FORM 4 BIOLOGY

CHAPTER 7-RESPIRATION

7.4-THE REGULATORY
MECHANISM IN
RESPIRATION

COLLERATION OF THE RATE OF

RESPIRATION WITH THE OXYGEN AND
CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENTS IN THE
BODY

DURING VIGOROUS EXERCISE, THE MUSCLE REQUIRE

MORE
OXYGEN AND GLUCOSE,
- TO RELEASE MORE ENERGY DURING CELLULAR
RESPIRATION.
- THE RATE OF RESPIRATION INCREASES
TO SUPPLY MORE OXYGEN,
- THE RATE AND DEPTH OF BREATHING INCREASES.

 WHEN THE BREATHING RATE INCREASES,THE

HEARTBEAT
RATE INCREASES TOO,
- TO PUMP MORE BLOOD INTO CIRCULATION.
THIS ENABLE MORE OXYGEN AND GLUCOSE,
- TO BE SUPPLIED FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION
- FOR MORE CARBON DIOXIDE TO BE REMOVED FROM
CELLS
THE VENTILATION RATE ALSO INCREASES
RATE OF VENTILATION
- THE RATE OF GASES EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE

THE CHANGE IN BREATHING

RATE AFTER COMPLETING A
VIGOROUS EXERCISE
UNDER NORMAL CONDITION 15 TO 20 TIMES
PER MINUTE
AFTER VIGOROUS EXERCISE 30 TO 35 TIMES
PER MINUTE

THE CHANGE IN RATE OF

HEARTBEAT AFTER
COMPLETING A VIGOROUS
EXERCISE

UNDER NORMAL CONDITION 60 TO 70 BEATS

PER MINUTE
AFTER VIGOROUS EXERCISE 120 BEATS
PER MINUTE

THE RESPIRATORY CENTRE IN THE

BRAIN

THE AORTIC BODIES WITHIN THE AORTIC ARCH AND

THE CAROTID BODIES AT THE CAROTID ARTERIES

DURING
VIGORO
US
EXERCIS
E
RECEPTORS
- THE RECEPTORS INCLUDE THE
CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS
LOCATED IN THE MEDULLA
OBLONGATA AND THE
PERIPHERAL
CHEMORECEPTOR WHICH ARE
SENSITIVE TO BOTH THE
CARBON
DIOXIDE CONTENT AND Ph OF
THE
BLOOD.
- THE PERIPHERAL
CHEMORECEPTORS
ARE THE AORTIC BODIES FOUND
WITHIN THE AORTIC ARCH AND
THE
CAROTID BODIES AT THE
CAROTID
ARTERIES.

PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CARBON

DIOXIDE INCREASES AS A RESULT
OF ACTIVE CELLULAR RESPIRATION.

DROP IN pH
DETECTED BY

CARBON DIOXIDE REACTS

WITH WATER TO FORM
CARBONIC ACID.
THE HIGHER CARBON DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION LEVEL IN
THE BLOOD RESULTS IN A
DROP IN THE pH VALUE OF
THE BLOOD AND TISSUE
FLUID
( CEREBROSPINAL FLUID )
BATHING
THE BRAIN.

CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL

CHEMORECEPTORS SEND NERVE
IMPULSES TO

NORMAL
RANGE OF
PARTIAL
PRESSURE OF
CARBON
DIOXIDE AND
Ph VALUE OF
BLOOD

CONTROL
CENTRE
- THE
RESPIRATORY
CENTRE

THE RESPIRATORY
CENTRE SENDS
NERVE IMPULSES TO

RETURN TO NORMAL
-AS EXCESS CARBON
DIOXIDE IS
ELIMINATED
FROM THE BODY ,
THE
CARBON DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATION
AND
THE Ph VALUE OF
THE
BLOOD RETURN TO
THE
NORMAL LEVEL

EFFECTORS
- THE DIAPHRAGM
AND THE
INTERCOSTAL
MUSCLES.
- THE RESPIRATORY
MUSCLES CONTRACT
AND RELAX AT A
FASTER RATE.

AS A RESULT

RESPONSE
- BREATHING
RATE AND
VENTILATION
RATE INCREASE

THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY RESPONSE AND

RATE OF RESPIRATION IN DIFFERENT SITUATION

1. IN FEAR
THE BREATHING AND HEARTBEAT RATES INCREASE
- TO MEET THE DEMAND OF A HIGHER RESPIRATION RATE IN THE
CELLS
A HIGHER RESPIRATION RATE NEEDED
- TO GENERATE MORE ENERGY TO ENABLE THE PERSON IN DISTRESS
OR IN FEAR TO COPE BETTER
AT THE SAME,THE ADRENAL GLANDS SECRETE THE ADRENALINE
HORMONE
- INCREASES THE HEARTBEAT AND BREATHING RATES SO THAT MORE
GLUCOSE AND OXYGEN ARE SUPPLIED TO THE MUSCLES
THIS PREPARES THE PERSON FOR A RESPONSE TO THE DANGEROUS SITUATION

2. DURING VIGOROUS
ACTIVITIES
DURING VIGOROUS ACTIVITIES,
- THE BREATHING RATE INCREASES TO 30 BREATHS PER MINUTE
WHILE
THE HEARTBEAT RATE INCREASES TO 120 BEATS PER MINUTE
THE INCREASE IN HEARTBEAT RATE HELPS THE BLOOD TO
DELIVER MORE
OXYGEN AND GLUCOSE TO THE RESPIRING CELLS
AT THE SAME TIME, CARBON DIOXIDE IS REMOVED FROM THE
CELLS AT A
FASTER RATE

3.
RELAXING
THE BREATHING RATE AT REST IS NORMALLY 18 TO 20 BREATHS
PER
MINUTE WHILE THE HEARTBEAT RATE IS BETWEEN 60 TO 70
BEATS PER
MINUTE.

7.5-THE IMPORTANCE
OF MAINTAINING A
HEALTHY RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM

THE IMPORTANCE OF MAINTAINING

A HEALTHY RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
A smoker inhales smoke which contains
gases like carbon monoxide, tar, and
nicotine from burning tobacco

THE CHEMICAL INGREDIENTS WHICH

CONTAIN IN CIGARETTE

The heat and

dryness will
irritate the lungs
and lead to
laryngitis

Nicotine in tobacco
can:
- Absorbed into
bloodstream and
transported to the
whole body
- Causes addiction
- Stimulate heart to
beat faster and
constricts blood
vessels

Tar in tobacco
cause lung cancer

TOBACCO SMOKE
S CONTAIN

Carbon monoxide in
cigarette smoke:
- Competes with
oxygen to bind
with haemoglobin
- Forms
carboxyhaemoglobi
n which is stable
and reduces supply
of oxygen to cell

Nitrogen oxide in
cigarette smoke can
dissolve in mucus to
form acidic medium
which erodes the
lung tissues
Nitrogen oxide in
cigarette smoke can
dissolve in mucus to
form acidic medium
which erodes the
lung tissues

QUESTION 1
A

B
C
D

E
F

IN WHICH PART OF THE BRAIN IS

THE BREATHING CONTROL
CENTRE LOCATED ?
=
NAME THE PARTS LABELLED ON
THE DIAGRAM SHOWN.
A:
B:
C:
D:
E:
F:

QUESTION 1
A

B
C
D

E
F

IN WHICH PART OF THE BRAIN IS

THE BREATHING CONTROL
CENTRE LOCATED ?
=C
NAME THE PARTS LABELLED ON
THE DIAGRAM SHOWN.
A : CEREBUM
B : MIDBRAIN
C : RESPIRATORY CENTRE
D : MEDULLA OBLONGATA
E : CEREBELLUM
F : SPINAL CORD

QUESTION 2
THE FOLLOWING WILL OCCUR DURING VIGOROUS EXERCISE.
P : THE pH OF THE BLOOD WILL INCREASE.
Q : THE RESPIRATORY CENTRE WILL BE STIMULATED.
R : THE BREATHING RATE AND HEARTBEAT RATE WILL
INCREASE.
S : THE DIAPHRAGM AND THE INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES WILL
CONTRACT AND RELAX FASTER.
A.
B.PQAND
ANDR
C. Q,R
R AND
D. P,Q,R
S AND
S

QUESTION 2
THE FOLLOWING WILL OCCUR DURING VIGOROUS EXERCISE.
P : THE pH OF THE BLOOD WILL INCREASE.
Q : THE RESPIRATORY CENTRE WILL BE STIMULATED.
R : THE BREATHING RATE AND HEARTBEAT RATE WILL
INCREASE.
S : THE DIAPHRAGM AND THE INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES WILL
CONTRACT AND RELAX FASTER.
A.
B.PQAND
ANDR
C. Q,R
R AND
D. P,Q,R
S AND
S

QUESTION 3
THE RESPIRATORY CENTRE CONTROLS THE
CONTENTS OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE BY
DETECTING CHANGES IN THE .
A. BLOOD
TEMPERATURE
B. CARBON DIOXIDE
C.CONCENTRATION
OXYGEN
CONCENTRATION
D. BLOOD pH

QUESTION 3
THE RESPIRATORY CENTRE CONTROLS THE
CONTENTS OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE BY
DETECTING CHANGES IN THE .
A. BLOOD
TEMPERATURE
B. CARBON DIOXIDE
C.CONCENTRATION
OXYGEN
CONCENTRATION
D. BLOOD pH

QUESTION 4
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A PERSON IS IN FEAR ?
LIST 4 OF THEM.

QUESTION 4
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A PERSON IS IN FEAR ?
LIST 4 OF THEM.
THE BREATHING RATE INCREASES
THE HEARTBEAT RATE INCREASES
ADRENALINE IS SECRETED
THE RATE OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
INCREASES

QUESTION 5
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT AN EFFECT OF
CIGARETTE SMOKE ON THE HUMAN LUNGS ?
A. CIGARETTE SMOKE MOISTENS THE LINING OF ALVEOLI.
B. CIGARETTE SMOKE CONTAINS CARCINOGENS WHICH
CAN CAUSE CANCER.
C. CIGARETTE SMOKE IS ACIDIC AND CORRODES THE
EPITHELIAL TISSUE OF THE LUNGS.
D. CIGARETTE SMOKE WEAKENS THE ALVEOLAR WALLS
AND CAUSES THE ALVEOLI TO COLLAPSE.

QUESTION 5
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT AN EFFECT OF
CIGARETTE SMOKE ON THE HUMAN LUNGS ?
A. CIGARETTE SMOKE MOISTENS THE LINING OF ALVEOLI.
B. CIGARETTE SMOKE CONTAINS CARCINOGENS WHICH
CAN CAUSE CANCER.
C. CIGARETTE SMOKE IS ACIDIC AND CORRODES THE
EPITHELIAL TISSUE OF THE LUNGS.
D. CIGARETTE SMOKE WEAKENS THE ALVEOLAR WALLS
AND CAUSES THE ALVEOLI TO COLLAPSE.

DONE BY : YASURTTHINI
: NUR EMYRA
(4 PASTEUR)