MYTHS, HISTORICAL ARCHETYPES AND SYMBOLIC FIGURES IN ARABIC LITERATURE ‘Towards a New Hermeneutic Approach Proceedings of the Intemational Symposium in Beirut, June 25th - June 30th, 1996 ANGELIKA NEUWIRTH, BIRGIT EMBALO, ‘SEBASTIAN GUNTHER, MAHER JARRAR @ BEIRUT 1999 IN KOMMISSION BEI FRANZ STEINER VERLAG STUTTGARTlathe, who careflly lak long wating be- ve time the poet un- im who grants her a mis verse where ‘marital image eoin- conditional token of match between ad- lies of the groom. literary dedication, fe recuence ofthe ‘and with his praise 2 poets to chose ef enre and literary, ot ‘eases as manifesta ‘connotations fom Islamic parallel. In fecal occasions saps 2 Tor entire groupe ‘can provide value {asidah's core sec. ‘gui perplexing. sini fwd Nati, and (a: None! Sots ‘ENow Yor 199). THE WOMAN AS A LOCUS OF APOCALYPTIC ANXIETY IN MEDIEVAL SUNNI ISLAM) Wau SALEH “ihe in seme of ie we re ‘orn be “There is no dovbt that some of the most gripping passages in the Quin “re apocalypial.Costie in magnitude, the cataclysmic end, with Reavens folded, mountains leveled oceans in Hames, leaves humanity in pathetic Sate Each individual at that moment will forget all the tes that bind him ‘ther to fellow human beings (80:36); mothers will forsake their suckling ‘abies, pregnant women wil abort 22:2). The disorientation, desribed 0s A sate of drnkenness, wil be total, the fear boundless (22:2). “The eatas- teophe of the Hour of Doom! (zalzalatal-sah, 22:1) is central reality to the Quranic world view. Nothing is more eersin than the fact that this ‘universe wll end in a tele vision of history later incorporated into the ‘Medieval Muslim clture? “Athough women play no role ithe Quréa’s apocalype vison, they would be accorded a central role in subsequent Isami apocalyptic itera- ‘re. This article wil ry fo avavel the reasons behind the bond between ‘women snd the dreadful apocalyptic times and to analyze the ways in which ltratre forged that bond. Fist, however, an inteduction to Spocelypic literature is inorder, for no accesible survey on this topic would ik thank fer Gerhard Bowsing a Albrecht Noth or hi omen tier dai of 5 Pe 1 Noman Brown; The Apso”, cn. in Apes andr Meteor. ron Besley User of Calor Pres, 1981, 64 2 Farhe Qurins apes ews see the antle y Beown1 aun sau Introduction: Muslim Apocalypte Literature’ The Qurnie sketch ofthe end of the world would soon be elaborated, ‘mainly in hath. The uncertainty du to politcal upheavals, social anomie and natural disasters that afflicted the early Muslim community found an appropriate vent in the apocalyptic realm Battles, plagues, celestial ‘anomalies, and discord were all seen as herald ofthe coming end. Polit cal pretenders began to view themselves as messianic figures, Mahdi, that, Innd come to save the world Another factor that contributed wo the growth of ‘signs ofthe end of ime” was the almost complete silence ofthe Quen ‘on this topic# Believers were no more satisfied with the Qurinic isis tence on the unpredictable advent of this dreadful end. Solace ws necded and signs announcing the destruction ofthe universe were, since no! pro vide, invented” Apocalyptic Muslim literature wilh i origins in the 2 The Ane mis fr ascites lan oe (etch Se nga nin) wee areal y Mtns For examples of pial movements wih apocalyptic ones see WoL O86 Kaysinah era woods, ina 14 WE, Tasker Reltory Cho In Ummpad rat) bloomngon 171 The gu fe Mal as ste fal end point fr al the pli rope ‘es in tm Hs ame ad coming eg, ymin Meio Mss es the ponte ates ha ro coming of i ash fara sn) ath. te ycnatcaly wndemics fe tcety of he tanner af be ‘Mae wan, yet be nvr fly areata sie In ig wee th enti ben hi jt teary history a the ona Me Seal chapter nthe hd koh Magda Ua haf aa tam) is conte, sare ad ect reftatin ofthe eon fa pt or tif about the tie Tn Kan, espero bh sea He never commits himself wa ler positon. John Willams, hough aware of the ft that ba Kn ejected the aa, Jos toler ane sh eee ‘hon. So his heme of sane Cn, Besley: Unversity of Caen Pras 97h 26 Same fh son mention nthe Qar a:Gg and Magog (21:96), a. Dba (Ge Beas, 75) nthe Ste (410. (runs fo lr wo te apoio ee of he wr) The sweson be elaborated, ‘als, social anomie ‘amonity found an, plagues, celestial coming end, Politi sures, Mab, that ted to the growth tence of the Quran ‘he Qurnic insis- ‘lace was needed, fe, since not pro" its origins in the ‘im, a ‘alana 0 be ot “acl” 3 see W. sO a. ‘tone Oho apcaantepronhe- ‘Sev Mis te ‘yell hoy of Spon aban ‘once of apd Timntos of te Sing an Aare af be ‘elie ee Bar: sett eye jee eae 950196) Dito (olathe tem he ‘oa The answer as {IE WOMAN AS A LOCUS OF APOCALYPTIC ANKITY 195, ‘Quin would also come under the influence af the people that constnuted the newly founded Arab empire. The Christian and Jewish populations of the conquered lands were busy themselves interpreting the unprecedented “events thatthe Arab invasion brought. The paradigm in which their hopes -jnd fear were structured was apocalyptic” Some traditions portay the __ Peto pat in muse catia I odton t sing _ ng many fhe inf te End he rope te word ay eked companion relating the tradition sks for an explanation ofthis | Word, and the Prophet transits a8 “Killing” the definion ofthe He= Pe sriempa! "There i no modern accesible survey of Muslim apocalyptic literature and the aempt in hs article i not intended to be exhaustive.” What “hampers such an effort isthe almost complete absence of any attempt at labeling texts inthe Islamic tradition as apocalyptic. The epstle of Ton al- | prcere inthe Qu shows hate emt eid tat oly Gd now nat (he (we 7:07, 7) In adhe pope mas ied aa te Hr He ‘BM wou ete to spoly xd tu enough in we gen for etn ros sth len at ee signs ae post erin developmen. or a Cretan apraae proce a remot the Arti cont t= [ain Die Syrche pate dee Pea fsa Loran hea Pos fam TPF te ews se oe Bcd Lev “An aoc iso dec ry Dt ofthe Sol of Oe ond ean Sai 13 (199-1950), > in ja ak Asai: Fah a-ha Sih aa Cito 1959. Vol ‘V1 13m faa ger Amare (abst) a th angsge of orn. Redan "Syed atop har ames fom South Ai sc ve Ret det Ti a ata de Korner, Pur. Klas Schwa Vtg, 1977, 31. The ‘ed el eae +n mg 0 eng mi er Ft or, ection shld be made of DS. Aters dastion De Motanmsdsanche “pvtingen cme ht tsi a don jong dag nooo. ‘Arteta 19421 wl he oth Poor De Ralph Petes of Arse __ Universit saping me with coy ‘Puli une tte The Mhesogw uddoon, Ed, Max Meebo Joseph Shc Oxors Cen Pres, 168 Rene Kak "Hitoey aod Apeaipee: Tha ab: Nafs Justiexon of Mam ‘Ril Der san 72 (1998), 387 ep ie onthe poll ipbestons ‘fees, homee. The tee at svg the work a propaga Tr the ‘Marat rege tot very coving woud prove moe Eat io stn Woie eau save ‘The fist major apocalyptic book to reach us is Kitéb al-Fitan (Book of Fitgn) of Navaym b, Hammad (2. 229/844). ‘The ttle cleary indicates, thatthe word ftan as become the technical term forthe Apocalypse. In contrast to the Qurnic scenario ofthe end af the World, which was en- acted in the spheres of heaven and the oceans and montis of the earth, this book is more concerned with the political and social details of the ‘unfolding apocalypse. I is filled with bates, anti-Chrsc-like figures, dy- rstic changes and plagues. Thus a shift bas occumed from the Qurinie apocalyptic vision, in which humanity suffers the cosmic end as» specta- tor, to # more involved participation on the part of humans. Many ofthe prophecies in this book give specific predictions (such as the date on ‘which the world would end, leaving no room for reinterpretation in ease of thee failure to materialize, and time soon discredited them. The conf eat ature of such prophecies is an indication tht Ibn Fsmmid's book contains early material reflecting a widespread anticipation ofthe imi nence ofthe end ofthe world. Such traditions would fil to appes in the ‘more canonical hadith eolletions, and tha in no smal art has to do with the fact that hey were proved fale ‘The next stage inthe history of apocalyptic Mustim literature, and the ‘most formative one, isthe prophetic hadith compilations. Each ofthe six canonical books of Sunni hadith contains a chapter on ftan, oF ftom wa ashrdt absaah, chapters devoted to relating prophecies and warsings shout the events that would proceed the end ofthe World. These chapters ‘void the precise language ofthe prophecies colleted by Nu'aym. If they 460 venture to gave exact predictions itis always in the manner of ‘predicting afer the event” (raticinia ex event The majoriy of the prophecies offered avoid being diseredited by heralding events yet to come. This, however, has the disedvantage of lessening their impact, ‘Thus, ther relevance tothe blievers most be strengthened by emphasizing ‘pane lo widespread ditto i tno cofton. Se By Bram Contenparordpoclpe Rite New Yor Pree, 198, fra dee ny Ssh ins focal "Eady sui! Za, Beit, 1993 or tes on shook by Wed Mote lung and Miche Cook sth rfonecs inte tele be er"An aly ni Apoclotie Chon Jornal of Near Eater Sus 53 (193) 25.29, ete seston of og Agu Mero au itd en dbo ‘es iba. inl lemma Ting 1979 yh go to De ‘ern Kien of Har Uniesty fr lenin me py ofthe wk ‘Sete compris btveen ey Hares oak ad Ie Insp ton in Ris a Di stubs nection to hk son ak a Sion rh fi AL Ria: Darl‘Agah 195, 43108‘ian (Book of carly indicates Apocalypse. In hich as en- ss of the earth, ‘etils of the ke Figures, dy- 1 the Qurnie 1d.as a spect | Many of the 1S the date on | elation in case | mm. The cont | smmid’s book | of the in | sper in the has to do with ratur, and the Sach of the sie oF ftan wa ‘and warnings These chapters Iu‘ayn. Ir they he manner of | orty of the | ‘events yet to ‘heir impact, ‘y emphasing | | by ame Evia >i Ma | oy te sae's [HE WOMAN AS A LOCUS OF APOCALYPTIC ANXIETY 12 the nearness of the awaited doom. That the Prophet was sent at the very tend of time isa constantly emphasized theme inthe prophetic tradition ‘One of many examples is the ubiquitous saying thatthe prophecy of ‘Muhammad and the end ofthe world are a close asthe tiny difference in the length between the index and the middle finger, (uithte and wal ‘igh karhitayn) © ‘One can only give general remarks on the Muslin apocalyptic tradition thot followed this stage.” Tt is vast and understudied, and many ofthe texts ae sill unedited. Sufice it hereto mention the three major forms of this genre that Were being produced. In addition fo the six canonical haath compilations, Muslins continued to produce collections ofthe sayings of the prophet tht contained newly found material. These, of eoure, include large number of prophecies relating to the events that will precede the fn ofthe word, The commentaries that scholars wroteon the hadith col- Tections, avast erature, als offer us rich materia eating to the apoca- Ips. and ae of primary importance since they reflect te views ofthe age ‘oftheir authors, Finally, we have a prepondecate number of apocalyptic treatises fom the Touch century onwards, 'Wonten come to play pivotal pat inthe apocalyptic era. This article will ry to unravel the reasons behind tis bond and to relate the ways in ‘which this iterate represents them. 1 See te ate of Sainan Resear “Mim Agcy ad he Hour. ct ‘Sut fairest, fas! Ont Ses 13 (199), 7598.1 ‘eal i role copes ings ny Pa. 6 See Sion Tri. img 196. Vl. VI, 365-66 "Awe irate conines ey widen populaty among te Mains ‘Pie See the ean eke of Vint abi: a fh Smh Aras 1969; Mahone shud Nabi asl Ma taagyage mind o-nla owkayyy, Cao 1990, Mae aA Sai eimaned ho} a Jian neal ea ak Saul Arba 1951, SW AyyOs. ia a- ‘ei Dail fina 1991 Ths bok depart em the coven Thal smi poe edn since ue Clrisin an Jewish nario Thin ate fm he ley team popes es to bent Pt of hn Hume nce ara dec sl of he pexiptc mospbere ‘ihe second Gal Was he modaction of ther. As ab 0 the ‘Mins afb atpgd ars Caro 1986 by Lay Mabe I the Papas eine write yo aman ns8 Wau sau Fitnah and Women Fitnah is « multivalent word which has come o encapsulate all the negs- tive fores that the Muslim community felt were at work agains is unity (jamah)* The definition given by Albrecht Noth forthe tem and what ‘evoked in early Islam is worth quoting in fl. Fina epresented le dic Situaonen und Altvittn, de don Besta des Islan als Gunbencchimg und Lebesform gefthden und sein Ende bedelen nen The richness ofthe term is also reflected by the vated meanings it has; it ‘can represent temptation, tra, torture, straying from the right pth, inte ‘commutal polite! strife and many other concepts. The word was also to ‘become intimately woven with women who were seen as one of its major sourees inthe Muslim commenity2? Many scholars have commented on the consequences of such an association Yet none has pointed out the spocelyptic dimension of this association, for lt us not forget thet the word fina is ao the word fr the apoctlypticEtles and horors that are happening a the world is coming to an end. Women as fina are ot only ‘souroe of social disorder, they ae implicated inthe apocalyptic horror. Furthermore, the word nah when used with women can refer fo tW0 aspects of their character that are distinct and yet, by the mere act of siving them the same denotation, related. Fimah not ony signifies the "See alan Vad “Qucgues reg sine Fd le Cora Ps aie ite mama Rec der Eas sige 3 (1969) 81 {ot Sex alo te deed say of Aad Se Reltopeliacke Ante om in re olan (1085) Der Bear Puna: Bean nd Pk. Fa ‘eR an, 180 " “Fer am” cp is Ulich Hoamann (Ed) Gece de rich We Minch: eo, 1987, 98. 2% atztay Ty lars. Vo. 1X 297-299, Compare wth, fio ton: hmm wg ait al goth Hah a "sb wor wa ghayr dia a gi shark Seb Bett 197, Na XI 15, 2 This capt by the pops rao thmes women the el fina ‘me cold eter (mgt bina oa bla a aly at ‘AS. Wesncle Cocorane eindcer dele oan msemane Lie 1837 ‘han val 63. See Fain Mei: yond the Ve. New Yar: SchelansnPubting Company, 19954 Fema MaksDaugs Woman's ad, Woman's Wad Poneto, rela Usiventy Pr, 1981, 4-4; DLA. Splery Plt Gender and he Iam ‘Pat New Yee Colaba Unies Pr 1954, 1381.ate all the nega- ‘gains it unity |e term and what resented des Islam als 2 Ende Bedeaten -anings i as it | ae pat, ita | Sod Wasa | one oft major commented on oid ou the forget that the tomo tht are sah ate not only Type hoor, san refer to 0 fhe mere act of 1y signifies the ete Con een. (tion Fo (Ml ga ahh ah et am fa ee Laden ST istins Conran, {WE WOMAN AS A LOCUS OF APOCALYPTIC ANKIETY 129) destructive influence of females on the socal order and ther rote inthe “apocalypse, it is alo the highest word of praise one can use to describe thir beauty. Thus it seems that their beauty a ftna, and ther disruptive fnfluence also a fimah, ae not only related but inseparable. The subver- five in the females is something inate, a fact related to their physical ‘bodies that has nothing todo with thei moral character. Even the fr al- ry the maidens of paradise, holy a they are, would be a cause of fanah if they were to show their beauty to the inhabitants of this world ‘Nothing is neutral about females and certainly no their beauty. It is this ‘ew ofthe dual aspect of female bodies that helps explain a paradoxical feference to thei corpulence in times of apocalypse Since i isa time Gf famine (i?) and of human disfigurement (maski), one would have fxpected that females would also suffer, but that is evidently not the fase, This can be explained bythe fact that Medieval Arabs saw compu lence asthe most essential quality for beauty i females: and females, “ho must be destructively attractive in apecalyptic times, have to be esafl (or obese) to be 0. "The ealest association between females and flmah occured a8 &re- salt ofthe disturbances that led tothe ling ofthe caliph ‘Uthmsn and the Baile of the Camel® This agitation, the beginning of the End, was Ipaded by a female a fact never forgotten and never fully explained ‘vay. Iwas also the upture that Killed the potion ofa unified Musi Community. Imocence was lost and this civil war would be seen, relro- spectively asthe frat n series of fan that would culminate inthe com- 2th Ha, Fo ab, Vl XIV, 27, aw abla lot ale hn 2 On the pevalence of ety in al tess Naw Sharh Suh Misi ‘Bort 1950, Vol 104 Soe sho he Kar Kus af Nap. Ba TM ale ‘aya Ca 1, Vol, 12 See ns Mani argh war mio a ash Ca 196, VoL V, 19828. % See Salih abDin ab Mannie oma amorh ade Arab. Beet 1969. Come ue with sry ian Hanan Rt of an 25, ep. 8, here nator ‘ict stn in Hig sued ft women Booms ty sspected at se ‘omen, mble toon, won nae bands ofthe em. One of the ete ‘Stone t prvslens of bes among women i be foam in the fos aah a-fcwhre Aiea ay tal ersten fom he Docent untied ‘one women t hat ine were in EN Sharh Sah isin. Vo XVI 108 2% Toeaubety ofthe visemes uated ee iso lve to my argue. 2 on ids ole soe W. Maing The Swcesont Muhanad. Cambie: ‘hig Unter Pess, 156130 WauD sae ing ofthe Hour2* In one place ‘Aishah and Hafsah are referred toa fs ‘nan by no less than ‘thm himsci£> In another ‘Ammar says by God she (chal is indaed the wife of you Propet in tis worden the eoning word [implying ht some respec sd oer), God fas tested you with her (i tha 0 98 to know whom 304 wil obey Him or bec" ‘ts putting her in dre opposition to Gods wil Avshah wrote othe Kufans asking them t stay in their homes if hey were to go out fighting, they should only do so agaist the killers of ‘Ut min (by her sie), A'man from the camp of ‘Alf refited her postion by She was ordered by Go to stay in ue home (refering to vere 33:33 we gamma fi bunhunna] and we were ordered fo fight to ward ft fa Igbo haa 18 takin natn, 2 195; 839) ad sow she so sings with tht which she was ordre, an! i ing (ribet) ha ‘wich we were ndered to do ‘Aishah was sen not only as disobeying the injunctions of the Quin but usurping a role that was the presogative of men, The strongest condemnation of Ashak's role, though, is couched in & prophetic tradition. The Prophet is said to have lesned one day on the ‘wall of her house and said Indeed te fakes here (ea Lina hah, fo hee the horn oF| the devi wl appear esr ae Sit of Babb etn of ih 3 Sy Unar aA abil wih we Kd oboma. Qin "Siar Lake: Sia Onetl Antguatan, 1393, Vol 1301, Un ‘Si totave wed vane 3:35 1 ty an secs sie ing Yebenent omer 2 "Toeeate many version of te fat name i aso the doe oi oe Formoteon this tation esis Sana wind, 28-297THB WOMAN AS A LOCUS OF APOCALYPTIC ANKIETY 43 referred t a8 fat samira: Clearly he reference isto the future, much frowned-upon activities of his ‘wife, who is presented here asthe origin of the whole jimah. This une _guivocal harsh statement was unpaliable to later Muslin = she iar all tin this world and the mother of the believers - and some additions were inserted to change ber, yet God has the abject ofthe pronouncement. The utterance is taken now to refer othe Som yu wl obey, “East, the location from which tan and the hor ofthe devil would sue. IF Inter generations of Muslims (Sunnis, I must add here) were willing to forgive her, they were not wiling to exonerate her gender. Politics and ne | public life were considered domains that should be kep ee of women so barmaid 10 protect the integrity ofthe Muslim community >* her poston by : _ fent Ppein neha to ve 33:33 wae ‘0 ard off final “The apocalyptic prophecies declare that in the waning time of the world td now she iso. ‘women would abound, and their number would reach the ratio of fifty bing kia) da ‘Women to one man25 The frst appearance ofthe motif ofan abundance of | omen isin Ibn Hammid’s book2® The prophecy here is rooted in the ] eal environment of the second century. A man from Bani Hashim ofthe urn Tvl gn and uml snot al of he Una hen nn fom | the Umayyads would sppesr and avenge the sain By killing 0 men for "each male vietim. Only women would be spared. The prophecy then de- lars ta he Mab would hen appear. ler, the fact that fernales would “be plentiful is by-product of the bates and there is no direct tink be- __tusin foal pation athe apocelype | is couched in « | Tone day on the sm here the hor of | 4 Hou would not come until one man took eae of Gxdabbir) ily women. | 3 "No mention is made bere of battler or conflicts, and unlike the previous cy the implication of this statement is clea, the abundance of en would bea sure sign ofthe end ofthe world” “The preponderance of females ina male-dominant society is an unset ‘respect, Larking tehind such a ratio is the possibility of females ing contol of society. different (Second) version ofthe prophecy Id now appear in the Sth of Bukhisl. This time is atebuted to the 1990, Vo v.97, Beat 197, Vob XI | | vis noo probe | een ened ata £8. Qin | S01 30a [ vteent cone ne si8 vet ‘This would ome i the aso commit would be avd toned “Teledeip tox woman (oft gr wal ana nea eee _ is dh ee Wensnck: Corde Vol V, 198196. | door x pois we | Sees | sae32 WALD Sau Propet and inserted in a longer narrative as one of several signs ofthe Hour (ashnifal-s'ah). The key word inthe prophecy yudabbir is changed into gayyim, @ significant change, since the root g-aem is not only ‘QuPnie, but also the r00t used in the famous verse that establishes the patriarchal structure of the erly Muslim society (4:34 men have authority ‘over women: alla gave ‘ala E-isd. Ths, on the inguistic level men are assured that their poston is unchallenged, despite the fact tht they are in a minority. The structure ofthe apocalyptic society is essen tilly similar to the one in which they are living; they wil still be the ‘ayyis, the superiors, of the women. Tha Hsjar in bis comment on thi hadith explicily reminds ws thatthe usage of the root q-w-m here is are aifimation of the fact that men are in charge of women, a i the custom (Gam huowa maid). To remove any doubts thatthe females might re- vol, another version (the third) i itoduced. This new tradition cited by Musi in his Sabi has forty women taking refuge (yaludina) withthe ‘man. It appear that insubordination isnot something these women have inmind, [ALNawaw in his commentary on the yaludhna (to take refuge) ver sion has this os ‘They [ie women] aac themes to him so that he aks cae of thei eed and pote thom, a in tibe in which only one man is et and the women mee lef ting they wil ake ree in that one man 0 tht bemight rotet them and take ca of them and no one would dre desire them beease of im. Tes signiticant that the city dweller al-Nawawi ean only conceive ofthe situation in terme ofa tribal structure, He is here addresting an unforesee- able consequence of the unblanced gender ratio, which consists of the presence of too many women with no blood-zlated legal guardian. Such 2 Scenario i «nightmare to any legally minded Muslim it better to have the tribal structure where the blood ties can bea bass for guardianship in order o contain thi anomaly ‘ALNawawt then gives war asthe cause of sucha ratios! an explans- tion tha is refed by Thn Hajar, who argues that there is no proof to sup- pot it He adds 2 ble Fat a ir, Wl 19.tral signs of the labbiris changed em is not only establishes the have authority se linguistic level pite the fst that society is essen ‘wll still be the ‘comment on this vem here is a re- fi the custom ‘males might re- tradition cited by Zuo) with the tere women have take rege) ver= | takes care of their | oo man let and Seo dare desire » conceive of the ‘ng an unforesee- 1 oonsise ofthe ‘guardian, Sach 2 fs better to have + guandigship in | fos an explane- ‘no proof to sup- {HE WOMAN AS A LOCUS OF AROCALYTIC ARKIETY 1 ‘Cleat it isan autonomous sign (ald mabdah, erally a pure sign) ‘and ot the renal of anaher case, for God ean in the end of ime make the ramber of the male children bom decrees while the number of| female children bor increases, andthe fic tht there i an sbundonce of women is in aprecment with (he signs lik) the abundance of no ance andthe sere of owedge {bn Hajar is tying together disparate apocalyptic signs and relating them to the body of women The fact that knowledge would become all but for- gotten, and tat the darkness of ignorance would prevail, two ofthe most cited apocalyptic signs, re directly linked tothe abundance of women. Al [Nawawi on the other hand, makes a direct association between the abun-