Dispneu

Mekanisme Dispneu
Respiratory centers
(Respiratory drive)

Chemoreceptor
s
Mechanorecept
ors
Metaboreceptor
s

Sensory cortex
Feedback
Feed-forward
Error Signal

Dispnea intensity
and quality

Corollary
discharge
Motor Cortex
Ventilatory
muscles

Dispneu
Descriptor

Pathophysiology

Chest tightness or
constriction

Bronchoconstriction, interstitial edema (asthma,

myocardial ischemia)

Increased work or effort of

breathing

Airway obstruction, neuromuscular disease (COPD,

moderate to severe asthma, myopathy, kyphoscoliosis)

Air hunger, need to breathe,

urge to breathe

Increased drive to breathe (CHF, pulmonary embolism,

moderate to severe airflow obstruction)

Cannot get a deep breath,

unsatisfying breath

Hyperinflation (asthma, COPD) and restricted tidal volume

(pulmonary fibrosis, chest wall restriction)

Heavy breathing, rapid

breathing

Deconditioning

Dispneu akibat penyakit sistem

respirasi
Penyakit saluran pernafasan
Asma
PPOK

Penyakit pada dinding toraks

Kifoskoliosis
Miasthenia gravis
Sindroma Guillain-Barre

Penyakit pada parenkim paru

Infeksi
Autoimun

Dispneu akibat penyakit sistem

kardiovaskular
Penyakit pada miokardium
CAD
Kardiomiopati non-iskemik

Penyakit pada vaskularisasi pulmonal

Hipertensi pulmonal
Vaskulitis pulmonal

Penyakit pada perikardium

Perikarditis konstriktiva
Kardiak tamponade