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Listeria

textbookmicrobiology.net

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History

Bacteriummonocytogenes
(Murrayetal1926)
Listeriahepatolytica(Pirie1927)

Listeriamonocytogenes(Pirie1940)

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Thefirsthumaninfectiondescription

(Nyfeldt1929)

Inthe1980sitbecameclearthatthediseasespreads

contaminatedfood

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Taxonomy

Listeriaincludefirmikuuttienfyylaan

(BXIII)Bacillalessect

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Listeriosis7species

L.monocytogenes

L.innocua

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L.Ivanov

L.murrayi

L.Seeliger

L.welshmeri

L.grayi

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L.monocytogenes

Grampositive

catalase

shortrod

movesinacircularmotionat25Cbutnotat37C

betahemolytic

ramnoosipositiivinen

ksyloosinegatiivinen

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Serotyping

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Agglutinationwithspecificantisera

(eitherwholecellserumorflagellaseerumi)

serogroup4(1/2,3,4and7)

serovar13(Flagellaarisillaantiserum)

Themostcommon1/2a,1/2b4b

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Listeriosis

Seriousinfections(invasive)

BowelSymptoms
(noninvasivefoodpoisoning)

Alocalskininfection

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PeopleSensitiveYOPI
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Listeriosis

Young

Old

Pregnant

Immunicompromised

Meningitis/severegeneralinfections

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Listeriosisandpregnant

flulikesymptoms(fever,

headacheandmuscleaches)

miscarriage

prematurebirth

infectioninthenewborn

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Listeriosismortality

20to30%

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Listeriosisandhealthy

1000000/gL.monocytogenescanruassa

causeafebrilestomachdisease

orsimplyatransientsuolistokantajuuden

Thepopulationof15%istilapiskantajia

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Listeriosissources

Manyfoods

softcheeses,pates,salads,rawmilk,

icecream,seafood,corn,sausages,can

sourceisoftendifficulttofigureoutbecauseofthedisease

Theincubationperiodcanbeuptomonths

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RMRandTTRcomparisonwith2009

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ListeriaCasesRMRversusTTR

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

11

36

45

40

40

34

Dead<10

In2010,(71)and2011(35)Listeriacases

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Americabigepidemicof2011

The2011UnitedStateslisteriosisoutbreakis
anongoingwidespreadoutbreakofListeria
monocytogenesfoodpoisoningacross26US

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statesThatresultedfromcontaminated
cantaloupeslinkedtoJensenFarmsofHolly,
Colorado.AsofNovember1,2011,therehave
been29deathsand139casesfromthetotalCONFIRMED
sincethebeginningofthefirstrecordedcaseis
[1]

July31,2011.

Itistheworstfoodborne

illnessoutbreakintheUnitedStates,measured
bythenumberofdeaths,sincetheCentersfor
DiseasePreventionandControlBegantracking
outbreaksinthe1970s

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Listeriosisconcentrations

foods

Ingeneral,lessthan100cfu/g

cold20600

Homejuustossa180000

Butter11400

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Wherelisteriaoccurs

naturally?

soil
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bodiesofwater,

Inplants,

animals

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RiskFoodstuffs

withoutheatingtablegrapes

productswithalongshelflifeandwhere
Listeriacanproliferate

vacuumpackedcoldsmokedand

rawpickledfishproducts

kittipintaisetsoftcheeses,moldcheeses

andfreshcheeses

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Listeriastudiestargeted

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theriskoffood

1525%positiveforListeriavacuumpacked

smokedorfreshsaltedfishin

19961997

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Listeriamakesitdifficult

Increases045C

pH4.4to9.4

anaerobicandaerobicconditions

resistanttosalt,upto25%

willincreaseafurther10%

keepswellfrozenordried

foods

formsaresistantbiofilms

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Fortunately,theListeriacannotstand

heat

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ListeriaMonitoringandthresholds

Underthelaw,L.monocytogenes

maynotbedetectablefrompasteurized
milkandmilkproducts(GEN

directive92/46/EC,1992)

Meatandfishproductsnotlegal

TheEUlimitvalues,buttohandthelimitvalues

varyfromcountrytocountry0100cfu/g

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Councildirective92/46/EC,1992

Theplantprocessesanimalproducts

foodmustbetaken
selfmonitoringsystem

Listeriasamplesofproductsand

theproductionenvironment

municipalcontrolauthority,approvedand

controlled(control+randomsamples)

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Listeriafarmingmethods

Clinicalsamplesverimaljalle

Foodsamplesrequiretreatmentand

aselectivemedium

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.MolMicrobiol2009Jul73(2):30622.Epub2009Jun23.

ListeriamonocytogenesLformsRESPONDtocellwalldeficiencybymodifyinggeneexpression
andthemodeofdivision.
Dell'EraS,BuchrieserC,CouveE,SchnellB,BriersY,SchupplerM,LoessnerMJ.
InstituteofFoodScienceandNutrition,ETHZurich,CH8092Zurich,Switzerland.
Abstract
CellwalldeficientbacteriaReferredtoasLformshavelosttheabilitytoyourtomaintainorbuildarigid
peptidoglycanenvelope.Wehavegeneratedstable,nonrevertingLformvariantsoftheGram
positivepathogenListeriamonocytogenes,andStudiedthecellularandmolecularchangesassociated
withthistransition.StableLformcellscanoccurassmallprotoplastsarelikevesiclesandas
multinucleated,largebodies.Theyhavelostthethick,multilayeredmureinsacculusandare
surroundedbyacytoplasmicmembraneonly,althoughpeptidoglycanprecursorsarestillproduced.
WhiletheylackmureinassociatedmoleculesIncludingInternalAmembraneanchoredproteins
suchasinternalBareofretained.Surprisingly,Lformswerefoundtobeabletodivideandpropagate
Indefinitelywithoutawall.TimelapsemicroscopyoffluorescentlylabeledLformsIndicateda
switchtoanovelformofcelldivision,thewheregenomecontainingmembranevesiclesarefirstFormed
withinenlargedLforms,andsubsequentlyreleasedbycollapseofthemothercell.Arraybased
transcriptomicsofparentandLformcellsRevealedmanifolddifferencesinexpressionofgenes
associatedwithmorphologicalandphysiologicalfunctions.TheLformsfeaturedownregulated
metabolicfunctionscorrelatingwiththedramaticshiftinthesurfacetovolumeratio,Whereas
upregulationofstressgenesreflectstheDifficultiesinadaptingtothisunusual,cellwalldeficient
lifestyle.

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PFGE

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