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The Arrhenius definition defines acids as substances that increase the concentration of
hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water while base is defined as substances that produce
hydroxide ions (OH) in an aqueous solution. In this experiment, a technique known as a
titration will be used to determine the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar. The
concentration of acetic acid in vinegar can be determined when the equivalence point
between NaOH solution and acetic acid is achieved. At the end of experiment, the molarity of
acetic acid is 0.458 M and its mass percentage is 2.7485%.
Introduction
Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid. The molecular formula for acetic acid is
CH3COOH. In this experiment, vinegar is used to determine the molar concentration of acetic
acid by titrating it with a standard solution of NaOH.
By adding the sodium hydroxide, which is a basic solution gradually in small amounts from a
burette to the acetic acid, which is an acidic solution, a neutralization reaction will occurs.
Burette is a device that allows the precise delivery of a specific volume of a solution. The
amount of NaOH used to standardize the vinegar can then be used to determine the molarity
and percentage by mass of acetic acid in the vinegar.
Objectives
Determine the molarity of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar
by titration with the standardized sodium hydroxide solution
Theory
A burette is a device that allows the precise delivery of a specific volume of a solution. A
typical burette has the smallest calibration unit of 0.1mL. Therefore, volume dispense from
the burette should be estimated to the nearest 0.01mL. The NaOH will be added to the
vinegar sample until all the acetic acid in the vinegar has been exactly consumed (reacted
away). At this point the reaction is completed, and no more NaOH is required. This is called
the equivalence point of the titration.
NaOH (aq) + CH3COOH(aq)
In this experiment, acid and base react, forming salt and water (neutral) .
Acid + base
salt + water
In order to express the acidity or basicity, pH scale method is used. The pH value determine
either the solution is basic or acidic, solutions having a pH < 7 are acidic , pH = 7 are neutral
while pH > 7 are basic. Also pH electrode will be used in this experiment. When a pH
electrode is inserting into a beaker containing the acid solution (pH within 3-5), the titration
is initiated.. Some of the hydrogen ions will be neutralized as sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is
incrementally added to the acid solution. When the concentration of hydrogen ion decreases,
the pH of the solution will increase gradually. A sudden sharp increase in pH will occur when
the next drop of NaOH is added after a sufficient NaOH is added to completely neutralize the
acid (most of the H3O+ ions are removed from the solution). The equivalence point of
titration is used to determine the volume of based required to completely neutralized the acid.
Procedures
stirrer bar
analytical balance
250 ml beaker
10 ml vinegar
Titration 1
Titration 2
Average
1
2
4.08
4.31
4.22
4.52
4.15
4.42
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
4.57
4.77
4.93
5.09
5.28
5.39
5.62
5.94
6.64
12.08
4.67
4.8
4.95
5.08
5.22
5.38
5.57
5.88
6.53
12.12
4.62
4.79
4.94
5.09
5.25
5.39
5.6
5.91
6.59
12.1
MV
1000
0.6(250)
1000
= 0.15 mol
Mass = no of mol molar mass
= 0.15 (23+16+1)
=6g
Titration 1
Titration 2
114.096
112.214
115.653
113.722
1.557
1.508
11.25
11.25
2.
Titration 1:
Mol KHP =
mass KHP
Molar mass
1.557
204.2
3
= 7.62 10
mol
7.62 10
Molarity of NaOH =
mol of solute
volume of solution
7.62 103
0.01125
= 0.677 M
Titration 2:
Mol KHP =
mass KHP
Molar mass
1.508
204.2
mol NaOH
3
= 7.38 10
mol
Molarity of NaOH =
7.38 103
0.01125
= 0.656 M
4. Calculation for average molarity of sodium hydroxide for titration 1 and 2:
Average molarity =
0.677+0.656
2
= 0.667 M
Volume of NaOH
Titration 1
Titration 2
Average
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2.85
3.73
4.11
4.36
4.6
4.83
5.03
5.48
9.41
2.8
3.6
4.09
4.11
4.56
4.93
5.03
5.46
7.8
2.83
3.67
4.1
4.24
4.58
4.88
5.03
5.47
8.61
1.
Titration 1
Titration 2
7.62
7.65
Volume of NaOH
required to neutralize
vinegar (mL)
Titration 1:
Volume of vinegar solution = 10 ml
Volume of NaOH = 7.62 ml
Mol of NaOH = MV
= 0.6 0.00762
= 0.004572 mol
CH 3 COOH
mol CH 3 COOH
mol of solute
volume of solution
4.572 103
0.01
= 0.457 M
Titration 2:
Volume of vinegar solution = 10 ml
Volume of NaOH = 7.65 ml
Mol of NaOH = MV
= 0.6 0.00765
= 0.00459 mol
1 mol NaOH 1 mol
4.59 103
CH 3 COOH
3
mol NaOH 4.59 10
mol of solute
volume of solution
4.59 103
0.01
= 0.459 M
mol CH 3 COOH
Average molarity =
0.457+0.459
2
= 0.458 M
4. Calculation for percentage by mass of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1 and 2:
Titration 1:
mol of CH 3 COOH =4.572 103 mol
Mass of
CH 3 COOH
3
= 4.572 10 60
= 0.27432 g
Percentage by mass =
0.27432
100
10
= 2.7432%
Titration 2:
3
Mass of
CH 3 COOH
mol
3
= 4.59 10 60
= 0.2754 g
Percentage by mass =
0.2754
100
10
= 2.754%
2.743+ 2.754
2
= 2.7485%
Discussion
This experiment is carried out in order to determine the molarity of a solution and the
percentage by mass of acetic acid in vinegar by titrating standardized sodium hydroxide
solution, NaOH with the acetic acid. In part A of the experiment, 11.25 ml of NaOH was used
to titrate the potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHP. The titration process was repeated twice in
order to get an average reading of NaOH solution used. The molarity of the NaOH used is 0.6
M and the volume obtained from both of the trial is 11.25 ml. Equivalence point can be
attained when the pH value is equal to 7. Thus, the average molarity of NaOH after it has
been standardized was 0.667 M.
In part B, 0.004572 mol of NaOH is required to react with 0.004572 mol of
CH 3 COOH
for the first trial while for the second trial, 0.00459 mol is required to react with 0.00459 mol
of
CH 3 COOH
. The molarity for first and second trial are 0.457 M and 0.459 M
respectively. The average molarity of the acetic acid is 0.0458 M. The percentage by mass of
acetic acid in 10 g of vinegar for both trial are 2.74% and 2.75%, making the average
percentage by mass is 2.7485%.
Conclusions
As a conclusion, the molarity of acetic acid in a sample of vinegar is 0.458 M and its
percentage of mass is 2.75%. the value obtained in this experiment is not the same with the
theoretical value due to some errors that occurred during the experiment.
Recommendations
There are many factors that have contributed in causing error in the results of this
experiment. One major factor that affected the result of this experiment was the strength of
the sodium hydroxide. If either of these substances is left open in the atmosphere, they begin
to lose their strength. During the experiment, the sodium and sodium hydroxide were both
left open to interact with the environment for some time. Thus, the final answer did not
match the theoretical value accurately because the strength was weakened, meaning that the
numbers used to calculate the molar concentration were not as accurate. In order to prevent
this error from affecting the results of the experiment, we shold keep the sodium hydroxide in
an enclosed environment at all times, thus limiting the time it has to interact with the
atmosphere.
In addition, the equipment used could have also contributed to the error as all pieces of
apparatus have an uncertainty attached to it. These uncertainties are then applied to
calculations in order to keep up the amount of uncertainty associated with the amount of
material used. These uncertainties can be reduced by using more accurate equipments, for
example a more accurate mass balance. Also, limiting the transfer of solution from one
container to another will also reduce the amount of error.
Human judgment also accounts for some of the error in this experiment as the person
performing the experiment was required to read off many measurements from the pipette and
burette. This error can be reduced by always ensuring that readings are always made at eye
level and that the same person taking the readings is constant as judgment varies with each
person.
References
1. http://infohost.nmt.edu/~jaltig/Vinegar.pdf
2. http://www.smc.edu/projects/28/Chemistry_10_Experiments/Ch10_Titration.pdf
3. http://schoolworkhelper.net/titration-of-vinegar-lab-answers/