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Humans has started rising higher due to lace in horizontal space, Building taller structures has
become a common trend. But as this vertical limits is pushed the risk factor increase. Skyscraper
has to be analyzed for various loads to provide safety. Behavior of a structure is most critical during
earthquake thus it is important to analyze a structure for seismic resistance. Earthquake is an
unpredictable hazard having power to bring a high raised structure to ground. Thus it is important
to analysis a structure for seismic force. Seismic coefficient method can be used to analyze small
and medium height structure up to 40m. It is a simple method of analysis and required less
calculation. The behavior of a structure depends critically on overall shape, size and geometry. As
an asymmetrical structure behave more critically during earthquake as compared to a symmetrical
structure. A study on the behavior of symmetrical, L-shape and T-shape RC building during
earthquake is done to understand different in seismic loading and difference in behavior due to
different shape. A 10 store building with height of each floor 3m having different shape as
symmetrical, L-shape and T-shape in plan are analyses by seismic coefficient method with the help
of ETABS software. As manual analysis of as structure that is 10 store high is a time consuming
job and probability of errors is also increases. ETABS may provide an easy, efficient and accurate
way to analyze a structure. The analysis is done as per IS 1893:2002 (Part-1). Estimation of
response such as; lateral forces, base shear, storey drift, storey shear etc. is carried out for all the
different shaped RC buildings and Compared based on response given by different shaped building.
CHAPTER- 1
Introduction
An earthquake is the perceptible shaking of the Earth, which can be violent enough to destroy
major buildings and kill thousands of people. The severity of the shaking can range from barely
felt to violent enough to toss people around. Thus to reduce the loss of life due to earthquake it is
important to study earthquake and behaviour of building during earthquake.
An earthquake is the resulted due to sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates
seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other
events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests.
In recent times, reinforced concrete buildings have become common in India, particularly in
towns and cities. Ground shaking is experienced during earthquake, building resting on the on
it will experience motion at its base. From Newton's First law of Motion, even though the base
of the building moves with the ground, the roof has a tendency to stay in its original position.
But since the walls and columns are connected to it, they drag the roof along with them. This
is much like the situation that you are faced with when the bus you are standing in suddenly
starts; your feet move with the bus, but your upper body tends to stay back making you fall
backwards!! This tendency to continue to remain in the previous position is known as Inertia.
In the building, since the walls or columns are flexible, the motion of the roof is different from
that of the ground (Figure 1.2). The force experienced by the roof due to drag of base structure
is knows as Inertia Force. [13]
2|Page
Inertia force in brief can be explained by Newton's Second Law of Motion, the inertia force F
is mass M times acceleration A (F=M x A), and its direction is opposite to that of the
acceleration. Clearly, more mass means higher inertia force. Therefore, lighter buildings
sustain the earthquake shaking better.
As the load transferred take place the inertia force experienced by the roof is transferred to the
ground via the columns, causing forces in columns. The forces are also generated due to
earthquake shaking, the columns undergo relative movement between their ends. (Figure 1.3).
As columns try to come back to the straight vertical position, i.e., columns resist deformations.
In the straight vertical position, the columns carry no horizontal earthquake force through them.
But, when forced to bend, they develop internal forces. The larger is the relative horizontal
displacement u between the top and bottom of the column, the larger this internal force in
columns.
The behaviour of a building during earthquakes depends critically on its overall shape, size
and geometry, in addition to how the earthquake forces are carried to the ground. A desire to
create an aesthetic and functionally efficient structure drives architects to conceive wonderful
and imaginative structures. Sometimes the shape of the building catches the eye of the visitor,
sometimes the structural system appeals, and in other occasions both shape and structural
system work together to make the structure a marvel.
In general, buildings with simple geometry in plan (Fig. No. 1.4) have performed well during
strong earthquakes. Buildings with re-entrant corners, like those U, V, and + shaped in plan
(Fig. No. 1.4), have sustained significant damage. Many times, the bad effects of these interior
corners in the plan of buildings are avoided by making the buildings in two parts. For example,
an L-shaped plan can be broken up into two rectangular plan shapes using a separation joint at
the junction (Fig. No. 1.4). Often, the plan is simple, but the columns/walls are not equally
distributed in plan. Buildings with such features tend to twist during earthquake shaking. [13]
Now consider same cradle and if you sit at one end of the cradle, it hoists (i.e., moves
more on the side you are sitting). This also happens sometimes when more of your
friends bunch together and sit on one side of the swing. Likewise, if the mass on the
floor of a building is more on one side (for instance, one side of a building may have a
storage or a library), then that side of the building moves more underground movement
(Fig. No. 1.6). This building moves such that its floors displace horizontally as well as
rotate. Twisting is due to unequal distribution of load.
6|Page
Now considering the same cradle but with two ropes which the cradle is tied to the
branch of the tree be different in length. Such a swing also twists even if you sit in the
middle (Fig. No. 1.7). Similarly, in buildings with unequal structural members (i.e.,
frames and/or walls) also the floors twist about a vertical axis (Fig. No. 1.7) and
displace horizontally. Likewise, buildings, which have walls only on two sides (or one
side) and flexible frames along the other, twist when shaken at the ground level (Fig.
No. 1.7). Twisting is due to Unequal distribution of Stiffness.
The engineers do not attempt to make earthquake proof buildings that will not get damaged
even during the rare but strong earthquake; such buildings will be too robust and also too
expensive. Instead, the engineering intention is to make buildings earthquake resistant; such
buildings resist the effects of ground shaking, although they may get damaged severely but
would not collapse during the strong earthquake. Thus, safety of people and contents is assured
in earthquake-resistant buildings, and thereby a disaster is avoided. This is a major objective
of seismic design codes throughout the world. [13]
The earthquake design philosophy may be summarized as follows (Figure 1.8):
Fig. No. 1.8- Performance of building under different intensity of earthquake shake
8|Page
(a) Under minor but frequent shaking, the main members of the building that carry vertical and
horizontal forces should not be damaged; however building parts that do not carry load may
sustain repairable damage.
(b) Under moderate but occasional shaking, the main members may sustain repairable damage,
while the other parts of the building may be damaged such that they may even have to be
replaced after the earthquake
(c) Under strong but rare shaking, the main members may sustain severe (even irreparable)
damage, but the building should not collapse.
Thus, after minor shaking, the building will be fully operational within a short time and the
repair costs will be small. And, after moderate shaking, the building will be operational once
the repair and strengthening of the damaged main members is completed. But, after a strong
earthquake, the building may become dysfunctional for further use, but will stand so that
people can be evacuated and property recovered.
Design of buildings to resist earthquakes involves controlling the damage to acceptable levels
at a reasonable cost. Contrary to the common thinking that any crack in the building after an
earthquake means the building is unsafe for habitation, engineers designing earthquakeresistant buildings recognize that some damage is unavoidable. Different types of damage
occur in buildings during earthquakes. Some of these cracks are acceptable (in terms of both
their size and location), while others are not. For instance, in a reinforced concrete frame
building with masonry filler walls between columns, the cracks between vertical columns and
masonry filler walls are acceptable, but diagonal cracks running through the columns are not
(Fig. No. 1.9). Earthquake-resistant design is therefore concerned about ensuring that the
damages in buildings during earthquakes are of the acceptable variety, and also that they occur
at the right places and in right amounts.
9|Page
This approach of earthquake-resistant design is much like the use of electrical fuses in houses:
to protect the entire electrical wiring and appliances in the house, you sacrifice some small
parts of the electrical circuit, called fuses; these fuses are easily replaced after the electrical
overcurrent. Likewise, to save the building from collapsing, you need to allow some predetermined parts to undergo the acceptable type and level of damage.
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65,105,237
Population in 2014
63,891,303
62,700,003
61,530,916
60,383,628
Horizontal Development gets restricted due to less space & then vertical growth is the
ultimate option available.
Expensive land prices.
The high cost of setting up infrastructure for new cities.
Improving the esthetic view of the city.
With increase in height of building, human & economic losses due to various natural & human
hazards also increases. Thus high raised building should be designed in such a way that they can
resist against various forces.
Behaviour of a structure is vulnerable during an earthquake. Thus it is necessary to study the forces
and behaviour of structure during earthquake and designing structure in such a way that it can
withstand earthquake without collapsing.
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In this study, behaviour of building during earthquake were deliberate by the help of ETABS.
ETABS stands for Extended Three-dimensional Analysis of Building System. ETABS is an
analysis and design software for analyzing and designing a building.
ETABS is an engineering software for analysis and design of multistory structure. ETABS
is in use for 30 years and is developed by Computers and Structures, Inc. (CSI). CSI was
founded in 1975, is recognized globally as the pioneering leader in software tools for
structural and earthquake engineering. Software from CSI is used by thousands of
engineering firms in over 160 countries for the design of major projects. CSI also provides
various different products for analyzing and designing of different structures as SAP2000,
CSiBridge, ETABS, SAFE, PERFORM-3D and CSiCOL. [16]
ETABS is a 3D object based modeling and visualization software, blazingly fast linear and
nonlinear analytical power, sophisticated and comprehensive design capabilities for a widerange of materials, and provides reports, and schematic drawings that allow quick and easy
understanding of analysis and design results.
ETABS integrates every aspect of the engineering design process. Creation of models in
ETABS is easier - intuitive drawing commands allow for the rapid generation of floor and
elevation framing. CAD drawings can be converted directly into ETABS models or used as
templates onto which ETABS objects may be overlaid. ETABS also helps in Design of steel
and concrete frames (with automated optimization), composite beams, composite columns,
steel joists, and concrete and masonry shear walls. Models can be rendered, and all results
can be seen directly on the structure. Comprehensive and customizable report is available for
all analysis and design output, and schematic construction drawings of framing plans,
schedules, details, and cross-sections may be generated for concrete and steel structures.
ETABS has a wide selection of templates for quickly starting a new model. At this model
template stage, the user has the ability to define grid and grid spacing, the number of stories.
It follow various international codes which helps user to analyze and design the structure as
per their code. Various kind of different load can be applied in etabs such as Super dead load,
Live load, Seismic load, Wind load, etc. ETABS provides the support of IS 1893:2002 for
seismic analysis of a building & provides the analysis results for various load combinations.
One Window, Many Views: - ETABS provides a single user interface to perform:
Modeling, Analysis, Design, Detailing, and Reporting.
Templates: - ETABS has a wide selection of templates for quickly starting a new
model. The user has the ability to define grid and grid spacing, the number of stories,
the default structural system sections.
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Automated Code Based loading: - ETABS will automatically generate and apply
seismic and wind loads based on various domestic and international codes.
Load Cases and Combinations: - ETABS allows for an unlimited number of load
cases and combinations. Load combination types.
Mixed Units: - ETABS gives users full control of the units used with all model data
and displays results in the units desired. Whether architectural units or analysis
results units, you can have any combination of units throughout your model.
Deformed Geometry: - Users can display deformed geometry based on any load or
combination of loads, as well as animations of modes.
The software is used by millions of engineers over 160 countries and is leading
tool for structural and earthquake engineering
ETABS was used to create the mathematical model of the Burj Khalifa, currently
world's tallest building designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM).
ETABS was used to analyze Taipei 101 Tower in Taiwan, One World Trade
Center in New York, the 2008 Olympics Birds Nest Stadium in Beijing, etc.
Other CSI software also helped in designing the cable-stayed Centenario Bridge
over the Panama Canal.
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1.4) Objectives
1. To study behavior of high-rise RC building during earthquake.
2. Effect of seismic load on structure due to plan irregularity.
3. To compute lateral force on each levels due to seismic force.
4. To check the maximum allowable response of structure.
5. To study behavior of different shaped buildings in plan during earthquake.
6. Compute the torsional movement in structure due to irregularity in mass and stiffness.
7. To study the software and provide accurate and quicker analysis results by the use of
ETABS.
Learn
software
Save
time
objectives
Safety/
economy
Achieve
accuracy
15 | P a g e
CHAPTER- 2
Literature Survey
For the brief understanding of earthquake, forces generated in building due to earthquake and
behaviour of building during earthquake Various research papers were studied.
Mohammed yousuf ET.AL [1] carried out dynamic analysis of RC building with plan
irregularity. Four models of G+5 building with one symmetry plan and remaining irregular
plan. The analysis was carried out by ETABS 9.5 as per IS 1893:2002(Part-1). After
analyzing they concluded that Irregularity in plan can result in complex dynamics and
irregular response. Base shear is higher in rectangular building comparing to L-shaped
building. Asymmetrical building requires more accurate analysis therefore Response
Spectrum Method should be used.
Rucha S. Banginwar, ET.AL [2] attempted to evaluate the effect of plan configurations on
the response of structure by response spectrum method. They studied the effect of
difference geometrical configurations on the behavior of structure of the already
constructed building located in the same area during earthquake. After analyzing as per IS
1893:2002 (Part-1) they concluded the plan configurations of structure has significant
impact on the seismic response of structure in terms of displacement, story drift, story shear.
Building with severe irregularity shows maximum displacement and storey drift.
Maximum torsion observed in building with high irregularity plan.
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DEEPAK SUTHAR, ET.AL [3] studied the evolution of tall buildings structural systems
and analyzed the residential high rise building for seismic forces by both static and dynamic
method considering two type of structural system. Model I -regular frame system i.e.
normal column-shear wall beam slab system and Model II - modular wall slab system.
Carried out the analysis by using ETABS. After analyzing they concluded the story drift,
lateral displacement and time period is more in model I as compared to model 2. The results
were more conservative in Static analysis as compared to the dynamic method resulting
uneconomical structure. As building was in irregular L-shape the behavior in both
direction is not similar.
Mr. Sandesh N. Suryawanshi, ET.AL [4] studied the complex behavior of structure under
asymmetric form and influence of torsional moment on the behavior of structure by using
Response spectrum method. A simplified nonlinear pushover analysis was used to find
structural descriptors required in seismic vulnerability assessment by using software
SAP2000. After analysis they concluded that the time period and base shear calculation by
using equivalent static method is approximately equal with response spectrum method in
SAP. Comparing the torsional moment (TM) in beam shows that TM in asymmetrical
building is more than symmetrical. Equivalent static method and response spectrum
method in SAP showed that, base shear and roof displacement for asymmetrical building
is more than symmetrical building. Formation of hinges in asymmetrical building is more
and early than symmetrical building.
Prof. Wakchaure M. R, ET.AL [5] studied the influence of the torsion effects on the
behavior of structure. 2 cases are considered in study, case one is without considering
torsion and case two is considering torsion. The Indian standard code of practice IS-1893
(Part I: 2002) is used for guidelines and methodology. After analyzing they concluded that
asymmetric building case 2, that is without considering torsion, the area of steel in the
beams at critical stage are much smaller than those in case 1, that is with considering torsion.
Therefore torsional behavior of asymmetric building is one of the most frequent source of
structural damage and failure during strong ground motions.
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C. Justine Jose, ET.AL [6] studied response of tall symmetric buildings during earthquake.
Design moments of columns and roof displacements were taken as the parameters of the
study to find the torsional effect on building during earthquake. After analysis they
concluded that the torsional mode has significant effect from low raised buildings onwards
even for symmetric structures. The symmetric buildings exhibited torsional effects only
when the torsional time period T has a value between 0.55s and 4s.
Neha P. Modakwar, ET.AL [7] study different irregularity and torsional response due to
plan and vertical irregularity and to analyze cross shape and L shape building while
earthquake forces acts and calculated additional shear due to torsion in the columns. The
study initiated to quantify the effect of different degrees of irregularity on Structures
designed for earthquake using simplified analysis. The types of irregularity Considered
was (a) Horizontal Irregularity- Reentrant corner (b) Vertical Irregularity -Mass
Irregularity. The analysis showed the Re-entrant corner columns are needed to be stiffened
for shear force in the horizontal direction perpendicular to it as significant variation is seen
in these forces. For torsional effect the re-entrant corner columns must be strengthen at
lower floor levels and top two floor levels and from the analysis they observed that
behavior of torsion is same for all zones.
Dr. S.K. Dubey, ET.AL [8] studied different irregularity and torsional response due to plan
and vertical irregularity, and to analyze T-shaped building while earthquake forces acts
and calculated additional shear due to torsion in the columns. After analyzing they
concluded that buildings with irregularities are prone to earthquake damage. Soft storeyFor all new RC frame buildings, the best option is to avoid such sudden and large decrease
in stiffness and/or strength in any storey.
shows that there is increase in shear force due to torsion in column and increase in area of
steel reinforcement in column particularly at the edge member of the building. There was
4.53 % increase in the displacement due to torsion.
Sachin G. Maske, ET.AL [10] studied influence of the torsion effects on the behaviour of
structure. In study two cases are considered, case one is without considering torsion and
case two is considering torsion. Results were compared in terms of % Ast in columns. The
analysis showed the asymmetric building case 2, the forces in the columns located in the
stiff side of the plan are much smaller than those in the elements of the flexible side of the
plan. There is no significant change in column forces around center of rigidity.
P. P. Chandurkar, ET.AL [11] studied the effect of shear wall on building. 2 modal with
and without shear wall were analyzed with Parameters like Lateral displacement, story drift
and total cost required for ground floor were calculated in both the cases replacing column
with shear wall. After seismic analysis they concluded that changing the position of shear
wall will affect the attraction of forces, so that wall must be in proper position. Major
amount of horizontal forces are taken by shear wall. Providing shear walls at adequate
locations substantially reduces the displacements due to earthquake.
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CHAPTER- 3
The seismic coefficient is easiest method for calculation of seismic forces on building. In this
method, first, the design base shear is calculated for the whole building, and it is then distributed
along the height of the building, as explained below: [17]
a) Determination of base shear :
The total design lateral force or design seismic base shear (VB) along any principal direction
shall be determined by the following expression:
(IS: 1893 (Part-1) 2002, Cl. 7.5.3, Pg. 24)
VB = Ah.w
Where,
VB = total design lateral force at the base of a structure.
Ah = design horizontal acceleration spectrum value
W = seismic weight of the building
As per IS 1893 (1) 2002, cl. 7.3.1 the percentage of imposed load as given in table
1.3 should be used. For calculating the design seismic forces of the structure the
imposed load on the roof need not to be considered.
Table No. 3.1- Percentage of imposed load to be considered in seismic weight calculation
(IS 1893 (Part-1):2002, Cl. 7.3.1)
Imposed uniformly distributed floor loads
Percentage of imposed
(KN/M2)
load
25
Above 3.0
50
Seismic coefficient is calculated as per IS: 1893 (1) -2002, cl. 6.4.2, pg. 14.
Ah = (Z I Sa / 2 R g)
For any structure with T < 0.1 S, the value of Ah will not be taken less than Z/2
whatever be the value of I/R.
Where,
Z = zone factor
I = importance factor
R = response reduction factor
Sa/g = average response acceleration coefficient
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The value of zone factor (Z) given in table is for the maximum considered earthquake.
The factor 2 in the denominator of Z is used so as to reduce the MCE zone factor to the
factor for design basis earthquake (DBE).
Table No. 3.2- Zone factor (Z) (IS 1893 (Part-1):2002, cl. 6.4.2)
Seismic
zone
Seismic
Intensity
Z
II
III
IV
low
Moderate
severe
0.10
0.16
0.24
V
Very
severe
0.36
STRUCTURE
Importance
Factor
(1)
(2)
(3)
1.5
1.0
(1)
(2)
(3)
(I)
3.0
(ii)
5.0
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It is a factor which represent the acceleration response of the structure under earthquake
ground vibrations. It depends on the natural period and damping of the structure. For
rock or different types of soil the values of Sa/g are given in fig.
Multiplying factor for obtaining values for other damping is given in table
below.
Table No. 3.5- Damping factor (IS 1893 (Part-1):2002, cl. 6.4.2)
Damping
Percent
Factor
10
15
20
25
3.20
1.40
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.55
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Where,
h = height of building (m)
d = base dimension of building at the plinth level in m, along the considered
direction of the lateral force.
Q = Vn (Wi hi 2 / Wi hi 2)
Where,
Q = design lateral force at floor I,
Wi = seismic weight of floor I,
hi = height of floor I measured from base,
n = number of storey
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Shape:
Rectangular
L- Shaped
T- Shaped
X (m)
Y (m)
20
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Elevation
STORY10
30
STORY9
27
STORY8
24
STORY7
21
STORY6
18
STORY5
15
STORY4
12
STORY3
STORY2
STORY1
BASE
Name
Material detail:Concrete- M 25
Steel- Fe 415
300 mm 500 mm
300 mm 300 mm
-150 mm
Clear
Cover
40 mm
40 mm
--
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Name
Load Detail
DEAD
Self-Weight
LIVE
5kN/m2
on slab
0.5
(IS 1893
(Part-1):2002)
FF
WALL
Seismic Details:Data for seismic analysis are taken from IS 1893 (Part-1):2002 as per criteria and
selected location of building. In this case building is situated at Ahmedabad and is
constructed over a medium soil strata.
Table No. 3.10- Seismic Data
Seismic Details (As per IS:18920)
Z
Damping (Zone
Factor)
5%
0.16
Soil
Type
II
T(time)
=
0.09
X (Sec)
Y (Sec)
0.551
0.603
I
(Impor.
Factor)
1.5
R
(Response
reduction)
5
Scale Factor
for Response
spectrum
=
0.981
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CHAPTER- 4
Unit: - Metric IS
2) Defining Grid:
Modeling can be started with a predefined templates or grid can be imported from
a CAD file.
Grid of various beam can prepared by centerline command in AutoCAD & with the
help of drawing given by architect columns and beam can be provided in ETABS.
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3) Define material:
Properties such as ultimate strength, characteristic strength, yield strength etc. can
be redefined.
New material can be added with its different properties such as elasticity, density,
Poisson ratio, shear modulus etc.
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Various details can be defined such as type of tie, dimensions of cover, minimum
& maximum diameter of bar.
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5) Define Loads:
Live Load
35 | P a g e
7) Modeling:
8) Assigning Load:
9) Analyzing Frame:
Frame is analyzed for Base Shear, CM & CR, Story Drift, etc.
37 | P a g e
Before modeling in etabs, various loads on the structure are defined as shown above. While
defining seismic load various other data inputs are require for the analysis.
1) Code to use for seismic analysis
2) Direction of earthquake (X & Y)
3) Accidental eccentricity to be considered or not (5% as per code)
4) Response reduction factor (R) as per IS 1893 (Part-1):2002
5) Zone factor (Z) as per IS 1893 (Part-1):2002
6) Type of soil as per IS 1893 (Part-1):2002
7) Importance Factor as per IS 1893 (Part-1):2002
8) Time period as per IS 1893 (Part-1):2002
T= 0.09h/Sqrt (d)
9) Defining mass sources as per IS 1893 (Part-1):2002
Model in ETABS is prepared with the help of ETABS check list. Check list helps user during
modeling and data input. Check list shows various contents that are to be taken care of during
modeling a structure.
Check list shows a step wise modeling process with instructions for user for data input and analysis
required for different type of structures.
Check list helps a structural engineer to model a structure properly and an engineer to check the
different type of analysis carried out for designing the structure.
Model by : -
Date : -
Project Name : -
Checked by : -
Date : -
Sr.
Content / Description
No.
A
Geometry Check
Basic layout of model & compare with Arch drawings & DBR
Check that distance between columns is from beam center to beam center
ii)
Engineer
Engineer
(Design)
( Check )
Check no. of floors & compare with DBR & Arch drawings
ii)
Check story height & compare with DBR & Arch drawings
ii)
39 | P a g e
ii)
ii)
iii) Check type of section ( Shell or Membrane ) i f shell (Mesh & Edge Constrain)
8
9
ii)
iii)
Check the seismic factors & compare with DBR (Consider Minimum eccentricity
for Eq.Forces)
Check time period and compare with DBR (From Basement slab; if NO
iv)
14
Check load combinations defined & compare with DBR (For Regular geometry
structure NO 30% COMBO; for irregular geometry consider 30% combos.
ii)
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Analysis Check
24
If P-DELTA analysis than Check LAST RUN LOG ANALYSIS to See the ITERATION
CONVERGED; if not than INCREASE the number of ITERATION.
Check Mode-1 and Mode-2. It should be in pure translation, either X or Y
direction.(RZ should be less than 10% for Mode-1 and Mode-2)
Calculate design eccentricity. If it is less than permissible value than ok, otherwise
25 applied additional torsional moment at each diaphragm level. Consider the load
combination with additional torsional moment
Check the building structure for SOFT STOREY. The ratio of two successive story
26 should not be less than 0.7 if it is not than design the structure for twice the
magnitude of EQ.
27 Check limiting drift as per IS: 1893-2002 for service load combo.
28 Check the combinations that have been selected for design
29 Check applied EQ. Force, correctly as per IS CODE 1893:2002
30 Check for "load per unit area" ( for DL + LL )
D
Design Check
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After analyzing the structure the analysis results can be viewed and analysis report is generated.
Required analysis results are collected from the report: Center of mass (CM)
center of stiffness (CS)
Store shear
Store stiffness
Store displacement
Store drift (should not be more than 0.004*h. (IS 1893(part-1):2002, Cl. 7.11.1))
Lateral store force
By the help of this results, torsional movement in a building is found.
Torsional movement = Base shear X Design eccentricity (edi)
Where,
Base shear is obtained by ETABS analysis.
Design eccentricity (edi) = 1.5 esi + 0.05bi or esi - 0.05bi
Where,
esi= Static eccentricity = CM CS
bi= Floor dimensions perpendicular to direction of force.
Here, Factor 1.5 represents dynamic amplification and 0.05 represents accidental
eccentricity.
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CHAPTER- 5
Validation
For validation of results ETABS analysis results were cross checked by manual analysis results of
a problem given below:Plan and elevation of a three storey RCC school building is shown below (Fig. No. 5.1).
The intensity of dead load is 12 Kn/m2 (including column, beam and wall) and floor caries an
imposed load of 4 Kn/m2. The building is situated in zone IV. The type of soil encounter is medium
soil and it is proposed to design the building with special movement resistant frame. Determining
the seismic force using static coefficient method.
T = 0.286 sec
Sa
= 2.5
g
S
ZI ga
Ah =
2R
Period Used
(sec)
W
(Kn)
Vb
(Kn)
0.286
3200.00
288.00
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Dead load = (10 x 8) x 12 = 960 KN (Dead load of each floor and terrace).
Live load= 4 x0.5= 2 (50% as per IS 1893 (P-1):2002, page-24, Table- 8).
So L.L= 2 x (10 x 8) = 160 KN
Total load of building = DL of roof + DL of typical floor + LL of typical floor
Lump mass of building = 3200 KN
Step: - 2 Fundamental natural period (Ta)
VB= Ah X w
All the value of Ah are taken from IS 1893 (P.1):2002
Ah = 0.09
So. VB = 0.09 X 3200 = 288 KN.
Analysis results of ETABS and manual analysis matches, thus it can be said that ETABS provide
genuine results as per Indian Standards. As manual analysis take more time and possibility of
errors are high it can be recommended to use ETABS for analysis of a structure is very helpful.
45 | P a g e
CHAPTER- 6
After modeling of building or structure in ETABS, it is analyzed. On the base of the analysis result
a report is generate by ETABS containing detailed analysis results. Following results were
obtained after analysis:-
T- Shape
L- Shape
Center of
Center of
Center of
Center of
Center of
Center of
mass
Rigidity
mass
Rigidity
mass
Rigidity
12
10
12
10
12
7.406
12
7.532
13.46
8.547
13.54
8.637
Rectangular
T- shape
L- Shape
Weight (Kn)
118022.96
75078.63
96550.76
46 | P a g e
Rectangular
T- Shape
L- Shape
Store 10
1783.109
1627.748
1131.757
1033.148
1457.433
1330.449
Store 9
3262.877
2978.586
2073.813
1893.123
2668.345
2435.855
Store 8
4432.076
4045.914
2818.153
2572.61
3625.115
3309.262
Store 7
5327.244
4863.087
3388.039
3092.842
4357.642
3977.965
Store 6
5984.919
5463.459
3806.731
3475.054
4895.825
4469.256
Store 5
6441.638
5880.384
4097.489
3740.478
5269.563
4810.431
Store 4
6733.937
6147.216
4283.574
3910.35
5508.756
5028.783
Store 3
6898.356
6297.309
4388.247
4005.903
5643.301
5151.606
Store 2
6971.431
6364.017
4434.768
4048.371
5703.1
5206.194
Store 1
6989.7
6380.694
4446.398
4058.988
5718.049
5219.841
47 | P a g e
Rectangular
T- Shape
L- Shape
Store 10
9.84
9.42
9.91
9.53
9.83
9.49
Store 9
16.39
15.45
15.89
15.06
16.14
15.32
Store 8
21.62
20.27
20.66
19.47
21.18
19.97
Store 7
25.59
23.92
24.25
22.79
25
23.49
Store 6
28.45
26.54
26.81
25.14
27.73
25.99
Store 5
30.35
28.27
28.47
26.64
29.54
27.63
Store 4
31.46
29.25
29.37
27.44
30.57
28.53
Store 3
31.92
29.63
29.66
27.65
30.96
28.83
Store 2
31.82
29.46
29.38
27.33
30.79
28.59
Store 1
27.23
25.04
24.67
22.8
26.16
24.1
As value of store drift falls under 0.004*h = 0.004*30 = 120mm as per Indian Standard
requirement thus building is safe against drift.
48 | P a g e
Rectangular
T- Shape
L- Shape
Store 10
254.67
237.25
239.07
223.85
247.9
231.94
Store 9
244.83
227.83
229.16
214.32
238.07
222.45
Store 8
228.44
212.38
213.27
199.26
221.93
207.13
Store 7
206.82
192.11
192.61
179.79
200.75
187.16
Store 6
181.23
168.19
168.36
157
175.75
163.67
Store 5
152.78
141.65
141.55
131.86
148.02
137.68
Store 4
122.43
113.38
113.08
105.22
118.48
110.05
Store 3
90.97
84.13
83.71
77.78
87.91
81.52
Store 2
59.05
54.5
54.05
50.13
56.95
52.69
Store 1
27.23
25.04
24.67
22.8
26.16
24.1
49 | P a g e
Rectangular
T- Shape
L- Shape
0.1251
0.0879
0.0903
1.2
1.38765
0.86815
1.33545
-1
-1.2
-1
-1.0749
-0.9121
-1.1097
Whichever of both design eccentricity gives more severe effect in shear of frame.
T-Shape
L- Shape
6989.70
4446.39
- 5215.43
7656.83
5632.45
6970.84
50 | P a g e
CHAPTER- 7
On the base of analysis results a discussion is be done on the behaviour of building and seismic
forces acting on building. On the base of this discussion conclusions are provides.
7.1) Discussion
1) Eccentricity in building
Eccentricity in building may be generated due to many reasons like in proper distribution of
mass, direction of rectangular columns, shape of building etc. this eccentricity is known as
static eccentricity.
Design eccentricity calculated as per codal provision provides multiplication (1.5) and
addition (0.05*bi) factor for dynamic amplification and accidental eccentricity for safety of
a structure.
Due to this multiplication and addition factor a symmetrical building with equal mass
distribution may also show some eccentricity. Which helps in providing higher safety and
overcome accidental eccentricity due to change in purpose of building, soft story effect etc.
Eccentricity is mainly effected by shape of building. Irregular shaped building has his higher
eccentricity.
From the graph (Fig. No. 7.1) it is clear that eccentricity is high in T- Shaped building than
in Rectangular or L- Shaped building.
51 | P a g e
L- Shape
T- Shape
52 | P a g e
Rectangular
7000.00
L- Shape
6500.00
6000.00
5500.00
T- Shape
5000.00
70000.00
80000.00
90000.00
100000.00
110000.00
120000.00
130000.00
Mass (Kn)
53 | P a g e
7.2) Conclusions
54 | P a g e
REFERENCES
55 | P a g e