Flight attendant

Stewardesses redirects here. For the 1969 3D lm, see The Stewardesses. Cabin crew
redirects here. For the Australian dance music duo, see Cabin Crew. Air hostess redirects
here. For other uses, see Air Hostess (disambiguation).

The role of a ight attendant derives from that of similar positions on passenger ships or passenger trains, but
it has more direct involvement with passengers because
of the conned quarters on aircraft. Additionally, the
job of a ight attendant revolves around safety to a much
greater extent than those of similar sta on other forms
of transportation. Flight attendants on board a ight collectively form a cabin crew, as distinguished from pilots
and engineers in the cockpit.
Heinrich Kubis was the worlds rst ight attendant, in
1912.[3]

Origins of the word steward in transportation are reected in the term "chief steward" as used in maritime
transport terminology. The term purser and chief steward
are often used interchangeably describing personnel with
similar duties among seafaring occupations. This lingual
derivation results from the international British maritime
tradition (i.e. chief mate) dating back to the 14th century
and the civilian United States Merchant Marine on which
US aviation is somewhat modeled. Due to international
Flight attendant of Austrian Airlines directing a passenger to his conventions and agreements, in which all ships personnel
seat
who sail internationally are similarly documented by their
respective countries, the U.S. Merchant Marine assigns
Flight attendants or cabin crew (also known as stew- such duties to the chief steward in the overall rank and
ards/stewardesses, air hosts/hostesses, cabin atten- command structure of which pursers are not positionally
dants) are members of an aircrew employed by airlines represented or rostered.
primarily to ensure the safety and comfort of passenImperial Airways of the United Kingdom had cabin
gers aboard commercial ights, on select business jet
boys or stewards"; in the 1920s. In the US, Stout Airaircraft,[1] and on some military aircraft.[2]
ways was the rst to employ stewards in 1926, working on
Ford Trimotor planes between Detroit and Grand Rapids,
Michigan. Western Airlines (1928) and Pan American
World Airways (Pan Am) (1929) were the rst US car1 History
riers to employ stewards to serve food. Ten-passenger
Fokker aircraft used in the Caribbean had stewards in the
era of gambling trips to Havana, Cuba from Key West,
Florida. Lead ight attendants would in many instances
also perform the role of purser, steward, or chief steward
in modern aviation terminology.
The rst female ight attendant was a 25-year-old
registered nurse named Ellen Church.[4] Hired by United
Airlines in 1930,[5] she also rst envisioned nurses on
aircraft. Other airlines followed suit, hiring nurses to
serve as ight attendants, then called stewardesses or
air hostesses, on most of their ights. In the United
States, the job was one of only a few in the 1930s to permit women, which, coupled with the Great Depression,
led to large numbers of applicants for the few positions
available. Two thousand women applied for just 43 po-

Flight attendant, circa 19491950, American Overseas Airlines,

Flagship Denmark, Boeing 377 Stratocruiser

OVERVIEW

sitions oered by Transcontinental and Western Airlines The last such broad categorical discrimination, the weight
in December 1935.[6]
restrictions,[18] were relaxed in the 1990s through litiga[19]
Female ight attendants rapidly replaced male ones, and tion and negotiations. Flight attendants still must usuby 1936, they had all but taken over the role.[5] They were ally have weight in proportion to height; persons outside
range may not be qualied to act as ight
selected not only for their knowledge but also for their the normal[20]
attendants.
characteristics. A 1936 New York Times article described
the requirements:
The girls who qualify for hostesses must
be petite; weight 100 to 118 pounds; height
5 feet to 5 feet 4 inches; age 20 to 26 years.
Add to that the rigid physical examination each
must undergo four times every year, and you
are assured of the bloom that goes with perfect
health.[5]

2 Overview
The primary role of a ight attendant is to ensure
passenger safety. In addition to this, ight attendants are
often tasked with customer service duties such as serving
meals and drinks, as a secondary responsibility.[21][22]

The number of ight attendants required on ights are

mandated by international safety regulations. For planes
Three decades later, a 1966 New York Times classied ad with up to 19 passenger seats, no ight attendant is
[23]
for stewardesses at Eastern Airlines listed these require- needed. For larger planes, one ight attendant per 50
passenger seats is needed.[23]
ments:
A high school graduate, single (widows
and divorcees with no children considered), 20
years of age (girls 19 1/2 may apply for future consideration). 5'2 but no more than 5'9,
weight 105 to 135 in proportion to height and
have at least 20/40 vision without glasses.[7]

The majority of ight attendants for most airlines are female, though a substantial number of males have entered
the industry since 1980.[24]

2.1 Responsibilities

In the United States, they were required to be unmarried

and were red if they decided to wed.[6] The requirement
to be a registered nurse on an American airline was relaxed as more women were hired,[6] and it disappeared
almost entirely during World War II as many nurses enlisted in the armed forces.
Ruth Carol Taylor was the rst African-American ight
attendant in the United States.[8] Hired in December
1957,[9] on February 11, 1958, Taylor was the ight attendant on a Mohawk Airlines ight from Ithaca to New
York, the rst time such a position had been held by an
African American.[10] She was let go within six months
as a result of Mohawks then-common marriage ban.[11]
The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's
rst complainants were female ight attendants complaining of age discrimination, weight requirements, and
bans on marriage.[12] (Originally female ight attendants
were red if they reached age 32 or 35 depending on the
airline, were red if they exceeded weight regulations,
and were required to be single upon hiring and red if
they got married.[13] ) In 1968, the EEOC declared age
restrictions on ight attendants employment to be illegal
sex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act
of 1964.[14] Also in 1968, the EEOC ruled that sex was
not a bona de occupational requirement to be a ight
attendant.[15] The restriction of hiring only women was
lifted at all airlines in 1971 due to the decisive court case
of Diaz vs. Pan Am.[16] The no-marriage rule was eliminated throughout the US airline industry by the 1980s.[17]

An EgyptAir ight attendant performing a pre-ight safety

demonstration

Prior to each ight, ight attendants attend a safety briefing with the pilots and lead ight attendant. During
this brieng, they go over safety and emergency checklists, the locations and amounts of emergency equipment
and other features specic to that aircraft type. Boarding particulars are veried, such as special needs passengers, small children traveling as unaccompanied or VIPs.
Weather conditions are discussed including anticipated
turbulence. Prior to each ight a safety check is conducted to ensure all equipment such as life-vests, torches
(ashlights) and reghting equipment are on board, in
the right quantity, and in proper condition. Any unserviceable or missing items must be reported and rectied prior to takeo. They must monitor the cabin for

2.2

Chief Purser

any unusual smells or situations. They assist with the

loading of carry-on baggage, checking for weight, size
and dangerous goods. They make sure those sitting in
emergency exit rows are willing and able to assist in an
evacuation and move those who are not willing or able
out of the row into another seat. They then must do a
safety demonstration or monitor passengers as they watch
a safety video. They then must secure the cabin ensuring tray tables are stowed, seats are in their upright positions, armrests down and carry-ons stowed correctly and
seat belts are fastened prior to takeo. All the service
between boarding and take-o is called Pre Take o Service.[21]

3
in-ight medical situations, smoke in the cabin, res,
depressurization, on-board births and deaths, dangerous
goods and spills in the cabin, emergency evacuations,
hijackings, and water landings.

Flight attendants for Germanwings performing in ight service

duties

2.1.1 Cabin chimes and overhead panel lights

On most commercial airliners, ight attendants receive
various forms of notication on board the aircraft in the
Aeroot ight attendant, June 2013
form of audible chimes and colored lights above their
stations. Typically, the following chimes and colors are
Once up in the air, ight attendants will usually serve used:
drinks and/or food to passengers. When not perform Pink or Red - Interphone calls from the cockpit to a
ing customer service duties, ight attendants must periight attendant and/or interphone calls between two
odically conduct cabin checks and listen for any unusual
ight attendants (steady with high-low chime), or
noises or situations. Checks must also be done on the
all services emergency call (ashing with repeated
lavatory to ensure the smoke detector hasn't been disabled
high-low chime).
or destroyed and to restock supplies as needed. Regular cockpit checks must be done to ensure the health and
Blue - Call from passenger in seat (steady with single
safety of the pilot(s). They must also respond to call lights
high chime).
dealing with special requests. During turbulence, ight
attendants must ensure the cabin is secure. Prior to land Amber - Call from passenger in lavatory (steady
ing, all loose items, trays and rubbish must be collected
with single high chime), or lavatory smoke detector
and secured along with service and galley equipment. All
set o (ashing with repeated high chime).
hot liquids must be disposed of. A nal cabin check
Green (non-standard) - On some airlines Airbus
must then be completed prior to landing. It is vital that
aircraft, this color is used to indicate interphone calls
ight attendants remain aware as the majority of emerbetween two ight attendants, distinguishing them
gencies occur during takeo and landing. Upon landing,
from the pink or red light used for interphone calls
ight attendants must remain stationed at exits and monmade from the cockpit to a ight attendant, and is
itor the airplane and cabin as passengers disembark the
also accompanied with a high-low chime like the
plane. They also assist any special needs passengers and
pink or red light. On some other airlines aircraft,
small children o the airplane and escort children, while
this color has a completely dierent meaning, and
following the proper paperwork and ID process to escort
is used to indicate that the cockpit is no longer sterthem to the designated person picking them up.
ile after the aircraft is above a specic altitude.
Flight attendants are trained to deal with a wide variety of emergencies, and are trained in First Aid. More
frequent situations may include a bleeding nose, ill- 2.2 Chief Purser
ness, small injuries, intoxicated passengers, aggressive
and anxiety stricken passengers. Emergency training in- The Chief Purser (CP), also titled as Inight Service
cludes rejected takeos, emergency landings, cardiac and Manager (ISM), Flight Service Manager (FSM), Cus-

4
tomer Service Manager (CSM) or Cabin Service Director (CSD) is the senior ight attendant in the chain of
command of ight attendants. While not necessarily the
most senior crew members on a ight (in years of service
to their respective carrier), Chief Pursers can have varying levels of in-ight or on board bidding seniority or
tenure in relation to their ying partners. To reach this
position, a crew member requires some minimum years
of service as ight attendant. Further training is mandatory, and Chief Pursers typically earn a higher salary than
ight attendants because of the added responsibility and
managerial role.

UNIFORMS AND PRESENTATION

the holders were working), and is the attendants personal

property. It does have two ratings, Group 1 and Group 2
(listed on the certicate as Group I and Group II). Either or both of these may be earned depending upon the
general type of aircraft, (propeller or turbojet), on which
the holder has trained.[25]

There are also training schools, not aliated with any

particular airline, where students generally not only undergo generic, though otherwise practically identical,
training to ight attendants employed by an airline, but
also take curriculum modules to help them gain employment. These schools often use actual airline equipment
for their lessons, though some are equipped with full simulator cabins capable of replicating a number of emer2.3 Purser
gency situations. In some countries, such as France, a
degree is required, together with the Certicat de FormaThe Purser is in charge of the cabin crew, in a specic
tion la Scurit (safety training certicate).[26]
section of a larger aircraft, or the whole aircraft itself
(if the purser is the highest ranking). On board a larger
aircraft, Pursers assist the Chief Purser in managing the
3.2 Language
cabin. Pursers are ight attendants or a related job, typically with an airline for several years prior to application
Multilingual ight attendants are often in demand to acfor, and further training to become a purser, and normally
commodate international travellers. The languages most
earn a higher salary than ight attendants because of the
in demand, other than English, are French, Spanish,
added responsibility and supervisory role.
Mandarin, Cantonese, Japanese, Arabic, Slovak,
German, Portuguese, Italian, Turkish[27] and Greek.
In the United States, airlines with international routes
3 Qualications
pay an additional stipend for language skills on top of
ight pay, and some airlines hire specically for certain
languages when launching international destinations.
3.1 Training
Flight attendants are normally trained in the hub or headquarters city of an airline over a period that may run from
four weeks to six months, depending on the country and
airline. The main focus of training is safety, and attendants will be checked out for each type of aircraft in
which they work. One of the most elaborate training facilities was Breech Academy which Trans World Airlines
(TWA) opened in 1969 in Overland Park, Kansas. Other
airlines were to also send their attendants to the school.
However, during the fare wars, the schools viability declined and it closed around 1988.

3.3 Height and weight

Most airlines have height requirements for safety reasons,
making sure that all ight attendants can reach overhead
safety equipment. Typically, the acceptable height for
this is 150 to 185 cm (4 ft 11 in to 6 ft 1 in) tall.[28] Some
airlines, such as EVA Air, have height requirements for
purely aesthetic purposes. Regional carriers using small
aircraft with low ceilings can have height restrictions.

Flight attendants are also subject to weight requirements

Safety training includes, but is not limited to: emer- as well. Weight must usually be in proportion to height;
range may not be qualied to
gency passenger evacuation management, use of evac- persons outside the normal
[20]
act
as
ight
attendants.
uation slides/life rafts, in-ight reghting, rst aid,
CPR, debrillation, ditching/emergency landing procedures, decompression emergencies, crew resource management, and security.
4 Uniforms and presentation
In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration
requires ight attendants on aircraft with 20 or more seats
and used by an air carrier for transportation to hold a Certicate of Demonstrated Prociency. This is not considered to be the equivalent of an airman certicate (license),
although it is issued on the same card stock. It shows that
a level of required training has been met. It is not limited
to the air carrier at which the attendant is employed (although some initial documents showed the airlines where

The rst ight attendant uniforms were designed to be

durable, practical, and inspire condence in passengers.
In the 1930s, the rst female ight attendants dressed in
uniforms resembling nurses' outts.[29] The rst female
ight attendants for United Airlines wore green berets,
green capes and nurses shoes. Other airlines, such as
Eastern Air Lines, actually dressed female ight attendants in nurses uniforms.

5
of Parang Gondosuli, the motif is called Lereng Garuda
Indonesia.[31] Malaysian. Singapore Airlines ight attendants wear batik prints in their uniform. Vietnam Airlines ight attendants wear red o di and Air India ight
attendants wear a Sari on all passenger ights.
Flight attendants are generally expected to show a high
level of personal grooming such as appropriate use of
cosmetics and thorough personal hygiene.
Flight attendants must not have any tattoos visible when
a uniform is worn. These requirements are designed to
give the airlines a positive presentation.
In several airlines in the Islamic World, such as Egypt Air,
Iran Air and Saudia, female ight attendants uniforms
have added a hijab to conform to the Islamic customs.

5 In advertising

Garuda Indonesia ight attendants uniform featuring kebaya

and batik

Perhaps reecting the military aviation background of

many commercial aviation pioneers, many early uniforms
had a strongly military appearance; hats, jackets, and
skirts showed simple straight lines and military details
like epaulettes and brass buttons. Many uniforms had
a summer and winter version, dierentiated by colours
and fabrics appropriate to the season: navy blue for winter, for example, khaki for summer. But as the role of
women in the air grew, and airline companies began to realise the publicity value of their female ight attendants,
more feminine lines and colours began to appear in the
late 1930s and early 1940s. Some airlines began to commission designs from high-end department stores and still
Singapore Girls, featured in Singapore Airlines' advertising
others called in noted designers or even milliners to create
distinctive and attractive apparel.
In the 1960s and 1970s, many airlines began advertising
Since the 1980s to present, Asian airlines, especially na- the attractiveness and friendliness of their stewardesses.
tional ag carrier ones, usually feature the traditional National Airlines began a Fly Me"; campaign using atdress and fabrics of their respective country in their fe- tractive female ight attendants with taglines such as I'm
male ight attendants uniform. It was meant as a mar- Lorraine. Fly me to Orlando. (A low budget 1973 lm
keting strategy to showcase their national culture as well about three ight attendants, Fly Me, starring Lenore Kasas to convey the welcoming warmth and hospitality. For dorf, was based on the ad campaign.) Brani Internaexample, Thai Airways ight attendants are required to tional Airways, presented a campaign known as the Air
change from their corporate purple suits into traditional Strip with similarly attractive young female ight attenThai costume prior to passengers boarding.[30] While the dant changing uniforms mid-ight.[32] A policy of at least
uniform of Garuda Indonesia female ight attendants is one airline required that only unmarried women could be
a modied kebaya, inspired by the traditional batik motif ight attendants.[33]

Flight attendant Roz Hanby became a minor celebrity

when she became the face of British Airways in their Fly
the Flag advertising campaign over a 7-year period in the
1980s. Singapore Airlines is currently one of the few airlines still choosing to use the image of their female ight
attendants, known as Singapore Girls, in their advertising
material. However, this is starting to be phased out, in
favor of advertising which emphasises the modernity of
their eet.

Unions

Flight attendant unions were formed, beginning at United

Airlines in the 1940s, to negotiate improvements in pay,
benets and working conditions.[34] Those unions would
later challenge what they perceived as sexist stereotypes
and unfair work practices such as age limits, size limits, limitations on marriage, and prohibition of pregnancy. Many of these limitations have been lifted by judicial mandates. The largest ight attendants union is
the Association of Flight Attendants, representing nearly
60,000 ight attendants at 19 airlines within the US.[35]

ROLES IN EMERGENCIES

the decisive court case of Diaz vs. Pan Am.[16] The nomarriage rule was eliminated throughout the US airline
industry by the 1980s.[17] The last such broad categorical discrimination, the weight restrictions,[18] were relaxed in the 1990s through litigation and negotiations.[19]
Flight attendants still must usually have weight in proportion to height; persons outside the normal range may not
be qualied to act as ight attendants.[20] By the end of the
1970s, the term stewardess had generally been replaced
by the gender-neutral alternative ight attendant. More
recently the term cabin crew or cabin sta has begun to
replace 'ight attendants in some parts of the world, because of the terms recognition of their role as members
of the crew.

7 Roles in emergencies

Actions of ight attendants in emergencies have long

been credited in saving lives; in the United States, the
National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and other
aviation authorities view ight attendants as essential
for safety, and are thus usually required on Part 121
[38]
[36]
Studies, some done in light of
The Association of Professional Flight Attendants rep- aircraft operations.
British
Airtours
Flight
28M, have concluded that asresents the ight attendants of American Airlines, the
sertive
cabin
crew
are
essential
for the rapid evacuation
worlds largest carrier. APFA is the largest independent
[39][40]
[37]
of
aeroplanes.
Notable
examples
of cabin crew acight attendant union in the world.
tions include:
In the UK, cabin crew can be represented by either
Cabin Crew '89, or the much larger and more powerful
Transport and General Workers Union.
7.1 September 11, 2001
In Australia, ight attendants are represented by the Flight
Attendants Association of Australia (FAAA). There are The role of ight attendants received heightened promitwo divisions: one for international crews (long-haul) and nence after the September 11 attacks when ight attendants (such as Sandra W. Bradshaw and CeeCee Lyles
one for domestic crews (short-haul).
of United Airlines Flight 93, Robert Fangman of United
In New Zealand, ight attendants can be represented by
Airlines Flight 175, Renee May of American Airlines
either the Flight Attendants and Related Services AssociFlight 77 and Betty Ong and Madeline Amy Sweeney of
ation (FARSA) or by the Engineering, Printing and ManAmerican Airlines Flight 11) actively attempted to proufacturing Union (EPMU).
tect passengers from assault, and also provided vital inIn Canada, ight attendants are represented by either the formation to air trac controllers on the hijackings.[41]
Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE) or by the
In the wake of these attacks, many ight attendants at maCanadian Flight Attendants Union (CFAU).
jor airlines were laid o because of decreased passenger
loads.[41]

6.1

Discrimination

Originally female ight attendants were required to be 7.2 Other emergencies

single upon hiring, and were red if they got married,
In April 1936, ight attendant Nellie Granger aided
exceeded weight regulations, or reached age 32 or 35 desurvivors after the crash of TWA Flight 1, then
[13]
In the 1970s the group Stewpending on the airline.
walked 4 mi (6.4 km) through a snowstorm to nd
ardesses for Womens Rights protested sexist advertishelp, before returning to the crash scene.[42][43]
ing and company discrimination, and brought many cases
to court. In 1968, the Equal Employment Opportunity
Naila Nazir, Pakistani ight attendant (employee of
Commission ruled that sex was not a bona de occupational requirement to be a ight attendant.[15] The age
Pakistan International Airlines) who received 1985s
Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) Heroism Award for
restriction was eliminated in 1970.[13] The restriction of
hiring only women was lifted at all airlines in 1971 due to
her brave handling of tense and dangerous situ-

7.2

Other emergencies
ation during 13 days of ight PK-326 hijacking
ordeal.[44][45]

British Airtours Flight 28M, the two forward ight

attendants, Arthur Bradbury and Joanna To, repeatedly crawled into the smoked lled and burning
cabin to drag a number of passengers to safety, and
were subsequently awarded the Queens Gallantry
Medal. The two rear ight attendants, Sharon Ford
and Jacqui Ubanski, who opened the rear doors but
were overwhelmed by re and smoke were awarded
the same medal posthumously.
Scandinavian Airlines Flight 751, when cabin crew
recognised an emergency landing was imminent and
commanded the passengers to bend down ... hold
your knees to adopt the brace position.[46]
Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 529, whose sole
ight attendant, Robin Fech, provided emergency
briengs, brace and evacuation commands to the
passengers when the Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia aircraft sustained serious damage to one of its engines
and crash landed. The NTSB accident report commended the exemplary manner in which the ight
attendant briefed the passengers and handled the
emergency.[47]
BOAC Flight 712, where a ight attendant, Barbara
Jane Harrison died saving passengers from an
on-board re and was posthumously awarded the
George Cross.
British Airways Flight 5390, in which a ight attendant was able to prevent a pilot from being lost
through a cockpit window that had failed.
Southern Airways Flight 242, on which the cabin
crew provided safety briengs to their passengers,
and on their own initiative, warned passengers of
the impending crash by commanding passengers to
adopt the brace position. At least one ight attendant is known to have assisted in rescuing trapped
passengers.[48]
Air Florida Flight 90, in which Kelly Duncan,
the lone surviving ight attendant, passed the only
lifevest she could nd to another passenger. She is
recognised in the NTSB report for this unselsh
act.[49]
TWA ight attendant Uli Derickson who protected
passengers during the TWA Flight 847 hijacking by
assisting with negotiation eorts.
TWA Flight 843, when a TWA Lockheed L-1011
aircraft crashed after an aborted takeo in 1992.

7
The aircraft was destroyed by re. Nine ight attendants, along with ve o-duty ight attendants,
evacuated all 292 persons on board without loss of
life. The NTSB in their after accident reported
noted, The performance of the ight attendants
during the emergency was exceptional and probably contributed to the success of the emergency
evacuation.[50][51]
On British Airways Flight 2069, cabin crew stopped
the plane from being crashed by a mentally ill
passenger.[52]
Crew on American Airlines Flight 63 prevented
shoe bomber Richard Colvin Reid from blowing up
the plane.[53]
Flight attendants on Qantas Flight 1737 prevented
their plane from being hijacked by a passenger with
mental health issues. Two of them were taken to
hospital with stab wounds.[54]
Aloha Airlines Flight 243 suered a decompression
which tore an 18-foot (5.5 m) section of fuselage
away from the plane. The only fatality was ight attendant C.B. Lansing who was blown out of the airplane. Flight attendant Michelle Honda was thrown
violently to the oor during the decompression but,
despite her injuries, crawled up and down the aisle
reassuring passengers.[55]
Senior Purser Neerja Bhanot saved the lives of passengers and crew when Pan Am Flight 73 was hijacked. She was killed while protecting children
from the terrorists. After her death she received the
Special Courage Award from the United States Department of Justice and Indias highest civilian honor
for bravery, the Ashoka Chakra.
Flight Attendants on Air Canada Flight 797 (Sergio
Benetti, Judi Davidson, Laura Kayama) used procedures which were not specically taught in training
such as moving passengers to the front of the aircraft to move them away from the re and smoke,
and passing out towels for passengers to cover their
nose and mouths with while the cabin was lling
with smoke.
Flight Attendants on US Airways Flight 1549 successfully evacuated all passengers from the aircraft
within 90 seconds despite the fact that the rear was
rapidly lling with water.
Nine cabin crew members aboard Air France Flight
358 successfully evacuated the aircraft within 90
seconds after the A340-300 overran a runway at
Toronto Pearson International Airport. The NTSB
stated that the actions of the cabin crew contributed
to the 100% survival rate.

9 NOTABLE FLIGHT ATTENDANTS

The ight attendants of Philippine Airlines Flight
434 kept the passengers calm after a bomb exploded
during the ight from Cebu to Tokyo. Though one
passenger was killed during the explosion, They
took care of the injured passengers.

In popular culture
1933: Hollywood B-movie Air Hostess portrays a
love story about a ight attendant (Evalyn Knapp)
and a pilot (James Murray).
1947: The Vicki Barr: Flight Stewardess book series, in which Vickis career brings her glamorous
friends, exciting adventures, loyal roommates and
dates with a hand some young pilot and an up-andcoming reporter, sells well in the US.
1950: In Batman #62 (December/January), it is revealed that Catwoman is an amnesiac ight attendant who had turned to crime after suering a prior
blow to the head during a plane crash she survived.
The name of the airline she worked for was Speed
Airlines.
1951: Hollywood production Three Guys Named
Mike, tells the story of ight attendant Marcy (Jane
Wyman) who has to choose between three admirers
and becomes an advertising icon.
1956: Doris Day is the title character in the lm
Julie. It is also notable as potentially the rst lm
to feature the subplot of a ight attendant piloting
a plane to safety, later used in Airport 1975 (1975)
and parodied in Airplane! (1980). It is further notable for being technically accurate.

1996: Australian comedian Caroline Reid creates

the character Pam Ann to satirise the stereotypical aspects of the job of the female ight attendant.
1997: Seventies lm star Pam Grier plays a ight
attendant in Quentin Tarantino's gangster lm Jackie
Brown.
2003: Come Fly With Us! A Global History of
the Airline Hostess by Johanna Omelia and Michael
Waldock. Publisher: Collectors Press. This history
includes hundreds of images spanning more than
eight decades from more than 40 international airlines.
2003: British television series Mile High features a
group of ight attendants working for the ctitious
low-cost carrier Fresh!". In the lm View from the
Top, Gwyneth Paltrow plays an ambitious ight attendant trying to escape her small-town existence.
2004: the hit single Air Hostess by Busted reaches
No. 2 in the UK singles chart.
2007: British pop/bubblegum dance group Scooch,
comes 22nd in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007
with the song "Flying the Flag (For You)", featuring
ight attendants and including a liberal amount of
sexual innuendo.[56]
2011: the American period television series Pan
Am, starring Christina Ricci, features pilots and
ight attendants working in the 1960s.
2012: Transit Girl, a lm by former ight attendant
Miriam Thiel, premiers at the Berlin Film Festival.

1959: in the German romantic comedy An Angel on

Wheels, Romy Schneider plays the guardian angel of
a racing car driver who disguises herself as an ight
attendant.

2013: Come Fly With Us! Tenth Anniversary Edition

A Global History of the Airline Hostess - a book by
Johanna Omelia and Michael Waldock, published by
Ailemo Books<Bowker>, featuring ight attendants
from 120 airlines, hundreds of images and career
histories from 1930 to 2013. ISBN 978-0-98192242-3 (180 pages)

1963: British comedy Come Fly with Me featured

Dolores Hart, Pamela Tin and Lois Nettleton as
three air stewardesses who nd romance in this
adaptation of Bernard Glemser's 1960 novel, Girl
on a Wing.

2014: Come Fly With Us Magazine online

launched, a free digital magazine about international
cabin crew and the joys of travel with a strong retro
avor including ight attendants in the Golden Age
of Air Travel.

1965: in the US comedy Boeing Boeing, Tony Curtis

plays an American journalist in Paris who is simultaneously engaged to three dierent ight attendants.

2014: TAKE OFF! with The Savvy Stews premieres

on Destination America hosted by two ight attendants Bobby Laurie & Gailen David and proling
ight attendant layovers around the world.

1965: Mickey Rooney has a major role as a purser in

the movie Twenty Four Hours to Kill. It was lmed
in Lebanon using a Comet jetliner.
1967: best selling memoir Coee, Tea or Me?, by
Trudy Baker and Rachel Jones recounts the romantic
adventures of two ight attendants.

9 Notable ight attendants

Ron Akana served the second longest career as a
ight attendant. From 1949, up until his retirement

9
in 2012, Ron worked for United Airlines cabin crew
for 63 years, retiring at the age of 84.[57]

Ruth Carol Taylor, rst veried African-American

stewardess, hired by Mohawk Airlines in 1958[58]

Ant, TV personality Celebrity Fit Club former

American Airlines ight attendant

Roz Hanby, face of the British Airways Fly the

Flag campaign (1970s/1980s)

Kathy Augustine, a ight attendant prior to entering

Nevada politics

Hajah Mariam, the ex-wife of the Sultan of Brunei,

was a ight attendant for Royal Brunei Airlines upon
her marriage to the Sultan.

Rico Barrera of Pinoy Big Brother Philippines Season 1 and an actor who continues to y with Seair
Alex Best, ex-wife of George Best
Neerja Bhanot, was a ight attendant for Pan Am
airlines, based in Bombay, India, who died while
saving passengers from terrorists on board the hijacked Pan Am Flight 73 on September 5, 1986,
she went on to become the youngest recipient of Indias highest civilian award for bravery, the Ashoka
Chakra.
Regina Bird, Big Brother Australia 2003 winner
Deborah Burlingame, sister of Charles Chic
Burlingame III, pilot of hijacked American Airlines
Flight 77
Soraya Raquel Lamilla Cuevas, international awardwinning Spanish/English singer and songwriter
Gailen David, Host of TAKE OFF! with The Savvy
Stews, ight attendant activist, CNN Airport Network travel expert.
Nh. Dini, Indonesian novelist and mother of French
director Pierre Con. Worked as a Garuda Indonesia ight attendant during her early life
Betty Ong, was a ight attendant on board American
Airlines Flight 11 the rst of four hijacked aircrafts
on the morning of September 11, 2001. Ong is best
known for her actions that morning as well as her
calm and professional manner.
Madeline Amy Sweeney, was also a ight attendant
on board Flight 11, Sweeney was the rst to describe
the hijackers, and their actions.
Beverly Lynn Burns, American Airlines stewardess
class of 1971; rst woman Boeing 747 Captain in
the world July 1984
Terence Cao, veteran Singaporean actor
Ellen Church, rst female ight attendant in history
Uli Derickson, on duty during the TWA Flight 847
hijacking

Barbara Jane Harrison, posthumously awarded the

George Cross for bravery
Todd Herzog, winner of Survivor: China
Shawn Kathleen Howard, creator of Passenger
Shaming
Jennifer Hosten, 1970 Miss World winner
Patricia Ireland, former President of the National
Organization for Women
Kris Jenner, was a ight attendant, for a year, before
marrying Robert Kardashian
Annita Keating, Dutch-born estranged wife of former Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating, ew
with KLM and Alitalia prior to her marriage.
Sonija Kwok, 1999 Miss Hong Kong, now a popular
artist with TVB
Bobby Laurie, Host of ight attendant based show
TAKE OFF! with The Savvy Stews and CNN Airport Network correspondent.
Evangeline Lilly, Canadian actress, who coincidentally played a plane crash survivor on Lost, worked
for Royal Airlines.
Ziana Zain, Malaysian international artist, model,
actress
Katherine Lee, American ight attendant famous for
her nger wag in Delta Air Lines' in-ight safety
video, which became a hit on YouTube.
Kate Linder, actress on The Young and the Restless,
who continues to y with United Airlines on weekends when not lming.
Jan Brown Lohr, lobbied in Washington for lap babies safety belts after the crash of United Airlines
Flight 232
Catherine Maunoury, French winner of the Aerobatics World Championship in 1988 and 2000

Brian Dowling, UK Big Brother 2001 winner

Pamela Bianca Manalo, a ight attendant for

Philippine Airlines before she was crowned Miss
Philippines-Universe in 2009

Gatan Dugas, alleged Patient Zero for acquired immune deciency syndrome

Carole Middleton, mother of Catherine, Duchess of

Cambridge

10
Avis Miller, Playboy Playmate Miss November
1970
Jane McGrath, co-founder of the McGrath Foundation for breast cancer.

11

REFERENCES

Queen Silvia of Sweden, was briey a ight attendant before marrying King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden.

On August 9, 2010, Steven Slater gained immediate

global fame when he claimed he was injured by the luggage of a passenger whom he had confronted on an arriving Jet Blue ight at New Yorks JFK Airport for disregarding his order to remain seated. Passengers dispute his
account of this confrontation. As the incident continued,
he cursed at the passengers over the aircrafts public address system, grabbed a beer, opened the evacuation slide
Nyla Murphy, lawyer, real estate broker, member of and left the aircraft. He was later arrested and charged
the Wyoming House of Representatives
with several crimes.[59][60]
Chiaki Morita, Japanese-Filipina International
Model, FHM Magazine Model 2011,Tanduay
Liquor Calendar Babe 2012, Taekwondo 2nd Dan
Blackbelter and member of Philippine Taekwondo
Demo Team prior to ying with Zest Air (now
AirAsia Zest)

Naila Nazir, Pakistani air hostess who received

1985s Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) Heroism
Award for bravely handling a tense and dangerous situation during the Flight PK-326 hijacking
ordeal[44][45]
Froso Papaharalambous, singer
Iris Peterson, ew for United Airlines from 1946 until 2007, retiring at the age of 85
Heather Poole, author and ight attendant blogger.
Lyudmila Putina, former wife of Russian President
Vladimir Putin, was a ight attendant early in her
career.

On August 30, 2014, Robert Reardon of Delta Air Lines

retired at the age of 90 after having eclipsed Ron Akana
of United Airlines as the worlds longest serving ight
attendant and also having been the worlds oldest active
ight attendant. Reardon said the timing of his retirement was not of his choosing.[61]

10 See also
Aircrew (Flight crew)

11 References

Linda Louise Rowley, former beauty queen who Citations

held the title Miss Alaska USA
Lee Seung-yeon, Korean actress/talkshow host

[1] Cabin Managers - Corporate. cabinmanagers.com.

Jhanna Sigurardttir, Prime Minister of Iceland

and rst openly homosexual Head of Government

[2] 1A6X1 - FLIGHT ATTENDANT.

Usmilitary.about.com. 2012-04-09. Retrieved 2012-08-22.

Ellen Simonetti, rst ight attendant to be red for

blogging

[3] Grossman, Dan (July 9, 2010). The First Flight Attendant: Heinrich Kubis, 1912. Airships: The Hindenburg
and other Zeppelins. Retrieved 2012-08-22.

Tania Soni, beauty pageant winner

Silver Tree, writer and producer

[4] Nov 20th 2009 12:19 PM (2011-10-17). History of

Flight Attendant Uniforms - AOL Travel News. AOL.
Retrieved 2012-08-22.

Sharon Luk, 2005 Miss Hong Kong First Runnerup, artist with TVB

[5] Air hostess nds life adventurous. The New York Times.
April 12, 1936. p. N1.

Skye Chan, 2008 Miss Hong Kong First Runner-up

and Miss World 2008 contestant, artist with TVB

[6] The air hostess carries on, The New York Times. April
19, 1936. Page XX12.

Gabriele von Lutzau (born Gabriele Dillmann) was

a ight attendant on hijacked Lufthansa Flight 181
and was credited for her loyalty to the passengers
and crew. In the aftermath, she was named Der
Engel von Mogadischu (The Angel of Mogadishu)

[7] 63 Years Flying, From Glamour to Days of Gray. New

York Times. March 17, 2012.

Vesna Vulovi, Guinness World Record holder for

surviving the highest fall without a parachute
Julie Woodson, Playboy Playmate Miss April 1973

[8] Conrard, Don (November 16, 2005). Promoting Diversity. Alaskas World. Alaska Airlines. Archived from
the original on March 24, 2006. Retrieved November 7,
2011.
[9] Flight Attendants in Labor History
[10] Booneville Herald

11

[11] Airline Travel

[33] Flight attendant history 2. united.com.

[12] Gail Collins (14 October 2009). When Everything

Changed: The Amazing Journey of American Women
from 1960 to the Present. Little, Brown. pp. 59. ISBN
978-0-316-07166-6.

[34] From Skygirl to Flight Attendant, Women and the Making

of a Union by Georgia Panter Nielsen, ILR Press/Cornell,
Ithaca, New York (1982)ISBN 978-0-87546-093-2

[13] K Barry. Timeline of Discrimination. Femininity in

Flight. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
[14] K Barry. Timeline of Discrimination. Femininity in
Flight. Retrieved 2015-08-06.
[15] EEOC nally rules that gender is not a bona de occupational qualication National Organization for Women.
350fem.blogs.brynmawr.edu. 1968-02-03. Retrieved
2015-07-22.
[16] Tiemeyer, Phil. Male Stewardesses: Male Flight Attendants as a Queer Miscarriage of Justice. Genders. Retrieved June 8, 2014.
[17] United Settles Sex-Bias Case. New York Times. July
11, 1986.
[18] Quindlen, Anna (May 16, 1993). Public & Private; In
Thin Air. New York Times.
[19] Accord on Flight Attendants Weight. New York Times.
August 30, 1991.
[20] Occupational Outlook Handbook -- Flight Attendants.
U.S. Department of Labour -- Bureau of Labour Statistics.
[21] Flight Attendants : Occupational Outlook Handbook :
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Bls.gov. Retrieved
2012-08-22.
[22] Occupational Outlook Handbook, Flight Attendants Nature of Work. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
[23] Electronic
Code
Ecfr.gpoaccess.gov.
08-22.

of
Federal
Regulations:".
2007-08-01. Retrieved 2012-

[35] Association of Flight Attendants - About AFA. Retrieved 2014-01-25.

[36] The Association of Professional Flight Attendants
[37] APFA, Nations Largest Independent Flight Attendant
Union, Calls for Approval of OneWorlds Immunity Application
[38] 14 CFR 121.391 - Flight attendants. | US Law | LII /
Legal Information Institute. Law.cornell.edu. Retrieved
2015-07-22.
[39] Evacuate, Evacuate, Evacuate (PDF). casa.gov.au.
[40] Evacuation Commands for Optimal Passenger Management (PDF). atsb.gov.au.
[41] Flight attendant history 10. united.com.
[42] Grahama, Frederick (7 January 1940). Winged Hostess:
The girl on the plane may also be a heroine. The New
York Times. p. 117.
[43] Transport: On Cheat Mountain. Time Magazine. April
20, 1936. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
[44] History of PIA. August 2, 2009.
[45] FSF Heroism Award. August 2, 2009.
[46] Det glder dit liv!" (PDF). home3.inet.tele.dk.
[47] NTSB Atlantic Southeast Airlines, Inc., Flight 529
(PDF). ntsb.gov.
[48] Am I alive?" (PDF). casa.gov.au.
[49] Full NTSB Accident Report (PDF). amelia.db.erau.edu.

[24] Saenz, Rogelio and Evans, Louwanda (June 2009) "The

Changing Demography of U.S. Flight Attendants". Population Reference Bureau. Retrieved 16 July 2015.

[50] NTSB Report (PDF). airdisaster.com.

[25] Flight Attendant Certicate of Demonstrated Prociency (PDF). faa.gov.

[52] Crews training saved terror ight. news.bbc.co.uk. December 29, 2000.

[26] (French)Certicat de Formation la Scurit

[53] Explosives scare forces down plane. news.bbc.co.uk.

December 23, 2001.

[27] Flight Attendant Jobs for Second Language Speakers.

[51] TWA Flight 843. twaight843.com.

[28] Becoming a Flight Attendant - Air New Zealand. Retrieved 2010-10-22.

[54] Heroes foil Qantas hijack attack.

theage.com.au. May 30, 2003.

[29] Flight attendants through the years. Chicago Tribune.

Retrieved March 7, 2014.

[55] 243 is horric Aloha ight story. starbulletin.com.

[30] The worlds best airline is ... 5. Thai Airways International. CNN. Retrieved March 7, 2014.

Melbourne:

[56] Sullivan, Caroline (2007-03-20). Assume crash position. The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2007-05-14.

[31] Sight: Inspired by the Rich Textile Tradition of Indonesia. Garuda Indonesia. Retrieved March 7, 2014.

[57] Meet Americas oldest ight attendant who has been ying the friendly skies for 63 YEARS | Mail Online. Dailymail.co.uk. 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2013-07-30.

[32] Ask the pilot. salon.com.

[58] AVIATION: Another First TIME, January 6, 1958

12

13

[59] Barash, Stephanie (August 10, 2010). Enraged Jet Blue

Flight Attendant Set Free On Bail. WPIX, Baltimore
Sun. Retrieved August 11, 2010. Steven Slater, 38,
was arraigned Tuesday morning before Queens Criminal Court Judge Mary O'Donoghue on charges of rstand second-degree reckless endangerment, second-and
fourth-degree criminal mischief and third-degree criminal
trespass. Slater, of Belle Harbor, Queens apparently lost
his cool after getting into a heated argument with a passenger. He slide down the emergency chute and ran to his
parked car. Police later tracked him down at his Queens
home where he was apparently engaging in sex
[60] Miller, Michelle (August 12, 2010). Slaters Story Discredited by JetBlue Fliers. CBS News. Retrieved August
12, 2010. Slater said he was injured by a passenger who
slammed an overhead door on his forehead. Several passengers saw the injury, but none saw how it happened.
When I rst saw it, I thought he had just cut his head and
was on his way to the bathroom to wash it and Band-Aid,
and he didn't, and I thought thats weird; somethings not
totally right here, passenger Katie Doebler said
[61] Riegler, Paul (August 31, 2014). Worlds Oldest Active
Flight Attendant to Retire. Frequent Business Traveler.
Retrieved September 1, 2014.

Bibliography
Harris, Tom. How Airline Crews Work, HowStuWorks.com website, June 14, 2001. Retrieved
September 2, 2014.

12

Further reading

Barry, Kathleen (2007). Femininity in Flight: A History of Flight Attendants. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822339465.
Vantoch, Victoria (2013). The Jet Sex: Airline
Stewardesses and the Making of an American Icon.
Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN 978-0-8122-4481-6.

13

External links

Flight Attendant Labour Unions:

The Association of Flight Attendants, AFL-CIO
The Association of Flight Attendants, UAL-MEC
The Association of Flight Attendants, NWA-MEC
Association of Professional Flight Attendants
Sindicato de Tripulantes de Cabina American Airlines, American Airlines Flight Attendant Union of
Chile, STCAA

EXTERNAL LINKS

FARSA Flight Attendants and Related Services Association New Zealand

EPMU Stand Tall New Zealand
Miscellaneous:
Collection of ight attendant uniforms, current and
historical
Collection of ight attendant uniforms images and
videos
Worlds First Flight Attendant

13

14
14.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Flight attendant Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_attendant?oldid=682890733 Contributors: Ortolan88, SimonP, Michael

Hardy, Crenner, Menchi, Kimiko, Cimon Avaro, Evercat, WhisperToMe, DJ Clayworth, Im a winner, Slawojarek, Owen, Eternal, Denelson83, Robbot, Dale Arnett, Moriori, Jxg, Sekicho, Jtts, Modeha, Adam78, Exploding Boy, Netoholic, Rick Block, BigHaz, Mboverload,
Marlonbraga, Golbez, Alexf, Toytoy, Mamizou, Arcturus, Mschlindwein, Paradoxian, Trevor MacInnis, Mike Rosoft, Dr.frog, Freakofnurture, N328KF, Vague Rant, Andros 1337, Warpyght, Robertbowerman, Night Gyr, MBisanz, Kwamikagami, Bobo192, Clawson, Shenme,
R. S. Shaw, Toh, Kjkolb, Slambo, Axyjo, Haham hanuka, Pharos, Patsw, Alansohn, Alphaboi867, Linmhall, Ynhockey, TommyBoy,
Samaritan, Denniss, Fourthords, ProhibitOnions, Quintin3265, Deathphoenix, Scott Gall, Mattbrundage, Richard Weil, Galaxiaad, SmthManly, Smoth 007, Woohookitty, Scriberius, Mazca, Turnstep, Melesse, Littlearea, Amire80, FlaBot, Ewlyahoocom, Russavia, Taichi,
Roboto de Ajvol, The Rambling Man, Chanlyn, Rtkat3, Clib, Chensiyuan, CambridgeBayWeather, Shaddack, Kyorosuke, Rsrikanth05,
Wimt, Brian Sisco, RattleMan, DB, Grafen, Equilibrial, Wikitryer, Davidkinnen, VCat, Noah044, Syrthiss, Lcmortensen, PS2pcGAMER,
CockBot, Bantosh, Bill.martin, Sandstein, Nukleon, Closedmouth, Mike Selinker, Willirennen, Airodyssey, Owain.davies, AGToth, Kungfuadam, Fastifex, Hide&Reason, Pierco, Amalthea, SmackBot, Stie, Davidhbrown, Flamarande, FMB, Ohnoitsjamie, Wlmg, Chris the
speller, Bluebot, Bidgee, SSJ 5, Agateller, Jnelson09, Kitzke, Neo-Jay, CSWarren, Colonies Chris, Javier Arambel, Egsan Bacon, Bolivian
Unicyclist, BIL, RFD, Bobadot, Jiddisch~enwiki, Dantadd, Nishkid64, JKBrooks85, Zvezdochka~enwiki, Peterwill, J 1982, Gobonobo,
MilborneOne, Mr Stephen, Jimmy Pitt, Joelsmith, Dr.K., P199, Shoo tsukino, Levineps, Nehrams2020, Newone, IvanLanin, Phasmatisnox, Frank Lofaro Jr., Blondfred, KPWM Spotter, Fnarf999, Americasroof, Clipper471, Alchemistmatt, Senorelroboto, Funnyfarmofdoom, Cydebot, Cricketgirl, Gogo Dodo, Corpx, Kevin23, Lugnuts, Kanimaki, Tkynerd, Ike-bana, Malleus Fatuorum, Thijs!bot, Epbr123,
Fish1941, Missvain, WillMak050389, Rael, Cattona, Milsu, Loyd415, Shummie, JAnDbot, Harryzilber, Hut 8.5, F64too, Churba, Shaz91,
Charlene.c, Magioladitis, XmaX, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Jay Gatsby, Mclay1, Pioneer2000, Rivertorch, Twodeel, Indon, Rowanm20,
Wikiwatch, Tarun itbhu, Paddyirl, Medicup, Crew4jets, Fahadeng, Ustye, R'n'B, Gunkarta, Pekaje, Tgeairn, Debh1123, Uncle Dick,
Bapho~enwiki, KILNA, Fuzza409, Tdadamemd, Acalamari, McSly, Sebwite, Mrceleb2007, NewEnglandYankee, BostonRed, Remember the dot, Egard89, Inwind, Martial75, The Little Internet Kitty, VolkovBot, Hreisk, Je G., Drmargi, Dougie monty, Martinevans123,
DoorsAjar, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Katieshaz, Wikipedias Number One Editor, Nadia22, Superh79, LeaveSleaves, Mannafredo, Alank47,
Jrdean33, Brad00, Truthanado, Sealman, MissQ, Dab2, Hazel77, SieBot, Kavians, Hasanbay~enwiki, Adkranz, Lauchuklam, Dreamafter,
Pengyanan, Dustman81, WRK, Haliii03, Flyer22, HkCaGu, Sf46, Android Mouse Bot 3, Techman224, Fratrep, Sunrise, Werldwayd,
Mygerardromance, Dolphin51, Jeo100~enwiki, MattKeegan, Baldpipeguy, Gloss, YSSYguy, Martarius, Tanvir Ahmmed, ClueBot, Lovemangenuis, The Thing That Should Not Be, Dansham, Uniformwizard, Acmejia, Mild Bill Hiccup, KMChin, Mulderpf, Rtrtoooboolong,
Mheatley, DragonBot, Liz & Julie, Kanguole, Lartoven, ParisianBlade, Maplestorywiki123, Ngebendi, Agway46, Grkan Sengn, Jtjathomps, XLinkBot, Flying35000, DragonFury, Javafox, SilvonenBot, Bobby27ph, Addbot, Julie832, Misterx2000, Douglas the Comeback
Kid, Diti, CarsracBot, Sumitha mlh, 5 albert square, Tassedethe, Numbo3-bot, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Ralf Roletschek, Team4Technologies,
Comanche82, FlyGuy1977, Yobot, Fraggle81, Newportm, Amirobot, DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered, Robert333, Planeguy13, YngNorman, Mqa, AnomieBOT, DemocraticLuntz, Marauder40, Jim1138, Etan J. Tal, Powerofrussia2, Ulric1313, Materialscientist, LilHelpa,
Xqbot, Sionus, Tdawson73, Captnj2008, Czernylavion, Kcdtsg, JediMaster362, N419BH, Schekinov Alexey Victorovich, Kaaa, SD5,
A.amitkumar, Thehelpfulbot, Celuici, Sristys, Tiyang, FrescoBot, Razdower, CapitalElll, OgreBot, Pinethicket, Calmer Waters, Tinton5,
Fat&Happy, RedBot, Kurkoe, Cnwilliams, Dutchmonkey9000, Trappist the monk, Lotje, EngineerFromVega, Mean as custard, RjwilmsiBot, Ejgreen77, DexDor, CreateEditShare, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, Racerx11, Tommy2010, Pvincent342, Wikipelli, Soren84,
Sherwin ph, Checkingfax, Acategory, H3llBot, SporkBot, Brandmeister, TheChampionMan1234, Dante8, Rocketsh1000, BulbaThor,
Mjbmrbot, E. Fokker, Will Beback Auto, ClueBot NG, Mighty mickey, This lousy T-shirt, Chester Markel, Lukas Tobing, Kevin Wellman,
Marechal Ney, Ytrewq17, Theopolisme, Helpful Pixie Bot, Hadi.ghaari, Tinbobimbo, Newyork1501, Calabe1992, Heuerham, Cixass,
Chiakiholics, Fylbecatulous, BattyBot, Miszatomic, Pratyya Ghosh, Hipposcrashed, Chris 123, Luke 19 Verse 27, ChrisGualtieri, SwissMissTravel, Khazar2, Steinsplitter, Tco03displays, Govgovgov, Resurgamus, LudicrousTripe, Bestaviationjobs, Iqeqicq, Spark4d, Mvhaha,
Ulub, Ljudkins23, Flightx, Andreimabingnay, Ggghhj123, SantiLak, Traveler440, Yayes2, Jchaps2, Brkislipid, I am people like me, Rayna
Jaymes, Wjkxy, Anish3343, Arweniel, ToonLucas22, Truthseeker020, KasparBot, NASAstronaut, DocDerz, Mcotalker and Anonymous:
450

14.2

Images

File:Aeroflot_stewardess.tiff Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Aeroflot_stewardess.tiff License: CC

BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Firedrop
File:Austrian_Airlines_flight_attendant_and_passenger.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/
Austrian_Airlines_flight_attendant_and_passenger.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/48248150@
N04/8968338350/ Original artist: Austrian Airlines
File:Aviacionavion.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Aviacionavion.png License: Public domain Contributors:
Turkmenistan.airlines.frontview.arp.jpg Original artist: Turkmenistan.airlines.frontview.arp.jpg: elfuser
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Egypt_air_Flyght_attendant_during_flight.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Egypt_air_
Flyght_attendant_during_flight.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Peter van der Sluijs
File:Garuda_Indonesia_Flight_Attendants_in_Kebaya.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Garuda_
Indonesia_Flight_Attendants_in_Kebaya.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Gunawan Kartapranata
File:Germanwings_-_Service.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Germanwings_-_Service.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Oxfordian Kissuth
File:Office-book.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Office-book.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This and myself. Original artist: Chris Down/Tango project

14

14

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0

Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:Singapore_Airlines_Hostesses.JPG Source:
Hostesses.JPG License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors:
Original artist: Rita Franz

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Singapore_Airlines_

File:Stewardess,_circa_1949-50,_American_Overseas,_Flaghip_Denmark,_Boeing_377_Stratocruiser.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Stewardess%2C_circa_1949-50%2C_American_Overseas%2C_Flaghip_
Denmark%2C_Boeing_377_Stratocruiser.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Photo by Chalmers Buttereld Original artist: Photo by
Chalmers Buttereld Original uploader was Sba2 at en.wikipedia
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

14.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0