06 Eurocodes Steel Workshop WALD

Bolts, welds,
column base
Frantiek Wald
Czech Technical University in Prague
Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples
Motivation
To present
o Content/principles
o Selected particularities
o Questions
To offer
o Worked examples
for design according to EN1993-1-8: 2005 of
Bolts
Welds
Column bases
Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014
Scope of the lecture

Bolts
o General
o Design resistance of individual fasteners
o Non-preloading bolts
o Slotted holes
o Design for block tearing
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Welding to flexible plate
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Base plate and concrete in compression
o Base plate in bending and bolt in tension
o Anchor bolt in shear
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary

Bolts
oGeneral
oDesign resistance of individual fasteners
o Slotted holes
o Worked examples
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins

in EN1993-1-8: 2005
3.1 Bolts, nuts and washers
3.1.1
3.1.2
pg.
General
Preloaded bolts
3.2 Rivets
3.3 Anchor bolts
3.4 Categories of bolted connections
3.4.1
3.4.2
Shear connections
Tension connections
3.5 Positioning of holes for bolts and rivets

3.6 Design resistance of individual fasteners
3.6.1
3.6.2
Bolts and rivets

Injection bolts
3.7 Group of fasteners

3.8 Long joints
3.9 Slip resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts
3.9.1
3.9.2
3.9.3
3.10
3.10.1
3.10.2
3.10.3
3.10.4
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.13.1
3.13.2
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
23
24
24
28
29
29
30
Design Slip resistance

Combined tension and shear
Hybrid connections
30
31
31
Deductions for fastener holes
31
General
Design for block tearing
Angles connected by one leg and other unsymmetrically connected members in tension
Lug angles
31
32
33
34
Prying forces
Distribution of forces between fasteners at the ultimate limit state
Connections made with pins
34
34
35
General
Design of pins
35
35
Bolt standards
EN 15048
Non-preloaded structural bolting assemblies
o Part 1: General requirements
o Part 2: Suitability test
EN 14399
High-strength structural bolting for preloading
High-strength structural bolting for preloading

EN 14399
Part 1: General requirements
Part 2: Suitability test for preloading
Part 3: System HR Hexagon bolt and nut assemblies
Part 4: System HV Hexagon bolt and nut assemblies
Part 5: Plain washers
Part 6: Plain chamfered washers
Part 7: System HR Countersunk head bolt and nut assemblies
Part 8 : System HV Hexagon fit bolt and nut assemblies
Part 3: System HR
Hexagon bolt and nut assemblies
Part 4: System HV
Hexagon bolt and nut assemblies
Mechanical properties
EN ISO 898-1, Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy
steel Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs (ISO 898-1:1999)
EN 20898-2, Mechanical properties of fasteners Part 2: Nuts with specified
proof load values Coarse thread (ISO 898-2:1992)
EN ISO 3506-1, Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless-steel fasteners

Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs (ISO 3506-1:1997)
EN ISO 3506-2, Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless-steel

fasteners Part 2: Nut (ISO 3506-2:1997)
Material
Bolts made of carbon steel and alloy steel:
4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 5.8, 6.8, 8.8, 10.9
Nuts made of carbon steel and alloy steel:
Bolts made of austenitic stainless steel:
4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12
50, 70, 80
Nuts made of austenitic stainless steel:
50, 70, 80
Washers (if appropriate) according to
hardness class HV 100 or HV 200
EN 1993-1-8
Material Properties
Nominal values for bolts
fyb is yield strength
fub is ultimate tensile strength
Bolt class
4.6
4.8
5.6
5.8
6.8
8.8
10.9
fyb
(N/mm2)
240
320
300
400
480
640
900
fub
(N/mm2)
400
400
500
500
600
800
1000
Holes
o Normal
+1 mm for M 12
+2 mm for M 16 up M 24
+3 mm for M 27 and bigger

o Oversized with 3 mm (M12) up 8 mm (M27)
o Slotted (elongated)
o Close fitting flushed bolts
for bolt M20 must be the clearance d < 0,3 mm
EN 1090-2 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures
Part 2: Technical requirements for steel structures

Bolts
oGeneral
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Resistance in shear in one shear plane

Fv, Rd
v A fub
M2
where the shear plane

passes through the unthreaded portion of the bolt
v = 0,6
A
fub
M2
is the gross cross section of the bolt

is ultimate tensile strength for bolt
s partial safety factors for resistance of bolts
Resistance in shear in one shear plane

v A fub
M2
where the shear plane
passes through the threaded portion of the bolt
Fv, Rd
- for classes 4.6, 5.6 and 8.8:

v = 0,6
- for classes 4.8, 5.8, 6.8 and 10.9
v = 0,5
A
fub
M2
is the tensile stress area of the bolt As

is ultimate tensile strength for bolt
s partial safety factors for resistance of bolts
Resistance in bearing
Fb,Rd
d0
k1 ab d t fu
M2
where b is the smallest of d, fub or 1,0
fu
d
e1
p1
In the direction of load transfer
p1
1
e1
,
for
inner
bolts
d
- for end bolts: d
3 d0 4
3 d0
Perpendicular to the direction of load transfer

e2
1,7 or 2,5
d0
e
- for inner bolts k1 is the smallest of 1,4 2 1,7 or 2,5
d0
- for edge bolts k1 is the smallest of 2,8
Fb.Sd
Bearing of Plate and Bolt
Inner bolt
Outer bolt
Resistance in Bearing
Load on a bolt not parallel to the edge
the bearing resistance may be verified separately
for the bolt load components parallel and normal to the edge
R 10
20
30
e1 40
p 1 60
e1 40
tw
5,6
IPE 200
P 10 - 140 x 100
M 20 - 5.6
L 140
tp
10
10
50
10
in oversized holes reduce bearing by 0,8
4
4
VSd = 110
Influence of distances to force

Fb ,Rd
k1 b d t fu
M2
Prallel to acting force

e1
3 d0
p
1
0 ,25
3 d
b min 0
fub
fu
e1 p1 p1 e1
e2
p2
p2
e2
a
e
Perpendicular to acting force

Fb ,Rd
k1 b d t fu
2 ,8
k1 min 1,4
M2
e2
1,7
d0
p2
1,7
d0
2 ,5
e1 p1 p1 e1
e2
e2
p2
a2
p2
e2
a2
e2
WE
WE
e1 p1 e1
Influence of distances
e1 =
p1 =
e2 =
p2 =
e2
p2
e2
Nomimal transversal distances:

e1 = 1,2 d0
p1 = 2,2 d0
e2 = 1,2 d0
p2 = 2,4 d0
2 ,8
k1 min 1,4
e2
1,7
d0
p2
1,7 min
d0
2 ,5
End bolts b e1 1,2 d 0 0 ,400
Fb ,Rd
Internal bolts
Fb ,Rd
3 d0
3 d0
2 ,2 d 0
p
b 1 0 ,25
0 ,25 0 ,483
3 d0
3 d0
1,2 d 0
2
,
8
1
,
7
d0
2 ,4 d 0
1,7 min
1,4
d0
2 ,5
k1 ab d t fu
M2
k1 ab d t fu
M2
1,66 0 ,400 d t fu
M2
1,66 0 ,483 d t fu
M2
1,66
1,66 1,66
2 ,5
0 ,664
0 ,802
d t fu
M2
d t fu
M2
WE
WE
e1 p1 e1
Sum
e2
p2
e2
e1 = 1,2 d0
p1 = 3,0 d0
e2 = 1,5 d0
p2 = 3,0 d0
Sum of resistances
Fb,Rd 2 1,875
Minimal resistance
Fb,Rd 4 1,0
d t fu
M2
d t fu
M2
2 1,00
4 ,0
d t fu
M2
d t fu
M2
5,75
d t fu
M2
WE
Pitch distances
Min
p1 = 2,2 d0
p2 = 2,4 d0
optimum e1 from 1,2 d0 to 1,45 d0
e2 = 1,2 d0
Fb ,Rd
Large
p1 = 3,75 d0
p2 = 3,0 d0
e1 = 3,0 d0
e2 = 1,5 d0
k1 ab d t fu
M2
Fb ,Rd
1,66 0 ,483 d t fu
k1 ab d t fu
M2
M2
2 ,5 1,0 d t fu
M2
0 ,802
2 ,5
d t fu
M2
d t fu
M2
Steel S690
Experiment bolts M12 10.9 minimal and maximal pitch

B1
B3
B2
B1
B3
B3
B2
B3
B2
B1
B2
Last-Verformungskurve
Versuch VL-100-220-385
Last-Verfromungskurve
Versuch VL-240-320-385
350
500
Fu = 297kN
B1
= 27%
250
400
Fb,R,max = 426
Fb,R = 234kN
200
Kraft Fx [kN]
Kraft Fx [kN]
Fu,test =
432kN
Fv ,R = 438
300
150
300
200
100
100
50
0
0
e1 = 1,0 d0 < min. e1 = 1,2 d0
Comparison to EN
Verformung ux [mm]
e1 and p1 min.
e1 and p1 max.
10
12
e1 = 2,4d0 and p1 = 3,2 d0
Fu/FEN3 = 1,27
Fu/FEN3 1,02
10
Verschiebung ux [mm]
University of Dortmund,
Institute of Steel Structures
12
Numerical model
Good agreement
Diffference D=5,5%
Comparison of simulation VL-100-220-385

University of Dortmund,
Institute of Steel Structures

Bolts
oGeneral
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Bearing resistance in slotted holes

Loaded perpendicular
to the long direction of the slot
60% of resistance in circular holes
22
18
18
40 40 8 16 8
40 40 8 16 8
M 16
M 16
10
35
50
25
10
35
50
25
110
110
Force, F, kN
200
180
Circular holes, (test 1c-16-1-d+2)
160
140
120
100
Slotted holes, (test 5c-16-1-d+2,5)
80
60
40
20
0
Displacement , mm
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45

Bolts
oGeneral
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Block tearing
Failure in shear at the row of bolts
along the shear face of the hole group
accompanied by
Tensile rupture
along the line of bolt holes
on the tension face of the bolt group
N Ed
N Ed
Test
Orbison J.G., Wagner M. E., Fritz W.P. 1999, Tension plane behavior in single-row bolted
connections subject to block shear, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 49,
225 239
FE model
Rupture
Topkaya C., 2004, A finite element parametric study on block shear failure of steel
tension members, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 60, 1615 1635,
ISSN 0143-974X.
Design model
Symmetric bolt group subject to concentric loading
Veff,1,Rd = fu Ant / M2 + (1/3) fy Anv / M0
Ant net area subjected to tension
Anv net area subjected to shear
Eccentric loading
Veff,2,Rd = 0,5 fu Ant / M2 + (1/3) fy Anv / M0
WE
Worked Example Angle connected by one leg

P10; 1.4401
70
40
35
25
Brussels, 16 - 17 October
35 2014
240
Worked Example - Angle100

70
L - 100 x 100 10
materil 1.4401
30 + 7 x 30 +30
8 x M16; 70
60
240
In plate (staggered rows)
Veff,1,Rd
fu A nt 1
A
fy nv
M2
3 M0
2 240 7 18 1 9 10
0,5 530 35 2 9 10 1
220
36 362 397 kN
3
3
1,25 10
1,0 10
3
In angle (staggered rows)
0,5 fu,p A nt 1
A
Veff,2,Rd
fy,p nv
M2
M0
3
240 4 18 10
0,5 530 60 18 9 10 1
220
70 175 245 kN
3
3
1,25 10
1,0 10
3
WE
Worked example
Fin plate connection
3 x M20, 8.8
P10 - 230 x 110
meteril S235
35
IPE 300
S235
10
45
70
230
70
VSd = 100 kN
45
5
50 50
60
HEA 200
S235
WE
Worked Example Fin Plate connection

Shear Resistance
80
45
70
70
230
70
70
45
50
50
VRd,11
0,5 fu,b1 Ant
M2
A
1
fy,b1 nv 0,5 360 50 11 7,1 1 235 220 2 22 11 7,1
M0
3
1,25 103
1,0 103
3
39,9 159 kN 199 kN
WE
Worked example Fin plate,

Tying resistance
45
70
70
70
70
45
50
In beam web
NRd,u,6
fu,b1 Ant
M,u
50
360 7,1140 2 22 1
2 7,150 11
Anv
1
235
fy,b1
1,1
1,0
M0
3
3
223 75.1 298 kN

Bolts
oGeneral
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
WE
Bolted connection of double angle bar

N Ed
45
e 2 =35
2 L80 6
40 70
e1
70
p1
70
70 40
6
8
Bolts M20 class 5.6 fully treated

Loading NEd = 400 kN
Angle net section
Nu,Rd
0,9 Anet fu
M2
0,9 2 935 22 6 360

416,3 kN NEd 400 kN
1,25
Satisfactory
WE

N Ed
45
e 2 =35
2 L80 6
40 70
e1
70
p1
70
70 40
6
8
Bolts in shear
Two shear planes
Shear in bolt thread
Resistance for one bolt
Fv.Rd 2
v As fub
0,6 245 500
2
117,6 kN
M2
1,25
WE

N Ed
45
e 2 =35
2 L80 6
40 70
e1
70
p1
70
70 40
6
8
Bearing of end bolt
e
35
k1 min 2,8 2 1,7; 2,5 min 2,8

1,7; 2,5 min2,75; 2,5
d0
22
e1
40
0,606
3 d
3 22
fub
500
b min
min
min1,389 0,606
f
360
u
1,0
1,0
1,0
Fb,Rd
k1 d t fu 2,5 0,606 20 8 360
87,3 kN
1,25
k1 2,5
WE

N Ed
45
e 2 =35
2 L80 6
40 70
e1
70
p1
70
70 40
6
8
Bearing of internal bolt
e
35
k1 min 2,8 2 1,7; 2,5 min 2,8

1,7; 2,5 min2,75; 2,5
d0
22
1
1
p1
70
0,811
3 d 4
3 22 4
fub
500
b min
min
min1,389 0,811
fu
360
1,0
1,0
1,0
Fb,Rd
2,5 0,811 20 8 360

93,4 kN
1,25
k1 2,5
WE

Check of bolts
Shear resistance
Bearing resistance end bolt
Bearing resistance internal bolt
117,6 kN
87,3 kN
93,4 kN
Shear is not guiding the resistance, e.g. bearing as sum

For connection with five bolts
87,3 3 94 ,3 87,3 457,5 kN 400 kN NEd
Satisfactory
Conservatively elastic (minimal) resistance

Lower resistance from bearings
5 87,3 436,5 kN 400 kN NEd
Unsatisfactory

Bolts
oGeneral
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Summary for bolted connections

o Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins
in Chapter 3 of EN 1993-1-8
o Non-preloaded bolts
o Preloaded bolts
preload (0,7 fub)
o Injection bolts
replacement of rivets; bolts 8.8 and 10.9
o Pins
including serviceability
Future?
Advanced models
of bolted connections
o FEM research models
o Validated on experiments
o FEM design models

o Verified against
analytical and numerical models
o Bars and springs model
o In tension stiffness, resistance

o In shear - contact
Fan model
of bolts

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
oDesign model
oDesign example
oWelding to flexible plate
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Welded connections in EN1993-1-8: 2005

4.1 General
4.2 Welding consumables
4.3 Geometry and dimensions
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.3.6
Type of weld
Fillet welds
Fillet welds all round
Butt welds
Plug welds
Flare groove welds
4.4 Welds with packings

4.5 Design resistance of a fillet weld
4.5.1 Length of welds
4.5.2 Effective throat thickness
4.5.3 Design Resistance of fillet welds
4.6 Design resistance of fillet welds all round

4.7 Design resistance of butt welds
4.7.1 Full penetration butt welds
4.7.2 Partial penetration butt welds
4.7.3 T butt joints
4.8 Design resistance of plug welds

4.9 Distribution of forces
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
Connections to unstiffened flanges

Long joints
Eccentrically loaded single fillet or single sided partial penetration butt welds
Angles connected by one leg
Welding in cold-formed zones
38
38
38
38
38
40
40
41
41
41
42
42
42
42
44
45
45
45
45
45
46
46
48
48
48
49
Electrode classification
EN 499 classification of carbon and low alloy steel electrodes
Covered electrode / manual metal arc welding
Strength & elongation
Impact properties (47J at 0oC)
Type of electrode covering (rutile-cellulosic)
Recovery and type of current
Welding position (all positions)
E 38 0 RC 1 1

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
oDesign model
oDesign example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Fillet welds
Definition of effective throat thickness a
The effective throat thickness
of a fillet weld
should not be less than 3 mm
Design Model of Fillet Welds
effective throat thickness of the fillet weld
normal stresses perpendicular to the throat

normal stresses parallel to the axis of weld (omitted)
shear stresses perpendicular to the axis of weld
shear stresses parallel to the axis of weld
Plane Stresses
Huber-Mises-Henckey condition of plasticity (HMH)
o Triaxial state of stress (needed exceptionally only)
z
o Plane state of stress (needed very often)
x2 + z2 - x2 z2 + 32 (fy / M) 2
o Uniaxial state of stress (from the material tests)

fy / M0
fy / (M0 3)
53
Design Resistance of Filet Weld
2^ 3 2^ 2II
fu
f u b w Mw
f u Mw
Ultimate tensile strength of connected material
bw Correlation factor
Mw Partial safety factor for material of welds
Correlation factor bw for fillet welds

Standard and steel grade
EN 10025
EN 10210
EN 10219
Correlation factor
w
S 235
S 235 W
S 235 H
S 235 H
0,80
S 275
S 275 N/NL
S 275 M/ML
S 275 H
S 275 NH/NLH
S 275 H
S 275 NH/NLH
S 275 MH/MLH
0,85
S 355
S 355 N/NL
S 355 M/ML
S 355 W
S 355 H
S 355 NH/NLH
S 355 H
S 355 NH/NLH
S 355 MH/MLH
0,90
S 420 MH/MLH
1,00
S 460 NH/NLH
S 460 MH/MLH
1,00
S 420 N/NL
S 420 M/ML
S 460 N/NL
S 460 M/ML
S 460 Q/QL/QL1
S 460 NH/NLH
55

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
oDesign model
oDesign example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
WE
Two fillet welds in parallel shear

F 2a l
From plane stress analysis is
F 2a l fu
Throat
thickness, not
leg length
w Mw
WE
Fillet weld in normal shear

II 0
^ ^ R
2
Ignored parallel fillet
weld
Has to be satisfied
2^ 3 2^ f u b w Mw
After substitution
2 +3 R
R f u b w Mw 2
2 2R f u b w Mw
WE
Connection of cantilever
Shear force
Sd
= FSd.
Transferred by web II = FSd 2 a h

fillets
M Sd = F Sd e
Bending moment
Transferred by the shape of .weld
Centre of gravity, Iwe and cross section modulus W we
For weld at lower flange cross section modulus W we,1 and stress is
^1 = ^1 = M Sd
2 W we ,1
For upper weld on flange is
^ 2 = ^ 2 = M Sd
2 W we , 2
WE
Flange - web weld

Welds are loaded by longitudinal shear force
Vl
V l = V Sd S I
where VSd shear force

S
I
VSd
static moment of flange to neutral axis

moment of inertia
This longitudinal force is carried by two welds effective thickness a

Shear stress
II = V l 2 a f u b w Mw 3
Maximum stress is at the point of maximum shear force

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
oDesign model
oDesign example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Welds to flexible plate

Effective width
of unstiffened column flanges
t fb
EN 1993-1-8 Chapter 4.10

beff t wc 2 s 7 t fc
t fc 2 fyc
beff t wc 2 s 7
t fb fyb
twc
tfc
tfb
s
thickness of column web

thickness of column flange
thickness of beam flange
equal to fillet radius rc
for hot rolled column sections
rc
t fc
t wc
beff
Effective Width
Unstiffened column flanges
In EN1993-1-8 Clause 6.2.4.4
Ft,fc,Rd t wc 2 s 7 k t fc
fyc t fc
k min
; 1
f t
yb
fb
twc
tfc
tfb
s
t fb fyb
M0
is thickness of column web

thickness of column flange
thickness of beam flange
is equal to fillet radius rc for hot rolled column sections

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
oDesign model
oDesign example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Summary
o Chapter 4 in EN1993-1-8: 2005
o Rules for connection of open sections
o Chapter 7 in EN1993-1-8: 2005

o Rules for connection of hollow sections
o New rules for high strength steels
o Size of welds
o Weld design for full resistance
WE
Weld design for full resistance

Loading by normal by connecting member
Not directly in code
t
a 0,7
fu / Mw
= FSd / (t h)
FSd is the acting design force
fu is plate design strength
t is the thinness of connecting plate
b is width of connecting plate
^
^
FSd
Full capacity of a plate the thickness for steel S235
a 0,7
( fy / M0 ) t
fu / Mw
(235 / 1,0) t
0,7
0,47 t 0,5 t
360 / 1,25
66
WE
Weld design for full resistance

Loading by shear force by connecting member
= VSd / (t h)
VSd
is the design shear force in weld
VSd
For full capacity of a plate thickness S235

fy /( 3 M 0 ) t
t
235 /(1,0 3 ) t
a 0,85
0,85
0,85
0,33 t 0,3 t
fw / Mw
fu / Mw
360 / 1,25
Weld Design
or Full Resistance of Connecting Members
Loading by normal force
0,5 t
Loading by shear force
0,3 t
Compare to AISC is less economical design
AISC LRFD matching with SMAW
fy
(N/mm2)
EN1993-1-8: 2005
fEXX
Steel grade
fw.u.side
(N/mm2)
235
60 414
70 483
0,37 t
0,33 t
S235
208
0,37 t
355
70 483
0,49 t
S355
262
0,45 t
420
80 552
0,51 t
S420 M
S420 N
230
240
0,61 t
0,58 t
485
90 621
0,52 t
S460 M
S460 N
245
254
0,63 t
0,61 t
(ksi N/mm2)

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Column bases in chap. 6 of EN 1993-1-8: 2005

Unfortunately in 6 clauses
o Resistance in cl. 6.2.8, cl. 6.2.5(7)
o Stiffness in cl. 6.3.1(4)
o Classification in cl. 5.2.2.5
o Component concrete block in compression

and base plate in bending in cl. 6.7(2)
o Component anchor bolt in tension
and base plate in bendingin cl. 6.2.6.11(2)
o Component anchor bolt in shear cl. 6.2.2(6)
70
Component method
cl. 6.2.8
Anchor bolts in tension

and base plate in bending
Concrete block in compression

Components
o Concrete block in compression
o Anchor bolt in tension

Anchor bolts in shear
o Component anchor bolt in shear

o Column web and flange in compression
Column web in shear
71
Background materials
Wald F., Sokol Z., Steenhuis M. and Jaspart, J.P.,
Component Method for Steel Column Bases,
Heron. 2008, vol. 53, no. 1/2, 3-20, ISSN 0046-7316
Steenhuis M., Wald F., Sokol Z. and Stark J.W.B.,
Concrete in Compression and Base Plate in Bending,
Heron. 2008, vol. 53, no. 1/2, 51-68, ISSN 0046-7316.
Wald F., Sokol Z. and Jaspart J.P.,

Base Plate in Bending and Anchor Bolts in Tension,
Heron, 2008, vol. 53, no. 1/2, 21-50, ISSN 0046-7316.
Gresnight N., Romeijn A., Wald F., and Steenhuis M.,
Column Bases in Shear and Normal Force,
Heron, 2008, vol. 53, no. 1/2, 87-108, ISSN 0046-7316.
EN 1992-4 Eurocode 2:
Design of concrete structures Part 4: Design of Fastenings for Use in Concrete

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Component
Concrete in compression and base plate in bending
Design principles
Column flange
FSd
3D behaviour od concrete D
Design bearing strength of the joint fjd
Flexible base plate on concrete block

Effective rigid area under the flexible plate Aeff
Deformation of concrete block
Base plate
Stiffness coefficient for concrete deformation under the flexible plate kc

Component Method for Steel Column Bases, Heron 53 (2008) 3-20.
74
3D behaviour
Concentrated force for at concrete resistance FRd,u
o Design bearing strength of joint cl. 6.2.5(7)
o Area of crushing of the concrete Ac0
o According to cl. 6.7(2) in EN 1992-1-1
FRd,u Ac0 fcd
Ac1
3,0 Ac0 fcd
Ac0
Load axes
Ac0 = b1 d1
Ac1 = b2 d2
h b2 b1; h d2 d1
3 b1 b2 a 3 d1 d2
h
75
Cursing of the concrete

cl. 6.7(2) in EN 1992-1-1
Area
Homogenous forces on
area Ac0
Load axes
Area
Concrete design strength in joint

f jd
b j FRdu
bef lef
b j Ac0 fcd
Ac0
Ac1
Ac0
b j fcd
Ac1 3,0 Ac0 fcd
3,0 fcd
Ac0
Ac0
bj = 2/3 is joint coefficient

Fcd is concrete compressive strength
Load axes
77
F
Flexible base plate on concrete
block
Column
FRd
Sd
o Effective rigid plate

o Elastic deformation of plate only
tw
Base plate
Elastic bending moment of the base plate per unit length is

1 2 fy
M = t
6 M0
and the bending moment per unit length on the base plate of span c and
loaded by distributed load is
1 2
M = fj c
2
where fj is concrete bearing strength
fj
Effective width of flexible plate c
c
c
Effective width c t
fy
3 f jd M0
where
t is the plate thickness
fy is the base plate yield strength c
fjd is the design bearing strength cof the joint
c
M0 is the partial safety factor for concrete
c
c
Ap
A eq
Effective
area
c
c
c
Stiffness
F ar
0,85 F
Deformation of an elastic hemisphere r

E
E c arl L
cfl
Stiffness coefficient
Width of effective T stub ar

in elastic stage
E Ip
E c aeq,el L
E c aeq,el L
F
kc
E 1,5 0,85 E
1,275 E
aeq,el t w + 2 ,5 t aeq,st =
= tw + 2 c = tw + 2 t
fy
3 f jd M0
Validation to experiments
Force, kN
1800
1600
Calculated strength
1400
Experiment
Concrete and grout
Concrete
1200
1000
800
Prediction based on local and global deformation,
600
400
Prediction based on local deformation only
200
0
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7 Deformation, mm
tw
d
Lower nut
Influence of grout
o Grout higher quality than concrete block
b1 = 2/3 1,0
Packings
o Grout lower quality than concrete block

o Model as plate on liquid
bj = 2 / 3
f c.g 0,2 f c
t g 0,2 min (a ; b)
t g 0,2 min (a ; b)
t
tg
tg
tg
45
tg
45

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Component
Anchor bolts in tension and base plate in bending
o Base plate compare to end plate
Column flange
e m
o Base plate is thicker

o Anchor bolt is longer
o In most cases no prying forces
t
l eff
Base plate
Contact of edge of T stub
on experiment
Question of contact
FF1-2
End plate contact or no contact
Base plate no contact
Q=0
Q=0
FRd.3
Bt.Rd
FRd.1
Bt.Rd
B
Q
a)
Mode 3
b)
Bt.Rd
FRd.2
B t.Rd
B
Q
Mode 1
Q
c)
Mode 2
Failure Mode 1-2

F / B T,Rd
1,0
Failure mode 2
Failure mode 3
0,8
Tvar
poruen 1
0,6
Failure mode 1-2
0,4
0,2
4 l eff m pl,Rd / B T,Rd
0,0
0
0,5
1,5
Bt.Rd is bolt tensile resistance

Mpl,Rd is base plate bending resistance of unique length
Free length of anchor bolt embedded in concrete

L bf L
b
L be
o Bolt effective free length Lbe = 8 d

d
o No prying force
o For Q = 0
o Limiting bolt length
Lb .lim
8 ,82m 3 As
Leff t 3
b = p n
Lb
p
Q=0
Wald F., Sokol Z., Jaspart J.P.,

Base Plate in Bending and Anchor Bolts in Tension, Heron 53 (2008) 21-50.
b
Q=0
Failure mode 1- 2
Design resistance in collapse 1 -2
FT,12,Rd
2 Mpl,1,Rd
m
where m is the lever arm of the anchor bolt

Plastic moment resistance
Mpl,1,Rd 0,25 l eff t f 2 / M0

For the effective length eff the yield line method may be used.
Length of effective T stub

Bolts inside the flanges
For bolts inside the section
l 1 2 m 4 m 1,25 e
l2 4 m
In case of prying
l 1 2 m 4 m 1,25 e
l2 2 m
e m
e
ex
mx
0 ,8
Bolts outside the flanges
2 a
bp
l
Prying case
1 = 4 mx + 1,25 ex
2 = 2 mx
3 = 0.5 bp
4 = 0.5 w + 2 mx + 0.625 ex
5 = e + 2 mx + 0.625 ex
6 = mx + 2 e
7 = mx + w
eff,1 = min (1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 )
eff,2 = min (1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 )
No prying case
1 = 4 mx + 1.25 ex
2 = 2 mx
3 = 0.5 bp
4 = 0.5 w + 2 mx + 0.625 ex
l5 = e + 2 mx + 0.625 ex
6 = 2 mx + 4 e
7 = 2 ( mx + w )
eff,1 = min (1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 )
eff,2 = min (1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 )
Length of effective T stub for hollow sections

b
b
(a)
m
Leff .1 m
Leff .5 m
a
ac
bc
b
2
a
Leff .2
Leff .4
eb
m
ea
a a c 2 b bc 2
Leff .3
ea
2
2
eb
8 e a eb
e a eb
a ac 2 b bc 2
L eff min ( Leff .1 ; Leff .2 ; Leff .3 ; Leff .4 ; Leff .5 )
Wald F., Bouguin V., Sokol Z., Muzeau J.P., Component Method for Base Plate of RHS, Proceedings of the
Conference Connections in Steel Structures IV: Steel Connections in the New Millenium, Roanoke
2000, IV/8- IV/816.
Heinisuo M., Perttola H., Ronni H., Joints between circular tubes, Steel Construction, 5(2) (2012) 101-107.
Stiffness coefficients
of component anchor bolts in tension and base plate in bending
For base plate of thickness t
For bolt
0,425 l eff t 3
kp
m3
kb 2,0
As
Lb
93
Comparison to experiments
Stiffens and resistance of anchor bolt with header plate
Force, kN
180
40
160
Experiment W13/98
140
Experiment W14/97
120
24 - 355
Prediction
100
P6 - 40 x 50
80
50
60
10
40
P10 - 95 x 95
315
365
40
10
6
5
20
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,2
1,4
1,6
Deformation, mm
95
95
Model anchor bolts for resistence in CEB documents

Eligehausen R., Malle R., Silva J. F., Anchorage in Concrete Construction, Ernst and Sohn Verlag,
Darmstadt, 2006, ISBN 978-433-01143-0
Comparison to experiments
Force, kN
350
300
Simplified prediction
250
Force, kN
300
W97-12
250
Experiment
200
m = 32
Complex calculation
150
200
Complex calculation
150
100
50
W97-02
0
m = 67
Simplified prediction
100
50
0
350
Deformation, mm
4
Deformation, mm
0

95

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Components in Shear
In EN1993-1-8 cl. 6.2.2(6) - Anchor Bolt in Shear

Fh
Tensile resistance
Fh
Reduced tensile resistance
Shear and bending resistance
Simplification by limiting of shear
F2,vb,Rd
b fub As
Mb
where fub is bolt design strength (in range 640 MPa fub 235 N/mm2)
b = 0,44 0,0003 fyb
Mb
is safety factor for bolts
Gresnigt N., Romeijn A., Wald F., Steenhuis M.,
Column Bases in Shear and Normal Force, Heron (2008) 87-108.
98

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Assembling of components for bending resistance

o Plastic design
Activated part
o Force equilibrium
of affective area
MEd NEd zc,r
Ft,l,Rd
z
z
Affective area
MEd
MEd NEd z T,1
FC,R,Rd
z
z
Axis of compressed part
NEd
Neutral axis
Ft,pl,Rd
Fc,pl,Rd
zt
zc
z
Wald F., Sokol Z., Steenhuis M. and Jaspart J.P.,

100
M - N interaction diagram
M1 , N 1
M 2, N 2
M N=0
Compression
Tension
Ft.Rd
M=0

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Assembling of components for bending stiffness

From the component deformation stiffness for two cases
Bolts activated
Bolts not activated
MEd
NEd
t,l
MEd
NEd
c,r
zt,l
zc,r
z
c,l
zc,l
zc,r
c,r

103
Stiffness
Simplified contact area round the axes of compressed flange
MSd / NSd = konst.
xc <N Sd / MSd <
M Sd / N Sd
E z2
Sj
1
M Sd / N Sd
ki
z k z k
c c t t
kc kt
1,5
c
c
cc
2 ,7
r/2
1
M Sd / N Sd

r/2
M Rd / N Sd
M Sd / N Sd
k t
kp
kb
kc
kc
kc
History of loading
M Rd
M oment
Non-proportional loading
Proportional loading
o Influence to stiffness
o No influence to resistance
Nonlinear part of the curve

Plastification of one component
Anchor bolts in tension and one flange in compression

e0 NSd
S j.ini
Rotation
0
M oment
Non-proportional
loading
Proportional
loading
Column base
resistance
Normal force
105
Sensitivity study of base plate thickness

400 kN
HE 160 B
M oment, kNm
t = 30 t
25
120
100
80
20
60
15
10
40
20
Rotation, mrad
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
Rd
M 20 - 10.9
Validation on experiment
Components
Assembly
Force, kN
200
100
Ekb
Anchor bolt
0
0,5
200 Force, kN
100 E k p
0
200
100
0
Base plate
0,5
E k c Force, kN
0,5 Concrete
Deformation, , mm
Moment, kNm
80
Experiment
W7-4.20-prop
60
N
40
Prediction
HE 160 B
t = 20
h = 500
20
0
0
10
Rotation, mrad

Validation on experiment
Proportional loading, bolt failure
Moment, kNm
80
W7-4.20-prop
60
40
Model
20
Experiment
0
10
12
Rotation, mrad
Moment, kNm
80
70
HE 160 B- 480
4 M 24 - 4.6- 420 60
P 20- 300 x 220 50
30 x 330 x 250 40
550 x 550 x 550
30
20
10
0
W7-4.20-prop
Normal force, kN
0
500
1000
Nonproportional loading, concrete failure

Moment, kNm
140
120
S220-190
100
Moment, kNm
S220-190
500
1000 Normal force sla, kN
80
80
60
60
40
20
0
HE 220 B - 900
2 M 20 - 10.9 - 320 160
P 20 - 280 x 280
140
30 x 250 x 250 120
1200 x 600 x 600
100
40
Model
Experiment
0
10
15
20
20
Rotation, mrad
0
0

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Classification
According to stiffness
Asked accuracy of design
5% in resistance
10% in serviceability
Similar to beam-to-column joints

Non-sway frames by resistance
b =
t = 12 mm
a 1 = b1 = 280 mm
a = b = 500 mm
h = 1000 mm
M 24 -420
S j,ini,pin = 7 100 kNm / rad
t = 40 mm
a 1 = b1 = 420 mm
a = b = 500 mm
h = 1000 mm
M 24 -420
S j,ini,stif = 74 800 kNm / rad
Fcr.pin
Fcr,res
1
0,9
S j,ini,pin
0,8
S j,ini,stif
0,7
0,6
0,0001
0,01
1,00
100,0
log S
Sway frames for serviceability

5 kN
115 kN
HE 200 B
yS / yP
y
4m
HE 200 B
1,0
115 kN
0,8
5m
0,6
S j,ini,pin
0,4
S j,ini,stif
0,2
0
0,0001
0,01
100
log S
Classification based on stiffness

Accuracy - 5% for resistance and 20% for serviceability
M j / M pl,Rd
Rigid
1,0
0,8
j,ini,c,n
= 30 E I c/ L
0,6
S
0,4
j,ini,c,s =
12 E I / L
o = 1 ,36
Semirigid
0,2
Pinned
0
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
Rotation,
113
Non-sway frames by resistance

For
Sj,ini 0
o 0,5
For
0,5 < o< 3,93
Sj,ini 7 (2 - 1) E Ic / Lc
and for
Sj,ini 48 E Ic / Lc
o 3,93
where
is relative stiffness for simple supported column
at both ends
For limited stiffness 12 E Ic / Lc
For sway frames
S j,ini 30 E Ic / Lc
114

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
WE
Worked example Simple base plate

Base plate resistance?
o Column HE 200 B
o Concrete block 850 x 850 x 900 mm concrete C 12/15
o Base plate 18 mm, steel S 235

o c = 1,50, M0 = 1,00
HE 200 B
FRd
4xP30-40x40
b2 = 850
b1 = 340
t = 18
30
h = 900
d1 = 340
d 2 = 850
WE
Concrete strength in joint

Under the base plate
f jd b j fcd
Ac1
b j fcd
Ac0
850 850
b 2 d2 2
= 12 / 1,5
b1 d1 3
340 340
f jd 13,3 MPa 3,0 fcd 3,0 12 / 1,5 24 MPa
WE
Plate effective width

c=t
fy
3 f j M0
18
235
43,7 mm
3 13,4 1,00
c
t f = 15
c
h c = 200
c
bc = 200 c
tw= 9
WE
WE
Base plate compression resistance

Effective area under I cross section
Aeff min b; bc 2 c min a; hf 2 c
max min b; bc 2 c t f 2 c; 0 max hc 2 t f 2 c; 0
Aeff 200 2 43,7 200 2 43,7

200 2 43,7 9 2 43,7 200 2 15 2 43,7
c bc = 200 c
82 599 15 777 66 722 mm 2
The base plate resistance

NRd Aeff f jd 66 722 13,3 887 103 N
t f = 15
c
h c = 200
c
tw= 9
WE
WE
Work example rigid base plate

Bending resistance of base plate?
Column HE 200 B loaded by FEd = 500 kN
Concrete block C16/20 of 1 600 x 1 600 x 1000 mm
Base plate 30 mm from steel S235
c = 1,50; M0 = 1,00 and Mb = 1,25
FEd
b2 = 1600
MEd
b = 420
1
HE 200 B
M 24
t = 30
30
ea = 50
e b = 90
h = 1000
p = 240
e c = 60
d 1 = 420
d2 = 1600
r b = 160
120
WE
WE
Component
Anchor bolt and plate in bending
Bolt resistance
for M 24; As = 253 mm2
FT,3,Rd 2 Bt,Rd 2
0,9 fub As
mb
0,9 360 353

183,0 103 N
1,25
WE
WE
Component anchor bolt and plate in bending

Bolt distance for weld 6 mm
m 60 0,8 a wf 2 60 0,8 6 2 53,2 mm

4 m 1,25 ea 4 53,2 1,25 50 275,3
4 m 4 53,2 668,6
0,5 b 0,5 420 210
l eff,1 min 2 m 0,625 eb 0,5 p 2 53,2 0,625 90 0,5 240 282,7

2 m 0,625 e e 2 53,2 0,625 90 50 212,7
b
a
2 m 4 eb 2 53,2 4 90 694,2
2 m 2 p 2 53,2 2 240 814,2
l eff,1 210 mm
T stub resistance FT,1-2,Rd
2 Leff,1 t 2 fy
4 m M0
2 210 302 235
370,0 103 N
4 60 1,00
WE
WE
Component
Concrete block and plate in bending
Concrete crushing resistance
f jd b j fcd
Ac1
b j fcd
Ac0
b 2 d2 2
1420 1420
= 16 / 1,5
b1 d1 3
420 420
24,0 MPa 3,0 fcd 3,0 16 / 1,5 32 MPa
Force equilibrium
FEd Aeff f j FT,Rd
Contact force for full bolt resistance

Aeff
FEd FRd,3
f jd
500 103 183,0 103
28 458 mm 2
24 ,0
WE
WE
Effective width of base plate

c=t
fy
3 f jd M0
235
54,2 mm
30
3 24 ,0 1 ,00
t f = 15
hc = 200
t f = 15
c bc = 200 c
c t w= 9 c
c
c
c
c
rt
beff r
c
The effective width of the area in contact

beff
Aeff
28 458
92,3 mm t f 2 c 15 2 54,2 123,4 mm

bc 2 c 200 2 54,2
WE
WE
Bending moment resistance

for acting normal force
Lever arm
rc
hc
b
200
92,3
c eff
54 ,2
108,1 mm
2
2
2
2
Bending resistance
for normal force FEd = 500 kN
MRd FT,3,Rd rb Aeff f jd rc
183,0 103 160 28 458 24 ,0 108,1

103,1 106 Nmm 103,1 kNm
WE
WE
Bending stiffness
t f = 15
b c = 15
o Anchor bolt
a eq
kb 2,0
As
353
2,0
2,7 mm
Lb
261,5
o Base plate
kb
0,425 Lb,eff t 3
m3
0,425 210 303
16,0 mm
3
53,2
WE
WE
Bending stiffness
kc
Ec
27 500
aeq bc
90 200 13,8 mm
1,275 Es
1,275 210 000
Lever arm in tension zt and in compression zc to column neutral axes

hc
200
rt ec
60 160 mm
2
2
For part in tension
hc t f 200 15

92,5 mm
2 2
2
2
1
1
kt
2,310 mm
1 1
1
1
kb kp 2,7 16,0
zc
WE
WE
Bending stiffness
Lever arm
r rt rc 160 92,5 252,5 mm

kc rc kt rt 13,8 92,5 2,3 160
a
56,4 mm
kc k t
13,8 2,3
Eccentricity
M Rd 103,1 10 6
e
206,2 mm
3
FEd
500 10
Bending stiffness
Es r 2
210 000 252,52
e
206,2
S j,ini
1 206,2 56,4
1
ea
1
1
k
i
i
2,31 13,78
20, 799 Nmm rad 20 799 kNm rad
WE
WE
Classification
Bending stiffness for column HE 200 B of length Lc = 4,0 m
4 000
Lc
9
S j,ini S j,ini
20,799 10
6,96
6
E s Ic
210 000 56,96 10
the base plate is semi-rigid for braced frames
S j,ini 6,96 12 S j,ini,EC 3,n

M j / M pl,Rd
and also for unbraced frames

S j,ini 6,96 30 S j,ini,EC 3,s
Rigid
1,0
0,8
j,ini,c,n
= 30 E I c/ L
0,6
S
0,4
j,ini,c,s =
12 E I / L
o = 1 ,36
Semirigid
0,2
Pinned
0
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
Rotation,
WE
WE
Base plate M-N interaction diagram

NRd
Normal force, kN
Rd
HE 200 B
M pl.Rd
1 835
1 000
M 24
t=
30
t=
40
h = 1 000
Npl.Rd
30
25
1 600
340 630
20
15
End column resistance
630
340
0
100
151,0 Moment, kNm

1 600
WE
WE
Influence of contact in column web

Normal force, kN
One bolt row activated
Both bolt rows activated
Base plate thickness, mm
40
M pl,Rd
Contact of flanges only

N pl,Rd
30
25
20
15
Column end resistance
Moment, kNm
Model
contact column web and flanges

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Summary
o Component method
o Good accuracy of prediction
o In EN 1993-1-8 in 6 closures
o Plastic distribution of forces for resistance

o Concrete 3D strength
o Effective rigid area under flexible base plate
o Questions for next edition

o Embedded columns?
o Column bases with base plate and anchor plate?
o Advanced models?
Component based
model of column base
with base plate and
anchor plate
RFCS project INFASO+
o Design Manual I
o Design Manual II
o Software toll
http://www.steelconstruct.com/site
http://steel.fsv.cvut.cz/infaso
Component based FEM

o Advanced design model based on FEM
o Components integrated FEM
Material
nonlinear
design model
of plate
True stress-strain
Experimental
Design
o Welds
o Bolts
o Compressed plates
Allows for column bases

o Generally loaded by N and My, Mz
o Irregular shape of base plate
o Arbitrary positions of anchors
o Opening in column web
http://www.idea-rs.com
Fan model
of
anchor bolt
Thank you
for your attention
Frantiek Wald
Czech Technical University in Prague

06 Eurocodes Steel Workshop WALD

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Bolts, welds,

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Scope of the lecture

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Scope of the lecture

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins

3.5 Positioning of holes for bolts and rivets

Bolts and rivets

3.7 Group of fasteners

Design Slip resistance

Deductions for fastener holes

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

High-strength structural bolting for preloading

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

High-strength structural bolting for preloading

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

EN ISO 3506-1, Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless-steel fasteners

EN ISO 3506-2, Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless-steel

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

+3 mm for M 27 and bigger

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Scope of the lecture

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Resistance in shear in one shear plane

where the shear plane

is the gross cross section of the bolt

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Resistance in shear in one shear plane

- for classes 4.6, 5.6 and 8.8:

is the tensile stress area of the bolt As

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

In the direction of load transfer

Perpendicular to the direction of load transfer

- for edge bolts k1 is the smallest of 2,8

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Bearing of Plate and Bolt

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014

in oversized holes reduce bearing by 0,8

Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples

Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014