THROUGH THE

EDGE OF

Acknowledgement
Thank you to our god, and our teacher, Ms. Lynda and also Mr. Chris to give
this assignment in social studies class about Indonesian history, structure and
comparing it to other countries. We also want to thank our parents, family, and
friends to always support us in what we do. We really appreciate your support
in this assignment that we can learn more about country more. We really put
effort to this book. We hope this book will help elementary student will use this
book as a reference to their work. We also hope that this book will make
Indonesia a better country.

Table of Content

Preface:
1. Acknowledgment...
2. Table of content....
3. Purpose of Writing...

History of Indonesia at Proclamation

1. Timeline........................
2. Analysis...........................
3. Conclusion.

Government types and structure

1. Types and System..
2. Analysis.....
3. Solution........................

Overcome & Challenge

1. Problem...........................
2. Solution...........................
3. Compare between Orde Lama and Orde Baru....

Purpose of Writing
Helping the Indonesian children who live abroad to understand better
Indonesian history suits their ability in language that they can understand
easily. The purpose is that they can learn their nation history so that history
doesnt repeats and makes the same mistake again. Our new generation
needs to learn about their own country because in the future their the new
leaders of our country.

HISTORY OF INDONESIA AT PROCLAMATION

A diplomacy solution as the alternative solution to end the problem

between

Indonesia

and

Netherlands,

automatically

fail,

because

Netherlands are not consistent to face what they should to do, like deny
they the contents of the agreement between them.

After that, In 4th August 1949, Indonesian government make a

delegation to participate in the Round Table Conference or in Indonesian
Konferensi Meja Bundar, which consist for several popular Indonesian
Figures.

The Round Table Conference function is to end the problems

between Indonesia and Netherlands. And this Conference was held in Den
Haag, Holland. This Conference was held by 11 days. From the 23th of
August till the 2nd of November. This Conference was very important,
because the Conference are to find the new solution, the new governance
system, not just that, its also to find a peace.

The results of the Round Table Conference, are, Netherlands gives

sovereignty to Indonesia without any requirements and cannot give that
back again. Second, Indonesian government system will change into a
States Country (RIS). Third, RIS should pay the Netherlands debt.

Then, in 15th of September theres an Indonesian Presidential

Election, with IR. Soekarno as the only candidate. In the next day
(September 16, 1949) IR. Soekarno inducted as the President of RIS.
Then in 20th of September IR. Soekarno induct the Cabinet RIS, including
Mohammad Hatta as the Prime Minister of Indonesia.

In 23th of Desember, Indonesian Delegation (RIS Delegation) with

Mohammad Hatta going to Netherlands to discuss the manuscript of the
sovereignty. In the same day, theres an event In Jogjakarta about the
transfer of sovereignty, from Republic Of Indonesia to the Indonesian
States (RIS).

Evidently, the making of RIS, cannot resolve the problem of

Indonesia, because the Netherlands government not consistent again to
face the results of the Round Table Conference. So, in 1950, Indonesia
backs to the old Governance System.

After a long time, Indonesia makes a Conference again in April 18

1955 until the 25th of April 1955. The name of the Conference is, AsiaAfrica Conference. This Conference function is to remove the colonialism
in this world, and also to find peace. The leader of the Asia Africa
Conference was IR. Soekarno.

In 1955, theres also an Important Event, and its KTT non-block,

This Event is about the meeting of the countries that didnt agree with the
eastern block and also the western block that led by Union of Soviet and
America. Because they want an active and free politics.

Still at 1955,theres a big change, and its when Mohammad Hatta

leave the Vice President Postion.

In 30TH of September 1955, theres a Presidents Decree, IR.

Soekarno announce this decree to give information about the return of the
Constitution (UUD 1945).

In 11th March 1966, Theres a command letter from IR. Soekarno to

General Soeharto, to secure and also to make a peace situation. IR.

Soekarno give this command letter, to prevent Indonesia from a

riot/conflict/problem from PKI.
In 1967, a big change happens again, IR. Soekarno leave the
Indonesian President postion, through a MPRS meeting.

In 1967, Soeharto become the second Indonesian President and

replace IR. Soekarno position. Soeharto period= 1968 until 1998.

1998, Soeharto fall from the Indonesian President postion and leave
the president postion, because theres a big conflict in Indonesia. And
Indonesia changes some government, from The New Orde, to the
Reformation Orde.

In 1998, BJ Habibie the vice president of Soeharto, replace

Soeharto to become the new Indonesia President, but its just for a one
year period, from 1998 to 1999.

Then Abdurahman Wahid or know as Gusdur replace BJ Habibie

Position, and become the new President. Gusdur Period= 1999-2001

In 2001, the daughter of IR. Soekarno, Megawati Soekarnoputri

became the 5th President of Republic of Indonesia. Megawati Period=
2001-2004.

2004, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono or popularly known as SBY,

replace the daughter of IR. Soekarno, Megawati Soekarnoputri, as the new
President of Indonesia. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono period= 2004-2014.

The new generation has come, In 2014, Joko Widodo and Jusuf
Kalla became the number one and number two person in Indonesia,
became the President and Vice President, until right now.

The Round Table Conference in Den Haag, Netherlands, 1949.

The Asia-Africa Conference, Bandung, 18 April-25 April 1955.

Soeharto become the 2nd Indonesia President in 1967.

Joko Widodo and Jusuf Kalla become the new Indonesian President and
Vice President in 2014.
GOVERNMENT TYPES AND STRUCTURES

The Types and System of Government in the World

1945-1949, Indonesian government system is Presidential. At this time of the
year a group of military come to Indonesia and trying to say that if Indonesian
government systems still the same Indonesia will never work. So, then 19491950 Indonesia change their government system to Quasi Parliamentary.
Then Indonesia thinks that this government system is not their own identity. At
August 15th 1950 Indonesia stop their Quasi Parliamentary system and
change it to Parliamentary only. Parliamentary only last 9 Years (1950-1959).

Starting 1959- Until this present day. Indonesia go back to the way it was,
Presidential. Indonesia chooses to change their government system to 1945.
The president made a few terms and condition. First, Indonesia will use UUD

1945 not UUDS 1950 when their a Parliamentary country. The Second one is
to

dismiss

the

constitutional

body. And the last one is, making

(form) House of Representative
(DPR).

Government Structure before and after

the amendment of UUD 1945

Not every country have the same

types of government system but
sometimes theyre the same.
Theres so many types of government in the World, from a country people
don't care about their government system until a country people that give a
first priority to their government system. Like a country who always 1one or
two step ahead of other countries, America.

Absolute monarchy - a form of government where the monarch rules

unhindered, i.e., without any laws, constitution or legally organized opposition.

Anarchy - a condition of lawlessness or political disorder brought about by the

absence of governmental authority.

Authoritarian - a form of government in which state authority is imposed onto

many aspects of citizens' lives.

Commonwealth - a nation, state or other political entity founded on law and

united by a compact of the people for the common good.

Communist - a system of government in which the state plans and controls the
economy and a single -- often authoritarian -- party holds power; state controls
are imposed with the elimination of private ownership of property or capital
while claiming to make progress toward a higher social order in which all
goods are equally shared by the people (i.e., a classless society).

Confederacy (Confederation) - a union by compact or treaty between states,

provinces or territories that creates a central government with limited powers;
the constituent entities retain supreme authority over all matters except those
delegated to the central government.

Constitutional - a government by or operating under an authoritative document

(constitution) that sets forth the system of fundamental laws and principles
that determines the nature, functions and limits of that government.

Constitutional democracy - a form of government in which the sovereign

power of the people is spelled out in a governing constitution.

Constitutional monarchy - a system of government in which a monarch is

guided by a constitution whereby his/her rights, duties, and responsibilities are
spelled out in written law or by custom.

Democracy - a form of government in which the supreme power is retained by

the people, but which is usually exercised indirectly through a system of
representation and delegated authority periodically renewed.

Democratic republic - a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of
citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them.

Dictatorship - a form of government in which a ruler or small clique wield

absolute power (not restricted by a constitution or laws).

Ecclesiastical - a government administrated by a church.

Emirate - similar to a monarchy or sultanate, a government in which the

supreme power is in the hands of an emir (the ruler of a Muslim state); the
emir may be an absolute overlord or a sovereign with constitutionally limited
authority.

Federal (Federation) - a form of government in which sovereign power is

formally divided -- usually by means of a constitution -- between a central
authority and a number of constituent regions (states, colonies or provinces)
so that each region retains some management of its internal affairs; differs
from a confederacy in that the central government exerts influence directly
upon both individuals as well as upon the regional units.

Federal republic - a state in which the powers of the central government are
restricted and in which the component parts (states, colonies, or provinces)
retain a degree of self-government; ultimate sovereign power rests with the
voters who chose their governmental representatives.

Islamic republic - a particular form of government adopted by some Muslim

states; although such a state is, in theory, a theocracy, it remains a republic,
but its laws are required to be compatible with the laws of Islam.
Maoism - the theory and practice of Marxism-Leninism developed in China by
Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), which states that a continuous revolution is
necessary if the leaders of a communist state are to keep in touch with the
people.
Marxism - the political, economic and social principles espoused by 19th
century economist Karl Marx; he viewed the struggle of workers as a
progression of historical forces that would proceed from a class struggle of the
proletariat (workers) exploited by capitalists (business owners), to a socialist
"dictatorship of the proletariat," to, finally, a classless society -- Communism.

Marxism-Leninism - an expanded form of communism developed by Vladimir

Lenin from doctrines of Karl Marx; Lenin saw imperialism as the final stage of
capitalism and shifted the focus of workers' struggle from developed to
underdeveloped countries.

Monarchy - a government in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands

of a monarch who reigns over a state or territory, usually for life and by
hereditary right; the monarch may be either a sole absolute ruler or a
sovereign - such as a king, queen or prince - with constitutionally limited
authority.

Oligarchy - a government in which control is exercised by a small group of

individuals whose authority generally is based on wealth or power.

Parliamentary democracy - a political system in which the legislature

(parliament) selects the government - a prime minister, premier or chancellor
along with the cabinet ministers - according to party strength as expressed in
elections; by this system, the government acquires a dual responsibility: to the
people as well as to the parliament.

Parliamentary

government

(Cabinet-Parliamentary

government)

government in which members of an executive branch (the cabinet and its

leader - a prime minister, premier or chancellor) are nominated to their
positions by a legislature or parliament, and are directly responsible to it; this
type of government can be dissolved at will by the parliament (legislature) by
means of a no-confidence vote or the leader of the cabinet may dissolve the
parliament if it can no longer function.

Parliamentary monarchy - a state headed by a monarch who is not actively

involved in policy formation or implementation (i.e., the exercise of sovereign
powers by a monarch in a ceremonial capacity); true governmental leadership
is carried out by a cabinet and its head - a prime minister, premier or
chancellor - who are drawn from a legislature (parliament).

Presidential - a system of government where the executive branch exists

separately from a legislature (to which it is generally not accountable).

Republic - a representative democracy in which the people's elected deputies

(representatives), not the people themselves, vote on legislation.

Socialism - a government in which the

means

of

planning,

producing

and

distributing goods is controlled by a

central government that theoretically
seeks a more just and equitable
distribution of property and labor; in
actuality, most socialist governments
have

ended

up

being

no

more

than

dictatorships over workers by a ruling elite

Sultanate - similar to a monarchy, a government in which the supreme power

is in the hands of a sultan (the head of a Muslim state); the sultan may be an
absolute ruler or a sovereign with constitutionally limited authority.

Theocracy - a form of government in which a Deity is recognized as the

supreme civil ruler, the Deity's laws are interpreted by ecclesiastical authorities
(bishops, mullahs, etc.); a government subject to religious authority.

Totalitarian - a government that seeks to subordinate the individual to the state

by controlling not only all political and economic matters, but also the
attitudes, values and beliefs of its population.

Analysis

Three country that simple and easy to get to compare is Indonesia, America,
and England

Positive

Negative

Were ONE

Corrupter criminals who has been release

from jail, do crimes again

Indonesia have plenty natural resources

We didn't Export, we Import

People dont have jobs

Difference
Government
System
Head of State
Head of
Government
Election

Indonesia

America

England

Presidential

Presidential

Parlementer

President

President

Queen

NKRI

POTUS

Prime Minister

Voting

Voting

Heredity

The Way Out

Before UUD become the important role

The way out from three negative points above:

Problem

Way Out

Corrupter criminals who has been release

from jail, do crimes again

People need to watch them by hiring a true

and honest bodyguard

People dont have jobs

People who doesn't have jobs they can

apply their service to guard the
ex-Corruptor Criminals

We didn't Export, we Import

We need to make and expand placemaking of Natural Resources and also

hiring people who doesn't have jobs

We don't need to change Indonesias government system. What Indonesia

need is a support from every Indonesian citizen and also tighten the laws.
UUD 1945 should be the guide line in Indonesia. Make UUD 1945 the most
important role in Indonesia. People need to have a great team work for
making a better result. We can make Indonesia better if we can also make real
consequences that actually worked and applied.

Positive
Indonesia can produce their own natural
resources
No more corruption

Negative
-

No one is unemployed

After UUD become the important role

OVERCOME AND CHALLENGES

Our country also has a lot of problem such as G30S/PKI and 1998
Tragedy, the two tragedy give us negative and also positive effect such as the
country became more fair, but the negative effect, we still can feel the impact
from the tragedy, such as our economy getting further from other country. It
also change our structure a lot, from old order, to the new one, the MPR
position is not in the top position anymore, instead they separated into DPR
and DPRD. But what happen to this country? What tragedy that change our
structure?

One of the tragedy that change our world are the G-30S/PKI, G30S, 30
September 1965, Partai Komunis Indonesia, which is the biggest party on that
time want to change Indonesia structure from republic, to communist. Theyre
trying to change Indonesia structure in a bad way, they steal 7 Indonesias

General, the sevens general are : Jendral TNI Anumerta Ahmad Yani, Letjen
TNI Anumerta MT Haryono, Letjen TNI Anumerta S Parman, Letjen TNI
Anumerta Suprapto, Mayjen TNI Anumerta Sutoyo Siswomiharjo, Mayjen TNI
Anumerta DI Panjaitan, Kapten Czi Anumerta Pierre Tendean.

On that night, PKI attack each of theyre house, and theyre target is
General Nasution, which is the one that save from the attack. But his daughter
was killed on that tragedy. Three of the general killed in theyre house, and the
other 3 has been abducted and killed with a very bad way. PKI put all of the 7
bodies inside crocodile hole, and when the bodies founded, the community
start rebel. The government take everyone that join PKI and give them
consequences. Indonesia economy is not being stable, many people suffer.
When the community became mad, they blame the leader (Soekarno) for this
tragedy.

So because of this tragedy, Soekarno has been resignation and

community pick Soeharto to replace him, just because Soeharto help the
community to solve the problem. On 1967 the Indonesias presidents has
been replaced, and the structure is change.

similar

tragedy happen again

on

1998,

crisis

happen all over the

world, the dollar is
increasing

from

Rp.4.000,- into around

Rp.15.000,- each 1$.
All item in Indonesia is getting expensive just because the dollar is increasing.

May in the year it arises various kinds of damage, riots were actually
part of the public expression of disappointment at the government in the new
order. May 1998 is the time that this nation will not forget because the entire
Indonesian nation to unite to overthrow the new order that has been too long,
led by President Soeharto.

Crisis on Indonesia to make the citizens overwhelmed. Many citizens

are starving, can not buy food, too many private companies that went
bankrupt due to the dollar price is very high, unemployment is everywhere, it
provoke the students to carry out the democratic government to provide
policies for the people of Indonesia.

The unrest is rampant, especially in the capital city, many students are doing
demos everywhere, they want justice and prosperity, on the other hand many
Indonesian people who think that the Armed Forces (Army) has failed to
maintain the capital city of Jakarta on the riots that took place on May 12,

1998 until 15 May 1998. The case is held deliberately to create a justice that
resulted in uncontrollable riots.

On May 12, 1998, a demonstration of Trisakti University students, resulting in

four deaths. Shot in the riots that occurred at that time, dozens of other
students were injured by shot. The death of four students inflame other
students to hold a massive demonstration.

It continued until 13-14 May, which resulted in paralysis in the activities

surrounding communities. Dozens of shops were burned, various kinds
of places destroyed just like that, even hundreds of people burned to
death. On the 19th, students from various universities in Indonesia
managed to occupy the building MPR / DPR.

These actions resulted in Harmoko (leaders of the MPR / DPR) issued a

statement containing the "instigation to Preside Suharto's resignation" on 19.
On 20 Soeharto invited national leaders also religious leaders for his
resignation mempertimbakan the siding is headed by President Soeharto. On
May 21, 1998, President Soeharto resigned as President of the Republic of
Indonesia and provide post to the Vice President BJ Habibie as president.
Impact caused by the unrest is certainly the ultimate fall of President Soeharto
as preside and is replaced by BJ Habibie, besides other disadvantages,
among others, many residents who fear for activities, social disadvantage,
many victims who suffered physical or psychological. The problem also makes
the Indonesian economy was destroyed.

OVERCOME AND CHALLENGES

An ideal condition of a country is that when a country is independent

without any problem. A country that is honest, clean, has a good structure of
government in every sector thats anticorruption,

nepotism,

and

collusion.

Indonesia has so many different cultures

and all the different things could make
everyone together in a particular way.

The

way

that

Soeharto

leads

Indonesia when he was elected, he made the economic better and taking
down the Indonesia communist party. But back then in Indonesia in 12 May
1998 there was a demo about trying to get Soeharto down. It was because
Indonesia was experiencing crisis economic that was really bad. Indonesias
rupiah is really low, one dollar is Rp.15,000,-. It affects the college student
stood up and trying to make a new reformation. The major problem is that
Soeharto was the president of Indonesia for 31 years. It is a big crime
because it is nepotism.

Nepotism

is

an

act

of

choosing someone that relates

(relatives or close friends) to hold
the power in politics, economy,
social

culture,

education

or

leading in a political party. The

demo last when Soeharto step down, and all things that the college student
did was all worth it because Soeharto already done enough to serve
Indonesia the way that he wants. Not only that, his position being a president
is from 1967-1998. At the step of him being president, he changes the rules
and its called New Order.
There are lots of prove that Soeharto did nepotism, because until now
he

still

has

debt,

the

debt

is

up

to

million.

Based

on

http://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2013/05/02/keluarganya-banyak-jadicaleg-sby-dinilai-nepotis?page=2, it said,
Rilis Forum Masyarakat Pemantau Parlemen Indonesia (Formappi) seperti
ditulis Kompas.com menyebut, dari daftar caleg sementara (DCS) yang
didapat dari Komisi Pemilihan Umum, setidaknya ada 13 nama yang memiliki
kedekatan dengan keluarga SBY. Sementara, tiga orang merupakan teman
Ani Yudhoyono.

It means that when Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono became the president,

he did a big crime that lots of his family members and best friend is elected to
become one of the important politic people. Could be that by making their
friends/family of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, he can count on their election to
pick him. Another facts is from Megawati, she makes her daughter to become
government coordinator, the info is from cintraindonesia.com.

These days even some corruption hasnt been solved, like the
electronic ID card. The case was from 2011 and until now, it hasnt been
solve. It affects economic of Indonesia decreases year to year, which means
that it should be solved quickly.

There are always many ways to avoid or solve something, the key is to
believe and also to take action. In different sector, there are different ways to
reduce the crime to repeat again. Because theres a quote that says, History
repeats itself, it means that by learning and understanding the history of our
country we wont make the same mistake again from the past. In this new
generation, there are many technologies that can help us making Indonesia a
better place.

From the politic sector, there are two solutions. First, maintaining the
law to be tight, honest, and anti-collusion. Because by letting them know that
breaking the law is a wrong and will get huge consequences, everyone should
have self-awareness that their reputation will be so bad and unforgivable.

From the economic sector, government should always remain their

relationship with the society. So by making the income and expenses always
tracked down and with the evidence, the society would trust and believe to
governments more. Because these days, society trust to the government in
Indonesia is decreasing.

From the social-cultural sector, its all about the attitude of each person.
There are many choices that people could choose in this world, and one of
them is to be an honest and responsible or all about lies, corruption and

selfish. Making a campaign about anti-CCN (corruption, collusion, and

nepotism). It is a very good idea because in making a campaign that is
followed by college student, it could bring a better generation to make
Indonesia more clean and develop country which in all sector of government,
the law is never been break. Also with the support from the government to
take action in anti corruption, collusion and nepotism, government will have
good influence.

Comparing between old order

and new order certainly has a huge
gap between them. Because in the
new

order,

globalization

technology
growing

and
bigger

nowadays. With all the social media

and

internet,

people

can

access

anywhere easily with just a click. In

the new order, finding information about someone is really easy so if theres a
corruption, nepotism, or any bad crime, people could just look theirs history
and try to solve it. The negative effect from the development of technology is
that only by hacking the system, people could erase or even change the data
like income and expenses of the country and other stuff that are important.
Also in these days, many people strike for getting the things that they want or
getting out of jail. Between the new order and old order it has a major
differences. In the old order, there are some corruption, collusion and
nepotism, but it wasnt as much as the new order. The much more things like
that keep going on, more people will get negative influence. All the
government in every sector is full of corruption, collusion, and nepotism.