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physicsproject
1. 1.SubmittedBY:SAURAVPANDEYCLASS:XIIA
2. 2. GuidedBy: Class:XIIA Year:20122013 RollNo:9185574 School:
BalwantrayMehtaVidyaBhawanCertifiedtobethebonafideworkisdonebyMaster___Saurav
Pandey___ofclassXIIAinthePhysicsLabduringtheyear20122013.Date:2001
2013SubmittedforCentralBoardofSecondaryEducation.ExaminationheldinPhysicslabat
BalwantrayMehtaVidyaBhawanSchoolEXAMINERDate:_________
3. 3.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTIwishtoexpressmydeepgratitudeandsincerethankstothe
Principal,Mr.A.KTripathi,BalwantrayMehtaVidyaBhawanSchoolforhisencouragementand
forallthefacilitiesthatheprovidedforthisprojectwork.Isincerelyappreciatethismagnanimityby
takingmeintohisfoldforwhichIshallremainindebtedtohim.Iextendmyheartythanksto
Mrs.AradhnaGoyal,Physicsteacher,whoguidedmetothesuccessfulcompletionofthisproject.I
takethisopportunitytoexpressmydeepsenseofgratitudeforherinvaluableguidance,
constantencouragement,immensemotivation,whichhassustainedmyeffortsatallthestagesof
thisprojectworkIcantforgottooffermysincerethankstoMr.Sunil,labassistantandalsotomy
classmateswhohelpedmetocarryoutthisprojectworksuccessfulandfortheirvaluableadviceand
support,whichIreceivedfromthemtimetotime.
4. 4.1Introduction2Objective3Materialrequired4Theory5Procedure6Observation7
Conclusion8Bibliography
5. 5.OBJECTIVETHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISEXPERIMENTISTODETERMINETHEEFFECT
OFTEMPERATUREONTHESTRENGTHOFAMAGNET.HYPOTHESISItisbelievedthat
thecolderthemagnet,thestrongerthemagneticforce.Graphically,theresultswillresemble
anexponentialcurve,withmagneticforcedecreasingastemperatureincreases.Ourindependent
variableistemperature.Ourdependentvariableismagnetismthiswillbecalculatedusing
theamountofpaperclipsthatthemagnetisabletocollectateachmeasuredtemperature
6. 6.MATERIALREQUIREDSafetyglasses34permanentbarmagnetsTongsformagnetIce
WaterInsulatingcontainerThreestrongbowlsSmallpotBurnerforheatingwateroroven
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Paperclips(1000)
7. 7.Magnetsarefrequentlyusedindailylife.Forexample,magnetsareusedinmanufacturing,
entertainment,security,andtheyplayacrucialroleinthefunctioningofcomputers.Eventheearth
itselfisamagnet.Amagnetisanyobjectthatproducesamagneticfield.Somemagnets,referred
toaspermanent,holdtheirmagnetismwithoutanexternalelectriccurrent.Amagnetofthisnature
canbecreatedbyexposingapieceofmetalcontainingirontoanumberofsituations(i.e.
repeatedlyjarringthemetal,heatingtohightemperature).Softmagnets,ontheotherhand,are
thosethatlosetheirmagneticchargepropertiesovertime.Additionally,paramagneticobjectsare
thosethatcanbecomemagneticonlywheninthepresenceofanexternalmagneticfield.A
magneticfieldisthespacesurroundingamagnetinwhichmagneticforceisexerted.Themotionof
negativelychargedelectronsinthemagnetdeterminesnotonlythepolarity,butalsothestrengthof
themagnet(Coldmagnet).Magnetsarefilledwithmagneticlinesofforce.Theselinesoriginateat
thenorthpoleofthemagnetandcontinuetothesouthpole.Thenorthpoleispositive.Magnetic
linesofforcedonotintersectoneanother.Magnetismiscreatedbythealignmentofsmalldomains
withinaspecificsetofmetal.Thesedomainsfunctionasallatomsdo,thusthetemperatureaffects
themovement.Thehighertheheat,thegreatertheenergy,andassuchthemovementofthe
particles.Incontrast,coldtemperatureslowsthemovement(magneticFieldStrengthand
LowTemperatures).Slowermovementleadstomorefixeddirectionsintermsofthedomains.In
the1800s,Pier4reCuriediscoveredthatthereexistsatemperatureatwhichobjectsthatwere
previouslypermanentlymagneticlosethischaracteristic.Thetemperatureatwhichthis
demagnetizationoccursiscalledtheCuriepoint.Asthetemperatureofthemagnetapproaches
thispoint,thealignmentofeachdomaindecreases.Assuch,themagnetismdecreasesuntilthe
Curiepointisreached,atwhichtimethematerialbecomesparamagnetic.
8. 8.THEORYAmagnetisamaterialorobjectthatproducesamagneticfield.Thismagneticfieldis
invisiblebutisresponsibleforthemostnotablepropertyofamagnet:aforcethatpullsonother
ferromagneticmaterials,suchasiron,andattractsorrepelsothermagnets.Apermanentmagnetis
anobjectmadefromamaterialthatismagnetizedandcreatesitsownpersistentmagneticfield.An
everydayexampleisarefrigeratormagnetusedtoholdnotesonarefrigeratordoor.Materialsthat
canbemagnetized,whicharealsotheonesthatarestronglyattractedtoamagnet,arecalled
ferromagnetic(orferrimagnetic).Theseincludeiron,nickel,cobalt,somealloysofrareearth
metals,andsomenaturallyoccurringmineralssuchaslodestone.Althoughferromagnetic(and
ferrimagnetic)materialsaretheonlyonesattractedtoamagnetstronglyenoughtobecommonly
consideredmagnetic,allothersubstancesrespondweaklytoamagneticfield,byoneofseveral
othertypesofmagnetism.Ferromagneticmaterialscanbedividedintomagnetically"soft"
materialslikeannealediron,whichcanbemagnetizedbutdonottendtostaymagnetized,and
magnetically"hard"materials,whichdo.Permanentmagnetsaremadefrom"hard"ferromagnetic
materialssuchasalnicoandferritethataresubjectedtospecialprocessinginapowerfulmagnetic
fieldduringmanufacture,toaligntheirinternalmicrocrystallinestructure,makingthemveryhard
todemagnetize.Todemagnetizeasaturatedmagnet,acertainmagneticfieldmustbeapplied,and
thisthresholddependsoncoercivityoftherespectivematerial."Hard"materialshavehigh
coercivity,whereas"soft"materialshavelowcoercivity.Theoverallstrengthofamagnetis
measuredbyitsmagneticmomentor,alternatively,thetotalmagneticfluxitproduces.Thelocal
strengthofmagnetisminamaterialismeasuredbyitsmagnetization.
9. 9.PROCEDUREColdProcess1.Placepaperclipsinbowl.2.Situatescalenearbowl.3.Weigh
magnetandrecord.4.Placemagnetandfreezerthermometerinfreezersettolowesttemperature
possible.5.Waitapproximately20minutesforthemagnettoreachthetemperatureofthefreezer.6.
Recordtemperaturereadbyfreezerthermometer.7.Placemagnetinbowlfilledwithpaperclips.8.
Removemagnetandattachedpaperclipsandplaceonscale.9.Recordtemperatureofmagnetand
gramsattracted.10.Subtracttheweightofthemagnetfromtheweightofthemagnetandthe
paperclipscombined.11.Removepaperclipsandplacebackinbowl.12.Setfreezerto5Celsius
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degreeshigherthanprevioustemperature.(Note:freezeraccuracyisdubious.Usetemperature
readbyfreezerthermometer)13.Repeatsteps412untilfreezerandmagnethavereachedzero
degreesCelsius..
10. 10.HotProcess1.Placepaperclipsinthebowl.2.Situatescalenearbowl.3.Weighmagnetand
record.4.Placemagnetinovensettohighesttemperaturepossible.5.Waitapproximately20
minutesforthemagnettoreachthetemperatureoftheoven.6.Placemagnetinbowlfilledwith
paperclips.7.Removemagnetandattachedpaperclipsandplaceonscale.8.Recordtemperatureof
magnetandgramsattracted.9.Subtracttheweightofthemagnetfromtheweightofthemagnet
andthepaperclipscombined.10.Removepaperclipsandplacebackinbowl.11.Allowmagnetto
restfor5minutesundisturbed.12.Repeatsteps611untilmagnetreachesroomtemperature.
11. 11.OBSERVATIONMAGNETSUNDEREXTREMEHEATTimeafterremovalfromoven
Weightattracted(minutes)(ingrams)0200520010240202102523030220352064020445
20050185
12. 12.MAGNETSUNDEREXTREMECOLDTemperatureWeightattracted(degreecelsius)(in
grams)21.327519.427518.126515.327013.72606.72454.62201.72000225
13. 13.conclusionMagneticmaterialsshouldmaintainabalancebetweentemperatureandmagnetic
domains(theatomsinclinationtospininacertaindirection).Whenexposedtoextreme
temperatures,however,thisbalanceisdestabilizedmagneticpropertiesarethenaffected.While
coldstrengthensmagnets,heatcanresultinthelossofmagneticproperties.Inotherwords,too
muchheatcancompletelyruinamagnet.Excessiveheatcausesatomstomovemorerapidly,
disturbingthemagneticdomains.Astheatomsarespedup,thepercentageofmagneticdomains
spinninginthesamedirectiondecreases.Thislackofcohesionweakensthemagneticforceand
eventuallydemagnetizesitentirely.Incontrast,whenamagnetisexposedtoextremecold,the
atomsslowdownsothemagneticdomainsarealignedand,inturn,strengthened.Ferromagnetism
Thewayinwhichspecificmaterialsformpermanentmagnetsorinteractstronglywithmagnets.
Mosteverydaymagnetsareaproductofferromagnetism.ParamagnetismAtypeofmagnetismthat
occursonlyinthepresenceofanexternalmagneticfield.Theyareattractedtomagneticfields,but
theyarenotmagnetizedwhentheexternalfieldisremoved.Thatsbecausetheatomsspinin
randomdirectionsthespinsarentaligned,andthetotalmagnetizationiszero.Aluminumand
oxygenaretwoexamplesofmaterialsthatareparamagneticatroomtemperature.Curie
TemperatureNamedfortheFrenchphysicistPierreCurie,theCurieTemperatureisthe
temperatureatwhichnomagneticdomaincanexistbecausetheatomsaretoofrantictomaintain
alignedspins.Atthistemperature,theferromagneticmaterialbecomesparamagnetic.Evenifyou
coolthemagnet,onceithasbecomedemagnetized,itwillnotbecomemagnetizedagain.Different
magneticmaterialshavedifferentCurieTemperatures,buttheaverageisabout600to800degrees
Celsius.
14. 14.BIBLIOGRAPHY www.icbse.com www.sciencebuddies.com www.technopedia.com
www.wikipedia.com NCERTPhysicsbook www.howmagnetswork.com
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