19, 27, 28, 36, 37, 45, 46. Only when k =1 and k =
we have s (k2 ) =k. The corresponding solutions for n are n=1 or 81.
2.
9) .
9,
9,
3. Suppose that at most 2 squares are colored red in any 2
9).
9,
2 square. Then in any

x 2 block, there are at most 10 red squares. Moreover, if there are 10 red squares,
then there must be 5 in each row.
38
Now let the number of red squares in row i of the 9 x 9 board be ri. Then ri+ri+1 ::;
10, 1:::; i:::; 8. Suppose that some ri :::; 5 with i odd. Then
(r1 +r2)+ +(ri-2+ri-1)+ri+ +(rs+rg):::; 4 x + 5 = 45.
On the other hand, suppose that r1, r3, r5, r7, rg 2: 6. Then the sum of any 2 consecutive
ri's is :::; 9. So
(r1+r2)+ +(r7+rs)+rg :::; 4 x 9+9 = 45.
10
k n 1- k
Let bk = ( -+;, ). Then bo bn+l = and bk-1 - 2bk+ bk+l = -1 for k =
1, 2 . .. , n. Suppose there exists an index i such that ai > bi, then the sequence a0 b0, ..., an+1-bn+1 has a positive term. Let j be the index such that aj-1-bj-1 < aj-bj
and aj- bj has the largest value. Then
(aj-1- bj-1)+(aj+l- bj+1) < 2(aj- bj)
Using
ak-1- 2ak+ak+1 2: -1 and bk-1- 2bk+bk+1 = -1 for all k
we obtain
(aj-1- bj-1)+(aj+1- bj+1) 2: 2(aj- bj)
a contradiction. Thus ak:::; bk for all k. Similarly, we can show that ak 2: -bk for all k
and therefore ak :::; bk as required.
4.
5.
First note that (ae + bd)(ad +be) 2: (abed)2. To see this, we may assume
a 2: e 2: d 2: b since a+b = e+d. Then ed- ab 2: Also we have the two obvious
inequalities ae+bd 2: ed- ab and ad+be 2: ed-ab. Multiplying them together we get
(ae + bd)(ad+be) 2: (abcd)2. Next
(a2+e2)(a2+d2)(b2+e2)(b2+d2)
2
= ((ae+ bd)(ad+be)- (abed)2) +(abed)2
+ ((a+b)2(e+d)2- 1) (abed)2
2
= ((ae+ bd)(ad+be)- (abed)2) +16(abed)2
0.
<;
=
cac+bd :ad+be)' - (oh- cd)2r +16(abcd)2

ca b)'c+d)' - (abcd)2r+16(abcd)'
by AM-GM
(4 - (abed)2)2+16(abed)2.

This final expression is an increasing function of (abcd)2. The largest value of (abed)2 is 1 when (a, b, e, d) = (1, 1, 2), (1, 1, 2,
2, 1, 1), (2, 1, 1). Consequently,
2
(4 - (abcd)2) +16(abed)2:::; 25, proving the inequality.
=
0,
0 ), (0,
39
0,

(Open Section, First Round)
Wednesday, 30 May 2012
2012
0930-1200 hrs
2. Write your answers in the answer sheet provided and shade the appropriate bubbles below
your answers.

40
Throughout this paper, let LxJ denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x. For example,
)
2 . 1 = 2 , 3.9 = 3 This notation is used in Questions 2 , 10, 16, 1 7, 18 and 22 .
L J
L J (
1 . The sum of the squares of 50 consecutive odd integers is 300850. Find the largest odd
integer whose square is the last term of this sum.
1000
L Llog2 kJ .
k=3
.
2
)
3 . Given that f x is a polynomial of degree 201 2 , and that f k = k for k = 1 , 2 , 3,
find the value of 2014
()
( )
f 2014 .
2013,
4. Find the total number of sets of positive integers x , y, z , where x , y and z are positive
integers, with x < y < z such that
x + y + z = 203.
5. There are a few integers n such that n 2 + n + 1 divides n 2 01 3 + 6 1 . Find the sum of the
squares of these integers.
( )
6. It is given that the sequence an = l ' with a 1 = a2 = 2 , is given by the recurrence relation
for all n = 2 , 3, 4,
Find the integer that i s closest t o the value of
201 1 a + l
k
L2 a k .
k=
7. Determine the largest even positive integer which cannot be expressed as the sum of two
composite odd positive integers.
8 . The lengths of the sides of a triangle are successive terms of a geometric progression. Let
A and C be the smallest and largest interior angles of the triangle respectively. If the
shortest side has length 16 em and
sin A - 2 sin B + 3 sin C
sin G - 2 sin B + 3 sin A
find the perimeter of the triangle in centimetres.
19
9'
9 . Find the least positive integral value of n for which the equation
x +X +
has integer solutions x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ,
+ X = 200 2 2 00 2
, Xn
41
an be a real root of the cubic equation nx 3 + 2x - n
= 0, where
n is a positive integer.
01 3
2
1
If f3n= l( n + 1)anJ for n= 2 3 4 , find the value of
f3k
1006 L
k=
10. Let
1 1 . In the diagram below, the point D lies inside the triangle

such that
and
90 . Given that
5 and
6, and the point M is the midpoint of
find the value of 8 x DM 2 .
AC,
LBDC=
AB=
BC=
ABC
LEAD= LBCD
1 2 . Suppose the real numbers x and y satisfy the equations

x 3 - 3x 2 + 5x
=1
Find x + y .
and y 3 - 3y 2 + 5y
=5
13. The product of two of the four roots of the quartic equation x4 - 18x 3 +kx 2 +200x- 1984
is -32. Determine the value of k.
=0
14. Determine the smallest integer n with n ?: 2 such that
is an integer.
1 5 . Given that f is a real-valued function on the set of all real numbers such that for any real
numbers a and b,
f af b
ab
( )
Find the value of f 201 1 .
( ( ))=
16. The solutions to the equation x 3 - 4 x
l J= 5, wherek x is a real number, are denoted by

XI X 2 X 3 . . . X k for some positive integer k. Find L x r .
i=l
1 7. Determine the maximum integer solution of the equation
= 1001
+
l !E_1 ! J + l !E_J
l !E_3 ! J + . . . + l _!!_
10! _ J
2!
42
18. Let A, B , C be the three angles of a triangle. Let L be the maximum value of
sin 3A + sin 3B + sin 3C .
Determine l10LJ.
(
19. Determine thex2number
of sets of solutions x , y, z) , where x , y and z are integers, of the
2
2
2 2.
+
the equation
y +z
x y
20. We can find sets of 13 distinct positive integers that add up to 2142. Find the largest
possible greatest common divisor of these 13 distinct positive integers.
21. Determine the maximum number of different sets consisting of three terms which2 form an
arithmetic progressions that can be chosen from a sequence of real numbers a1 , a , , a1 01 ,
where
22. Find the value of the series
l 20121 + 2 k
L...J
k=O
2 k+ 1
j.
23. The sequence (xn )=1 is defined recursively by

X n+ l
with x1
(2 - J3)
1 (2 - J3)
Xn +
- Xn
'
1. Determine the value of X1001 - X401
24. Determine the maximum value of the following expression
- ' ' -$ 1 - X 2 - X 3 - X4 - ' ' - X 2 0 1 4 -
where x1 , x 2 , , x 2 014 are distinct numbers in the set
1 00 6 .
-1
).
25. Evaluate 22011 L ( -1) k 3k (2012
2k
k=O
43
-1, 2, 3, 4, , 2014---:

(Open Section, First Round Solutions)
1. Answer: 121
Let the integers be X + 2 X + 4
100. Then
( X + 2) 2 + ( X + 4 )2 + + ( X + 100) 2 = 300850
Let y = X + 51 and regrouping the terms, we obtain
[ (y - 49 )2 + (y + 49 )2 ] + [ (y - 47) 2 + (y + 47) 2 ] + . . . + [ (y - 1) 2 + (y + 1) 2 ] = 300850
which simplifies to
50y2 + 2 ( 1 2 + 32 + 52 + 72 + . . . + 49 2 ) = 300850
. the fact that 1 2 + 32 + 52 + + (2n - 1) 2 = 34 3 - 31 n, we obtam. y = 72. Hence
Usmg
X = 21, so that the required number is 121.
Solution.
X+
2. Answer: 7986
Note that 2k+1 - 2k = 2k , and that 2k t 2k+ 1 if and only if llog2 tJ = k.
Then the requires sum (denoted by S) can be obtained by
1 023
= 2: 2: llog2 tj + llog2 3j - L llog 2 tj
k(=2 2k 9<2)k+l 10
{; k2k + 1 - 23 9
8192 + 1 - 23(9) = 7986
:::;
Solution.
<
t=lOOl
3. Answer: 4
Let g(x) = xf(x) - 2, hence g(x) is a polynomial of degree 2013. Since g(l) =
g(2) = g(3) = = g(2013) = 0, we must have
g(x) = >.(x - l)(x - 2)(x - 3) (x - 2012)(x - 2013)
2 Hence,
for some >.. Also, g(O) = -2 = ->. 2013 ! , we thus have >. = 20131
g(2014) =203! (2013! ) = 2014 . f(2014) - 2
concluding that 2014 f(2014) = 4
Solution.
44
4.
Answer: 3333
. . mteger
. sets
= 20301 positive
First note that there are (2022 ) = 202(201)
2
( x, y, z) which satisfy the given equation. These solution sets include those where two of
the three values are equal. If x = then 2x+z = 203. By enumerating, z = 1, 3, 5, , 201.
There are thus 101 solutions of the form (x, x, z). Similarly, there are 101 solutions of the
form (x, y, x) and ( x, y, y). Since x y z, the required answer is
Solution.
y,
<
<
5. Answer: 62
Since
n 3 - 1 = (n7 - 1)(n2 + n + 1), we know that n2 + n + 1 divides n3 - 1.
2 0 13
Also, since n - 1 = (n3 ) 6 1 - 1, we also know that n2 + n + 1 divides n20 13 - 1. As
2
2
n 0 1 3 + 61 = n 0 1 3 1 + 62,
we must have that n2 + n + 1 divides n20 13 + 61 if and only if n2 + n + 1 divides 62.
Case (i): If n2 + n + 1 = 1, then n = 0, -1.
Case (ii): If n2 + n + 1 = 2, there is no integer solution for n.
Case (iii): If n2 + n + 1 = 31, then n = 6, -5.
Case (iv): If n2 + n + 1 = 62, there is no integer solution for n.
Thus, all the integer values of n are 0, -1, 6, -5. Hence the sum of squares is 1 + 36 + 25 =
62.
Solution.
6. Answer: 3015
The recurrence relation can be written as
l
a:: - a:: l = ( n 1 - ) - ( - n : 1 )
Summing for n = 2 to N, we obtain
Solution.
showing that
3 1- 1 .
-;;:;,;- - 2 - ( N N + 1 )
Summing this up for N = 2 to N = 2011, we obtain
2 0 11 -'1-1
(2010) - ( - -1- ) = 3014. 5 + -1ak
S = '"""'
=
ak 2
2 2012
2012
showing that the integer closest to S is 3015.
aN + l
45
7. Answer: 38
Let n be an even positive integer. Then each of the following expresses n as
the sum of two odd integers: n = (n - 15) + 15 (n - 25) + 25 or (n - 35) + 35. Note that
at least one of n - 15 n - 25 n - 35 is divisible by 3 so that it is composite, and hence n
can be expressed as the sum of two composite odd numbers if n 38. Indeed, it can be
verified that 38 cannot be expressed as the sum of two composite odd positive integers.
Answer: 76
2
Let the lengths
of
the
sides
of
the
triangle
in
centimetres
be
16,
16r
and
16r
2
(where r 1). Then 1r2--2r2r++3r3 -199 so that r = -32 . Hence, the perimeter of the
D
triangle = 16 ( 1 + + ) = 76cm
9. Answer: 4
Since 2002 4(mod9) 43 1(mod9) and 2002 = 667 3 + 1, it follows that
20022002 4667x3+ 1 4(mod9). Observe that for positive integers x, the possible residues
modulo 9 for x3 are 0 1 . Therefore, none of the following
X X + + X +
can have a residue of 4 modulo 9. However, since 2002 = 103 + 103 + 13 + 13, it follows
that
20022002 2002 . (2002667 ) 3
(103 + 103 + 1 3 + 1 3 ) (2002667) 3
(10 . 2002667 ) 3 + (10 . 2002667 ) 3 + (2002667 ) 3 + (2002667 ) 3
This shows that x + x + x + x! = 20022002 is indeed solvable. Hence the least integral
value of n is 4.
10. Answer: 2015
Let f(x) = nx3 + 2x - n. It is easy to see that f is a strictly increasing function for
n = 2 3 4 Further,
1 ( n : 1 ) = n ( n : 1 ) 3 + 2 ( n : 1 ) - n =(n ; 1)3 ( -n2 + n + 1 ) < O
for all n 2. Also, f(1) = 2 Thus, the only real root of the equation nx3 + 2x-n = 0
for n 2 is located in the interval n(1 1 ) . We must have
n < an < 1 n < (n + 1 )an n + 1
-n+1
so that f3n = l(n + 1)anJ = n for all n 2. Consequently,
-1- "201(33 k =-1- "2013 =-1- . 2012 (2 + 2013) = 2015
1006 k=2 1006 k=2 1006 2
Solution.
>
8.
Solution.
>
Solution.
2:
2:
>
0.
==?
<
2:
46
1 1 . Answer: 22
Solution.
Extend CD to E such that CD = DE .

' ' ',
'
'',
'
'
' ',
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
\
'
\
'
'
\
,,
'
'
'
'
\
'
-------=
It is clear that D.CDB and D.EDB are congruent . Hence EB = CB = and L_BED
L_BCD . Thus, L_BED = L_BCD = L_BAD implies that the points B , D , A are E are
concyclic. Given that L_BDC = goo , hence L_EDB = goo . BDAE is a cyclic quadrilateral
with EB as a diameter. Thus, L_EAB = goo . In the right-angled triangle EAB , we have
Since D and M are the midpoints of EC and AC respectively, DM =

8 x DM2 = 22 .
1 2 . Answer: 2
Solution.
2
From x 3 - 3
2
and from y 3 - 3 y
x + 5x
+ 5y
AE = Thus,
D
1 , we have
x - 1 ) 3 + 2 (x - 1 ) = -2,
5 , we have
)
y-1 3
+ 2 (y - 1 ) = 2 .
Thus
) (
)
)
)
(
0 ( x - 1 3 + 2 (x - 1 + y - 1 3 + 2 y - 1
)2)
)(
) (
)2
= (x + y - 2 ) ( (x - 1 - (x - 1 y - 1 + y - 1
2
+
(x + y - 2 )
)2)
)(
) (
)2
= (x + y - 2 ) ( 2 + ( x - 1 - (x - 1 y - 1 + y - 1 .
For any real numbers x and y, we always have
?
)(
) (
)2
0
y-1
(x - 1 - (x - 1 y - 1
and thus x + y - 2 = 0, implying that x + y = 2 .
(
47
13. Answer: 86
Let a, b, c, d be the four roots of x 4 - 18x 3 + kx 2 + 200x - 1984 = 0 such that
ab = -32. Then
a + b + c + d = 18,
ab + ac + ad+ be + bd + cd = k,
abc + abd + acd + bed = -200,
abed = -1984.
Since ab = -32 and abed = -1984, we have ed = 62. Then, from abc + abd + acd + bed =
-200 we have
-200 = -32c - 32d + 62a 62b = -32(e + d) + 62(a + b).
Solving this equation together with the equation a + b + c + d = 18 gives that
a + b = 4, c + d = 14.
From ab + ac + ad + be + bd + ed = k, we have
Solution.
= 30 + (a + b)(c + d) = 86.
14. Answer: 337

Solution.
Assume that
and so
(n 1)(2n + 1) = 6m2 .
Thus 6 (n + 1)(2n + 1), implying that n 1 or 5 ( mod 6).
= 6k + 5 .
Then m 2 = (k + 1)(12k + 11). Since (k + 1) and (12k + 11) are relatively prime, both must
be squares . So there are positive integers a and b such that k + 1 = a2 and 12k + 11 = b2 .
Thus 12a 2 = b2 1. But, as 12a 2
O ( mod 4) and b2 + 1
1 or 2 (mod 4), there are no
integers a and b such that 12a2 = b2 + 1. Hence Case 1 cannot happen.
n = 6k + 1.
Then m 2 = (3k + 1)(4k + 1). Since 3k + 1 and 4k 1 are relatively prime, both must be
squares. So there are positive integers a and b such that 3k + 1 = a 2 and 4k + 1 = b2 .
Then 3b2 = (2a - 1)(2a + 1). Observe that in the left-hand side, every prime factor except
3 has an even power. So neither 2a - 1 nor 2a + 1 can be a prime other than 3.
Now we consider positive integers a such that neither 2a - 1 nor 2a + 1 can b e a prime
other than 3. If a = 1, then b = 1 and n = 1. So we consider a
2. The next smallest
suitable value for a is 13. When a = 13, we have
3b2 = 25 27
and so b = 15, implying that k = 56 and so = 6k + 1 = 337.
=
Case 1: n
Case 2 :
2:::
48
15. Answer: 2011
f(f(1)f(b))
f(b)
f(b)
From the recurrence relation,

= f( 1 ) b and f(f(b)f( 1 ) ) =
1. Hence,
=
f( 1)b. By letting = / ( 1 ) , we obtain f(f( 1 ) ) = (f( 1 ) ) 2 . Also, from the given functional
equation, we have f(f( 1 ) ) = 1, hence (! ( 1 ) ) 2 = 1 , following that / ( 1 ) is either 1 or - 1 .
D
Hence f(201 1 ) = 201 1 .
16. Answer: 19
<
2::
x - 1 LxJ x . Note that if x 3, there will be no solution as

x3 - 4LxJ x3 - 4x = x(x2 - 4) 3(5) = 15.
Also, if x - 2 , there will be no solution as x 3 -4 L xJ x3 -4(x - 1) = x(x 2 - 4) + 4 4 .
Hence the solution must be in the interval ( - 2 , 3) .
If LxJ = - 2 , then x3 = -3, giving x = N, which is a solution.
If LxJ = - 1 , then x3 = 1, giving x = 1 which contradicts with LxJ = - 1 .
LxJ = 0, then x3 = 5, hence there is no solution.
If LxJ = 1 , then x3 = 9 . Since 2 W 3, there is no solution.
If LxJ = 2, then x3 = 13. Since 2 m 3, X = m is a solution.
D
Thus, the required answer is -3 + 13 = 10.
17. Answer: 584
Solution.
Note that
2::
2::
<
If
<
<
<
Solution.
<
It is clear that
l J + l;,J + l:,J + . . . + l 1! J
x,
is a monotone increasing function of and when = 6 ! , the above expression has a value
larger than 100 1 . Thus each solution of the equation
l ,J + l;,J + l:,J + . . . + l 1 ! J = 100 1
x is a solution, then
l ,J + l;,J + l:,J + . . . + l 1 ! J = l ,J + l;,J + l :, J + lJ + l:,J .
is less than 6! and so if
As
<
6 ! , it has a unique expression of the form

X
+ b 4! +
C X
C X
e,
+ d 2! +
1 . Note that
where b, c, d, are non-negative integer with a 5, b 4, c 3, d 2 ,
if
3! + d 2 ! +
X = a 5! + b 4! +
then
l, J + l;,J + l:,J + l :,J + l J = 206a + 41b + 10c + 3d +
Since 41b + 10c + 3d+
201 , we have 800 206a 1001 and so a = 4 . Thus
41b + lOc + 3d + = 1 77,
X=a
a,
5!
3!
e,
e.
49
which implies that
b = 4 and so on, giving that = d = 1 and

X
=4
5! + 4
4! + 1
3! + 1
= 0. Thus
2 ! + 0 = 584.
As 584 is the only integer solution, the answer is 584.

D
18. Answer: 25
Solution.
We shall show that -2 ::::; sin 3A + sin 3B + sin 3C ::::; 3v'3/2.
Assume that A ::::; B ::::; C. Then A ::::; 60 . Thus sin 3A 2:: 0 . It is clear that sin 3B 2:: - 1 and
sin 3C 2:: - 1 . Thus sin 3A + sin 3B + sin 3C 2:: -2. Let B = C. Then B = C = goo - A/2.
If A is very small, B and C are close to goo , and thus sin 3A + sin 3B + sin 3C is close to
-2.
Now we show that sin 3A + sin 3B + sin 3C ::::; 3v'3/2. First the upper bound can be reached
when A = B = 20 and C = 140 .
Let X = 3A,
= 3B and Z = 3(C - 120 ) . Then X + Y + Z = 180 and

sin 3A + sin 3B + sin 3C = sin X + sin Y + sin Z.
Suppose that X, Y, Z satisfy the condition that X + Y + Z = 1 80 such that sin X + sin Y +
sin Z has the maximum value. We can then show that X = Y = Z.
Assume that
X ::::; Y ::::;
Z. If X < Z, then
X-Z
.
.
. X+Z
. X+Z
sm X + sm Z = 2 sm
cos
< 2 sm
,
2
2
2
implying that
.
. X+Z
. X+Z
.
. y+
. y+
z <
+
X +
2
2
which contradicts the assumption that sin X + sin Y + sin Z has the maximum value. Hence
X = Y = Z = 60 , implying that A = 20 , B = 20 and C = 140 and
sin 3A + sin 3B + sin 3C = 3v'3/2.
Since
y'3
1 . 732 , the answer is then obtained.
1 g . Answer: 1
Solution. Note that x = 0, y = 0 and z = 0 is a solution of this equation. We shall show
that this is its only integer solution by proving that if x, y, z is a solution of this equation
and whenever x, y, z are divisible by 2k , they are also divisible by 2k + 1 for any k 2:: 0.
Let
2k x' , y
= 2ky' and
= 2k z ' . Then
x2
+ y2 + z2 =
x2 y 2
is changed to
It is easy to verify that only when x' , y' , z ' are all even, x'2 + y '2 + z 12 and
the same remainder when divided by 4. Thus x, y, z are divisible by 2 k + 1 .
50
2 2 k x12 y'2
have
D
20. Answer: 21
Let d be the greatest common divisor ( gcd ) o f these 13 distinct positive integers.
Then these integers can be represented as da1 , da2 , , da13 , where gcd ( a1 , a2 , , a13 ) =
Let S denote a1 + a2 + + a13 Then Sd =
In order for d to be the largest pos
sible, S must be the smallest . Since S ;::: + + 3 + + 3 =
and that S divides
and that
= x 3 x 7 x
the smallest possible value of S can be x
=
and
the largest value of d is thus
By choosing ( a1 , a2 , a3 , , a12 , a13 ) =
2, 3, ,
D
we conclude that d =
is possible.
Solution.
13
1.
2142 2
1 2
51,
21.
21
2142.
1 91
2142,
2 51 102,
(1,
12, 24),
21. Answer: 2500

Solution.
First , for the following particular sequence, there are really

three-term arithmetic progressions which can be chosen from this sequence:
They are s ,
and t with
s,
1, 2, 3, . . . ' 101.
i with 1 i 51 and 2i - i,
<
2500 different
i, 2i - for all integers

for all integers i
52 i 101.
Now we show that for any given sequence of real numbers a1 a2
aw1 , there are
at most 2500 different three-term arithmetic progressions which can be chosen from this
sequence.
Let as , ai , at represent a three-term arithmetic progression. It is clear that 2
i
100.
If
i 51, then the first term as has at most i - 1 choices, as must be an index in
1, 2, i - 1 . If 52 i 100, then the third term at has at most 101 - i choices, as
must be an index in i + 1, i + 2,
, 101 .
2
< t
t,
<
< <
So the number of different three-term arithmetic progressions which can be chosen from
this sequence is at most
1 00
51
+
= + 2 + . . . + 5o + + 2 + . . . +
= 25oo .
2
2
i=5
i=
D
I)i - 1) L (101 - i) 1
22. Answer: 20121

Solution.
Write
:= x
- L J . Then
49
if !!C2 < 12
otherwise
Thus, we have
Applying the above result for
x=
;,
f
( l ; J - l 2::1 J )
k=O
l;J
In particular, when
n=
n.
20121, the infinite series converges to 20121.

51
23 . Answer: 0
Solution.
Let X n = tan O: n . Since 2 -
X n+I = tan a n + I =
-J3 = tan {;( ) , it follows that
tan an + tan ( )
1r
= tan O:n +
1f
12
1 - tan an tan ( I 2 )
(
So, X n+ l 2 = tan an + 1r ) = tan an X n , implying that this sequence has a period of 1 2 .
Observe that 1 0 0 1 = 5 (mod 12) and 401 = 5(mod 12) . Consequently,
=
Xl QO I - X40 1 = X5 - X5 = 0
D
24. Answer: 2013
Solution.
be 2014, as
First it is clear that the answer is an integer between 0 and 2014. But it cannot
X I - X 2 - X 3 - X4
X 20 I4 and
X I + X2 +
+ X 2 0 I4 = 1
2+
+ 2014 = 1007
2015
have the same parity.

Now we j ust need to show that 2013 can be achieved . For any integer k ,
( 4k + 2) - ( 4k + 4) - ( 4k + 5) - ( 4k + 3) = 0
Thus
2 - 4 - 5 - 3 - . . . - ( 4k + 2) - ( 4k + 4) - ( 4k + 5) - ( 4k + 3)
-2010 - 2012 - 2013 - 201 1 - 2014 - 1
=
0 - 2014 - 1
2013
D
25. Answer: 1
Solution. Consider the complex number
binomial theorem one has
1f
1f
= cos
J + i sin J . On one hand, using the
) 20 I 2
Re cos 3 + i sin 3
20 I2
Re
+ i -;
( V3)
()
c ) ()
( ::: )
[ ( ) ( )
2 0I 2
20 I O
(; )
2
o12
2
+...+
2012
1
1-3
2
2
I
0
2
2
20 12
+
4
( ) ( : )
2 00 8
( )]
3 2 2012 + . . . + 3I 006 2012

+
201 2
4
52
On the other hand, using the De Moivre's theorem one has
( 20121f
Re ( w2 0 1 2 ) = Re cos
Thus ,
i sin
20121f )
3
_1_[1 - (2012) (2012) . . .

4
2
2012 (20124 ) . . .
[1 - ( 2 )
2 20 1 2
so that
2 20 11
32
32
- 3 1 004
53
= cos
20121f
(2012
2010)
- 3 1 00 4
2012)
(2010
= cos
3 1 006
21f
3
(2012
2012) ] - 2
2012) ] 1
(2012
3 1 006

Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO ) 2012
(Open Section, Round 2)

1. The incircle with centre
0900-1300
of the triangle ABC touches the sides BC, CA and AB

at
and respectively. The line
intersects the segment
at K. Prove
that A, K and M are collinear where M is the midpoint of BC.
D, E
2. Find all functions
IR
---+
ID
IR
EF
so that
(x y )(f(x ) -f (y )) (x-y ) f (x y )
for all
x, y
3. For each
E JR.
=
1, 2, . . . , N, let ai, bi, ci be integers such that at least one of them is

odd. Show that one can find integers
z such that xai + ybi + zci is odd for at
least 4N different values of i .
x, y,
/7
4.
Let p be an odd prime. Prove that

! P-2 + 2p -2 + 3p -2 + . . . +
5.
(
- 1 ) p -2
2 - 2P
p
( mod p ) .
There are 2012 distinct points in the plane each of which is to be coloured using
one of n colours so that the number of points of each colour are distinct. A set of
n points is said to be multi-coloured if their colours are distinct. Determine n that
maximizes the number of multi-coloured sets.
54

2012
(Open Section, Round 2 solutions)
1.
A
Let the line AK intersect EC at M. We shall prove that M is the midpoint of EC.
Since LFIK = LE and LEIK = LC, we have
FK
EK
Also
FK
sin LF AK
Therefore,
sin LFIK
sin LEIK
AE
sin LAKE
AF
sin LAKF
sin LFAK
sin LKAE
sin E
sin C '
FK
EK
EK
.
sin LKAE
sin E
sin C '
Consequently,
EM EM . AM sin LFAK
sin C
=
=
=
CM AM CM
sin E
sin LKAE
so that EM = CM.
55
l,
2. Suppose that
f is a solution. Let
a = 21 (! (1) - f (-1)), b = 21 (! (1) +! (-1))
and g (x ) = f (x ) - ax - bx2. Then
(x +y )(g(x ) - g (y )) = (x - y)g (x +y )
and g (1) = g( -1) = 0. Letting y = 1 and y = -1 above give
(x + 1) g (x ) = (x - 1) g (x + 1)
xg (x +1) = (x +2)g(x) .
Thus
x(x +1)g (x) = x(x - 1) g(x +1) = (x - 1)(x + 2) g (x)

for all x. So g (x ) = 0 for all x. Hence f(x) = ax+bx2. We can check directly that any
function of this form (for some a, b E JR.) satisfies the given equation.
Consider all the 7 triples
where
z are either 0 or
but not all 0. For
is odd. Thus among the 7 sums
each at least one of the numbers
3 are even and 4 are odd. Hence there are altogether 4N odd sums. Thus there is choice
of
for which at least 4N 7 of the corresponding sums are odd. You can think
of a table where the rows are numbered
. . . , N and the columns correspond to the
7 choices of the triples
The 7 entries in row are the 7 sums
Thus there are 4 odd numbers in each row, making a total of 4N odd sums in the table.
Since there are 7 columns, one of the columns must contain at least 4N 7 odd sums.
(x, y, z), x, y,
ai, bi, Ci
/
1, 2,
i
(x, y, z) .
3.
i,
(x, y, z)
(
xai +ybi +zci.
/
)
i 1, 2, . . P, ;1 ,
2i ( p ) = (p -1) (p - 2) . . . (p - (2i -1)) (-1) (-2) (- (2i - 1))
p 2i
(2i - 1) !
(2i - 1) !
4.
First, for each =
Hence
(p-1)/2
L
i= 1
xai+Ybi+zci,
1 (mod p) .
. ( ) 2 (p-1)/2 p-1 ( )
2
- L
2i.
p 2i = p i=1
i= 1
(p- 1)/2 ( p )
2
--p
(mod p) (by Fermat 's Little Theorem. )
=
i 1 2i
p-2 =
't
(p-1)/2
p- 2
't
't
L....,;
't
L....,;
The last summation counts the even-sized nonempty subsets of a p-element set, of which
there are P - 1
2 - 1.
56
5.
Let m1 < m2 <

< mn be the number of points of each colour. We call
m1, m2, . . . , mn the colour distribution. Then m1 + + mn =
and the num
ber of multi-coloured sets is M = m1 m2 . . . mn. We have the following observations.
2012
(i) m1 > 1 . For if m1 = then m1m2 . . . mn < m2m3 . . . mn - 1(1 + mn ) This

means if we use n- colours with colour distribution m2, m3, . . . , mn_ 1, + mn), we
obtain a larger M.
1,
(1
(ii) mi+1- mi ::::; 2 for all i . For if there exists k with mk+1 - mk 2': 3, then the
colour distribution with mk, mk+1 replaced by mk 1, mk+1- 1 yields a larger M.
(iii) mi+1- mi 2 for at most one For if there exist i j with mi +1 - mi
mj+1 - mj 2, the colour distribution with mi, mj+1 replaced by mi 1, mj+1 - 1
yields a larger M.
(iv) mi+1 - mi 2 for exactly one For if mi +1 - mi 1 for all then m1
mn nm1 n(n2-1) 2012 4 503. Thus n(2m1 - 1 n) 8 503. Since 503
is prime, the parity of n and 2m1 -1 n are opposite and 2m1 - 1 n n, we have
n 8 and m1 248. The colour distribution with m1 replaced by two numbers 2, 246
(using n 1 colours) yields a larger M.
2. If mn - mn 1 2, then from (iv) , we have m1
mn
(v) m1
n(n-1) 1 2012. Thus -n(2m1 -1 ) 2 2011. Since 2011 is prime, we get
nm1+ 2
n 2 and m1 1005 which will lead to a contradiction as in (iv) . Thus mn-mn_ 1 1.
mi+1- mi 2 for some 1 ::::; i ::::; n - 2. Suppose m1 2': 3. Let m' mi+2 - 2. Then
mi m' mi+1 with replacing mi+2 by 2, m' yields a larger M. Thus m1 2.
From the above analysis, with n colours, we see that the colour distribution 2, 3,
2, . . ., n 1, n 2, with 3 ::::; i ::::;2 n, yields the maximum M. Now
. . . , i- 1, i 1,
we have 2: mi (n 1) ( n 4) - i 2012. Thus n + 5n- 4020 2i, 3 :=::; i ::::; n, i.e. ,
n2 5n 2': 4026 and n2 3n ::::; 4020. Thus n 61 and i 3. Thus the maximum is
achieved when n 61 with the colour distribution 2, 4, 5, 6, . . . , 63.
=
<
<
i.
i.
<
i,
57
>
i +

1. Calculate the following sum:
1 2 3
4
10
-+ -+ -+ -+ . . . + .
16
210
2 4 8
(A)
50 3 .
256'
507
505
509
(B) 5 ,. C
; (D) 5 ,. (E) None of the above.
2 6 ( ) 256
2 6
2. It is known that the roots of the equation

x5 + 3x4- 40441 18x 3 - 12132362x 2- 12132363x- 201 12= 0
are all integers. How many distinct roots does the equation have?
(A) 1;
(B) 2; ( C) 3; (D) 4; (E) 5.
3. A fair dice is thrown three times. The results of the first, second and third throw are recorded
as x,
x,
(A)
and
and
1
;
12
z,
respectively. Suppose x + y=
z.
What is the probability that at least one of
is 2?
8
(B) , ( C ) 5 ; (D)
1
8
1
3;
(E)
!__.
13
4. Let
= 1 000 000 1 000 000 50 .

'-....--" '-....--"
2012 times
2011 times
Which of the following is a perfect square?

(A) x- 75;
(B) x- 25; (C) x ; (D) x + 25; (E) x + 75.
5. Suppose N 1, N2, ..., N2o11 are positive integers. Let
X= (N1 + N2 + + N2o10) (N2 + N3 + + N2ou ),

Y= (N1 + N2 + + N2ou) (N2 + N3 + + N2o1o) .
Which one of the following relationships always holds?
(A) X=Y;
(B) X>Y; ( C ) X<Y; (D) X- N1<Y- N2ou; (E) None of the above.
.
6. Consider the following egg shaped curve. A BC D is a circle of radius 1 centred at 0. The
arc AE is centred at C , CF is centred at A and EF is centred at D.
2
(A) 1680;
(B) 1712; (C) 3696; (D) 3760; (E) None of the above.
10. In the set {1, 6, 7, 9}, which of the numbers appear as the last digit of nn for infinitely many
positive integers n?
(A) 1, 6, 7 only;
(B) 1, 6, 9 only; (C) 1, 7, 9 only; (D) 6, 7, 9 only; (E) 1, 6, 7, 9.
Short Questions
z
x
y
11. Suppose -+ -+-=
a
b
c
12. Suppose x=
a
b
c
.
..J2 and-+-+-= 0. Fmd
13
v'19 + sv'3
. Find the exact value of

x4- 6x 3- 2x 2 +18x + 23
x 2- 8x + 15
13. Let a1= 3, and define an+l=
1
a
J3 n for all positive integers n. Find a2011
an + 3
14. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that

a2 + ab + b 2= 25,
b2 + be+ c2= 49,
c2 + ca + a2= 64.
distinct ways of using two tiles of size 1
1, two tiles of size 1
2 and one tile of size 1
4.
It is not necessary to use all the three kinds of tiles. )
24. A 4
2
4 Sudoku grid is filled with digits so that each column, each row, and each of the four
2 sub-grids that composes the grid contains all of the digits from 1 to 4. For example,
Find the total number of possible 4
4 Sudoku grids.
25. If the 13th of any particular month falls on a Friday, we call it
Friday the 13th.
It is known
that Friday the 13th occurs at least once every calendar year. If the longest interval between
two consecutive occurrences of Friday the 13th is
months, find
x.
26. How many ways are there to put 7 identical apples into 4 identical packages so that each
package has at least one apple?
27. At a fun fair, coupons can be used to purchase food. Each coupon is worth $5, $8 or $12.
For example, for a $15 purchase you can use three coupons of $5, or use one coupon of $5
and one coupon of $8 and pay $2 by cash. Suppose the prices in the fun fair are all whole
dollars. What is the largest amount that you cannot purchase using only coupons?
28. Find the length of the spirangle in the following diagram, where the gap between adjacent
parallel lines is 1 unit.
34. Consider an equilateral triangle A BC , where A B = BC = CA = 2011. Let P be a point
inside LA BC . Draw line segments passing through P such that DE
II BC , FG II CA and
HI II AB. Suppose DE : FG : HI= 8 : 7 : 10. Find DE +FG + HI .

A
35. In the following diagram, A B
j_
BC . D and E are points on segments A B and BC respec
tively, such that BA + AE = E D + DC . It is known that A D = 2, BE = 3 and EC = 4.

Find BA + AE .
Note that
X= (10 1012 + 1) X 10 2014 +50= 104026 + 102014 +50
= (102013 )2 +2 X 102013 X 5 +50= (102013 +5) 2 +25.
So x- 25 is a perfect square.
5. Answer: ( B ) .
Let K= N2 + +N2010 Then X= (N1 +K) (K +N2on) andY= (N1 +K +N2on)K.
6. Answer: ( A ) .
7r (22 )
,---...
The area enclosed by A D , DE and AE is 8 -
The area of the wedge E DF

So the area of the egg is:
. 7r (2- J2)2
=
IS
4
1f
- 1.
1= 2
3
J2
2-
1f
+ 1 +2 (- 1) + (- J2) 1r= (3- J2)1r- 1.

x
7. Answer: ( B ) .
The left shows that 3 colours are not enough. The right is a painting using 4 colours.
Answer: (E).
Since 5 I (24- 1), 71 (36- 1), 11 I (510- 1), 13 I (7 12- 1),
9. Answer:
is divisible by 5, 7, 11 and 13.
(C).
We consider the position of the Black Knight. The number of positions being attacked by
the White Knight can be counted.
10
13. Answer: 3.
J33 x 01 . Then f ( (x))=

Let f (x)=
J
X+ 3
vfsx-1 _J3
=
J (J (J (x)))= x+vfs J3 vfsx 1 + 1
x+vfs
Since 2010= 6
J3 vs-1 _1
vis
3x-1 +J3
x+vfs
3x-J3 - x-J3
J3x - 1 + V3x+ 3
x-J3
J3x+ (
3x - 1- v3x- 3 _.!.
v/"il
. So J (J (J (J (J (J (x))))))= x.
=
X
3x-J3 + x/"il+J3
335, a2o11= f (J (J f (J (3)) ))= 3.

'-----v--"
2010 copies
14. Answer: 129.

Consider the following picture, where LAOB = L BOC= LCOA= 120, OA= a, OB= b
and OC= c.
A
Then IBCI= 5, I CAl= 7 and lA B I= 8. The area of the triangle A BC is

yl10 (10- 5) (10 - 7) (10 - 8)= 10.J3.
1V3
(ab +be+ ca)= 10J3. So ab +be+ ca= 40.
Then 2
2
2 (a + b + c) 2= (a2+ ab + b2) + (b2 +be+ c2) + (c2 + ca + a2) + 3 (ab +be+ ca)= 258.
Thus, (a+ b + c) 2= 129.
15. Answer: 0.
Define Q (x) = (1 + x)P (x) - x. Then Q (x) is a polynomial of degree 2011. Since Q(O) =
Q (1)= Q (2)= = Q (2010) = 0, we can write, for some constant A,
Q (x)= Ax(x- 1) (x- 2) (x- 2010).
1= Q (-1)= A (-1) (-2) (-3) (-2011)=-A 2011!. Then Q (2012) = A 2012!= -2012,
Q (2012) + 2012
and P ( 2012)=
= o.
2013
16. Answer: 9241.
12
Suppose x 1
x2
2::
>
2::
2::
Therefore, M
Xk
<
Xk+l
X2011 Let M
x 1 X20l1 Then
Xk+1Xk+2 . . . X2QlOX20ll
(Xk+l- 1)x k+2 X2010X2011 +Xk+2 . . . X2010X2011
(Xk+l- 1) 2 +Xk+2 X2010X2011
.
(x k+l- 1) 2 + + (x 2009- 1)2 +X2010X2011

(x k+l- 1) 2 + + (x 2009- 1)2 + (x 2o10- 1)2 + (x 2o11- 1) 2
2 (x k+l + +x 2o11- (2011- k))
2 (M- 2011) .
4022. On the other hand, (1, 1, . . . , 1, 2, 2011) is a solution to the equation.
So the maximum value is 4022.

2 1. Answer: 101.
2::
If n
M (91)
102, then M (n)

=
M (M (102))
For each k
n- 10
M (92)
2::
92.
M (M ( 103))
1, . . . , 10, M (80 + k)
M (70 + k)
M(k)
M (93)
M (M (91 + k))
M (M(81 + k))
M (91)
M (M(11 + k))
Hence, all integers from 1 to 101 are solutions to M (n)
M (91)
M (91)
=
M ( 101)
9 1.
9 1, and thus
9 1,
9 1.
91.
22. Answer: 19.
20 + 1 1 . (M) n
1 2on+l + 1 1n+l
n
n
- (n +1) (1 +(M) n)
n +1 20 +1 1
An+l
An
Then An+l
<
An if n
Note that 10 +
If 10
n
>
10 +
11 ) n
1 + 20
18, then n
18 implies An
<
<
n ; and An+l
1 + 11
w)
10 +9
10 +8
An+l
<
19. Son
10 +
2::
An if n
>
<
19 implies An
9
.
; 1f n
n
11
1 + ( 20 )
<
10 +
>
1+
!!
w
)n
An+l
10, then n
<
10 +
9
n Hence,
1 + ( 11
20 )
.
23. Answer: 169.
Let an be the number of ways to pave a block of

14
n. Then an
an-1 +an-2 + an-4 with
Case 2:
Case 3:
The first year is a leap year.

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
Mar
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
@]
1
@]
The second year is a leap year.

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
Mar
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
[]]
[]]
From these tables we see that the answer is 14. The longest time period occurs when the
Friday of 13th falls in July of the first year and in September of the second year, while the
second year is not a leap year.
26. Answer: 350.
By considering the numbers of apples in the packages, there are 3 cases:
l) (4, l, l, l).
2) (3, 2, 1, 1 ) .
3) (2, 2, 2, l).
X 6 X 5 X 4
= 35.
4x3x2xl
(7) 7
(7) ( ) 7
(7) ( ) ( )
4
3! 2
4
2
5
2
6X5
=
3x2xl
X
3
2
7
2
4 X3
= 35
2xl
6 = 210.
4
1
3
2
X
X
6
1
5
2
X
X
2
= l05.
1
X
X
So the total number of ways is 35+ 210 + 105 = 350.

27. Answer: 19.
Note that 8 + 12 = 20, 5 + 8+ 8 = 21, 5 + 5 + 12 = 22, 5 + 5 + 5 + 8 = 23, 8+ 8 + 8 = 24.
If
2::
2::
25, write
n=
5k + m where 20
:::;
:::;
24 and k is a positive integer. So any amount
25 can be paid exactly using coupons.
However, 19 cannot be paid exactly using these three types of coupons.

28. Answer: 10301.
. The broken line is constructed using
"
L ", with lengths 2, 4, 6, . . . , 200.
100 + 101 = 201. Then the total length is 2 (1 + 2 + 3 +

29. Answer: 15.
16
The last
+ 100) + 201 = 10301.
"
L " is
So c= 12 or c=-20 (ignored ) . Substitute y=
-x
+ 12 into the parabola:
2=
-x
+ 12
=*
= 3,-4. So A is (3, 9) and B is (-4, 16). Then
I A BI 2= (3- (-4)) 2+ (9- 16) 2= 98.

33. Answer: 30.
Draw BF
..l
LE= 30.
J2
CE , where F is on CE . If A B = 1, then BF = 2 and BE =
J2. Thus
34. Answer: 4022.

Set D P= GP= a, I P= FP= b, E P= HP= c. Then
DE +FG+HI= (a+ c)+ (a+ b) + (b + c)= 2 (a + b+ c)= 2
35. Answer: 10.
By given, B D + 2 +AE= B D + DC. So 2 +AE= DC .
Note that A B 2+ BE 2= AE 2 and B D 2+ BC 2
(2 + B D ) 2+ 32= AE 2,
4 (AE + B D )= 32. Then AE + BA
DC 2. Then
B D 2+ 72= (AE + 2) 2.
32
4 + 2= 10.
18
2011= 4022.

2011
(Junior Section, Round 2 solutions)
1. It's equivalent to prove x2y2 :;:::: (ac + bd)2 as all the numbers are nonnegative. This
is true s ince
x2 y 2
(a2 + b2)(c2 + d2)

(ac)2 + (bd)2 + a2d2 + b2c2
:;:::: (ac)2 + (bd)2 + 2(ac)(bd)
AM-GM
(ac + bd)2.
=
=
Let the tangent at P meet the tangent at R at the point S. Let 0 be the centre of
r1. Then OR ST is a s quare. Hence LKPR L R P S 45. Als o LNPS LNKP
LPMS LMPK. Thus LMPR LRPN.
2.
3. Let ai
0,
maxSi, bi minSi and s uppos e that t1

then a1 :;:::: b j. Therefore a1 E Sj.
=
min{ti}. For each j, if 81 n Sj i=
Note: Problem 4 in the Senior Section is the general vers ion.

4.
Replace 2011 by any pos itive odd integer n. We firs t s how by induction that am
3m2n-m - 1 for m
0. Suppos e
0, 1, ..., n- 1. This is certainly true for m
+
+
nit's true for s ome m < n - 1. Then 3am 1 3m l2 m - 2. Since n- m > 1,
the odd part is 3m+l2n-m-l - 1 which is am+l Now an-1
3n-121 - 1. Thus
=
20
2011
(Senior Section)
Tuesday,
31
May
2011
0930-1200
hrs
2. Enter your answers on the answer sheet provided.
3. For the multiple choice questions, enter your answer on the answer
sheet by shading the bubble containing the letter (A, B, C, D or E)

corresponding to the correct answer.
4. For the other short questions, write your answer on the answer sheet
and shade the appropriate bubble below your answer.
PLEASE DO NOT TURN OVER UNTIL YOU ARE

TOLD TO DO SO
22
6. Determine the value of
1
1
+
0+Vfs+2 0-V'8+2
(A) 4- 0
(E) 40-2
7. Let
is true?
(A)
(D)
(B) 2-20
log 2
logi 4
1. 5 < X < 2
3 <X< 3. 5
(C) 4 +0
1.
log 8
(D)
20 + 4
Which of the following statements
(B) 2 < x < 2. 5

(E) 3.5 <X<4
(C) 2.5
<X<
8. Determine the last two digits of 756
(A) 01
(B) 0 7
9. It is given that
(C) 09
(D)
43
(E) 49
and y are two real numbers such that
y > 1. Find the smallest possible value of
>
and
c-1
logx2011 +logy2011
logxy 2011
(A) 4
10.
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E) 12
10
It is given that a, band care three real numbers such that a+ b
and ab
(A)
c2 - 7c +14. Find the largest possible value of a2 + b2.
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E) 10
Short Questions
11.
Find the value of
20112 +21112-2 X 2011 X 2111

25
24
18.
In the diagram below, the lengths of the 2three2 sides of the triangle are
a +2 b
= 2011. Find the value
a em, b em and c em . It is given that
of
cot C
cot A +cotE
b
c
a
19.
Su p pose there are a total of
petition, and at least
1011
partici pants, at
2011
partici pants in a mathematics com
1000 of them are female . Moreover, given any

least 11 of them are male . How many male
partici pants are there in this com petition?
20.
Letf : Q \
{0, 1}
-t
Q be a function such that
xf ( x)+f
for all rational numbers
2
(X -1)
= 2x
x
x #- 0, 1.
Here Q denotes the set of rational
numbers . Find the value off( ).
21.
In the diagram below , ABCD is a convex quadrilateral such that AC
intersects BD at the midpoint E of BD. The point His the foot of
the per pendicular from A onto DE, and Hlies in the interior of the
segment DE.
AH=
40
Su p pose LBCA =
em and CD=
90, CE = 12
em . Find the value of

A
26
em, EH=
x.
15
em,
28. It is given that
a,
b,
and d are four positive prime numbers such
that the product of these four prime numbers is e qual to the sum of
55 consecutive positive integers. Find the smallest possible value of
a+ b+ c +d. ( Remark:
distinct. )
The four numbers
a,
b,
c,
d are not necessarily
29. In the diagram below, ABC is a triangle with AB= 39 em , BC = 45

em and CA= 42 em. The tangents at A and B to the circumcircle of
DABC meet at the point P. The point D lies on BC such that PD
is parallel to AC . It is given that the area of DABD is x cm 2. Find

the value of x.
30. It is given that
a and
b are positive integers such that
a has
exactly
9 positive divisors and b has exactly 10 positive divisors. If the least
common multi ple
( LCM ) of
a and
b is 4400, find the value of
+ b.
31. In the diagram below, ABCD is a quadrilateral such that .!_ABC=

135 and L_BCD= 120. Moreover, it is given that AB = 2 J3 em,
BC= 4 - 2 -/2 em, CD= 4 -/2 em and AD=

of x2- 4x.
<-------"'
28
em. Find the value

(Senior Section Solutions)
2011
1. Ans wer: (B)
a2
b2
<
Since a, b and c are nonzero real numbers and
b2+c 2 c 2 +a 2
that
b 2 +c 2 c 2 +a 2 a 2 +b 2
>
>
c2
a2
b2
Adding 1 throughout, we obtain
c2
, we s ee
a 2+b 2
--=--
--=---
Thus
<
1
1
1
> > 2 , which implies that a 2 < b2 < c 2. So we have I a I
a
b2 c
<
l bl
2. Ans wer: (A)

Note that
(s in()+cos ())2= sin2 ()+cos 2()+2 s in() cos ()= 1+s in 2()= 1+a.
Since 0::; ()::; ' we have sin()+cos ()> 0. So s in() +cos ()= v'f+(i".
3. Ans wer: (D)
We have
[(a- b)2 + (b- e)2 + (c- a)2 ]
2
[(-1)2 + (-1)2 +22 ] = 3.
4. Ans wer: (C)

1 1
X
2y
-
1
2x+y
2x+y
=1
2y
X
y X 1
2+-- -- -= 1
X
y 2
1
y X
2
X
y
2x+y
::::?-
::::?-
::::?-
Now we have
30
<
l ei
Moreover,
2x
2(log 3+log 5 +log 7i)

log 2
log(9 x 5)+log(49i) log(45 x 27 i)
>
---,-log 2
log 2
log(45 x 3) log(128)
= 7'
>
g 2
g2
------
SO X >
3. 5.
8. Ans wer: (B)

Note that 74-1 = 2400, s o that 74n-1 is divis ible by 100 for any n E z+. Now,
756
7(756-1-1 +1)
7(756-1-1)+7
7(74n-1)+7 ,
where
56-1 '77+
E !LJ .
4
Since 7(74n-1) is divis ible by 100, its las t two digits are 00. It follows that the last
two digits of 756 are 07.
=
9. Ans wer: (A)

logx 2011+logy 2011
logxy 2011
log 2011 log 2011 . log xy

+
) (
)
log x
logy
log 2011
1
1
(- +-) . (log x +logy)
log x logy
log x logy
2+--+-logy log x
4 (us ing A M 2:: G M),
(
>
and the equality is attained when log x = logy, or equivalently, x= y.

10. Ans wer: (C)
The roots of the equation x2- (c- 1)x+c2- 7c+ 14 = 0 are a and b, which are
real. Thus the dis criminant of the equation is non-negative. In other words ,
(c-1)2- 4(c2- 7c+ 14)= -3c2+26c- 55= (-3c+11)(c- 5) 2:: 0.
11 < <
So we have c - 5. Together with the equalities
3
(a+b?- 2ab
(c- 1)2-2(c2- 7c+ 14)
-c2+12c- 27= 9 - (c- 6)2,
32
15. Ans wer: 8001

Note that J5n- y'5n- 4 < 0. 01 if and only if
4
> 400.
y'5; + v'5n- 4= J5n
5n- y'5n- 4
If n= 8000, then J5n+y'5n- 4= v' 40000+\1'39996 < 400.
If n= 8001, then J5n+y'5n 4= v' 40005+v'40001 > 400.
So the ans wer is 8001.
-
16. Ans wer: 1006

The s eries can be paired as
1
1
1
1
1
1
)
+
+
(
)
+
(
+
)+(
+
1
11
11
1 +11- 1+ 111
1 + 11-20
1+11-2oo9 1+112oo9
1 +1120
Each pair of terms is of the form
1
1
----,-+--=
1.
1
1+ a
1+a
There are 1006 pairs of s uch terms , and thus the s um of the s eries is 1006.
17. Ans wer: 54
X
7
77r
. 4 (-7r ) +cos 4 (-7r ) +s in 4 (8)
+cos 4 (87r)
8
8
Sill
sin 4 (i) +cos 4 (i) + s in 4 (i) +cos 4 (i)

. 2 (47r) = 3
. 2 (87r) + COS 2 (87r) )2- 4 Sill
. 2 (87r) COS 2 (87r) = 2- Sill
2(Sill
2
Thus 36x = 54.
18. Ans wer: 1005
By the laws of s ine and cos ine, we have
s in A s inE sinG
and
c
b
a
Then
1
cos C
cote
cosAsi
B
+
os B sinA
sinC
cot A+cot B
smAsm B
s in A s in B cos C
sin(A+B) s inC
s in A s in B
( . 2
) cos C
Sill 0
(ab jc 2) s in2 C a 2 +b2- 2 )
)(
(
2ab
s in2 C
a 2 +b 2- c 2
2c 2
2011- 1
= 1005.
2
.
34
22. Ans wer: 3

Note that
1 1
-+X
y
1
=? xy- 211x- 211y
211
= -
0 =? (x- 211)(y- 211)
2112.
Since 211 is a prime number, the factors of 2112 are 1, 211, 2112, -1, -211, -2112.
Thus the pairs of integers (x, y) s atis fying the las t equation are given by:
(x- 211, y- 211)
(1, 2112), (211, 211), (2112 , 1), (-1, -2112),

(-211, -211), (-2112, -1).
Equivalently, (x, y) are given by

(212, 211 +2112), (422, 422), (211+2112 , 212), (210, 211- 2112),
(0, 0), (211- 2112 , 210).
Note that (0, 0) does not s atis fy the firs t equation. Among the remaining 5 pairs
which s atis fy the first equation, three of them satis fy the inequality x y, and they
are given by (x, y) (422, 422), (211+2112 , 212), (210, 211- 2112).
=
23. Ans wer: 93

By long divis ion, we have
x 4 +ax 2+bx+c
(x2+3x- 1) (x 2- 3x+(a+10))+(b-3a- 33)x+(c+a+10).
Let m1 , m2 be the two roots of the equation x2 + 3x- 1 0. Note that m1 -=1m2 ,
since the dis criminant of the above quadratic equation is 32-4 1 1 (-1) 13 -=10.
Since m1, m2 als o s atis fy the equation x4 +ax 2+bx+c 0, it follows that m1 and
m2 als o satis fy the equation
(b- 3a- 33)x+(c +a+ 10) 0.
=
Thus we have
(b- 3a- 33)m1 +(c +a+ 10)
0,
and
(b- 3a- 33)m2 + (c +a+10) 0.
Since m1 -=1m2 , it follows that b-3a-33 0 and c+a+lO 0. Hence we have b
3a+33 and c -a-10. Thus a+b+4c+100 a+(3a+33)+4(-a-10)+100 93.
=
24. Ans wer: 1120

Let m and n be pos itive integers s atis fying the given equation. Then 3(n2- m)
2011n. Since 2011 is a prime, 3 divides n. By letting n 3k, we have (3k)2
m + 2011k. This implies that k divides m. Let m rk. Then 9k2 rk+2011k s o
that 9k r+2011. The smalles t pos itive integer r s uch that r+2011 is divis ible
by 9 is r 5. Thus k (5+ 2011)/9 224. The corres ponding values of m and n
are m 1120 and n 672.
=
36
= c2b2 Since GN is parallel to AD and G is the centroid of the triangle ABC, we

have MD/MN= 3. It follows that c+b= aJ3. Thus , AB = aJ3-b = 15-6= 9.
28. Ans wer: 28

The s um of 55 pos itive cons ecutive integers is at leas t (55 x 56)/2 = 1540. Let
the middle number of thes e cons ecutive pos itive integers be x. Then the product
abed= 55x = 5 11 x. So we have 55x 2': 1540 and thus x 2': 28. The leas t value of
a+b +c +d is attained when x= 5(7). Thus the ans wer is 5+11+ 5+ 7 = 28.
29. Ans wer: 168

Firs t L_BD P= L_BCA= L_BAP s o that P, B , D, A are concyclic. Thus L_ACD =
L_ PBA= L_ PDA= L_DAC s o that DA= DC.
By cos ine rule, cos C = 3/5. Thus DC = AC jcos C = 21 x 5/3 = 35. Hence
ED = 10 and BC = 10 + 35= 45. Thus area(L,ABD ) = x area(L,ABC). By
Heron's formula, area(L,ABC)= 756. Thus area(L, ABD)= x 756= 168.
30. Ans wer: 276
Since the number of pos itive divis ors of a is odd, a mus t be a perfect square. As a
is a divis or of 4400 = 24 x 52 x 11 and a has exactly 9 pos itive divis ors , we s ee that
a= 22 x 52. Now the leas t common multiple of a and b is 4400 implies that b mus t
have 24 x 11 as a divis or. Since 24 x 11 has exactly 10 pos itive divis ors , we deduce
that b = 24 x 11 = 176. Hence a+b = 276.
31. Ans wer: 20
Firs t we let /!, be the line which extends BC in both directions . Let E be the point on
/!, s uch that AE is perpendicular t o f. Similarly, we let F be the point on /!, s uch that
DF is perpendicular to f. Then, it is eas y to s ee that BE = AE = v'6, CF = 2J2
and DF = 2v'6. Thus EF = y'6 + 4- 2J2 + 2J2 = 4 +v'6. Now we let G be
the point on DF s uch that AG is parallel to . Then AG = EF = 4 +v'6 and
38
which is a contradiction to the given fact that each element of S is les s than or equal
to 2011.
Case 2. 1 is in A. We may let a16 = 1. Then a 1, a 2 ,
As in Cas e 1, we have
, a 1 5 are compos ite numbers .
which is a contradiction.
Thus we have shown that every 16-element s ubs et A of S s uch that all elements in
A are pairwis e relatively prime must contain a prime number. Hence the smallest
k is 16.
35. Ans wer: 12
Let the extens ions of A Q and BP meet at the point R. Then LP R Q= LPAB=
LQPR s o that QP = QR. Since QA = QP, the point Q is the midpoint of
A R. As A R is parallel to LP, the triangles A RB and LP B are similar s o that
M is the midpoint of PL. Therefore, N is the centroid of the triangle P LB, and
3 MN= BM.
Let LABP= e. Thus tanB= A R/AB= 2A QjAB= 5/6. Then B L= PB cos B=

AB cos 2 0. Als o BM/BL = BQ/BA s o that 3MN = EM = AB cos 2 0
cos 2B( QM + 3MN). Solving 'for MN, we have MN= 3 :;_; e = 3x (f6)2 = 12.
40

2011
(Senior Section, Round 2 solutions)
1. There is an error in this problem. The triangle is not neces s arily equilateral. In fact
we s hall prove that the altitude at A, the bis ector of LB and the median at C meet at
a common point if and only if cos B= where BC= a, CA = b and A B= c.
a
Let D,E and F be the points on BC,CA and A B res pectively s uch that AD is
the altitude at A , BE is the bis ector of LB and CF is the median at C. Suppos e that
AD,BE,CF meet at a common point. The point of concurrence of AD,BE and CF
mus t lie ins ide the triangle A BC. Since F is the midpoint of A B, by Ceva's theorem
CE : EA = CD : DB. Us ing the angle bis ector theorem, CE : EA =a : c. Thus
CD= a2/(a+c) and DB= acj(a+c). Thus cos B= =
a
Convers ely, if cosB= then LB is acute and BD= c cos B= acj(a+c) <a s o that
D is within BC. Thus DC= a - ac/(a +c)= a2j(a + c). Therefore BD/ DC = cja.
Cons equently (A F/ FB)(BD/DC)( CE/ EA) = 1. By Ceva's theorem, AD,BE and
CF are concurrent.
a
'
c
So given a and c, the acute angle B and hence the triangle A BC is determined. If
a -=/- c, then the triangle A BC is not equilateral.
2. Yes , in fact, for any k E
N,
there is a s et 8k having k elements s atis fying the given

condition. For k = 1, let 81 be any s ingleton s et. For k = 2, let 82 = {2 ,3}. Suppos e
that 8k = {a1, ... , ak} s atis fies the given conditions. Let
b1 = a1a2 ak
bj = b1+aj -1, 2 :::; j :::; k+ 1.

Let 8k+1 = {b1, b2, ... , bk+1}. Then the fact that 8k+1 s atis fies the required property
can be verified by obs erving that lm- nl = (m, n) if and only if (m- n) divides m.
42
Note that a1 a2 an
1. It suffices to show that
since it is equivalent to
1
1
1
n- 1.
+
++
1+an
1 +a1
1+a2
--
We shall show that ( * ) is true for n 2:: 2. The case n 2 is obvious. We will now prove
it by induction. Suppose ( * ) holds for n k. Now assume a1 ak+l
1, ai > 0 for
all i. To prove the inductive step, it suffices to show that
=
which can be verified directly.

Note: This is an extension of the problem :
44
Throughout this paper, let lxJ denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x. For example,
l2.1J = 2, l3.9j = 3 ( This notation is used in Questions 7, 9, 19 and 20).
1.
A circular coin A is rolled, without sliding, along the circumference of another stationary
circular coin B with radius twice the radius of coin A. Let x be the number of degrees
that the coin A makes around its centre until it first returns to its initial position. Find
the value of x.
2. Three towns X,Y and Z lie on a plane with coordinates (0, 0), (200, 0) and (0, 300) respec
tively. There are 100, 200 and 300 students in towns X,Y and Z respectively. A school is
to be built on a grid point (x, y) , where x and y are both integers, such that the overall
distance travelled by all the students is minimized. Find the value of x+y.
3. Find the last non-zero digit in 30!.
( For example, 5! = 120; the last non-zero digit is 2.)

4. The diagram below shows A BC , which is isoceles with A B = AC and LA 20. The
point D lies on AC such that A D = BC. The segment E D is constructed as shown.
Determine LA B D in degrees.
A
=
cos4 a sin4 a
cos4 f3 sin 4 f3
.
5. G1ven that (3 + -.-2- = 1, evaluate --2- + -.-2 - .
cos
sm f3
cos a sm a
6. The number 25 is expressed as the sum of positive integers XI, x 2,
, Xk, where k
What is the maximum value of the product of XI, x 2, X3,
, and Xk ?
46
::;
25.
18.
A collection of 2011 circles divide the plane into N regions in such a way that any pair of
circles intersects at two points and no point lies on three circles. Find the last four digits
of N.
19. If a positive integer N can be expressed as lxJ + l2xJ + l3xJ for some real numbers x,
then we say that N is ''visible"; otherwise, we say that N is "invisible". For example, 8 is
visible since 8= l1.5J + l2 (1.5 )J + l3 ( 1.5 )J , whereas 10 is invisible. If we arrange all the
"invisible" positive integers in increasing order, find the 2011th "invisible" integer.
20. Let A be the sum of all non-negative integers
satisfying
Determine A.
21.
A triangle whose angles are A, B, C satisfies the following conditions

sin A+ sinE + sinG
cos A + cos B + cosC
and
12
7'
12
.
25
Given that sin C takes on three possible values 81, 82 and 83 , find the value of 100818283 .
sin A sin B sin C =
22. Let x
>
1,
>
1 and
z >
1 be positive integers for which the following equation

1! + 2! + 3! + . . . + x!=
is satisfied. Find the largest possible value of x + y+ z.

23. Let A BC be a non-isosceles acute-angled triangle with circumcentre 0, orthocentre H
and LC = 41 o. Suppose the bisector of LA passes through the midpoint M of OH. Find
LHAO in degrees.
24. The circle 'Yl centred at 01 intersects the circle 'Y2 centred at 02 at two points P and Q.
The tangent to 'Y2 at P intersects 'Yl at the point A and the tangent to 'Yl at P intersects
'Y2at the point B where A and B are distinct from P. Suppose PQ 0102= P01 P02
and LAP B is acute. Determine the size of LAP B in degrees.
25. Determine
1 .
L
(n).
-+oo
.
n
lim
i=O
( Note: Here
()
't
denotes
.1
't. n
" '
't .
fori= 0, 1, 2, 3,
48
n.
Thus,
30!
30!
107
1
226 . 3 4 . 5 7 . 74 . 112 . 132 . 17 . 19 . 23 . 29
1
1
2 9 . 3 4 . 7 4 . 112 . 132 . 17 . 19 . 23 . 29
1
6 4 . 25 . 74 . 112 . 132 . 17 . 19 . 23 . 29
6 (2) (1) (1) (9) (7) (9) (3) (9) (mod 10)
2 (-1) (-3) (-1) (3) (-1) (mod 10)
8(mod 10),
showing that the last non-zero digit is 8.

D
4. Answer.
10
Solution.
Let E be the point inside f:,A BC such that f:,E BC is equilateral. Connect A
and D to E respectively.
It is clear that f:,AE B and f:,AEC are congruent, since AE = AE , A B = AC and
BE= CE. It implies that L BAE = LCAE= lOa .
Since A D = BC = BE , LE BA = L D A B = 20a and A B = BA, we have t:,A BE and
f:, BA D are congruent, implying that LA B = L BAE = lOa .
5.
Answer.
Solutwn.
1
cos2 a
sin2 a
cos4 a sin4 a
.
(3 --:--- . Then
13 and sine= ---Smce (3 + . 2 (3 = 1, set cose=
cos
cos
sm
sm
c
---
---
cos (e- a )= cose cos a + sine sin a= cos2 a + sin2 a= 1.

50
Now let x2 +ax+ b= (x- xl) (x- x2), where x1:::; x2. Then the set of integer solutions
of x2+ ax+ b< 0 is
{k : k is an integer, x1 < k< x2}.
By the given condition,
{k : k is an integer, x1 < k< x2}= {k : k is an integer, -11< k< 6}
= {-10,-9, . . , 5}.
Thus -11 :::; x1 < -10 and 5 < x2 :::; 6. It implies that -6 < x1 + x2 < -4 and
-66 :::; X1X2< -50.
From x2+ax+b= (x-x1) (x-x2), we have a= - (x1+x2) and b= x1x2. Thus 4< a< 6
and -66:::; b<-50. It follows that 54< a - b< 72.
Thus
max:Lia- biJ :::; 71.
It remains to show that it is possible that lla - biJ = 71 for some a and b.
Let a= 5 and b= -66. Then x2+ab+b= (x+11) (x-6) and the inequality x2+ab+b< 0
has solutions {x: -11< x< 6}. So the set of integer solutions of x2 + ab + b< 0 is really
the set of integers in A n B.
Hence
10.
max:Lia- biJ = 71.
Answer.
Solution.
8
We consider the polynomial
P(t)= t3 + bt2 + ct+ d.
Suppose the root of the equation P (t)= 0 are x, y and z. Then
-b= X+y+ Z= 14,
and
x3 +y3 + z3 +3d= (x+ y+ z) (x 2 +y2+ z2- xy- xz- yz).
Solving for b, c and d, we get b= -14, c= 30 and d= -64. Finally, since t3 - 14t2+30tD
64= 0 implies t= 2 or t= 4 or t 8, we conclude that max{ a, ,B, 'Y}= 8.
=
11.
Answer.
38
Solution. Let n be an even positive integer. Then each of the following expresses n as
the sum of two odd integers: n= ( n- 15) + 15, ( n - 25) + 25 or ( n - 35) +35. Note that
at least one of n - 15, n - 25, n - 35 is divisible by 3, hence n can be expressed as the
sum of two composite odd numbers if n > 38. Indeed, it can be verified that 38 cannot be
expressed as the sum of two composite odd positive integers.
D
12.
Answer.
1936
52
We shall show that I AI

bijection from A to B:
I BI
(63)
34220 by showing that the mapping> below is a
First, since { a1, a2, a 3 } E A, we have a1+3

implying that {a1, a2- 2, a 3 - 5} E B.
a2 and a2+4
a 3 , and so a1
<
b3 , we have {b1, b2+2, b3+5}
<
a2-2
<
a 3-5,
It is clear that> is injective.

It is also surjective, as for any {b1, b2, b3 }
A and
Hence> is a bijection and I AI
16.
Answer.
I BI
B with b1
<
b2
34220.
32
It is clear that 8(cos 40) 3 -6 cos 40+ 1 = 0, since cos 3A = 4 cos3 A-3 cos A .
Observe that
Solution.
1
3
+ 64 sin2 20
2
2
sin 20 cos 20
2
6
+ 32 (1- cos 40)
1- cos 40 1 + cos 40
8 cos 40+ 4
+ 32 32 cos 400
1- (cos 40) 2
8 COS 40 + 4- 32 COS 40 + 32 ( COS 40) 3
+ 32
1- (cos 40) 2
1- 6 cos 40+8(cos 40) 3
4x
+32
1- (cos 40)2
32,
----
==
where the last step follows from 8(cos 40) 3 - 6 cos 40 + 1 = 0.

17.
Answer.
Solution.
6029
Given the original equation
f(x2 + x) + 2f(x2-3x + 2) = 9x2- 15x,
we replace x by 1-x and obtain

f(x2-3x+ 2) + 2f(x2+ x) = 9 (1-x) 2- 15 (1-x) = 9x2-3x-6.
Eliminating f(x2-3x+ 2) from the two equations, we obtain
3f(x2 + x) = 9x2+ 9x- 12,
thereby
f (x2+ x) = 3x2 + 3x-4 = 3 (x2 + x)- 4,
hence f (2011) = 3(2011)- 4 = 6029.

0
54
20.
Answer.
95004
Solution. We shall prove that for any positive integer

nonnegative integer solutions to LJ= LalJ, then
a, if f(a) denotes the sum of all
f(a)= 16a(a2-1)(a+ 2).
Thus
!(27)= 95004.
Let n be a solution to LJ = La1J . Write n= aq + r, where 0::; r <a. Thus LJ= q.

Also n= (a+ 1)q+r-q. Since la1J = q, we have 0::; r-q, that is, q::; r <a. Therefore
for each q= 0, 1, . . . , a-1, r can be anyone of the values q, q+ 1, ..., a-1. Thus
a-1a-1
A= LL(qa+r)
q=O r=q
a-1
a-1a-1
= L(a-q)qa+ LLr
=
=
=
q=O r=q
a-1
q=O
a-1
a-1
q=O
a-1
q=O
a-1
r=O q=O
a-1
q=O
a-1
q=O
a-1
r=O
a-1
a-1
q=O
q=O
r=O
r=O
a2L:q-aL q2+ LLr

a2L:q-aL q2+ L:r(r+1)
a2L q-aL q2+ Lr2+ Lr
1)
(a2+ 1 ) a(
a-1 ) + (1- a) a(2a-1)(a2
6
1
= 6a(a2-1)(a+ 2).
=
21.
Answer.
48
By using factor formulae and double angle formulae:

sin A + sinE + sinG
4cos .:1 cos fl. cos Q
12
2
2
2
- --cosA + cos B + cosC
7'
1+4sin 4 sin sin
and
A
B
C 12
.
.
.
. A . B . C
smA sm B smC = 8 sm 2 sm 2 sm 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2=
.
25
Solving these equations, we obtain

. A . B . C
sm-sm-sm- - 0 .1
B
C
A
cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
Furthermore,
sin
2 = cos
A+ B
= cos
56
0. 6
2 cos 2 - sin 2 sin 2'
be the midpoint of BC . It is a known fact that AH = 20. To see this, extend

meeting the circumcircle of the triangle A BC at the point N. Then AN BH is a
parallelogram. Thus AH = NB = 20. Therefore in the right-angled triangle OLC,
OC = OA = AH = 20. This implies L.OCL = 30. Since the triangle A BC is acute, the
circumcentre 0 lies inside the triangle. In fact L.A = 60 and L.B = 79. Then L.OAC =
L.OCA = 41-30 = 11. Consequently, L.HAO = 2L.OAM = 2 X (30- 11) = 38. D
Let
CO
24.
Answer.
30
Let P01 = r1 and P02 = r2. First note that 0102 intersects PQ at the midpoint H
(not shown in the figure) of PQ perpendicularly. Next observe that L.APQ = L.PB Q =
L.P0201, and L.BPQ = L.PA Q = L.P0102. Therefore L.APB = L.APQ + L.BPQ =
L.P0201 + L.P0102.
'/'1
'/'2
H and sin f3 =
Let L.P0201 = a and L.P01 02 = f3. Then sin a = PrQ, cos a = 02
r
2
2
2
fr, cos f3 = 0f1H. Thus sin L.APB = sin ( a + /3) = sin a cos f3+ cos a sin f3 = fr 0f1H +
25.
0r2H. E9..
2 2r1
Answer.
Solution.
PQ( 01 H+02H) = PQ0

102
2r1r2 = 21. Since L.APB is acute it is equal to 30.
2r1r2
'
Let
Assume that
3. It is clear that
()
;
-1
an=
2+
=1
58
-1
>
2.

2011

Saturday, 2 July 2011
0900-1330
1. In the acute-angled non-isosceles triangle ABC, 0 is its circumcentre, His its

orthocentre and AB > AC. Let Q be a point on AC such that the extension of
HQ meets the extension of BC at the point P. Suppose BD= DP, where Dis
the foot of the perpendicular from A onto BC. Prove that LODQ = 90.
2. If 46 squares are colored red in a 9 x 9 board, show that there is a 2 x 2 block on
the board in which at least 3 of the squares are colored red.
3. Let x, y, z > 0 such that
+ +
<
x!z
Show that
2z
2x
2y
+
+
yl + x2 y'l + y2 yl + z2
4.
Find all polynomials P(x) with real coefficients such that

P(a)
5.
<
E Z
implies that
a E Z.
Find all pairs of positive integers (m, n) such that

m+n-
3mn
m+n
60
2011
3
3.
which leads to a contradiction. On the other hand, s uppos e that r1, r3, r5, r7, r9 2:: 6.
Then the s um of any 2 cons ecutive ri's is :::; 9. Again we get a contradiction as
(r1+r2)+
+(r7+rs)+rg
:::; 4
9+9=45.
Let r = 1/x, s= 1/y, t= 1/z. There exis ts a < 1 s uch that r + s + t=a2rst
or a(r + s + t)=a3rst. Let a=ar, b=as, c=at. Write a= tan A, b tanB,
c = tan C, then A+ B + C 1r. It is clear that
3.
1
2
- X
1
1
1
+ ----=
+
-;=
::;;;:
y1+r2 v1+s2 v1+t2
1
1
1
<
+ ----=
+
-;=
::;;;:
v1+a2 v1 + b2 v1+c2
= cos A+ cos B+ cos B
A+ B + C
< 3 cos
== x RHS.
2 2
3
LHS=
2nd soln: Note that
1 1 1
-+ - + x y z
Hence
2x
=;;;=
y1+x2
<
1
xyz
:::::?
xy+yz+xz
2x
=
==
Jx2+xy+xz+yz
----r=
< -r-::::::==
By AM-GM we have
==
<
1.
2x
J(x+y)(x + z)
X
2x
X
-=;= <
.
+
J(x+y)(x+z) - x+y x+z
----r-.;======:=;=
= --
Similarly,
z
z
2z
=;= < -- + --.
V( Z+X) (z + y) Z+X Z + y
2y
Y + __
Y
< __
J(y + z)(y+x) - y + z y + x'
----r-.;======:=;=
The des ired inequality then follows by adding up the three inequalities.
4.
Let P(x)=anxn + +a1x+a0. Define Q(x)=P(x + 1) - P(x). Then Q(x) is

of degree n- 1. We'll prove by contradiction that IQ(x)l :::; 3 for all x. This will imply
that n :::; 1. As s ume that IQ(a)i > 3 for s ome a E R Then IP(a + 1) - P(a)l > 3.
Thus there are 3 integers between P(a) and P(a + 1). Hence there exis ts three values
62

. Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO)
2010
(Junior Section)
Tuesday, 1 June 20 10
0930-1200
Important:
Answer ALL 35 questions.

For the multiple choice questions, enter your answer on the answer sheet by shading the bubble
containing the letter (A, B, C, D or E) corresponding to the correct answer.
For the other short questions, write your answer on the answer sheet and shade the appropriate
bubbles below your answer.
Each question carries 1 mark.
PLEASE DO NOT TURN OVER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.
1. Among the five real numbers below, which one is the smallest?
(A)
v2010;
'JJYJ_J
(B)
v2009;
(C) 2010;
20!.0MIV\n
(D)
2010
;
2009
(E)
2009
.
2010
2. Among the five integers below, which one is the largest?
3. Among the four statements on real numbers below, how many of them are correct?
"If a<b and a ' b *
0 then !b < !
a
"If a<b then ac<be";

"If a2 <b2 then a<b".
"
'
"If a<b then a+c<b+c";
(A) 0;
4.
(B)
(C) 2;
1;
(D)3;
(E) 4.
What is the largest integer less than or equal to

(A) 2009;
(B)
2010;
(C) 2011;
(D) 2012;
.{/(2010)3 +3 x (2010)2+4 x 2010+1?

5. The conditions of the road between Town A and Town B can be classified as up slope,
horizontal or down slope and total length of each type of road is the same. A cyclist travels
from Town A to Town B with uniform speeds 8 km/h, 12 km/h and 24 km/h on the up slope,
horizontal and down slope road respectively. What is the average speed of his journey?
12kmfh
----+
Town A
(A) 12 km/h;
(B) km/h;
Town B
(C)
16 km/h;
2
(D) 17 km/h;
(E) 18 km/h.
6. In the diagram, MBC and f).CDE are equilateral triangles. Given that LEBD
LAEB X0, what is the value of x?
62 and
D
(A) 100;
(B) 118;
(C) 120;
(D) 122;
(E) 135.
7. A carpenter wishes to cut a wooden 3 x 3 x 3 cube into twenty seven 1 x 1 x 1 cubes. He

can do this easily by making 6 cuts through the cube, keeping the pieces together in the cube
shape as shown:
.
. .
. :
..
What is the minimum number of cuts needed if he is allowed to rearrange the pieces after
each cut?
(A) 2;
(B) 3;
(C) 4;
(D) 5;
(E) 6.
8. What is the last digit of 7(77)?

(A) 1;
(B) 3;
(C) 5;
(D) 7;
(E) 9.
9.
Given that n is an odd integer less than

many such integers are there ?
(A) 3;
10.
(B)
4;
(C) 5;
(D) 6;
1000 and the product of all its digits is 252.
How
(E) 7.
What is the value of
(A) 451856;
(B)
691962;
(C) 903712;
(D) 1276392;
(E) 1576392.
Short Questions
11.
Let x and y be real numbers satisfying

y=
2008x+2009
+
2010x- 2011
2008x+2009
+2010
2011- 2010x
Find the value of y.

For integers ah . . ., an
12.
E {1, 2, 3, . .., 9}, we use the notation a1a an to denote the number
2
10n-1a1+10n-2a2+ +10an-1+an. For example, when a = 2 and b = 0, ab denotes the
number 20. Given that ab = b2 and ache = (ba)2 Find the value of abc.
13.
Given that (m- 2) is a positive integer and it is also a factor of 3m2- 2m+10. Find the sum
of all such values of m.
14.
In triangle ABC, AB = 32 em, AC =

find the length of AM in em.
36 em and BC = 44 em.
If M is the midpoint of BC,
15. Evaluate
678+690+702+ 714+...+ 1998+2010

3+9+15+21+... + 327+ 333
16. Esther and Frida are supposed to fill a rectangular array of 16 columns and 10 rows, with
the numbers 1 to 160. Esther chose to do it row-wise so that the first row is numbered
1, 2, ..., 16 and the second row is 17, 18, . .., 32 and so on. Frida chose to do it column
wise, so that her first column has 1, 2, . .., 10, and the second column has 1 1, 12, ..., 20 and
so on. Comparing Esther's array with Frida's array, we notice that some numbers occupy the
same position. Find the sum of the numbers in these positions.
...
.. .
... ...
...
... ...
...
145 146 147 ...
2
18
...
.
1
17
3
19
... 16
. . . 32
. . . ..
. . ...
.. . 160
.
1
2
.. .
.. .
11
12
...
. ..
10
20
..
...
. ..
.. .
30 ...
21
22
...
...
...
...
.. .
...
...
151
152
..
..
.
160
Frida
Esther
17. The sum of two integers A and B is 2010. If the lowest common multiple of A and B is
14807, write down the larger of the two integers A or B.
18. A sequence of polynomials an(x) are defined recursively by

a0(x)
a1 (x)
an(X)
1,
x2+x+1,
( + 1)an-I(X)- an_z(X), for all n 2 2.
For example,
az(x)
a3(x)
(+1)(+x+ 1)- 1 x4+x3 +2x2+x,

( +1)(x4+x3 + 2+x) ( +x+1)
x7 +x6+2x5 +2x4 + x3 +- 1.
=
Evaluate a 010(1).
2
19. A triangle ABC is inscribed in a semicircle of radius 5. If AB
of s2 where s AC+BC.
=
10, find the maximum value
102009>.
20.
Find the last two digits of 2011<20
21.
Your national football coach brought a squad of 18 players to the 2010 World Cup, consisting
of 3 goalkeepers, 5 defenders, 5 midfielders and 5 strikers. Midfielders are versatile enough
to play as both defenders and midfielders, while the other players can only play in their
designated positions. How many possible teams of 1 goalkeeper, 4 defenders, 4 midfielders
and 2 strikers can the coach field?
22.
23.
Given that
value of x.
169(157-77x)2 +100(201-100x)2 = 26(77x-157)(1000x-2010),
Evaluate
find the
(20202-20100)(201002-1002)(20002+20100)
20106-106
24.
When 15 is added to a number x, it becomes a square number. When 74 is subtracted from

x, the result is again a square number. Find the number x.
25.
Given that x and y are positive integers such that 56::::; x+y::::;
26.
the value of f-x2.
59 and 0.9
<
::
y
<
0.91, find
Let AA' and BB' be two line segments which are perpendicular to A' B'. The lengths of AA',
BB' and A' B' are 680, 2000 and 2010 respectively. Find the minimal length of AX+XB
where X is a point between A' and B'.
0
0
0
C'l
0
00
1,0
A'
27.
The product 1 x 2 x 3 x
M= 1! x 2! x 3! x 4! x 5!
2010
n is denoted by n!. For example 4! = 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 = 24. Let

6! x 7! x 8! X 9!. How many factors of Mare perfect squares?
B'
28. Starting from any of the L's, the word LEVEL can be spelled by moving either up, down, left
or right to an adjacent letter. If the same letter may be used twice in each spell, how many
different ways are there to spell the word LEVEL?
'
L
...___
29. Let ABCD be a rectangle with AB 10. Draw circles C1 and C2 with diameters AB and CD
respectively. Let P, Q be the intersection points of C1 and C2. If the circle with diameter PQ
is tangent to AB and CD, then what is the area of the shaded region?
=
30. Find the least prime factor of
10000 .. 00 1.
""---v-"
2010-many
31. Consider the identity 1 + 2 + + n = n(n+ 1). If we set P1(x) = x(x + 1), then it is the
unique polynomial such that for all positive integer n, P1 (n)=1 + 2 + + n. In general, for
each positive integer k, there is a unique polynomial P (x) such that
k
P (n) =1k + 2k + 3 k + + nk
k
Find the value of P2o10C
for each n=1, 2, . . . .
32. Given that ABCD is a square. Points E and F lie on the side BC and CD respectively. such
that BE=CF = AB. G is the intersection of BF and DE. If
Area of ABGD m
----- =
Area of ABCD
n
is in its lowest term, find the value of m + n.
.-------
B
E
33. It is known that there is only one pair of positive integers a and b such that a :::; b and
a2 + b2 + 8ab=2010. Find the value of a + b.
34. The digits of the number 123456789 can be rearranged to form a number that is divisible
by 11. For example, 123475869, 459267831 and 987453126. How many such numbers are
there?
35. Suppose the three sides of a triangular field are all integers, and its area equals the perimeter
(in numbers). What is the largest possible area of the field?

(Junior Section Solutions)
1. Ans: (E)
It is the only number less than 1.
2. Ans: (D)
Other than (D), all numbers are less than 20102010. Now 37
9
3(3 ), the result follows.
>
2010. Thus 20102010
<
(37l
<
3. Ans: (B)
Only the third statement is correct: a < b implies a+ c < b + c. For other statements,
counterexamples can be taken as a= -1, b= 1; c= 0 and a= 0, b= -1 respectively.
4. Ans: (C)
Since (2010+ 1)3= 20103 + 3 x 20102+ 3 x 2010+ 1. The result follows.
5. Ans: (A)
Let the distance between Town A and Town B be 3s. The total time taken for up slope,
horizontal and down slope road are , { and ;4 respectively. His average speed for the
2
3s
.
1 .
km/h.
Wh 0 e JOUrney IS s
s
s = 12
8 + 2 + 24
1
6. Ans: (D)Observe that !:l.BCD is congruent to !:l.ACE (using SAS, BC= AC, CD= CE and LACE=
60 - LECB= LBCD). Thus LAEC= LBDC. We get
x
=
=
=
=
360 - LAEC- LBEC

360 - LBDC- LBEC
LEBD+ LECD
62 + 60= 122
Thus x= 122.
7.
Ans: (E)
There is no way to reduce the cuts to fewer than 6: Just consider the middle cube (the one
which has no exposed surfaces in the beginning), each of the its sides requires at least one
cut.
8. Ans: (B)
The last digit of 7k is 1, 7, 9, 3 respectively for k= 0, 1, 2, 3 (mod

Since 77 = (-1? = 3 (md
9.
Ans: (C)
252 = 2 x 2 x 3
10.
4), the last digit of 7 <77) is 3.
4).
7. We can have: 667, 497, 479, 947, 749.
Ans: (C)
We only need a rough estimate to rule out the wrong answers. -fiT 3.3 and -Y5 2.2, so
the sum is 5 . 58 + (1.1)8 5. 58 = 30.254 304 810000. Thus (C). Of course the exact
answer can be obtained by calculations, for example,
t ()< t")l( )8-1 t ()< t")'(- )8-1

+
=2
.I ()( m)i( vs)8-i
zeven
10
1 1. Ans: 20 10.
Let
a=
2008x+ 2009
20 10x- 20 11
Then a 0 and- a 0 since they are under the square root. Hence a= 0. Thus y= 20 10.
12. Ans: 369.
It is easy to see that b= 5, ab= 25 or b= 6, ab= 36. Upon checking, b = 6, a= 3 and so

2
(b a?= 63 = 3969. Therefore c = 9. Hence abc= 369.
13. Ans: 5 1.
Since
2
3m - 2m+ 10
18
m- 2
m- 2
is an integer. Thus m- 2 is a factor of 18. m- 2= 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 , 18, thus m = 3, 4, 5, 8, 11, 20.
The required sum is 5 1.
-----
14. Ans: 26.

Using the Median Formula,A_MZ
= 3m+ 4+
2
2
2
2AB + 2AC - BC
--
. ThusA M= 26 em.
15. Ans: 16.

Note that both numerator and denominator are arithmetic progressions. Removing common
factors gives
2X
113+ 115+ 117+ ... + 333 + 335

1+ 3+ 5 + ...+ 109+ 111
2
2 X 112 (335 + 1 13)
=
5; (111+ 1)
:::::
16.
16. Ans: 322.

The number in the r-th row and c-th column has value 16(r- 1) + c in Esther's array and
value 10(c- 1) + r in Frida's array. So we need to solve
16(r- 1) + c= 10(c- 1)+ r
5r= 3c + 2.
There are exactly four solutions
(r, c)= {(1, 1), (4, 6), (7, 11), (10, 16)}.
11
17. Ans: 1139.

A direct way to solve the problem is to factor 14807 directly. Alternatively, one may hope
for A and B to have common factors to simplify the problem. This is a good strategy because
of the following fact:
"The greatest common divisor of A and B, equals the greatest common divisor of
A + B and lcm(A, B). "
2010 is easily factored as 2 X 3 x 5 x 67. Checking that 67 is also a factor of 14807, we can
conclude that 67 is also a factor of A and B. The problem is reduced to finding a and b such
that
2010
1 07
=30
and
ab=
a + b=
=221.
67
7
Since 221 can be factored easily, a andb must be 13 and 17. So the answer is 17x67=1139.
18. Ans: 4021.

an(1) is the simple recurrence relation fn = 2fn-1 - fn- fo = 1 and !1 = 3. Using standard
2
technique or simply guess and verify that fn=2n + 1. So a oio(1)=f2010 = 2(2010) + 1.
2
19. Ans: 200.
ABC must be a right-angled triangle. Let x = AC and y = BC , by Pythagoras theorem
r + r =102
i =(x + y)2 =r
+ y2 + 2xy=100 + 2 x
area of ABC.
Maximum area occurs when x=y, i.e. LC AB=45. So x=y= -{50.
20. Ans: 01.

Note that 2011 = 11 (mod 100) and 112 = 21,11 3
(mod 100). Since 20102009 is divisible by 10,
20112 0102009
1110 x
x 1110
31 (mod 100) etc. So 1110
(mod 100).
21. Ans: 2250.
(i) x (;) x () choices for goalkeepers, strikers and midfielders respectively. The remaining
midfielder and defenders can all play as defenders, hence total number of possibilities are
lOX 5
12
()
=2250.
22. Ans: 31.
Let a= 1001x '- 2041 and b= 1000x- 2010.
Then the equation becomes a2+b2= 2ab. Thus (a- b?= 0. The result follows.
23. Ans: 100.
Let x= 2010 and y= 10. The numerator becomes
[(x+ y)2- xy] (i
ii )
[(x - y)2+ xy]
= ( + xy + i ) iCx- y)(x+ y) ( - xy + i )
= Y2( -l)(x3 +l)
= y2(x6 -l).
Hence the answer is 100.

24. Ans: 2010.
Let 15+x= m 2 and x-74= n2 We havem 2- n2= 89= 1x89. (m-n)(m+n)= 1x89. Let
m-n= 1 and m+n= 89. Solving m = 45 and n= 44. Thus the number x is 452-15= 2010.
25. Ans: 177.
From 0.9y < x < 0.91y, we get 0.9y + y < x + y < 0.91y + y. Thus 0.9y + y < 59 and
0.91y + y> 56. It follows that y < 31.05 and y> 29.3. Thus y= 30 or 31. If y= 30, then
27 < x < 27.3, no integer value of x. If y= 31, then 27.9 < x < 28.21, thus x= 28. Thus
y2 - x2= (31 + 28)(31- 28)= 177.
26. Ans: 3350.
Take the reflection with respect to A' B'. Let A" be the image of A. Then the minimal length
is equal to the length of A" B = 20102 + (2000+ 680)2= 3350.
.V
27. Ans: 672.

M
= l!x2!x3!x4!x5!x6!x7!x8!x9!
= 28 X 37 X 46 X 55 X 64 X 73 X 82 X 9
= 230 X 313 X 55 X 73
A perfect square factor of M must be of the form 22xx32Yx52zx72w, where x, y, z and ware
whole numbers such that 2x 30, 2y 13, 2z 5, 2w 3. Hence, the number of perfect
square factors of M is 16x7x3x2= 672.
13
28. Ans: 144.

There are total 12 ways starting from any of the L's to reach the middle V. Hence the total
number of ways to spell the word LEVEL is 122 = 144.
29. Ans: 25.
Let N be the midpoint of CD. Then LPNQ = 90. So PQ = 5 Vi.
Then the area of the shaded region is
30. Ans: 11.

Clearly 11 is a factor and 2, 3, 5 are not. We only need to rule out 7. 102011+1 = 4 (mod 7)
because 103 = -1 (mod 7).
31. Ans: 0.
Let k be a positive even numbr.
14
k
Define j(x) = Pk(x) - Pk(x- 1). Then j(n) = n for all integer n 2. Note thatj is a
. polynomial. We must have j(x) = xk. In particular, for integers n 2,
Pk(-n+ 1)- Pk(-n)
Pk(O)- Pk(-1)
j(-n+ 1)
(n- 1)\
Pk(-n+ 2)- Pk(-n+ 1) = j(-n+ 2) = (n- 2i,
Pk(1)- Pk(O)
k
O ,
k
j(1) = 1 .
j(O)
k
k
k
Summing these equalities, Pk(l)- Pk(-n) = 1 + O + 1 +
Define g(x) = Pk(-x) + Pk(x - 1). Then g(n)

polynomial, g(x) = 0.
In particular, Pk(
-)+ Pk( -)
32. Ans: 23.

Join BD and CG and note that
0, i.e., Pk( -)
+ (n- 1)k. That is,
0 for all integers n 2. Since g is a
0.
2.
....-----.
B
E
Assume the length of AB is 1. Let the area of ABGE and AFGC be x andy respectively.
Then the areas of t1EGC and ADGF are 2x arid 2y. Since the area of ABFC is
we have
1
1
2
1 . .
3x+ y= 6. Smnlarly, 3y+ 2x=the area of AVEC= 3. Solve x =
andy= . Thus
42
21
Area of ABGD
Area of ABCD
=1
So m= 9 and n= 14. The result follows.
15
1
3( x + y)=l _ 5
42
14
33. Ans: 42.

Since a 1,20 10 =a2+b2+8ab 1+b2+8b. b2+8b-2009 0. However b2+8b-2009=0
has an integer solution 41. So a= 1 and b=41. The result follows.
34. Ans: 3 1680.
Let X and Y be the sum of the digits at even and odd positions respectively. Note that
1 + 2 + 3 + + 9=45. We have X+ Y=45 and 11 divides IX- Yl. It's easy to see X= 17
and Y = 28; or X = 28 and Y = 17. Hence we split the digits into 2 sets whose sum is 17
and 28 respectively.
There are 9 ways for 4 digits to sum to 17: {9,5,2, 1}, {9,4,3, 1}, {8,6 ,2, 1}, {8,5,3, 1},
{8,4,3,2}, {7,6,3, 1}, {7,5,4, 1}, {7,5,3,2}, {6,5,4,2}. There are 2 ways for 4 digits to sum
to 28: {9,8,7,4}, {9,8,6,5}. Thus the total number of ways is 11 x 4! X 5! =3 1680.
35. Ans. 60.
Let the three sides of the triangle be a,b,c respectively. Then
where s=
a+ + c
s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c)=a+ b + c=2s,

. Note that s is an integer; otherwise s(s-a)(s-b)(s-a) is a non-integer.
Let x=s - a, y= s - b and z=s - c. Then x,y,z are positive integers satisfying
xyz=4(x + y + z).
Assume that x y z. Then xyz 12x, i.e. , yz 12, and thus z 3.
If z = 1, xy = 4(x + y + 1) implies (x - 4)(y - 4) = 20 = 20
(x,y)=(24,5),( 14,6),(9,8).
= 10 2 = 5 4. So
If z=2, 2xy=4(x+ y+ 2) implies (x- 2)(y- 2)=8=8 1=4 2. So (x,y) =( 10 ,3 ),(6,4).
If z=3, 3xy=4(x + y + 3) implies (3x - 4)(3y - 4)=52, which has no solution x y 3.

The area is 60, 42, 36, 30 , 24, respectively; and the largest possible value is 60.
16

2010
-'
(Junior Section, Round 2)

0930-1230
INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTESTANTS
1.
2.
3.

Show all the steps in your working.
10
mark.
ABC D intersect at S and let P be the midpoint of

AB. Let M be the intersection of AC and PD and N the intersection of BD and
PC. A circle is incribed in the quadrilateral PMSN. Prove that the radius of the
circle is MP- MS.
1. Let the diagonals of the square
2. F ind the sum of all the 5-digit integers which are not multiples of 1 1 and whose
digits are 1, 3,
4,
7, 9.
3. Let a1, a2, . . . , an be positive integers, not necessarily distinct but with at least five
si <j s
distinct values. Suppose that for any 1

from
and
j such that ai + aj
ak +
a.e.
n,
there exist k, , both different
What is the smallest possible value of
n?
4. A student divides an integer
that
by a positive integer
m
____:
n
167ala2
n,
where
s 100, and claims
Show the student must be wrong.

5. The numbers
f, , . .. , 20\ 0
are written on a blackboard.
A student chooses any
two of the numbers, say x, y, erases them and then writes down x
+y+
xy.
He
continues to do this until only one number is left on the blackboard. What is this
number?
17

(Junior Section, Round
2010
solutions)
Let 0 be the centre and r the radius of the circle. Let X, Y be its points of contact
with the sides PM , MS, respectively.
1.
Since OY j_ MS and LYSO= LASP=45, SY=YO=r. Also LOPX = LPDA

( since O P II DA) and LOXP= LPAD= 90. Therefore 60X P c:::: 6 PAD. Hence
OX/XP = PA/AD= 1/2. Hence PX = 2r. Therefore PM - MS = 2r + MX MY-r=r.
c
First note that an integer is divisible by 11 if and only if the alternating sum of the
digits is divisible by 11. In our case, these are the integers where 1,4 and 7 are at the
odd positions. Let S be the sum of all the 5-digit integers formed by 1, 3, 4, 7, 9 and
let T be the sum of those which are multiples of 11. Then
2.
s=4!(1 +
3 + 4 + 7 + 9)(1 + 10 + 100 + 1000 + 10000)
=6399936
T=2!2!(1 + 4 + 7)(1 + 100 + 10000) + 3!(3 + 9)(10 + 1000)=557568.

Thus the sum is 6399936-557568=5842368.
are the two smallest values. Then a1 = x and
let s be the smallest index such that a8 = y. Now there are two other terms whose
sum is x + y. Thus we have a2 = x and as+I = y. Since a1 + a2 = 2x, we must
have a3 = a4 = x. Similarly, by considering the largest two values w < z, we have
an =an-I =an-2 = an-3 = z and another two terms equal tow. Since there is one
other value, there are at least 4 + 2 + 4 + 2 + 1=13 terms. The following 13 numbers
3.
a1 :::; a2 :::;
:::; an. Suppose
< y
18
satisfy the required property: 1, 1, 1, 1, 2,

value of n is 13.
4. We have
m
<
0 167 < 0 168
n
2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5.
Thus the smallest possible
167n::; 1000m < 168n.
=>
Multiply by 6, we get
1002n::; 6000m < 1008n
6000m- 1000n < 8n::; 800.
=>
But 6000m -lOOOn 2': 2n > 0. Thus 6000m - 1000n 2': 1000 since it is a multiple of
1000. We thus get a contradiction.
We shall prove by induction that if the original numbers are
5.
the last number is
(1 + a1)
n 2': 2, then
(1 + an) - 1.
The assertion is certainly true for n
2, the base case. Now suppose it

a1, ..., ak+l written on the board.
is true for
k + 1 numbers
After one
k numbers. Without loss of generality, we can assume that
the student erases ak and ak+l and writes bk
ak+ak+l +akak+l (1+ak)(1+ak+l)-l.
After a further k operations, we are left with the number
n
a1, ..., an,
2': 2.
Consider
operation, we are left with
This completes the proof of the inductive step. Thus the last number is
( 1 + ) ( 1 + ) ... ( 1 + 20 10 ) - 1
1
19
20 10

Singapore Mathematical Oly mpiad (SMO) 2010
(Senior Section)
Tuesday, 1 June 2010
0930 - 1200 hrs
Important:
For the multiple choice questions, enter your answer on the answer sheet by
shading the bubble containing the letter (A, B, C, D or E) corresponding to
the correct answer.
For the other short questions, write your answer on the answer sheet and
shade the appropriate bubble below your answer.
Each question carries 1 mark.
20
1.
.
F mdthevalue of
(A)
(B)
(C)
2.
(1x2x3)+ (2 x4x6) + (3x6x9)++ (335 x670 x1005)

(1x3x6)+ (2x 6xl2)+ (3x9x18) + + (335 x1005 x20 10)
3
2
3
1
-
(D)
1
2
(E)
4
9
If a, b, c anddare real
numbers suchthat
b+c+d= a+c+d= a +b +d= a +b+c =

r,
a
d
b
c
findthevalue of r.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
3.
If
3
1
-1
3 or 1
3 or-1
1
a
a nd tan x+- - =--,where a, b a nd c
2
4
tan x b-;rc
are positiv e integers, find thevalue of a+ b +c.
O< x<
(A)
(B)
(C)
. (D)
(E)
;r
a nd sin x-cos x=
7r
32
34
48
50
21
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
5.
104
224
312
336
676
In the figure below, ABC is an isosceles triangle inscribed in a circle with centre
0 and diameter AD, with AB = AC. AD intersects BC atE , and F is the midpoint
of OE. Given that BD is parallel to.FC and BC =
in em.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
6.
D
A
Find the number of ordered pairs (x, y), where x is an integer and y is a perfect
square, such that y = (x-90)2 -4907.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
7.
3/5
2
J6
2J3
J7
2./6
2J5 em ,find the length of CD
1
2
3
LetS= {1, 2, 3, . , 9,10 }. A non-empty subset ofSis considered "Good" if the

number of even integers in the subset is more than or equal to the number of odd
integers in the same subset. For example, the subsets {4, 8}, {3, 4, 7, 8} and
{1, 3, 6, 8,10} are "Good". How many subsets ofSare "Good"?
. .
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
482
507
575
637
667
22
8.
If the graph of a quadratic function f (x) = ax
2 + bx + c (a i- 0) passes through
two distinct points (r, k) and (s, k), what is j(r + s)?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
9.
None of the above
Find the number of positive integers k < 100 such that 2(36n ) + k (23n +l) -1 is
divisible by 7 for any positive integer n.
(A)
10
(B)
12
(C)
13
14
16
(D)
(E)
10.
2k
c
k-c
2k - c
Let
ABCD be
a trapezium with AD parallel to BC and LADC = 90 , as shown in
the figure below. Given that M is the midpoint of AB with CM =

BC + CD+ DA
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
13
em
17 em, fmd the area of the trapezium ABCD in cd.
26
28
30
,------,.-,
33
35
23
and
Short Questions
11.
12.
The area of a rectangle remains unchanged when either its length is increased by 6
units and width decreased by 2 units, or its length decreased by 12 units and its
width increased by 6 units. If the perimeter of the original rectangle is x units, find
the value of x.
For r = 1, 2, 3, ..., let
1
-+
u,
=1 + 2+3 + ... + r. Find the value of

3
100
+ +
+ .
+
+ + +
(:J (: + J (: : :,) (: :
.l
13.
If
14.
If
15.
2010!=Mx10k,
..J
where Mis an integer not divisible by 10, find the value of k.
1
1
a > b > 1 and -- + -- = -J1229 , find the value of
log b 1ogb a
a
rl
logab b
logab a
For any real number X, let X denote the smallest integer that is greater than or
LxJ denote the largest integer that is less than or equal to x (for
J1.23l = 2 and LL23J =1). Find the value of
equal to x and
example,
I: r 2010 _ 2o10
o
k=ll
x2o1o
l Jl
k
Fmd the value of

+ (1_x)2010
16.
Let f ( x)
17.
If a, b and c are positive real numbers such that
x2o1o
ab + a + b = be+b +c ca +c +a = 35,
find the value of (a+ 1)(b + 1)(c + 1).
=
24
18.
In the figure below, AB and CD are parallel chords of a circle with centre 0 and
radius rem. It is given that AB = 46 em, CD= 18 em and LAOB= 3 x LCOD.

Find the value of r.
A
19.
Find the number of ways that 2010 can be written as a sum of one or more
positive integers in non.,.decreasing order such that the difference between the last
term and the first term is at most 1.
20.
Find the largest possible value of n such that there exist n consecutive positive
integers whose sum is equal to 2010.
21.
Determine the number of pairs of positive integers n and m such that

2
1! + 2! + 3! + . + n! = m
.
22.
The figure below shows a circle with diameter AB. C and D are points on the
circle on the same side of AB such that BD bisects LCBA. The chords AC and BD
intersect at E. It is given that AE = 169 em and EC = 119 em. If ED = x em, find
the value of x.
25
23.
Find the number of ordered pairs (m, n) of positive integers in and n such that
m + n = 190 and m and n are relatively prime.
24.
Find the least possible value of j(x) =
25.
Find the number of ways of arranging 13 identical blue balls and 5 identical red
balls on a straight line such that between any 2 red balls there is at least 1 blue
ball.
26.
LetS= {1, 2, 3, 4, . . . , 100000}. Find the least possible value of k such that any
subset A ofSwith IAI = 2010 contains two distinct numbers a and b with
Ia- bl::; k.
27.
Find the number of ways of traveling from A to B , as shown in the figure below, if
you are only allowed to walk east or north along the grid, and avoiding all the 4
points marked x.
1+cos2x
over all real numbers for which j(x) is defined.
25
1-cos2x
, where x ranges
North
East
28.
Two circles C1 and C2 of radii 10 em and 8 em respectively are tangent to each

other internally at a point A. AD is the diameter of C1 and P and Mare points on
C1 and Cz respectively such that PMis tangent to Cz, as shown in the figure below.
If PM=
.fiO em and
LPAD
xo, find the value of x.
26
29.
30.
31.
Let a, b and cbe integers with a > b > c > 0. If b and c are relatively prime, b + c
is a multiple of a, and a+ cis a multiple of b, determine the value of abc.
Find the number of subsets {a, b, c} of {1, 2, 3, 4, ..., 20} such that
a
/(3)x21<3>
+ . . + f(99999)x21<9999 .
Find the value of M- 100000.
32.
33.
Determine the odd prime number p such that the sum of digits of the number
p4 -5 p 2 + 13 is the smallest possible .
The figure below shows a trapezium ABCD in which AD II BC and BC = 3AD. F
is the midpoint of AB and E lies on BC extended so that BC = 3CE. The line
segments EF and CD meet at the point G. It is given that the area of triangle GCE
is 15 cm2 and the area of trapezium ABCD is k cm2 Find the value of k.
34.
Let P (x)= a0 + a1x + a x2 +
anxn be a polynomial in x where the coefficients

a0, a1, a ,, an are non-negative integers . If P (1) 25 and P (27) 1771769 ,
2
2
find the value of ao + 2ar + 3 + ... + (n + 1)an.
27
35.
Let three circles rl' r2' r3 with centres At, Az, A3 and radii Tt, rz, r3 respectively
be mutually tangent to each other externally. Suppose that the tangent to the
circumcircle of the triangle A1AzA3 at A3 and the two external common tangents
of r1 and r2 meet at a common point P, as shown in the figure below. Given that
r1 = 18 em, r2 = 8 e m and r3 = k em," find the value of k.
28

(Senior Section Solutions)
1.
Answer: (A)
(1x2x3) + (2x 4x6) + (3x6x 9) ++ (335 x 670x 1005)

(1x3x 6) + (2x 6x12) + (3x 9x 18) + + (335 x1005 x2010)
=
2.
(1x2x3)[13 +23 +33 ++3353]

(1x3x6)[13 +23 +33 ++3353]
----------
1x2x3 1
=
1x3x6 3
Answer: (E)
From the given equations, we obtain
a + b +c +d = a(r +1), a + b +c +d = b (r +1),

a +b +c +d =c(r +1), a +b +c +d =d (r +1).
Adding these four equations gives
4(a + b +c +d) = (a + b +c +d)(r +1),

that is,
(3-r)(a +b +c +d) =0.
Thus r = 3, or a +b +c +d =0. If a +b +c +d =0, then we see from the original

given equations that r = -1 Hence the value of r is either 3 or -1
3.
Answer: (E)
1[
. xcos x=
. x-cosx)2 =-,
We have (sm
which .rmp1"1es that
. sm
16
Therefore we obtain
tanx+
1
--
tan x
sin x
--
cos x
cos x
sin x
sin xcos x
+--=
32
16-:r2
Hence a+ b+ c = 32+ 16+ 2 = 50 .
4.
Answer: (C)
First, we note that 4n3
[n(n+ 1)]2 - [n(n- 1)]2 Thus
29
16 -1[2
----
32
Therefore
143+ 153 + . . . + 243 + 253
142 x152 132 x142
+
=
4
4
152 x162 142 x152
+ . . .. +
4
4
242 X 252 232 X 242
+
4
4
252 X 262 242 X 2s2
---
4
252 x26 2
4
132 x142
4
= (32 X 13)(18
Thus
5.
= (25 x 13+ 13 x7)(25 x 13-13 x7)

4
X 13) = 9 X 64 X 13 2
143 +153 +163 +...+243 +253
= 3x8x 13 = .312.
Answer: (B)
Since the diameter AD perpendicularly bisects the chord BC,
BE = EC =
.JS.
Also, given that BD II FC, we have LDBE = LFCE. Thus MDE is congruent
to !1CFE, so DE = FE. As F is the midpoint of OE, we have OF = FE = ED.
Let OF = x. Then AE = 5x.
Using Intersection Chord Theorem, we have
AExED = BExEC,
which leads to 5x2 = 5. Consequently we obtain x = 1. Now CD2 = C2+ ED2
gives CD =
6.
.J5+1= ../6 .
Answer: (E)
Let y = m2 and (x-90)2 = k?-, where m and k are positive integers. Then we obtain
k 2 -m2 =4907 =7x701=1x4907, which gives
(k -m)(k+m) =7x701 or (k-m)(k+m) =1x4907.
It follows that
k-m = 7 and k+ m = 701, or k-m = 1 and k+ m = 4907.
Solving these two pairs of equations gives
(k, m) = (354, 347) and (k, m) = (2454, 2453).
30
Therefore the ordered pairs (x, y) that satisfy the given equation are:
(444, 3472 ), (-264, 3472 ), (2544, 24532 ), (-2364, 24532 ).
7.
Answer: (D)
Let the number of even integers in a "Good" subset of S be i, where i = 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, and the number of odd integers in that subset be j, where j 0, 1, 2, ... , i. Then
the number of "Good" subsets of S is
=
t<(:J() (:}() (:) +(}() (:) ()

()<() (:) G)
=
+. . . +
+. . .
=5(1 + 5) + 10(1 + 5 + 10) + ...+ (1 + 5 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1)

=30 + 160 + 260 + 155 + 32 =637.
8.
Answer: (B)
Let g(x) = f (x) -k. Then g(r)
f (r)- k = k-k = 0. Similarly, g(s) = 0. Therefore

r ands are roots of the quadratic equation g(x) =ax2 +hx+c-k =0, from which
=
we deduce that r + s = - -. Hence

a
b
a
b
a
b
a
j(r + s ) = j(--) = a (-- )2 +b(--) +c = c.
9.
Answer: (D)
We have
2(36n) +k (23n+l) -1= 2(272n) +2k(8n) -1 = 2( -1)2n +2k(ln) -1 (mod 7)
= 2k +1 (mod 7).
l
Thus, for any positive integer n, 2(36n) + k(23n+ ) -1 is divisible by 7 if and only
if 2k +1 = 0 (mod 7 ). As k< 100, it is clear that the congruence holds for k =3,
10, 17, . .., 94. Thus the required number of positive integers k is 14.
10.
Answer: (C)
31
'
Extend DA and CM to meet atE as shown in the figure above. Since AM = MB,
LAEM = LBCM and LAME = LBMC, we conclude that M is congruent
to tillCM. Therefore AE = BC and CM=EM. Thus CE = 2CM= 13.
Let the area of trapezium ABCD be S cm2 . Then S =_!_ (DE)(DC), and we have
2
(DE + DC)2 =DE2 + DC2 + 2(DE)(DC) =C_2 + 4S =132 + 4S =169 + 4S.
Now DE+DC=DA+AE+DC=DA+BC+DC=17. Hence 172 =169 + 4S,
and it follows that S = 30.
11.
Answer: 132
Let the length and width of the original rectangle beL and W respectively. Then
LW= (L + 6)(W -2)
and
LW = (L-12)(W + 6).
Simplifying the above equations, we obtain
L-2W=12
and
3W-L=6 .
Solving the simultaneous equations, we get L=48 and W=18. Hence the
perimeter of the rectangle is 132 units.
12.
Answer:
As ur
2575
r r + 1)
, we have
=1 + 2 + 3 + ... + r = (
2
2
=t - =2-__2_=.
=t
t_!_
+1 +1
rl r ( r + 1) rl r r + 1
rl ur
) i i
i:-/ =i:( : J=i:(i +12 )=_!_ ( (n2 1) + n)=(4 n + 3).
Hence,
Sn : =
i
il i+l
il "" __L
il
L...J u,
rl
In particular, slOO =2575.
13.
Answer: 501
The number k is the number of the factor 10 that occurs in 2010!. This number is
given by the number of pairs of prime factors 2 and 5 in 2010!.
Now between 1 and 2010, there are:
402 integers with 5 as a factor;

3 integers with 625 as a factor.
32
Therefore the total number of prime factor 5 in 2010! is 402 + 80 + 16 + 3 =501.

As there are clearly more than 501 prime factor 2 in 2010! , we obtain k =501.
14.
Answer: 35
First note that since a> b > 1,
--
logabb
1
logab a
logabb
logab a
>
0. Then
= Iogb ab -loga ab
= (Iogb a+ 1) (loga b +1)
= logb a-loga b
loga b
Iogb a
=-----
[-)'
=
[+ : J { : X : J
=
lo , a
lo . b
lo , a
= ..)1229-4
= .J1225
= 35.
15.
Answer: 1994
l J
If
= 2010 - 2 10 =0, so Xl= .If

k 12010, then X:
r O
k
2 10 - 2 10
y
k ' 2010, then 0 < y:=
< 1 so r l =1.
Consider k
1, 2, ..., 2010.
l J
'
Since the prime factorization of 2010 is 2 x 3 x 5 x 67, we see that 2010 has 16
distinct divisors . Hence
o l2010
Ik=l I
16.
l Jl = klL20!0JXl+kl2:20!01 l
y
- 2010
k
=number of non-divisor of 2010 among k

=2010 -16 =1994.
Answer: 1005
_
Observe that j(x) + j(l -x)-
It follows that
(l- xyolO
x2o1o
-1 .
+
x2oJo+ (1-x )2010 (1-x )2010+x20JO
_
33
17.
1005.
Answer: 216
Adding 1 to both sides of the given equation ab + a + b
35, we obtain
(a+ 1)(b+ 1) = 36.

Likewise, adding 1 to the other two given equations gives
(b+ 1)(c+ 1) = 36 and (c+ 1)(a+ 1) = 36.
Now multiplying the three resulting equations above leads to
3
[(a+1)(b+1)(c+1)] 2 = 36 = 66
3
It follows that (a+1)(b+1)(c+1)=6 =216.
18.
Answer:
27
Let M and N be the midpoints of AB and CD respectively and let L CON = x.

Then LAON=3x and
3
23 AM r s 3x 3sin x 4sin x
=
=3_4sin 2 x .
=
=
sm x
r sm x
9
CN
23
1
1
1
.
Thus sm 2 x = "4 3 g = g , and so sm x= "3 .
Hence r=
--
(- )
CN
=27.
sin x
34
19.
Answer: 2010
Consider any integer k where 1 :::; k:::; 2010. By division algorithm, there exists unique
pair of integers (q, r) such that 2010 = kq+ r with 0:::; r:::; k- 1. We rewrite this as
2010 = (k- r)q+ r(q+ 1). That is, k- r copies of q and r copies of q+ 1 add up to 2010.
Thus there is one desired expression for each value of k, which is clearly unique . Hence
there are 2010 such expressions in all .
20.
Answer: 60
Let a be a positive integer such that the sum of n consecutive integers a, a+ 1, ... ,
a+ (n- 1) is 2010, that is,
a+(a+1)++(a+n -1) 2010.

=
n(2a+n -1)
.
=2010, or
Th.I S gives
2
n(2a+n -1) =4020=22 x3x 5x67.
(1)
Since n < 2a+ n- 1, we have
n<.J22x3xSx67 =2.JlOOS <2x 32=64.
(2)
Now (1) and (2) imply that n E{1, 2,3,4,S,6,10,12,1S,20,30,60}. Sincenand 2a+ n- 1
have different parities, it follows that nand
we have
If n
21.
4020
n
have differnt parities. Consequently,
n E{1,3,4,S,12,1S,20,60}.
60, then 2a+n -1 =
4020
=67, so a 4. Thus the largest possible value of n is 60.
60
=
Answer: 2
First note that if n 2: 4, then
1!+2!+3!++n! =1!+2!+3!+4! (modS)

=1+2+1+4=3 (modS).
Since the square of any integer is congruent to either 1 or 4 modulo S, it follows that
1 ! + 2! + 3! +
+ n! i= m2 for any integer m in this case. So we consider n< 4.
Now we have

1!
12,
1! + 2!
3, 1! + 2! + 3!
32
Hence we conclude that there are two pairs of positive integers (n, m ) , namely, (1, 1) and
(3, 3 ), such that 1! + 2! + 3! + + n! = m2

35
22.
Answer: 65
EC 119
=
=
. Thus we can let BC = 119y
BA
EA 169
and BA = 169y for some real number y. Since LBCA = 90, we have
Since BE bisects LCBA, we have
BC
AB2 = AC2+ B C2
(169yy =(169+119) 2 +(119y) 2

y 2 (169 -119X169+119)= (169+119) 2
y2 =
169+119
169-119
12
y=5
144
25
Hence, from triangle BCE, we have BE =
119 2 + (119y) 2 =119 x 13 .

5
Finally, note that f).A[)E and MCE are similar, so we have

AE xCE 169x119
=65 cm.
=
ED=
119x 153
BE
23.
Answer: 72
First we find the number of ordered pairs (m, n) of positive integers m and n such
that m+ n = 190 and m and n are not relatively prime.
To this end, write m = ka and n = kb, where k, a and b are positive integers with
k > 1. Since m+ n = 190, we see that k is a factor of 190 = 2x5x19 with k t 190.
We consider six cases:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
k = 2. Then a+ b = 95, and there are 94 such pairs (a, b) of a and b

such that the equation holds.
k = 5. Then a + b = 38, and there are 37 such pairs (a, b) of a and b
k = 19. Then a + b = 10, and there are 9 such pairs (a, b) of a and b
k = 10. Then a+ b = 19, and there are 18 such pairs (a, b) of a and b
k = 38. Then a+ b = 5, and there are 4 such pairs (a, b) of a and b such
that the equation holds.
k = 95. Then a+ b = 2, and there is 1 such pair (a, b) of a and b such
that the equation holds.
It follows from the above cases that the number of ordered pairs m, n) of positive
integers m and n such that m+ n = 190 and m and n are not relatively prime is
94+37+9-18-4-1 = 117.
36
Since the total number of ordered pairs (m, n) such that m + n = 190 is 189, we conclude
that the required number of ordered pairs (m, n) where m and n are relatively prime is 189
- 117 = 72.
24.
Answer: 32
For all real values of x for which] (x) is defined, we have
j(x) =
l+cos 2x 1-cos 2x
= _!_
= 17 + _!_
t an2
17 +
t an2 x+9) + _!_ (25 cot
= 17
32.
+ 25 coe
x+ 25
)
))
t an2 x 25cot2 x
(AM-GM Inequality)
least possible value of j(x) is 32.

fi) = 32. Thus the
.
Answer: 2002
First we place the 5 red balls on a straight line and then place 1 blue ball between 2
adjacent red balls. With this arr angement fixed, the condition of the question is satisfied.
We are now left with 9 blue balls. We can place the remaining 9 blue balls into the spaces
before, after or in between the 5 red balls. The number of ways that this can be done is
the answer to the question. Including the two ends, there are 4 + 2 = 6 spaces into which
these 9 blue balls can be placed. The number of ways of distributing the 9 blue balls into
the 6 spaces is
4
( : J ( J c :J
9
26.
25
+
2cos2 x 2sin2 x
_!_(2J9x 25)
2
Note that j(t an-1
25.
25
-!
2002.
Answer: 49
Consider the following subsets of S:
S1
= {1, 2, 3, ..., 49, 50},
{51, 52, 53, ..., 99, 100},

s3 = {1 01, 102, 1 03, ..., 149, 150},
S2 =
Szooo =
{99951, 99952, 99953, ..., 99999, 100000}.
In other words, Si = {50i- 49, 50i- 48, ..., 50i} fori= 1, 2, ..., 2000. Note that Sis
partitioned into these subsets St, Sz, S 3 , ... , Szooo.
37
By Pigeonhole Principle, for any subset A of S with

where 1:::; i:::; 2000, such that I AnSi
I 2.
Let
a,b EAnsi. It
is clear that
IAI = 2010,
there exists i,
Ia- bl:::; 49.
To show that 49 is the least possible value of k, we find a subset A S with lAI =
that Ia- bl2: 49 for any distinct a,b EA. Let
2010 such
A={ 49j+1: j=0,1, 2, ... , 2009}={1,50, 99,1 48, ... , 98442}.
Then A is a subset of S with
27.
Answer:
IAI = 2010
and
Ia- bl2: 49
for any distinct
a,b EA.
11 2
E --+---+---4----r--
n
Figure 1
A
We observe that to avoid the four points marked x, the path must cross either C, D
orE as shown in Figure 1 above. Further, the paths that cross C, D orE are
exclusive, that is, no path can cross both C and D or D and E, or C and E.
There is only 1 way to get from A to C and from A toE. It is easy to see that there
are 4 ways to get from A to D.
1
1
1
..
4 ..
3
2
1
21
15
10
6
Figure 2
To count the number of ways to get from either C, D orE to B, we note that the
number of ways to get to a certain junction is the sum of the numbers of ways to
get to the two junctions immediately preceding it from the left or from below (as
shown in Figure 2). Therefore there are 21 ways to get from C to B. Similarly,
there are 21 ways to get from D to Band 7 ways to get from E to B.
Hence the number of ways to get from A to B that
pass through C: number of ways from A to C x number of ways from C to

B= 1 X 21 = 21;
pass through D: number of ways from A to Dx number of ways from D to

B= 4 X 21 = 84;
pass through E: number of ways from A to E x number of ways from E to

B=1x7=7.
It follows that the total number of ways from A to B is 21 + 84+7= 1 12.
38
28 .
Answer: 60
Let 0 be the centre of
C2
and let PA intersect
C2 atB .The
homothety centred atA
It mapsB toP. Thus AB = !__ (This

10
AP 10
can also be seen by connecting P to the centre 0' of C1 so that the triangles ABO
and APO' are similar.) The power of P with respect to C2 is PM2 = 20. Thus
mapping
Cz
to
C1
has similitude ratio
!__
PBPA = 20,or equivalently (PA - AB)PA =20. Together with AB = !_ ,we

AP 10
obtain AB =8 and AP = 10 . Consequently,the triangle ABO is equilateral,and
hence LPAD = LBA0 = 60.
29.
Answer: 6
We shall show that a =3,b =2 and c =1.
Note that 2a > b + c.As b + c is a multiple of a ,it follows that a =b + c.
Let a + c =kb . Then kb =a + c = b + c + c,so 2c = (k- 1)b . Since c < b,we
must have k =2 and therefore b =2c. Since b and c are relatively prime,this
implies that c = 1 and b =2 . Thus a =3 . Hence abc = 6.
30 .
Answer: 680
For any 3-element subset {a ,b,c},define a mapping f by
f ( {a ,b,c}) = {a ,b - 1,c - 3}.
Now observe that {a ,b,c} is a subset of {1, 2, 3, 4, . . . , 20} with a < b - 1< c - 3
if and only if j( {a ,b, c} ) is a 3-element subset of { 1, 2, 3, . . . , 17}. Hence the
answer is
C:)
= 680.
39
31.
Answer: 2780
Note that 0 ::;; f(n)::;; 4 for 1 ::::;n::::; 99999. Fork= 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, let ak denote the
number of integersn, where 1 ::::;n::::; 99999, such thatj (n) = k. Then
4
4
k
k
M=
kak 2 = kak 2 .
k =O
k =l.
L:
L:
By considering the number of 2-digit, 3-digit, 4-digit and 5-digit positive integers
with exactly one 0 in their decimal representation, we obtain
= 9+ 9 X 9 X 2+ 9 X 9 X 9 X 3+ 9 X 9 X 9 X 9 X 4=28602 .
Similarly, we have
a =9 + 9 X 9 X
2
( )
+9 X 9 X 9 X
()
= 4626,
a3=9+9 2 x4=333,
a =9.
4
Hence
3
M =1x28602x2+2x4626x22 +3x333x2 +4x9x24 =102780,
and it follows that M- 100000 = 2780.

32.
Answer: 5
Let n = p4 -5 p 2 +13. When p = 3, we haven= 49 and so the sum of digits is 13.
When p= 5, we haven= 513 and the resulting sum of digits is 9.
Now let p > 5 be a prime. We have
n= p4 -5p 2 +13= ( p-2)( p-1)( p+1)( p+2)+9.
Since p- 2, p- 1, p, p + 1 and p + 2 are five consecutive integers, at least one of
them is divisible by 5. Since pi= 5, we must have 5 divides one of the numbers
p- 2, p- 1, p + 1 and p + 2, so 5 divides the product (p- 2)(p- 1)(p + 1)(p + 2).
Observe that at least one of the numbers p + 1 and p + 2 is even. Therefore we see
that (p- 2)(p- 1)(p + 1)(p + 2) is divisible by 10. It follows that for any prime
p > 5, the number n has at least two digits and the units digit is 9, so the sum of
the digits is greater than 9. Consequently the smallest possible sum of digits is 9,
and this value is attained when p= 5.
40
33.
Answer: 360
X
ExtendBA andCD to meet at X .LetH be the point onCD such thatFH II

Let AD
CE
a. Then
BC
ECG,
3a , andFH
( )
CE
(AD +
BC)
By the similarity of trianglesFHG and

we have
2
FH
x area of
(i) area of FHG =
(ii)
Ll
CG CE
HG
FH
Ll ECG
It follows from (i) and (ii) that the area of triangleFDH
(iii)
XA
XF
AD
XAD
LlXAD
( )
60 cm2;
x 60
HG
90 cm2 .
bey cm2 . By the similarity of triangles XAD and
- =- =
FH
2
area of ilXDF
(iv) area of LlXFH
, so that XA =AF and hence

=
2x area of
AD
FH
2y cm2;
4y.
It follows from (iii) and (iv) that the area of triangleFDH

2
Since the area of triangleFDH is 90 cm , we get y = 45.
Finally, by the similarity of triangles
andABC,
area of
2a.
2 , so thatHG = 2CG andDH =HC =
-=-=
Now, let area of triangle

XFH , we have
BC.
LlXBC (BC)2
=
AD
Hence the area of trapeziumABCD
XAD
y =9y
.
=
8y = 360 cm2
41
4y-2y
2y cm2 .
34.
Answer: 75
First we note that every positive integer m can be written uniquely (in base 27) as
m=b0 +b1 x27+b2x27 2 ++b7 x277,
where r and b0, bp b2,
, br (depending on m) are non-negative integers with
bi < 27 for i =
0, 1, 2, ..., r.
Since the coefficients of P(x) are non-negative integers and P(1) = 25, we see that
ak ::;; 25 < 27 for 0:::; k:::; n. Thus by the above remark, the polynomial P (x) is
uniquely determined by the value P(27) = 1771769. Writing 1771769 in base 27,
3
we obtain 1771769 = 2+11x27+9x27 +3x274 Therefore
3
P (x) =2+11x+9x +3x4
Hence a0 +2a1 +3a ++(n+1)an =2+2x11+4x9+5x 3=75.
2
35.
Answer: 12
N,. Let P be the point of concurrence of the
First we shall show that r3 =
tangent to the circumcircle of the triangle As at As and the two external

common tangents of f1 and f Note that the line joining and also passes
2
through P.
First we have PA; =P PA1 , so
( )
PAs
PA1
PAs
=..2. That is,
=
p r2
p
On the other hand,

PAs sinLAg P sin r1 +r3
=
-=
=-sinAs P sin r +r3
p
2
1+ 3
Thus
= '
' Solving for r3, we obtain r3 =
+
2
'
,3
r2 =8 , we get r3=12.
--
N,.
3
v;;
42
3.
v;;
Substituting r1 =18 ,
',

(
. Senior Section, Round 2)

0930-1230
1.
2.
3.

10
mark.

1. In the triangle ABC with AC > AB,
D is the foot of the perpendicular from A onto

BC and E is the foot of the perpendicular from D onto AC. Let F be the point
on the line DE such that EF DC = BD DE Prove that AF is perpendicular
to BF.
2. The numbers
t, , . . . , 2 0\ 0
are written on a blackboard.
A student chooses any
two of the numbers, say x, y, erases them and then writes down x
xy. He
continues to do this until only one number is left on the blackboard. What is this
number?
3. Given
a1 2': 1 and ak+l ;::: ak + 1 for all k 1, 2, , n, show that

af + a + + a 2': (a1 + a2 + + an) 2 .
4. An infinite sequence of integers, a0 ,

=
for any n 2': 0,
where
an,
a1
an+l an - bn,
a1, a3 , with a0 > 0, has the property that

bn is the number having the same sign as
.
but having the digits written in the reverse order. For example if
=
1089 and
all n;:::l.
a2
-8712, etc. Find the smallest value of
a0
5. Let p be a prime number and let
so that
a0
1210,
an i= 0 for
a1, a2 , ... , ak be distinct integers chosen from

n
1, 2, ..., p 1. For 1 ::; i ::; k, let r } ) denote the remainder of the integer nai upon
n
division by p, so 0 ::; r} ) < p. Define
n
S { n : 1 :S n :S p - 1, rin) <
< r )}
-
Show that
S has less than k2_f1
elements.
43

(Senior Section, Round
2010
solutions)
Since we are supposed to prove LAFB=goo, it means that the 4 points A, B, D, F

are concyclic. Note that AC > AB implies that LB > LC. If TD is the tangent to
the circumcircle w of the triangle ABD with B and T lying opposite sides of the line
AD, then LADT = LB > LC = LADE so that w intersects the interior of DE at
F. Therefore F can only be in the interior of DE. Now observe that the triangles
ADE and DCE are similar so that AD/AE =DC/DE. By the given condition, this
can be written as AD/AE = BD/ EF. This means the triangles ABD and AFE are
similar. Thus LABD = LAFE. This shows that A, B, D, F are concyclic. Therefore
LAFB=LADE=goo.
1.
2.
See Junior Section Question 5.
We will prove it by induction. First, it is clear that

suppose it is true for n terms. Then
3.
ar 2:: af since a1 2:: 1.
n+l
n
n
La 2:: a+l +La a+l + (Lak)
k=l
k=l
k=l
n
n+l
(Lak) +a+1-a+1-2an+1Lak.
k=l
k=l
2
44
Next,
a+l-a;+l-2an+l.L.:=lak :?: 0. Since

ak+l- ak :?: 1, we have a+l- a :?: ak+l + ak. Summing up over k 1, ... , n, and
using ar - al :?: 0, we have
n
a+l- at:?: an+l+ 2 L ak - a1
k=l
To complete the induction, we'll now show that
4. If
ao has a single digit, then a1 0. Thus a0 has at least 2 digits. If a0 ab 10a+b,

then a 1
9(a-b) which is divisible by 9. it follows that all subsequent terms are divisible
by 9. Checking all 2-digit multiples of 9 shows that eventually 9 appears ( Note that ab
and ba give rise to the same sequence, but with opposite signs ) :
81 63 27 45 9.
=
---+
---+
---+
---+
ao abc, then a1 99(a - c). Thus if suffices to investigate 3-digit multiples of 99,
198, ..., 990. Here we find that 99 will eventually appear:
990 891 693 297---+ -495 ---+ 99.
If ao =abed, then a1
999(a-d)+90(b-c). If b, care both 0, then a1 and all subsequent
terms are multiples of 999. However, if such numbers appear in the sequence, eventually
999 will appear:
9990 8991 6993 2997 -4995 999.
For 1010, we get 909 and for 1011 we get -90. For 1012, we get
1012 -1089 -8712 6534 2178 -6534
and the sequence becomes periodic thereafter. Thus the smallest a0
1012.
If
i. e. ,
---+
---+
---+
---+
---+
---+
---+
---+
---+
---+
---+
---+
---+
5. Let
rbn) 0 and Tk1

=
S'
Note that
p.
Set
k
{n: 1:::; n:::; p - 1, .2.: lr- rn)l p}.
i=O
=
L lr- rn) I
i=O
iff
Tbn)
:S;
rin)
:S;
:S;
rk1.
n E S', l r)1 - rn) I r- dn) n(ai+l- ai) (mod p)

and p f (ai+l- ai), the numbers r)1- rn), 1 :::; n:::; p- 1, are all distinct. Therefore
Thus
lSI
Pl8'1
IS' I
Since for
lrii- ri"ll t I.; lrii- rl"ll tj

t
nEB' i=O
i=O nEB'
i=O j=l
I.;
Therefore
lSI
<
k2_J1.
45
(k + l)IS (IS'I + l).
( SMO ) 2010
1)
Singapore Mathematical Olympiad
( Open Section,
Round
0930-1200 hrs
Wednesday, 2 June 2010
2. Write your answers in the answer sheet provided and shade the appropriate bubbles below
your answers.

46
8n3- 96n2 +360n- 400

.
is an integer . Find
1. Let S be the set of all mtegers n such that
2n - 7
the value of
lnl.
nES
2. Deter mine the largest value of x for which
lx2 - 4x - 396011 lx2 +4x - 3960 11.
3. Given that
find the value of L
X=
1
1
1
L1 /3j + L2 /3j + L3 /3j
+ ... + L7999
1
/3j,
J, where LYJ denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to

1 0
(For example, L2.1J = 2, L30J = 30, L- 10.5J = - 1 1.)
4. Determine the smallest positive integer C such that 6n.
:::;
y.
C for all positive integers n.
5. Let CD be a chord of a circle r1 and AB a diameter of r1 per pendicular to CD at N

with AN> NB. A circle r2 centr ed at C with radius CN intersects r1 at points P and
Q, and the segments PQ and CD intersect at M . Given that the radii of r1 and r2 ar e
6 1 and 60 r espectively, find the length of AM.
6.
50
Deter mine the minimum value of
L Xk,
k=l
positive number s x1, . . . , X5o satisfying
where the summation is done over all possible
50
L __!_
= 1.
X
k=l
7. Find the sum of all positive integer s p such that the expression (x- p)(x- 13 ) + can be
expressed in the for m ( +q) ( +r ) for distinct integers q and r.
- :2 - :
2
8. Let Pk = 1 +
, wherek is a positive integer . Find the least positive integer n
3
such that the product P P
Pn exceeds 20 10.
3
9. Let B be a point on the circle centred at 0 with diameter AC and let D and E be the
circumcentres of the tr iangles OAB and OBC respectively. Given that sin L.BOC = g
and AC = 24, find the area of the tr iangle BDE.
10. Let f be a real-valued function with the rule f(x) = x3 +3x +6x+1 defined for all real
value of
It is given that a and bare two r eal numbers such that f(a ) = 1 and f(b) = 19.
Find the value of ( a +b
x.
1 1. If cot a +cot ,6 +cot'/'
)2.
- 5,4 tan
cot a cot ,6 +cot ,6 cot')' +cot')' cot a
17
and
B
1
-5, find the value of tan(a +,6 +')').
a +tan ,6 + tan')'
47
12.
The figure below shows a road map connecting two shopping malls A and B in a certain
city. Each side of the smallest square in the figure represents a road of distance 1km.
Regions C and D represent two large residential estates in the town. Find the number of
shortest routes to travel from A to B along the roads shown in the figure.
8 km
.B
c
10 km
D
A
1 3.
Let
a1
+
an> 2
14.
1, a2
and for all
for all
n 2m,
n 2 2, an+l
where
m is
n-1
2n
an +
+ 1 an-1
n
n 1
It is known that
a positive integer. Find the least value of m.
It is known that
V9 - 8sin 50 =a + b sinc0
for exactly one set of positive integers
(a, b,c
+
), where 0 < c < 90. Find the value of b c.
15. If a is a real root of the equation x5 -x3 + x -2

the least positive integer not exceeding x.
0, find the value of
La6 J, where Lx J is
16. If a positive integer cannot be written as the difference of two square numbers, then the
integer is called a "cute" integer. For example, 1, 2 and 4 are the first three "cute" integers.
Find the 2010th "cute" integer.
( Note: A
the square of a positive integer. As an illustration,

16 are the first four square numbers.)
square number is
1, 4,
9 and
17. Let f (x ) be a polynomial in x of degree 5. When f (x ) is divided by x - 1, x- 2, x - 3,

x -4 and x2 -x -1, f (x ) leaves a remainder of 3, 1, 7, 36 and x- 1 respectively. Find the
square of the remainder when f (x ) is divided by x + 1.
48
18. Determine the number of or dered pairs of positive integer s (a, b) satisfying the equation
100( a +b)= ab- 100.
( Note:
As an illustr ation, ( 1, 2) and ( 2, 1) are considered as two distinct ordered pairs. )
19. Let p= ab +ba If a, b and p are all prime, what is the value of p?
.
20. Determine the value of the following expression:
l J l
J l
J l
11 X 3
11
11 X 2
11 X 4
11 X 2009
+. . . +
+
+
+
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
'
where
LYJ
denotes the gr eatest integer less than or equal to y.
21. Numbers 1, 2, . . . , 2010 are placed on the circumference of a cir cle in some order. The
numbers i and j, where i =F j and i,j E { 1, 2, . . . , 2010} form a friendly pair if
( i) i and j are not neighbour s to each other, and

( ii) on one or both of the arcs connecting i and j
along the circle, all numbers in between
them are greater than both i and j.
Determine the minimal number of friendly pairs.

2 2. LetS be the set of all non-zer o r eal-valued functions f defined on the set of all r eal numbers
such that
f(x2 +yf(z)) = xf ( x ) +zf(y)
for all r eal number s x, y and z Find the maximum value of( 1 2345) , where f E S.
.
23. All possible 6-digit number s, in each of which the digits occur in non-increasing order from
left to r ight ( e. g. , 966541) , are written as a sequence in increasing order ( the first thr ee
6-digit number s in this sequence are 100000, 110000, 111000 and so on) . If the 2010th
number in this sequence is denoted by p, find the value of L J, where LxJ denotes the
greatest integer less than or equal to x.
:0
24. Find the number of permutations a1 a2a3a4a5a6 of the six integers from 1 to 6 such that
for all i from 1 to 5, ai+l does not exceed ai by 1.
25. Let
A=
( ) c )) ( ) C )) ( ( ) c ))
(
(
( () - G))
( )
() (
(;) )
2010 0
O10
o
2010
1
010
1
20 10
2
+. . . +
Determine the minimum integer s such that
sA
( Note:
For a given positive integer n,
other values of r, define
n
r
= 0.
49
40 20
2010
n!
_ r ).' for r = 0, 1, 2, 3,
'
r. n
n; and for all

(Open Section, Round
1)
2010
1. Answer: 50
27
8n3- 96n2 + 360n- 400
.
4n2- 34n + 61 + _ . Smce
Note that
4n2 - 34n + 61 is
2n _7
2n 7
an integer for all integers n, we must have that 27 divisible by 2n- 7. Hence, 2n - 7
-1,1,-3,3,-9,9,-27,27, so that n 3,4,2,5,-1,8,-10,17. Hence the required sum
equals 50.
=
2. Answer: 199
By direct computation,
lx2- 4x- 396011 lx2 + 4x- 396011

-:::=:?- (x2- 4x- 39601)2- (x2 + 4x- 39601)2 0
-:::=:?- 2(x2- 39601)(-8x) 0
-:::=:?- x(x + 199)(x - 199):::; 0,
we conclude that the largest possible value of
x is 199.
3. Answer: 1159
Note that
X
L11/3j + L21/3j + L31/3j + ... + L79991/3j

L Lkl/3j + L Lkl/3j + L Lkl/3j + ... +
L:
L:
1+
2+
L:
3 + ... +
L:
Lkl/3j
19
(23- 13) + 2 (33- 23) + 3 (43- 33) + ... + 18 (193- 183) + 19 (203- 193)
19
19(8ooo) - L: k3
k=l
19 20 2
19(8000) -
:. LlOOJ
115900
=
1159.
50
4. Answer: 65
6n
Define f( n) =I for n=1, 2, 3, . It is clear that f( l ) =6, f( 2) =18, f(3) =36, f( 4 ) =54
n.
and f(5) =64.8. For all. n ;:::: 6,

f( n) =
6n
n!
6 6 6 6 6
l X 2 X J X Ll X S X 6 =6 X 3 X 2 X 1.8=64.8
5. Answer: 78
Extend DC meeting r2 at H. Note that DN =NC =CH = 60. Since M is of equal
power with respect to r1 and r2 Thus MN MH = MC MD . That is MN(MC+60) =
.
MC(MN +60) giving MN =MG.
Thus MN =30.
A
The power of N with respect to r 1 is DN NC = 602, and is also equal to N A N B =

NA(AB -NA) =NA(1 2 2 -NA). Thus NA(1 2 2 -NA) =602. Solving this quadratic
equation, we get NA = 7 2 or 50. Since NA > NB, we have NA = 7 2. Consequently
AM =vfNA2+MN 2=vf7 22+302=78.
6. Answer: 2500
By Cauchy-Schwarz inequality,
and equality holds if and only if Xk =50 fork=1, . . . , 50. Therefore the required value is
2500.
7. Answer: 26
Let (x- p)(x- 13)+4=(x+q)(x+r ) . Substituting x=-q into the above identity yields
(-q - p)(-q - 13) =-4, which becomes (q+p)(q+ 13) =-4. Since p and q are integers,
we must have the following cases:
( a)
( b)
q+p=-4, q+13=1;
( d)
q+p=- 2, q+13= 2
q+p=4, q+13=-1;
(c) q+p= 2,q+13=- 2;or
51
()
q = -14,p= 8 and hence (x- p)(x- 13)+4 = (x - 14)(x- 17);
(b ), we obtain q = -12,p = 8 and hence (x- p)(x- 13)+4 = (x- 9)(x- 12);
(c ), we obtain q =-15,p= 17 and hence (x- p)(x- 13) +4= (x- 15)2; which
For case a , we obtain

-For case
For case
is NOT what we want;
()
For case d , we obtain q = - l l,p = 9 and hence (x- p)(x- 13)+4 = (x- 11)2; which
is also NOT what we want. Hence the two possible values of pare 8 and 18, the sum of
which is 26.
8. Answer: 8038
First, note that
( ) (1+.!.k ) 2= (k - 1)(k+1)2
k3
!
! ]__ ]__
Pk = 1+ k _ k 2 _ k3= 1 - k
Therefore,
1 32 2 42 3 52 (n- 1)(n+1)2 (n+1) 2

=
P 2P3 Pn=
43
n3
4n
(n+1)2
> 2010 is equivalent to n2-8038n+1 > 0, which is equivalent

Next, observe that
4n
to n(n- 8038) > -1. Since n is a positive integer, the last inequality is satisfied if and
only if n 2:: 8038. Consequently, the least n required is 8038.
9. Answer: 45
Let d = AC = 24. First, it is not difficult to see that LDEB =LACE and LEDB =
LCAB, so that the triangles DEE and ABC are similar.
Let M and N be the feet of the perpendiculars from B onto DE and AC respectively. As
M is the midpoint of OB, we have BM = Also BN = BO sinLBOC = x = 2r
Therefore DE = AC x lfr = d x = 5 . Thus the area of the triangle BDE is
! x BM x DE=! x x 58d = s;;. Substituting d = 24, the area of the triangle BDE is
45.
52
10. Answer : 4
We note that f(x) = (x + 1)3 +3(x+ 1 ) + 10. Let g(y) = y3 + 3y, which is a str ictly
increasing odd function. Hence f(a) = 1 implies g(a + 1) =-9 and f(b ) = 19 implies
g(b +1) =9. Thus, a+1=-(b + 1), implying a+b =- 2, so that (a+b)2 =4.
11. Answer : 11
Let x=tan a, y =tan/3 and z=tan'Y. Then
xy+yz+zx
xyz
x+y+z
x+y+z
xyz
4
5
17
17
5
- and xy+yz +zx= It follows that
From the above three equations, xyz=

tan(a +pa +'Y) =
x +y +z- xyz
17/6- (-5/6)
=
=11.
1- 2/3
1- (xy+yz+zx)
1 2. Answer: 2 20 23
Include the points E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, Nand Pin the diagr am as shown and consider
all possible routes:
E
8km
F
G
H
10 km
c
J
D
A
For the route A
---+ E ---+ B,
there is 1 way.
For the route A ---+
F ---+
B, there are
For the route A ---+
G---+
B, there ar e
C2) (D
c ) ()
53
=80 ways.
=1260 ways.
For the route
A H I B,
For the route
A J I B,
For the route
A J
K B,
A L I B,
For the route
A L K B,
A L M
there are
For the route
A P B,
there are
ways.
ways.
ways.
11 ways.
22023 ways.
Hence, by adding up, there are altogether
4021
an+l - an=
Rearranging the recurrence relation yields
n 3, we have
an- an-1 =
ways.
B, there are
there are
ways.
1176 ways.
there are
A N B,
for
there are
For the route
1 3. Answer:
ways.
there are
For the route
For the route
() () 980
() (D () 5880
() (D
(!) () () 7350
(!) (D (D 4410
(!) () 490
() c21) 385
ell)
there are
-ll
n
(an- an-1) for n 2. Thus,
n+
.
.
n- 2
n- 2 n- 3
(an-1- an-2) =
an-2- an-3 )
(
n
n n- 1.
n- 2 n- 3 2 1
a1)
= n n -1 4 3( a22
2
2
-n(n- 1 ) n -1 n
--
--
--
--
3. Using the method of difference, we obtain an= 3 - for n 3. Given that

n
2009
, w have
an > 2 +
2010 e
2
20091
3- > 2 +
32010
-:;;,
2010'
yielding n > 4020. Hence the least value of m is 4021.
for
14. Answer:
14
We have
8 + 8 sin 10 - 8 sin 10 -.8 sin 50

9 + 8 sin 10 - 8 (2 sin 30 cos 20)
9 + 8 sin 10 - 8(1 - 2 sin2 10 )
9 - 8 sin 50
.. v9 - 8 sin 506 Thus,
a = 1, b=
4 and
c=
16 sin2 106 + 8 sin 10

(1 + 4 sin 10 )2
1 + 4 sin 10.
10, and hence
b+c
54
14.
+1
15. Answer: 3
It can be easily seen that the given equation has exactly one real r oot a, since (1) all
polynomial equations of degree 5 has at least one r eal r oot, and (2) the function f(x) =
x5- x3 + x- 2 is strictly increasing since f' (x) = 5x4- 3x2 + 1 > 0 for all r eal values of x.
1
It can also be checked that f() <0 and f(2) > 0, so that 2 <a<2. This is equivalent to
a6 <4 since
a6 <4
-::::::}
-::::::}
-::::::}
-::::::}
In addition, we claim that a6
a6
:::=::
:::=::
a4- a2 + 2a<4
a5 - a3 + 2a2 <4a
2a2 - 5a + 2 <0
1
2 <a <2.
3 since
-::::::}
-::::::}
-::::::}
a4- a2 + 2a :::=:: 3
a5 - a3 + 2a2 - 3a
2a2 - 4a + 2 :::=:: 0,
:::=:: 0
the last inequality is always tr ue. Hence 3 :::; a6 <4, thereby showing that L a6J
3.
16. Answer: 8030
Any odd number greater than 1 can be written as 2k+1, where 2k+1 = (k+1)2-k2 . Hence
all odd integers greater than 1 are not "cute" integers. Also, since 4m = (m+1)2-(m-1?,
so that all integers of the for m 4m, where m > 1, ar e not "cute". We claim that all integer s
of the form 4m + 2 ar e "cute". Suppose 4m + 2 ( for m:::=:: 1) is not "cute", then
for some integers positive integers x and y. However, x + y and x - y have the same
parity, so that x - y and x + y must all be even since 4m + 2 is even. Hence 4m + 2 is
divisible by 4, which is absurd. Thus, 4m + 2 is "cute". The first few "cute" integers
are 1, 2, 4, 6, 10
For n > 3, the nth "cute" integer is 4n- 10. Thus, the 2010th "cute"
integer is 4(2010)- 10 = 8030.
17. Answer: 841
We have f(1) = 3, f(2) = 1, f(3) = 7, f( 4 )
= 36
and
f(x) = (x2 - x- 1)g(x) + (x- 1),
where g(x) is a polynomial in x of degree 3. Hence g(1)

g(4) = 3. Thus
f(x)
Thus,
f(-1)
( X2 _ X _
-29,
so
-3, g(2)
0, g(3)
1, and
1). (-3) . ( x- 2)(x- 3)(x- 4) + (1). (x- 1)(x- 2)(x- 4)
(-1)(-2)(-3)
(x- 1)(x- 2)(x- 3)
.
+ (3).
. + (X _ 1)
(3)(2)(1)
that its square is 841.
55
(2)(1)(-1)
18. Answer: 18
Solving for b, we get b = 10t000. Since a and b are positive, we must have a > 100.
Let a = 100 + m, where m is a positive integer. Thus b = lOO(lOO m)+lOO = 100 + 10!00.
Therefore m must be a factor of 10100 = 101 x 2 2 x 5 2 Conversely, each factor r of
1000) of the equation 100(a +
m determines a unique solution (a, b) = (100 + r, 100 +
b) = ab -100. There are 18 = (1 + 1)(2 + 1)(2 + 1) factors of 10100. Consequently
there are 18 solutions of the given equation. In fact, these 18 solutions can be found
to be (a, b) = (101, 10200), (102, 5150), (104, 2625), (105, 2120), (110, 1110), (120, 605),
(125, 504), (150, 302), (200, 201), (201, 200),
. (302, 150), (504, 125), (605, 120), (1110, 110),
(2120, 105),
(2625, 104), (5150, 102), (10200, 101).
19. Answer: 17
If both a, b are odd prime numbers, then p is even and p
that p is prime. Thus a =2 or b=2.
4, contradicting the condition
Assume that a =2. Then b i= 2; otherwise, p =8 which is not prime.

Thus b is an odd prime number. Let b
We shall show that k=1.
2k + 1, where k is an integer greater than 1. Thus
Suppose that k 2. If k = 1 mod 3), then b > 3 and

b = 2k + 1
O mod 3),
contradicting the condition that b is prime. If k . 1(mo d 3), then
a contradiction too. Thus
k =1
and
b= 3.
Therefore
20. Answer: 10045

The number of grid points (x, y) inside the rectangle with four corner vertices (0, 0), (11, 0),
(0, 2010) and (11, 2010) is
(11 -1)
(2010 -1) =20090.
There are no grid points on the diagonal between (0, 0) and (11, 2010) excluding these two
points, since for any point (x, y) on this segment between (0, 0) and (11, 2010), we have
2010x
y=---uBut for an integer x with 1 ::; x ::; 10,
0lx is not an integer.
Hence the number of grid points (x, y) inside the triangle formed by corner points (0, 0),
(0, 2010) and (11, 2010) is
(11 -1)
(2010 -1)/2
56
20090/2 =10045.
(11, 2010),
For any grid point (x, y) inside the tr iangle formed by corner points
we have
::::::
y ::::::
2009, 1
:S: X <
11y
2010'
(0, 0), (0, 2010)
and
Thus, for any fixed positive integer y, there ar e the number of grid points satisfying the
is
condition that :S: x <
.,i-{0
11
l2 o :o J '
1{0
1 (0,2009.
0), (0, 2010)
(11, 2010)
11 11 2 11 3 11 4
2009 .
11
l2010J l 2010 J l 2010 J l 2010 J
l 2010 J
10045.
21.
2007
3.
3
3.
3.
3,
0.
3
3.
as 2
is not an integer when :S: y :S:
the tr iangle for med by cor ner points
X
Thus the number of grid points (x, y) inside

and
is
+. . . +
Therefore the answer is
Answer:
Consider n distinct numbers where n 2:

of fr iendly pairs is always n- for n 2:
also n-
We shall show by induction that the number

Hence the minimal number of fr iendly pairs is
If n =
then there are no fr iendly pairs as each number is adjacent to the other two.
Thus the number of fr iendly pairs is Assume that the number of fr iendly pairs for any
arr angement of n distinct numbers on the cir cle is n- for some n 2:
Consider n+
distinct number s on the cir cle. Letm be the largest number. Now consider the n numbers
on cir cle after deletingm. The two numbers adjacent tom which originally for m a fr iendly
pair do not for m a fr iendly pair anymore. Any other fr iendly pair r emains a fr iendly pair
when m is deleted. On the other hand, any fr iendly pair aft er m is deleted was originally
a fr iendly pair. By induction hypothesis, there are n- fr iendly pairs after m is deleted.
Therefore, there are (n+
fr iendly pairs originally.
22.
Answer:
1) - 3
12345
We are given the equation

f(x2+yf(z))
0
(1),
0 (1),
xf(x) +zf(y).
(1)
0.
(2)
Substituting x = y = into
we get zf(O) = f(O) for all real number z. Hence f(O) =
Substituting y = into
we get
Similarly, substituting x =
Substituting y =
1 (3)
into
0 (1)
in
xf(x)
we get
f(yf(z))
(3)
zf(1)
(4)
we get
f(f(z))
for all r eal z. Now, using
zf(y).
(2) (4),
and
we obtain
57
(5)
Substituting y =z =x into (3) also yields

f(xf(x)) = xf(x).
(6)
Comparing (5) and (6), it follows that x2f(1) = xf(x), so that if x is non-zero, then
f(x) =ex for some constant c. Since f(O) = 0, we also have f(x) =ex for all real values
of x. Substituting this into (1), we have that c(x2 + cyz) = cx2 + cyz. This implies that
c2 = c, forcing c = 0 or c = 1. Since f is non-zero, we must have c = 1, so that f(x) = x
for all real values of x. Hence f(12345) =12345.
23. Answer: 86422
The number of ways of choosing r objects from n different types of objects of which
+ repetition is allowed is (n 1 . In particular, if we write r-digit numbers using n
digits allowing for repetitions with the condition that the digits appear in a non-increasing
+
order, there are (n - 1 ways of doing so. Grouping the given numbers into different
categories, we have the following tabulation. In order to track the enumeration of these
elements, the cumulative sum is also computed:
+
n r (n
Numbers
Beginning with
Digits used other

than the fixed
part
1,0
2,1,0
3,2,1,0
4,3,2,1,0
5,4,3,2,1,0
6,5,4,3,2,1,0
7,6,5,4,3,2,1,0
From 800000 to
5,4,3,2,1,0
3,2,1,0
855555
From 860000 to
863333
=6
) =21
)
l!
27
83
=126
209
=252
11
=462
5
1
=792
o
=56
:
)
1
;)
c)
(:)
l
Cumulative
= 252
=35
461
923
1715
1967
2002
The next 6-digit numbers are:

864000,864100,864110,864111,864200,864210,864211,864220. Hence, the 2010th 6-digit
number is 864220. Therefore, x =864220 so that l J =86422.
24. Answer: 309

LetS be the set of permutations of the six integers from 1 to 6. Then lSI=6! =720. Define
P( i) to be the subset of S such that the digit i + 1 follows immediately i, i =1,2,3,4,5.
58
Then
=
IP(i)l ()5!
_I; 1P(i1)nP(i2)1
2
21 <22
( )4!
. . 1P(i1) nP(i2) nP(i3)1 ( )3!

. _I; 1P(i1)nP(i2)nP(i3)nP(i4)1 (!) 2!
.
IP(1)nP(2)nP(3)nP(4)nP(5)1 () 1!.
21 <22<23
21 <22<23<24
By the Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion, the r equired number is
25. Answer: 2011

Note that
A =
(COo10) - (20))2+ ((2010)- (2010))2+ ((2010) - C010)) 2

2
0
1
1
+...+ (G) G) ) 2 f ((2010k ) _ ())2 .
k=O
=
Obser ve that
is the coefficient of
x2010 in the expansion of the following expression:
We also have
2011 ((2010) - ( 2010 )) k 2011 (2010) k - 2011 ( 2010 ) k

L L k
L
k
k 1
k 1
k=O
k=O
k=O
(x+1)2010 _ x(x+1)2010 (1 _ x)(x+1)2010
2010 ((2010)- ( 2010 )) k 2010 (2010)xk-! 2009 (2010 )xk+1
+
L1
k
k 1 x k=O
L k
k 1
L1 +
k=k=(x+1)2010 _-(1 x+1)2010 (1 _ 1/x)(x+1)2010.
59
X =
and
The coefficient of x2010 in the expansion of the following expression:

(1 - x)(x + 1)2010 (1 - 1/x)(x + 1)2010 = (2 - 1/x - x)(x + 1)4020
is
2
Hence
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
4020
2010
- 4020
2011
A=
- 4020
2009
4020
2010
Consider the inequality:
sA 2:
4020
2009
4020
2010 '
s(1 - 2010/2011)
s
2:
60
4020 - 4020
2
2010
2009 .
2011.
2:
1,

2010

0900-1330
1.
2.
3.
4.

No
10
mark.
calculators are allowed.
1.
Let CD be a chord of a circle r1 and AB a diameter of r1 perpendicular to CD

at N with AN> NB. A circle r2 centred at C with radius CN intersects r1 at
points P and Q. The line PQ intersects CD at M and AC at K; and the extension
of NK meets r2 at L. Prove that PQ is perpendicular to AL.
2.
Let an, bn, n = 1, 2, . . . be two sequences of integers defined by a1

for n;::: 1,
an+1
bn+1
1, b1
and
7 an + 12bn + 6
4an + 7bn + 3.
Prove that a is the difference of two consecutive cubes.

3.
4.
5.
Suppose that a1, ..., a15 are prime numbers forming an arithmetic progression with
common differenced> 0. If a1> 15, prove thatd> 30, 000.
Let n be a positive integer. Find the smallest positive integer k with the property
that for any colouring of the squares of a 2n x k chessboard with n colours, there
are 2 columns and 2 rows such that the 4 squares in their intersections have the
same colour.
Let p be a prime number and let x, y, z be positive integers so that 0 < x < y <
z < p. Suppose that x3, y3 and z3 have the same remainder when divided by p,
2
show that x + y2 + z2 is divisible by x + y + z.
61

(Open Section, Round
solutions)
Extend DC meeting r2 at H. Let the radius of r2 be r. Note that DN = NC =

CH =r. Since M is of equal power with respect to r1 and r2. Thus MN MH =
MC MD. That is MN(MC + r) =MC(MN + r) giving MN=MG. Thus M is the
midpoint of NC.
1.
As K lies on the radical axis of r1 and r2, the points C, N, A, L are concyclic. Thus
LALC=LANG=goo so that AL is tangent to r2. It.follows that AC is perpendicular
to NL at K, and hence MN=MC=MK.
Now let PQ intersect AL at T. We have LTAK = LKNM = LNKM = LLKT
and similarly LTLK = LAKT. Consequently, 2LKTL = 2(LTAK + LAKT)
LTAK + LAKT + LLKT + LTLK= 180, which means LKTL=goo.
First we shall prove that a is the difference of two consecutive cubes. To do so, we
shall prove by induction that a = (bn + 1)3- b. When n = 1, this is true. Suppose
for n 2: 1, this is true. We have
2.
(bn+l + 1)3- b+l =3b;+l + 3bn+l + 1

=3(4an + 7bn + 3)2 + 3(4an + 7bn + 3) + 1
=48a; + 147b; + 168anbn + 84an + 147bn + 37
=(7an + 12bn + 6)2 + (3b; + 3bn + 1)- a;
a;+1 + (bn + 1)3- b- a=a;+l
=
where the last equality is by induction hypothesis.
62
Lemma: Suppose p is prime and a1, ... , ap are primes forming an A. P. with common
difference d. If a1 > p, we claim that p I d.
3.
Proof Since p is prime and every
ai is a prime > p, p does not divide ai for any
the pigeonhole principle, there exist 1 i < j p so that ai

aj
aj - ai = (j -i)d, and p does not divide j - i. So p must divide d.
( mod p) .
i. By
Now
Apply the Lemma to the sequences at, ... , ak fork= 2,3, 5, 7,11 and 13. Then all such
k's are factors of d. So d > 2 3 5 7 11 13 > 30, 000.
4.
The answer is 2n2 -n + 1.
Consider an n-colouring of the 2n x k chessboard. A vertical-pair is a pair of squares

in the same column that are coloured the same. In every column there are at least n
vertical-pairs. Let P be the total number of vertical-pairs and Pi be the number of
vertical-pairs with colour i. Then P = P1+
+ Pn nk. Thus there is colour i with
Pi k. There are
= 2n2 -n pairs of rows. Thus if k 2n2 -n + 1, there is a pair
of rows that contains two vertical-pairs with colour i.
e;)
Next for k = 2n2 - n, exhibit an n-colouring where no such sets of 4 squares exists.
Note that it suffices to find such ann-colouring for the 2n x (2n-1) board. We can then
rotate the colours to obtain n of these boards which can then be put together to obtain
the requiring n-colouring of the 2n x (2n2 -n) board. For each i = 1,2,...,2n- 1, let
Ai = {(i,2n-1+i),(i+1,2n-2+i),...,(n-1+i,n+i)}, where 2n+k, k > 0, is taken
to bek. Note that the pairs in each Ai give a partition of {1,2,...,2n}. Moreover, each
pair of elements appears in exactly one Ai. Now colour the squares of column i using
n colours so that the two squares in each pair of Ai receive the same colour and the
colours the 2n pairs are mutually distinct. This gives ann-colouring of the 2n x 2n -1
board with the required property and we are done.
5.
It is given that
p I x3-y3= (x -y)(x2 + xy + y2).
Moreover,-p < x-y < Oand sop f x-y. Thusp I x2+xy+y2. Similarly,p I y2+yz+z2
and p I x2 + xz + z2. Hence
p I x2 + xy -yz -z2 = (x -z)(x + y + z).

Since p f x -z,p I x + y + z. Note that 0 < x + y + z < 3p. So x + y + z = p or 2p. We
will show that p I x2 + y2 + z2. Assuming this for the moment, the proof is complete if
x+y+z = p. If x+y+z = 2p, then x+y+z is even and hence x2+y2+z2 is even. So
both 2 and p divide x2 + y2 + z2. Moreover, p > 2 and so 2 and p are relatively prime.
Thus 2p divides x2 + y2 + z2 and the proof is also complete in this case.
63
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