Unit 3 - Evidence Csi 7 Ss

M
smCe la
Cri
Scr
ek
ne, Investi
gation
& Evidenc
PVMHS e
Crime Scene
Investigation
0 The goal of a crime scene investigation
is to recognize, document, and collect

evidence.
0 Solving the crime depends on piecing
the evidence together to form a picture
of what happened.
The Crime Scene Team

who is at the scene of the crime?
0 Police officers: Generally the first to arrive at a
crime scene.

crime scene.
0 Crime-scene investigators: Photographers, sketch
artists, recorders to record data, & evidence
collectors.

crime scene.
collectors.
0 Medical examiner: Necessary if the crime scene
includes a dead body.

crime scene.
collectors.
0 Detectives: Interview witnesses & crime-scene
investigators about the evidence.

crime scene.
collectors.
0 Detectives: Interview witnesses & crime-scene
investigators about the evidence.
0 Forensic specialist's: Entomologists,
anthropologists, psychologists.
Locards Principle of
Exchange
0 When a person comes in contact with an
object or another person, a cross-transfer of

physical evidence occurs.
0 These transferred materials are called trace
evidence.
0 Study of the material can determine the
intensity, nature and duration of the transfer.
0 Example: more transfer occurs in a fistfight than would in a simple brush of the
arm.
Trace Evidence:
transferred material
0 Pet hair
0 Fibers
0 Fingerprints
0 Human hair
0 Sand and soil
0 Paint chips
0 Broken glass
0 Feathers
0 Drop of blood
0 Building material
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/lab/scientific-analysis/trace
Types of Evidence
Direct
0 Evidence that proves an
alleged fact such as an
eyewitness account, a
video or dash cam, a
confession.
Types of Evidence
Direct
confession.
Circumstantial
0 Evidence used to imply
a fact but not prove it
directly.
0 Can be either physical
or biological in nature.
0 Trace evidence is a
type of circumstantial
evidence.
Types of Evidence
Direct
confession.
Circumstantial
0 Evidence used to imply
a fact but not prove it
directly.
0 Can be either physical
or biological in nature.
0 Trace evidence is a
type of circumstantial
evidence.
Circumstantial evidence
classified
Physical evidence
0 Synthetic fibers
0 Weapons
0 Bullets
0 Shell casings
0 Fingerprints
0 Footprints
0 Shoe prints
0 Tire impressions
0 Tool marks
Biological evidence
0 Body fluids
0 Blood
0 Semen
0 Saliva
0 Etc.
0 Hair
0 Skin cells
0 Fingernails
0 Plants
0 Pollen
0 Insects
Class vs Individual
Evidence
0 Class evidence:
Material that connects
an individual or thing to
a certain group.
Class vs Individual
Evidence
0 Class evidence:
a certain group.
0 Blood type
0 Hair
0 Soil
0 Tire marks
0 Anything that can be
narrowed to a group but
not a specific individual.
Class vs Individual
Evidence
0 Class evidence:
0 Individual evidence:
a certain group.
0 Blood type
0 Hair
0 Soil
0 Tire marks
Material that identifies a

specific individual or
thing.
Class vs Individual
Evidence
0 Class evidence:
0 Individual evidence:
a certain group.
0 Blood type
0 Hair
0 Soil
0 Tire marks
Material that identifies a

specific individual or
thing.
0 Fingerprints
0 DNA
matched specifically to
an individual.
0 Footprints
0 Shoe prints with specific
wear patterns
0 Tire marks with specific
wear patterns
Collecting and storing

evidence
0 Liquids and arson remains: airtight, unbreakable
containers

evidence
containers
0 Biological evidence: breathable containers
0 Wet evidence should never be placed in a plastic
container while wet, DNA will degenerate and

evidence may grow mold.

evidence
containers

0 Glass or ballistic evidence: carefully wrapped and
placed in an envelope to prevent scratching or

breakage.

evidence
containers


breakage.
0 Drugs or pharmaceuticals: sealed paper container,
original pill bottle, or heat-sealed bags.

evidence
containers


breakage.
0 Documents: cellophane or plastic envelope.

evidence
containers


breakage.
0 Lifted latent prints: sealed envelope

evidence
containers
0 Wet evidence should never be placed in a plastic container
while wet, DNA will degenerate and evidence may grow mold.
0 Glass or ballistic evidence: carefully wrapped and placed
in an envelope to prevent scratching or breakage.

0 Lifted latent prints: sealed envelope
0 Articles containing suspected latent prints: fastened to
wood or cardboard for transport, handled as little as
possible.
The 7 Ss of
CSI
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Secure the scene

Separate the witnesses
Scan the scene
See the scene
Sketch the scene
Search for evidence
Secure the evidence
Secure the scene

0 This is the responsibility of the first responder.
0 Check the safety of all individuals
0 Restrict unauthorized entry to preserve evidence
0 Keep a security log
Separate witnesses
0 Witnesses should not talk to each other (as you
know!)
0 They could compare accounts
0 Key witnesses could create a story
0 Investigator questions to witnesses include:

0 When did the crime occur?
0 Who called in the crime?
0 Who is the victim?
0 Can the perpetrator be identified?
0 What did you see happen?
0 Where were you (positioned) when you observed the
crime?
Scan the scene

0 The crime scene needs to be scanned to determine
where photos should be taken.

0 Scan the scene to determine whether it is a
primary crime scene (location where crime took

place) or secondary crime scene (a location other
than the initial crime scene that holds evidence
that relates to the crime)
See the scene

0 Photos need to be taken:
0 From a distance
0 triangulation of stationary objects
should be included as reference

points
0 Close up
0 with & without a ruler if possible
0 in collection paper with
evidence label filled out and

visible.
Sketch the scene

0 An accurate sketch of the crime scene (to scale) is
necessary.
0 The position of any evidence/persons should be indicated.
0 All objects should be measured from two immovable objects.
0 North should be labeled.
0 A scale of distance should be included.
0 Landmarks or large/stationary objects should be included:
0 Furniture
0 Trees
0 Hedges
0 Fences
0 Cars
0 Doors
0 Windows
0 Street
0 Staircase
Search for evidence

0 Investigators may use a spiral, grid, linear, or
quadrant pattern should be used depending on the

number of investigators and the nature of the
crime scene.
0 This allows for a systematic search, ensuring that
no one area is left unsearched.
0 Alternate light sources may be required to locate
some evidence (such as hair and fibers).
0 A special vacuum cleaner is sometimes used to
collect evidence.
0 Flashlights, forceps, and magnifying glasses may
also be used to collect small pieces of evidence.
Search
patterns
Secure the evidence

0 Evidence needs to be properly packaged, sealed,
and labeled.
0 Every piece of evidence needs an evidence label
cataloging:
0 Case number
0 Item inventory number
0 Description of evidence
0 Name of suspect
0 Name of victim
0 Date and time of recovery
0 Signature of person recovering the evidence
0 Signature of witness present (if any) during evidence
collection
0 Every piece of evidence must also have a chain of
Whats a bindle?
0 After evidence is allowed to air dry, it is packaged in a paper
bindle.
0 The bindle then in placed inside a plastic or paper container.
0 The outer container is sealed and a chain of custody
document and an evidence label are attached.
0 The size of the bindle depends on the size of the evidence.
0 Wrapping:
0
0
0
0
0
0
Choose appropriate size paper

Crease paper as shown below
Place evidence in X position
Fold left and right sides in
Fold in top and bottom
Insert top flap into bottom flap, then tape closed
Chain of custody
0 Maintaining chain of custody is essential.
0 Every time a piece of evidence is opened and resealed, the
chain of custody log needs to be signed.

0 This process ensures that all persons who have handled the
evidence are accounted for and that the evidence is
responsibly handled from crime scene to courtroom.
0 If just one link in the chain is broken the evidence may
become inadmissible.
Biohazard
0 A biological agent that is a
hazard to the health of humans

or the environment.
0 Medical waste
0 Biological toxins
0 Microorganisms
0 Most frequently used in CSI to
indicate the presence of blood

and body fluids of unknown
origin.
0 Sharps containers are for
needles any other sharp
medical instrument (IV, cath,
scalpel, etc.)
Analyzing the evidence

0 Evidence will be sent to the forensic lab.
0 Danvers crime lab Criminalistics
0 Maynard DNA analysis
0 http://www.mass.gov/eopss/law-enforce-and-cj/criminal
-investig/crime-lab/lab-locations-anddirections.html
0 Lab technicians are specialized to process specific
types of evidence
0 DNA
0 Arson & explosives
0 Firearms
0 Lab results are sent to the lead detective

0 Evidence is interpreted and compared to witness
statements.
Reconstructing the scene

0 Based on the lab results from evidence analysis,
detectives will form a hypothesis of the sequence

of events that occurred from before the crime was
committed through its completion.
0 Investigators must determine how all evidence fits:
0 Was evidence planted or staged?
0 What are all the possible scenarios that could have
occurred?
0 How does the evidence (or how do the scenarios)
compare to witness accounts?
0 Investigators must keep an open mind (no filters) as
they piece the puzzle together.
Staged crime scenes

0 When evidence does not match the testimony of
the witness.
0 Common crimes that are staged:
0 Arson
0 Suicide/murder
0 Burglary
0 As an investigator you:
0 Treat all deaths initially as a homicide.
0 Corroborate statements with evidence facts.
0 Reconstruct the event.
0 Conduct all forensic examinations to establish the
facts.
Case study review

0 Review the case study from the book and the
accompanying article.
0 Using your knowledge on investigating crime
scenes, explain how evidence collected at the
crime scene was critical to your case.
Case study review #1:

Lillian Oetting
Three Chicago socialites were murdered in Starved Rock State Park,
Illinois. All three women had fractured skulls. Their bodies, bound with
twine, were found in a cave. Near the bodies of the women, a bloodied
tree limb was found and considered to be the murder weapon. Because
all three womenhad been staying at a nearby lodge, the staff of the lodge
was questioned. Chester Weger, a 21-year-old dishwasher at the lodge,
was asked about a blood stain on his coat. He said it was animal blood.
He agreed to take a lie detector test and passed it. He was re-questioned
and took a second lie detector test and passed it as well. The blood was
examined by the state crime lab and found to be animal blood as Weger
had indicated at questioning. The case reached a dead end.
Investigators decided to revisit the evidence. The rope used to bind
the women was examined more carefully. It was found to be 20-stranded
twine sold only at Starved Rock State Park. Identical twine was found in
an area accessible to Weger. He again became a prime suspect. The
blood on his coat was reexamined by the FBI Crime Lab and found to be
human and compatible with the blood of one of the victims. Weger
submitted to another lie detector test and failed it. Weger was found
guilty for the murder of one of the women, Lillian Oetting, and has spent
more than 45 years in prison. He recently petitioned the Governor of
Case study review #2:

The Atlanta child murders
Wayne Williams is thought to be one of the worst serial killers of
adolescents in U.S. history. His victims were killed and thrown into the
Chattahoochee River in Georgia. Williams was questioned, because he
was seen near where a body had washed ashore. Two kinds of fiber were
found on the victims. The first kind was an unusual yellow-green nylon
fiber used in floor carpeting. Through the efforts of the FBI and DuPont
Chemical Company, the carpet manufacturer was identified. The carpet
had been sold in only 10 states, one of them being Alabama, where
Williams lived. Thus, the fibers found on the victims were linked to
carpet fibers found in Williams home.
Another victims body yielded the second type of fiber. This fiber was
determined to be from carpeting found in pre-1973 Chevrolets. It was
determined that only 680 vehicles registered in Alabama had a matching
carpet. Williams owned a 1970 Chevrolet station wagon with matching
carpet. The probability of both types of fibers being owned by the same
person was calculated. The odds against another person owning both
carpet types were about 29 million to one. Williams was convicted and
sentenced to two life terms.

Unit 3 - Evidence Csi 7 Ss

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M

is to recognize, document, and collect

The Crime Scene Team

The Crime Scene Team

The Crime Scene Team

The Crime Scene Team

The Crime Scene Team

0 When a person comes in contact with an

object or another person, a cross-transfer of

Material that identifies a

Material that identifies a

Collecting and storing

0 Liquids and arson remains: airtight, unbreakable

Collecting and storing

0 Liquids and arson remains: airtight, unbreakable

container while wet, DNA will degenerate and

Collecting and storing

0 Liquids and arson remains: airtight, unbreakable

container while wet, DNA will degenerate and

0 Glass or ballistic evidence: carefully wrapped and

placed in an envelope to prevent scratching or

Collecting and storing

0 Liquids and arson remains: airtight, unbreakable

container while wet, DNA will degenerate and

0 Glass or ballistic evidence: carefully wrapped and

placed in an envelope to prevent scratching or

Collecting and storing

0 Liquids and arson remains: airtight, unbreakable

container while wet, DNA will degenerate and

0 Glass or ballistic evidence: carefully wrapped and

placed in an envelope to prevent scratching or

Collecting and storing

0 Liquids and arson remains: airtight, unbreakable

container while wet, DNA will degenerate and

0 Glass or ballistic evidence: carefully wrapped and

placed in an envelope to prevent scratching or

Collecting and storing

0 Glass or ballistic evidence: carefully wrapped and placed

in an envelope to prevent scratching or breakage.

Secure the scene

Secure the scene

0 Investigator questions to witnesses include:

Scan the scene

where photos should be taken.

primary crime scene (location where crime took

See the scene

should be included as reference

evidence label filled out and

Sketch the scene

Search for evidence

quadrant pattern should be used depending on the

Secure the evidence

0 Every piece of evidence must also have a chain of

Choose appropriate size paper

chain of custody log needs to be signed.

hazard to the health of humans

0 Most frequently used in CSI to

indicate the presence of blood

Analyzing the evidence

0 Lab results are sent to the lead detective

Reconstructing the scene

detectives will form a hypothesis of the sequence