qarTveluri memkvidreoba (akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTveluri

dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis perioduli samecniero Jurnali) tomi XII,

gv., 294-304

manana tabiZe

orenovani da mravalenovani ganaTlebis problematika saqarTvelos enobrivi

situaciis fonze

Tanamedrove ganaTlebis sistemis dagegmvisas evropis mowinave qveynebi sul

cota ori ucxo enis swavlebaze arian orientirebulni. CvenSic didia ucxo enebis
Seswavlisadmi interesi. zogjer es interesi ukiduresobamdec midis. kerZod, ucxo enis
(miT ufro enebis) codnis xarisxi xSirad sxva yvela codnaze upiratesadac miiCneva.
Cveulebriv, sociolingvistika sazogadoebis enobrivi orientaciis gansazRvris meSveobiT
sasargeblo rekomendaciebs sTavazobs ara marto saganmanaTleblo politikas, aramed
TviT saxelmwifo politikasac, ramdenadac eTnikur-enobrivi mravalferovnebis kerebSi
konfliqtis riskis ganWvretasac axerxebs da safrTxis Tavidan aridebis gzebsac saxavs.
enebis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT saganmanaTleblo sistema ramdenime ZiriTadi
kriteriumiT xelmZRvanelobs, esenia:
a) konkretuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa saerTaSoriso integraciis xelSewyobis
mizniT im enebis gansazRvra, romelic erTaSorisi urTierTobis enebad miiCneva da
swavlebis sistemaSi maTi optimaluri ganawileba (am mxriv dRes pirvel adgilzea
inglisuri ena, momdevno adgils am bolo dros franguli (evrogaerTianebis ena)
imkvidrebs; gavrcelebulobis TvalsazrisiT, Suamaval enebad ganixileba espanuri,
germanuli, italiuri, rusuli...);
b) yovel konkretul saxelmwifos ucxo enaTa Seswavlis dagegmvaSi aqvs sakuTari
prioritetebi, rac gulisxmobs ama Tu im eniT tradiciul dainteresebas mezobeli
saxelmwifos mimarT sasazRvro, politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli kontaqtebis
intensiurobis gaTvaliswinebiT (am mxriv saqarTvelosTvis axlobelia rusuli, Turquli,
berZnuli enebis swavlebis sakiTxi);
g) mTel rig saxelmwifoebSi saSinao enobrivi dainteresebisa da kompetenciis
sakiTxebic iwevs wina planze; kerZod, qveynis Sida enobrivi situaciac SeiZleba iyos
ama Tu im enis Seswavlis stimuli (magaliTad, saqarTveloSi amgvari enebia afxazuri,
CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxTa enebi, osuri da sxv.)1.
am kriteriumTa gaTvaliswinebiT saSualo ganaTlebis dagegmvaSi enaTa swavleba
erT-erT rTul problemad warmodgeba, ramdenadac moswavles erTdroulad ramdenime
(orze meti) enis aTvisebis sirTulis winaSe ayenebs. am sirTulis dasaZlevad ki
mniSvnelovania, erTi mxriv, enaTa swori ranJireba da, meore mxriv, enaTa swavlebis
meTodologiuri aspeqtis optimaluri gaazreba.
postsabWoTa sivrceSi, damoukidebel respublikebsa da ruseTis federaciis
SemadgenlobaSi myof "damoukidebel respublikebs" memkvidreobad ergo
mravalenovani sazogadoebebis samoqalaqo integraciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi.
sabWoTa kavSiri, romelic ruseTis komunisturi imperiis farglebSi erTian politikur,

1
Tumca saqarTvelos umaRles saswavleblebSi gaxsnili e.w. "enis centrebis" statistika am enebis Seswavlis mimarT
mainca da mainc did dainteresebas ver adasturebs.
samxedro-sasazRvro, ekonomikur da kulturul kurss atarebda, rusuli enis gamaSualebeli
(bevrgan ki prioritetuli) rolis meSveobiTa da komunisturi ideologiiT mWidrod
aduRabebda rusuli enis momxmarebel xalxebs, romlebic Tavad respublikebs SigniTac
avtoqTon, satitulo eTnosebTan urTierTobaSi rusuls iyenebdnen; Sesabamisad, es
mosaxleoba samoqalaqo sivrceSi rusuli eniT integrirdeboda, xolo kerZo urTierTobebSi
Tavis dedaenas moixmarda. amis Sedegia is, rom postsabWour periodSi, rodesac rusulma
enam statusi Seicvala, zogan ki ucxo enis statusamde "daiwia", arasatitulo erovnebaTa
enebis amara darCenili mosaxleobis samoqalaqo integracias is saxelmwifo enebi
"gadaeRoba", romelTa Seswavlazec (zemoT xsenebuli mizezebis gamo) respublikis
moqalaqeebs, magram ara saxelmwifo enis warmomadgenlebs, arasodes SeuwuxebiaT
Tavi. am mizeziT Seiqmna amgvar respublikebSi "enobrivi dilema", romlis daZlevac
mxolod gonivruli dagegmviT SeiZleba.
am sakiTxebiT, bunebrivia, dainteresdnen, erTi mxriv, saganmanaTleblo
struqturebi da, upirveles yovlisa, ganaTlebis saministros specialuri institutebi da meore
mxriv, politikuri da socialuri samsaxurebi, romelTaTvisac samoqalaqo integraciisa da
adamianebis uflebaTa dacvis uzrunvelyofa strategiulad mniSvnelovania. es ori
mimarTuleba erTsa da imave mizans isaxavs, magram zogjer am miznis miRwevis gzad
sruliad sxvadasxva programis ganxorcielebas varaudobs; samoqmedo strategiis mcdarma
arCevanma ki, SesaZloa, sikeTis nacvlad uaryofiTi Sedegi ufro moitanos.
mivyveT am sakiTxs Tanamimdevrulad:
1. msoflios yvela dawinaurebul qveyanaSi saxelmwifo enis codna TviT droebiTi
migrantisTvisac ki damxvdur garemoSi integraciis erTaderTi gzaa. nebismieri samuSao
adgili, romelic met-naklebad komunikaciasac gulisxmobs, mxolod saxelmwifo enis
mcodnem SeiZleba daikavos, es valdebulebacaa da nebayoflobiTi arCevanic. am
SemTxvevaSi naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs migrantTa mosvlis dros, radgan rac ufro didi
xnis "mosulia" moqalaqe, miT ufro Zneldeba im mizezebis gamarTleba, romelTa gamoc
ar iswavla man "mimRebi" qveynis ena (saxelmwifo ena): mimRebi sazogadoeba
mtkivneulad reagirebs sakuTari saxelmwifosa da misi enis upativcemulobaze; da rac ufro
xangrZlivia migrantis mosulobis staJi, miT ufro gaugebaria, ratom ar gadadga
daaxloebisaken nabiji mosulma? gana misi mizani raRac sxva iyo da ara integracia?
amgvari logikis fonze migrantTa enisaTvis raime statusis miniWeba, misi
erTenovnebisaken sagangebod waxaliseba Tu nominaluri bilingvizmis stimulireba mas
"mimReb" sociumTan ki ar daaaxloebs, aramed daaSorebs. amitomacaa, rom aravis
mosdis azrad safrangeTSi arabuli enisaTvis statusis micema, an germaniaSi Turquli enis
saxelmwifo an regionul enamde amaRleba da a.S.
2. saxelmwifo enis Seswavlis uzrunvelyofa saxelmwifo skolebSi unda moxdes.
sazogadoebis yvela wevrs unda hqondes samoqalaqo uflebebic da samoqalaqo
valdebulebebic. is adamianebi, romlebic Tavis beds konkretul saxelmwifoebs
ukavSireben, cxadia, unda gulSematkivrobdnen am saxelmwifos mTlianobas,
usafrTxoebas (maT samxedro valdebulebebic aqvT), mSvidobas, kulturul da ekonomikur
winsvlas. am gzaze, erTi SexedviT, sruliad gaugebari Cans mosaxleobis garkveuli
nawilis survili Caketil, enobrivad da eTnikurad ucxo erTobad darCes im qveyanaSi,
romlis wevric aris da romlis mkvidradac surs Tavs aRiqvamdes. ra aris is mizezi Tu
mizani, romelic am sazogadoebas integraciis am upirveles da aucilebel pirobaze uars
aTqmevinebs? ratom ar moxda, mag., saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo eniT im sivrceebis
dafarva, sadac adre rusuli muSaobda maintegrirebel enad (rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
komunisturi reJimis gavleniT)? 1990 wels, rodesac saqarTvelom damoukidebloba
gamoacxada, am damoukideblobas saqarTvelos maSindeli teritoriebis mTelma
mosaxleobam referendumiT dauWira mxari; am momentidan dRes 18 weliwadia gasuli.
am periodSi javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi qarTuli enis, saxelmwifo enis, aTviseba ver
moaxerxa ara marto "Zvelma" Taobam, aramed am wlebSi dabadebulma da
wamozrdilma Taobebmac. jerjerobiT ar uSvela am saqmes arc uamravma grantma da
"TavTavebisa" da "jejilebis" gamocemam da arc pedagogTa gadamzadeba-
gadmomzadebis ZviradRirebulma programebma. iqneb sakiTxis gadaWras waSveleboda
araqarTvelebis kompaqturad dasaxlebis regionebSi kargad aRWurvili da momzadebuli
qarTuli skolebis gaxsna (jerjerobiT somxuri an azerbaijanuli skolis gverdiT), sadac
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ena, rogorc sagani, swavlebis mTeli periodis manZilze iqneboda
warmodgenili? mSobels unda hqondes saSualeba airCios skola Tavisi SvilisaTvis, iqneb
mas surs Svili qarTul skolaSi Seiyvanos da srulfasovan moqalaqed moamzados (miT
ufro, Tu misi dedaena qarTul skolaSi srulyofilad iswavleba, rogorc es mowinave evropuli
qveynebis gamocdilebiTac aris Semowmebuli)? ratom ver iswavlis qarTul skolaSi
somexi an azerbaijaneli bavSvi, Tuki qarTveli an somexi bavSvi warmatebiT swavlobda
rusul skolaSi arcTu Soreul warsulSi, an Tuki dResac bavSvi emigraciaSi wasuli ojaxidan
axerxebs nebismieri ucxouri qveynis skolaSi swavlas da mas aravin uxsnis skolas
dedaenaze? xom ar aris saxelmwifo enis Seswavlis sakiTxi xelovnurad garTulebuli, raTa
saWiro Seiqnas mravalricxovani struqturebis, Sps-ebis, arasamTavroebisa da sxva
organizaciebis Seqmna, Tanxebis gadasrola-gadmosrola da isedac daZabuli
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis kidev ufro daZabva mosaxleobisaTvis imis CagonebiT,
rom mas integraciis aramosurne eTnikuri jgufebis mxridan kidev erTi (an erTze meti)
eTnikuri Tu enobrivi konfliqti emuqreba.
3. am bolo dros gaaqtiurebulia azri (da am azris momfiqrebeli jgufi), rom
sazogadoebrivi mSvidobianoba yvela enobrivi koleqtivisaTvis garkveuli statusis
miniWebiTa da am statusis safuZvelze dedaenaze ganaTlebis miRebis uzrunvelyofiT
miiRweva; warmovidginoT amgvari ganaTlebis praqtikulad ganxorcielebis sruli suraTi:
saqarTveloSi somxur saSualo skolaSi somxur enaze somxeTis istoriasa da kulturaze
aRzrdili adamiani rogori tipis moqalaqed izrdeba? oden somxuri ganaTleba (Tundac
aqamde auTvisebeli salaparako qarTulis Seswavla moxerxdes), cxadia, ganaTlebis
gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas moiTxovs. ras vTavazobT am mosaxleobas _ erT kuTxeSi
Caiketos da patara somxeTi aaSenos, Tu danarCeni saqarTvelo movargoT am somxur
dasaxlebas? vin gegmavs da marTavs am adamianTa codnis, kompetenciis, kulturis,
fsiqologiis, meTodologiis, saswavlo-SemoqmedebiTi aqtiurobis, saqmianobis sferoebs?
TbilisSi specialuri somxurenovani marTvis ofisebi gaixsneba, Tu pirdapir somxeTis
prezidentis aparati Caebmeba am saqmeSi? es sruliad ararealuri, absurduli proeqti,
romelic ruseTis mier datovebuli reJimiT isedac SeuCereblad muSaobs, axla, statusobrivi
gaformebis SemTxvevaSi, sruliad gamova saqarTvelos gavlenis sferodan? moitans ki
raime samoqalaqo sikeTes erTi qveynis moqalaqeTa amgvari gaTiSva? gana sxva
winapirobebi hqonda afxazeTisa Tu samaCablos samxedro konfliqtebs?
4. saganmanaTleblo sistema Tavis humanur da internacionalur ganwyobas imiT
gamoxatavs, rom deklarirebis doneze, erTi mxriv, proeqtebs amuSavebs araqarTvelebis
kompaqturad dasaxlebis regionebSi am xalxis mSobliuri enis statusobrivad
gasaZliereblad da, meore mxriv ki, araqarTvelebis kompaqturi dasaxlebis adgilebze
araqarTul skolebs afinansebs da qarTuls "meore" enad aswavlis, e.w. bilingvuri da
multilingvuri swavlebis Taobaze ZviradRirebul "kvlevebs" awarmoebs da
"eqsperimentebs" atarebs. evropis erT-erTi gansakuTrebulad Raribi da CamorCenili
qveynisaTvis jerac evropelebisaTvis sakamaTo proeqtebis eqsperimentuli Seswavla
adamianisaTvis cxovelTa organoebis an sxeulis nawilebis gadanergvis "sapilote cdebs"
waagavs. ramdenadac lingvistikas ainteresebs enis swavlebis sakiTxebi, pasuxi unda
gaeces ramdenime SekiTxvas, romelic enis Seswavlis problematikasTan dakavSirebiT
daismis pedagogikaSi, fsiqologiasa da lingvistikaSi: a) ramdeni enis swavleba SeiZleba
erTdroulad skolaSi (mag., javaxeTis somxur skolebSi oficialurad iswavleba somxuri,
rusuli, inglisuri, qarTuli; am enebis Setana saswavlo programebSi mimdinareobs
dawyebiTi klasebidan mexuTe klasamde. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom skola kviraSi xuTi
dRe muSaobs, xolo gakveTilebis xangrZlivoba da dRiuri raodenoba mkafiodaa
gansazRvruli, gamodis, rom kviraSi oTxi ena sxva Sesaswavl disciplinebTan erTad iseT
datvirTvas warmoadgens, rom moswavleTa 90%-s praqtikulad misi daZleva ar SeuZlia,
xolo globalizaciis epoqaSi saerTaSoriso enebis swavlebis gareSe moswavleTa datoveba
diskriminaciis tolfasia; b) pedagogikaSi Zalian Zveli da dResac gadauWreli problemaa
ucxo enaTa Seswavlis asakobrivi doneebis SerCevis sakiTxic (ra asakidan SeiZleba
aswavlo meore ena, mesame ena da sxv.); g) lingvistikas aqvs Tavisi damokidebuleba
struqturiTa da bunebiT gansxvavebul enaTa Seswavlis sirTuleebTan dakavSirebiT
(Sepirispirebuli swavleba, e.w. munjuri meTodi, enebi ranJirebis mixedviT (pirveli ena,
meore ena, mesame ena Tu "ucxo ena"), enis gakveTilebi gakveTilebis rigSi (I-II
gakveTili, bolo gakveTili da sxv.);
5. "saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros qarTuli enis samsaxurma"
gamosca sainformacio biuleteni saxelwodebiT "mravalenovani saqarTvelo", romelSic
ganxilulia kidev erTi proeqti, ZiriTadad imave jgufis mier Sedgenili, romelic adre
araqarTulenovan skolebSi qarTuli enis swavlebis proeqtSi muSaobda. ZiriTadad imave
jgufis (poloneTis adam mickeviis universitetis enobrivi politikisa da umciresobaTa
kvlevis departamentis xelmZRvanelis t. vixerkeviCis jgufTan erTad) mieraa
damuSavebuli saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli enebis statusobrivi rekomendaciebis sakiTxi.
amave jgufis wevrebi am cota xnis win avrcelebdnen samegrelosa da svaneTSi
kiTxvarebs, romelTa arsiTac qarTuli ena megrelebisa da svanebis dedaena ar gamodioda.
amave jgufma itvirTa eTnikuri koleqtivebis uflebaTa dacva saqarTvelos ombudsmenis
samsaxurSi da ase Semdeg. Tu im SedegebiT vimsjelebT, romelic am adamianTa wina
proeqtebma moitana, garkveuli sifxizlis gamoCena ar iqneboda urigo; ganaTlebis
saministros sainformacio biuletenSi (1, 2008) S. tabataZe, kentis universitetis ganaTlebis
magistri (samwuxarod, danarCen avtorebs ara aqvT miTiTebuli, romel umaRles
saswavleblebSi daicves diplomebi): "...miuxedavad kvlevebis aseTi pozitiuri (? - m.t.)
Sedegebisa, multilingvuri ganaTlebis politika rCeba erT-erT yvelaze sakamaTo Temad
ganaTlebis politikaSi (bekermani, 2005)." avtori samarTlianad miuTiTebs, rom
saqarTvelos mier arCeuli liberaluri gza, romliTac saqarTvelos yvela mcxovrebs
saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba mieniWa, ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi stimuli araqarTulenovani
mosaxleobisaTvis, rom maT saxelmwifo enis codniTac gaeformebinaT Tavisi
samoqalaqo statusi. ase rom, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba aRmoCnda e.w. "enobrivi omebis"
safrTxis winaSe. statistika dResac imas gveubneba, rasac adre _ araqarTvelebis
kompaqturad dasaxlebis regionebSi qarTulis codna nulovan donezea, xolo saxelmwifo
enis funqcionirebis sferoebSi mezobeli respublikebis enebi funqcionirebs. Cven
davesesxebiT S. tabataZis statias da Semdeg msjelobas warmovadgenT: "ganaTlebisa da
mecnierebis saministrom gadadga konkretuli nabijebi eTnikuri umciresobebis ganaTlebis
problemebis mosagvareblad. kerZod, 1) SemuSavda axali saswavlo gegmebi da
saxelmZRvaneloebi qarTulis, rogorc meore enisaTvis. 2) qarTuli enis, rogorc meore enis,
pedagogebi gadamzaddnen qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javxeTis regionebSi; 3) qvemo
qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi gaigzavnen qarTuli enis pedagogebi; 4) SemuSavda
qarTulis, rogorc meore enis saganmanaTleblo moduli umaRlesi saswavleblebisaTvis.
miuxedavad zemoT CamoTvlili RonisZiebebisa, eTnikuri umciresobebis moswavleTa
Sedegebi, Tundac umaRles saswavlebelSi misaReb erTian erovnul gamocdebze, ar
gaumjobesebula" (S. tabataZe, 2008, gv. 11).
sainteresoa, rogor esmiT am biuletenSi termini "meore ena". pirvel-meore enis
sakiTxi sajildao qvad iqca politikasa Tu pedagogikaSi. calkeuli sferosTvis es terminebi
sxvadasxvagvarad gaigeba da xSirad amis gamo xdeba kidec davis obieqti. davasaxelebT
Tundac erT ganmartebas, romelic ganaTlebis saministros proeqtebTan dakavSirebul erT-
erT krebulSia warmodgenili da, amdenad, axlobelia dRevandeli ganaTlebis
sistemisaTvis2: "1. pirveli (mSobliuri) ena aris is ena, romelsac adamiani swavlobs
pirvelad; Sesabamisad, igi misTvis mSobliuri enaa. Tumca, SesaZlebelia, erTze meti
ena iyos mSobliuri, Tuki adamiani am enebs bunebrivad, formaluri instruqciebis
gareSe swavlobs SedarebiT adreul asakSi. zogadad, bavSvi Tavisi enis safuZvlebs
Tavis ojaxSi swavlobs. 2. meore ena ewodeba nebismier sxva enas, romelsac adamiani
swavlobs pirveli, anu mSobliuri enis Semdeg; enis SemswavlelTaTvis meore enis roli
gamomdinareobs uSualo geografiuli da socialuri garemos mniSvnelobiT. unda
aRiniSnos, rom termini "meore ena" gansxvavdeba terminisgan `ucxo ena". `meore ena"
Seiswavleba im garemoSi, sadac am enaze saubroben an am konteqstTan axlo kavSirSi.
maSin, roca `ucxo ena" ewodeba im enas, romlis gamoyenebac ar cdeba saklaso oTaxis
farglebs. magaliTad, iaponiaSi ucxo enaa espanuri. Tumca, am or termins Soris
gansxvaveba ar gaxlavT sayovelTaod miRebuli. umetes SemTxvevaSi, xalxs ar SeuZlia
ise siRrmiseulad Seiswavlos meore da ucxo ena, rogorc mSobliuri."
cxadia, SeiZleboda am ganmartebaTa dabali xarisxi da bundovaneba
TargmanisaTvis dagvebralebina, magram gverwmuneT, es ganmartebebi inglisuradac
problemurad gamoiyureba. ras niSnavs e.w. "pirveli enis bunebrivad, formaluri
instruqciebis gareSe swavla"? an is, rom "meore enis roli gamomdinareobs uSualo
geografiuli da socialuri garemos mniSvnelobiT?" gaugebaria es winadadebac: "meore
ena" Seiswavleba im garemoSi, sadac am enaze saubroben an am konteqstTan axlo
kavSirSi" da sxv. samwuxarod, swored amgvar terminologiazea dafuZnebuli reformebis
mTeli seria, romelTa Sedegebzecaa damokidebuli Cveni mosaxleobis samoqalaqo
integraciis warmateba da saxelmwifos politikuri stabilurobac.
Tumca es ganmartebebi, Jurnalis redkolegiis sityviT, saerTaSoriso dokumentebs
efuZneba, mainc ar SeiZleba ukamaTod miiRos sociolingvistikam an pedagogikam. miT
ufro, rom sociolingvistikas aqvs am terminTa sakuTari ganmartebebi,3 misTvisac

2
enobrivi politika da ganaTleba mravalenovan sazogadoebaSi, Tbilisi, saqarTvelo 2, 2006, red. karin braxmani.
3
mag., "pirveli ena: 1) bilingvis mSobliuri ena (dedis ena); 2) bilingvis funqciurad pirveli ena (SesaZloa emTxveodes
an ar emTxveodes mis dedaenas);
funqciurad pirveli ena aris im oridan erTi, romelTac flobs bilingvi da iyenebs SedarebiT meti intensivobiT. urTierTobis
sxvadasxva sferoSi funqciurad pirveli enis roli sxvadasxva enam SeiZleba Seasrulos;
meore ena isaa, romelic bilingvma meore rigSi aiTvisa. funqciurad meore ena aris erTi oridan, romelTac flobs bilingvi
da romelsac naklebi intensiurobiT iyenebs.
sakamaTo da jerac dasazustebeli.4 upirveles yovlisa, Cven unda aRvniSnoT, rom
saqarTveloSi araqarTulenovani mosaxleobis kompaqturi gansaxlebis regionebSi
mosaxleoba ZiriTadad monolingvaa da ara bilingva. Tu orenovnebaze visaubrebT, aq
ufro somxur-rusul an azerbaijanul-rusul orenovnebas vxvdebiT, anu e. w. meore ena am
mosaxleobisTvis rusulia da ara qarTuli. Sesabamisad, am kuTxiT enaTa mimdevrobaSi
cvlilebis Sesatanad e.w. mravalenovani swavleba metismetad grZeli gza iqneba, romlis
Sedegsac enobrivi konfliqti daaswrebs.
erT-erTi sakiTxi, romelic, Cveni azriT, e.w. mravalenovani (orenovani) swavlebis
eqsperimentis ararentabelurobasa da gaumarTleblobas cxadyofs, isaa, rom CvenSi
or/mravalenovani swavlebis problematika am kuTxiT adgilobriv, sakuTriv saqarTvelos
konteqstSi naklebadaa damuSavebuli. ZiriTadi literatura, romelic am sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT gavrcelda, ucxouri proeqtebis safuZvelze ama Tu im saxelmwifos Sida
Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiTaa amoqmedebuli, Tumca, rogorc S. tabataZec
miuTiTebs, "multilingvuri ganaTlebis politika rCeba erT-erT yvelaze sakamaTo
Temad ganaTlebis politikaSi (bekermani, 2005)."
bavSvis mier meore enis erTdrouli aTviseba (oris da ara metis) pedagogikaSi rTul
amocanad miiCneva. Tuki axali saganmanaTleblo proeqti tradiciuli somxuri an
azerbaijanuli skolebis modelSi qarTuli enis "Carevis" gziT ivlian (da ara piriqiT, sakvlev
regionebSi qarTuli skolebis gaxsnisa da maTSi somxuris an azerbaijanulis "CarTvis"
gziT), Sedegi ar miiReba. sakiTxis sirTules cxadyofs mravali naSromi, romelic
bavSvisaTvis meore enis swavlebis Taobazea Seqmnili. sirTuleebi sxvadasxva saxisaa:
erTi enobrivi codnis kompetenciaze dafuZnebuli damatebiTi codna, ori enis "Sereuli"
floba, enobrivi kompetenciis safexurebi (rodesac bavSvi erTmaneTSi urevs ori enis
masalas (fonetikas, morfologias, sintaqss) da rodesac ukve mijnavs am enebs
erTmaneTisagan), gamoTqma (prononsi), swormetyveleba da lingvokulturuli integraciis
xarisxi; enis damoukideblad Seswavla da sxva enasTan SepirispirebiTi Seswavla, enebis
funqciuri sferoebis codnis xasiaTi da masStabebi, enobrivi prestiJis marTvis
problematika, orenovnebis safuZvelze warmoqmnili deficitis kompensaciis sakiTxebi da
sxv. am uamravi problemis gadaWra ganaTlebis erTiani ciklis farglebSia SesaZlebeli da
ara sxvadasxva saganmanaTleblo enisa da sistemis meqanikuri Serwymis garemoSi.5
samarTlianoba moiTxovs imis aRniSvnas, rom ucxoeli eqspertebi saqarTvelos
enobrivi situaciis aRwerisas ZiriTadad sworad xedaven problemebs da am problemaTa
gamomwvev mizezebs; kerZod, isini aRiareben, rom saqarTveloSi araqarTulenovani
mosaxleobis arseboba ganapiroba ara qarTvelTa mxridan diskriminaciulma politikam,
aramed komunisturi reJimis rusifikaciulma politikam, romlis Sedegadac rusuli Cadga
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos qarTvel da araqarTvel mosaxleobas Soris, xolo sabWoTa
kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, rusuli enis saxelmwifos sistemidan gasvlis Semdeg es
mosaxleobebi, faqtobriv, Suamavali sakomunikacio enis gareSe darCnen. Sveicariis
saerTaSoriso organizaciis "CIMERA"-s monacemebiT, "saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 13%-

funqciurad meore enis roli SeiZleba Seasrulos bilingvis meore enam an deda enam (ñëîâàðü îöèîëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèõ
òåðìèíîâ, 2006,163).
4
ix, Genesee, F., & Nicoladis, E. Bilingual first language acquisition, wignidan: Bilingual acquisition. In E. Hoff &
M. Shatz (eds.), Handbook of Language Development, Oxford, Eng.: Blackwell (2006).
5
am sakiTxebze ix.: Bialystok, E., Bilingualism in development: Language, literacy, and cognition. New York:
Cambridge University Press. 2001; J. Cenoz & F. Genesee (Eds.), Trends in bilingual acquisition Amsterdam: John
Benjamins, 2001; Macnamara, J. Bilingualism and primary education. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 1966;
Officialising Language: A Discourse Study of Language Politics in the United States. Diss. Australian National
University, 2001 da sxv.
isaTvis qarTuli, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena, ar aris pirveli ena. ori umTavresi
eTnolingvisturi jgufia somxebi, romlebic umetesad samcxe-javaxeTSi cxovroben
(daaxloebiT 6%), da azerbaijanelebi _ qvemo qarTlSi (6,5%)." k. braxmani miuTiTebs
im naklovanebebze, rac amJamad saqarTveloSi araqarTvelebis kompaqturad dasaxlebis
regionebSi oden somxuri, azerbaijanuli da rusuli skolebis moqmedebas ukavSirdeba,
kerZod, rom amgvari saganmanaTleblo politika "aZlierebs eTnikuri da enobrivi
TvalsazrisiT arsebul dayofas, rac aSkarad ar uwyobs xels moqalaqeobis saerTo gancdisa
da erTiani kuTvnilebis grZnobis Camoyalibebas qveyanaSi, sadac SeiniSneba xangrZlivi
daZabuloba da teritoriuli uTanxmoebebi qarTvel umravlesobasa da dedaqalaqis farglebs
gareT kompaqturad mcxovreb umciresobaTa eTnolingvistur jgufebs Soris. meore –
umciresobaTa jgufebis bavSvebi skolas iseTi enobrivi unar-CvevebiT amTavreben,
romlebic gansxvavdeba im bavSvebis unar-Cvevebisagan, romelTaTvisac qarTuli –
mSobliuri enaa, rac, samwuxarod, mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens maT mier umaRlesi
ganaTlebis miRebis, maTi samomavlo dasaqmebis, politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobis
SesaZleblobebze, agreTve qarTul sazogadoebaSi maT integraciaze. miuxedavad imisa,
rom araqarTulenovan skolebSi qarTuli ena sagnis saxiT dawyebiTi skolis pirveli klasidan
iswavleba, im axalgazrdebis umetesobas, romlebic somxur, azerbaijanul da rusul skolebs
Tbilisis farglebs gareT amTavreben, savaldebulo saskolo swavlebis dasrulebis Semdeg
qarTulad ubralo saubris warmarTvac ki ar SeuZlia, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT weris
unarze, rac mas saxelmwifo enis gamoyenebiT muSaobis saSualebas miscemda" (k.
braxmani, 2006, gv. 13).
araqarTulenovani mosaxleobis kompaqturi gansaxlebis regionebSi enobrivi
situacia zogadad ase SeiZleba daxasiaTdes: swavleba mimdinareobs mxolod somxurad
(samcxe-javaxeTis somxur soflebSi) da azerbaijanulad (qvemo qarTlSi), saqmis
warmoeba mxolod somxurad da azerbaijanulad (zogjer rusulad), warwerebi, kulturis
sfero, sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba _ mxolod somxurad da azerbaijanulad, adgilobrivi
sakomunikacio arxebi _ mxolod somxurad da azerbaijanulad. cxadia, kultmsaxurebac am
mosaxleobis nacionalur enebzea. Sesabamisad, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis kuTxiT
araqarTvelTa nacionaluri ganviTarebis sakiTxi zustad ise gamoiyureba, rogorc maT
istoriul samSobloebSi (iTxovs ki amas romelime saerTaSoriso dokumenti romelime
qveynisagan?). rac Seexeba am adamianTa samoqalaqo uflebebs, am uflebaTa dacva
moiTxovs qarTul saxelmwifoSi maTi integrirebis uzrunvelyofas, es ki am regionebSi
qarTuli skolebis gaxsniT SeiZleba moxerxdes. qarTuli skola SeiZleba iyos dawyebiTi
nacionaluri skolis momdevno etapi, an droebiT, alternatiuli saswavlebeli nacionaluri
skolis paralelurad. Sereuli swavleba mxolod damatebiTi da sacdeli RonisZieba SeiZleba
iyos da ara yovlismomcveli RonisZieba. k. braxmanisave statiaSi naTqvamia: "magram
ar iqneboda SorsmWvreteluri, gvevarauda, rom saxelmwifo enis kargad codnis
nakleboba mxolod meTodologiuri da teqnikuri faqtorebis Sedegia. arsebul politikur
konteqstSi, rodesac xdeba saqarTvelos centralur xelisuflebasa da umciresobaTa
eTnolingvistur jgufebs Soris urTierTobaTa gadasinjva da xelaxla gansazRvra, enobrivi
politika da ganaTleba farTo diskusiebis sagnad iqca da erovnul umciresobaTa `istoriuli"
adgilis, politikuri integraciis an avtonomiisa da kulturuli asimilaciis Sesaxeb mwvave
politikuri debatebis centrSi moeqca. mmarTvelobaSi bolo dros ganxorcielebulma
reformebma, romlebic sajaro moxeleebisagan qarTul enaze kargad werisa da saubris
codnas moiTxovs, agreTve 2005 wels umaRles saswavleblebSi misaRebi erTiani
erovnuli gamocdebis qarTulad, umciresobaTa skolebis moswavleebisaTvis specialuri
zomebis gauTvaliswineblad Catarebis SemoRebam kidev ufro gaamwvava daZabuloba.
marTalia, centraluri xelisufleba cdilobs, zrdasrul moqalaqeebsac da bavSvebsac
SesTavazos qarTuli enis Seswavlis ufro qmediTi SesaZleblobebi, magram es iniciativebi
zogadad ar aris sakmarisi, garda amisa, isini sul axlaxan daiwyo da, Sesabamisad, ver
moitanda sagrZnob Sedegebs" (iqve, gv. 14).
Cven Sorsa varT im azrisagan, rom ganaTlebis saministro ar cdilobs araqarTvelTa
kompaqturi gansaxlebis adgilebze qarTuli saxelmwifo enis funqcionirebis
uzrunvelsayofad saganmanaTleblo reformis gatarebas. saubaria imaze, ramdenad
sworadaa arCeuli reformis mimarTulebebi sociolingvisturi TvalsazrisiT da ramdenad
sworadaa ganmartebuli araqarTulenovani mosaxleobisaTvis saxelmwifos amocanebi.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos ara aqvs miznad ama Tu im erovnebis warmomadgenlis
gaqarTveleba; piriqiT, qarTvelebs zogjer imasac usayvedureben, rom isini ar
miesalmebian araqarTvelebis mier gvarebis gadmoqarTulebas, rom isini kritikulad
Sexvdnen pasportSi erovnebis grafis gauqmebas, rom isini eswrafvian sarwmunoebrivi
Tu erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas msoflio globalizaciur procesTan
mimarTebaSi. ase rom, arc mosaxleobas da miT ufro arc saxelmwifos ar ainteresebs
visime xelovnuri qarTvelizacia. arc somexs da arc azerbaijanels aravin daaZalebs
iqarTvelos, Tuki mas amis survili ar eqneba. qarTvelTa identobis Seswavlisadmi
miZRvnili specialuri literatura naTlad aCvenebs, rom qarTveluri identoba (da nebismieri
sxvisac) niSan-TvisebaTa sakmaod farTo CamonaTvals Seicavs da romelime enis
aTvisebiT (sakuTarTan erTad) arc dairRveva da arc miiRweva. ase rom, somxebiT
dasaxlebul regionSi srulfasovani qarTuli skolebis gaxsna, cxadia, somxuris, rogorc enis,
swavlebiTurT samoqalaqo integraciisaTvis gawvdili xelia da ara asimilaciuri politika.
saqarTveloSi srulfasovani samoqalaqo integracia, respublikis mTel teritoriaze
moRvaweobis SesaZlebloba, yvela moqalaqesTan urTierTobis SesaZlebloba da
nebismier dargsa da sferoSi dasaqmebis TvalsazrisiT konkurentunarianoba mxolod
saxelmwifo enaze srulfasovani ganaTlebis miRebiT miiRweva. es msoflios nebismier
qveyanaSi asea da mxolod CvenSi vukargavT am Sanss adamianebs im
fsevdoliberalizmiT, romliTac "cota qarTul- da cota ariTmetikanaswavli" araqarTveli
yovelTvis daiCagreba sakuTari soflis gareT moxvedrisas da iZulebuli Seiqneba im
saxelmwifos miaSuros, romlis enazec miiRo ganaTleba. amasTan, am adamianisTvis
arasrulfasovani qarTuli ganaTleba mas autsaiderad gadaaqcevs da qveynis mTlianobis,
saxelmwifos mTlianobis, satitulo eTnosis saxelmwifoebrivi idealebisa da kulturuli
ganviTarebis uneblie mtrad gadaaqcevs.
dRes msoflioSi TiTqmis aRar arsebobs iseTi saxelmwifoebi, sadac araavtoqToni
eTnosebi ar cxovroben; arsebobs uzarmazari praqtika imisa, Tu rogor unda daregulirdes
saxelmwifoTa SigniT erovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebi. unda iTqvas, rom saministros
gamocemebSi cudadaa SerCeuli ucxoeTis qveynebis magaliTebi saqarTvelos enobriv
situaciasTan analogiisaTvis; kerZod, arc Sveicaria, arc baskeTi (espaneTis wiaRSi), arc
kvebeki kanadaSi an yirgizeTi da tajikeTi ar gamodgeba saqarTvelos eTno-enobrivi
situaciis analogad. yvela es SemTxveva Tavis istoriul Tu geopolitikur konteqstebSi unda
ganixilebodes da maTi saxelmwifo mowyobac amgvarad unda iqnes gagebuli. mxolod is
faqti, rom sadRac romeliRac proeqtma kargad imuSava, ar aris sakmarisi am proeqtis
saqarTveloSi Semosatanad da dasanergavad.6

6
ix.: enobrivi politika da ganaTleba mravalenovan sazogadoebaSi, Tbilisi, saqarTvelo 2, 2006,
 eTnikuri gansxvavebis niadagze SesaZlo daZabulobis riskis Sesamcireblad erT-
erTi qmediTi berketi ganaTlebis sistemasac upyria, sistemas, romelsac didi
pasuxismgebloba awevs da romelsac gansakuTrebuli profesionalizmi moeTxoveba.

damowmebuli literatura

k. braxmani, 2006 - enobrivi politika da ganaTleba mravalenovan sazogadoebaSi,

red. karin braxmani, Tb., 2, 2006.
Bialystok, E., Bilingualism in development: Language, literacy, and cognition. New
York: Cambridge University Press. 2001;
Genesee, F., & Nicoladis, E. Bilingual first language acquisition, wignidan:
Bilingual acquisition. In E.Hoff & M. Shatz (eds.), Handbook of Language Development,
Oxford, Eng.: Blackwell, 2006.
J. Cenoz & F. Genesee (Eds.), Trends in bilingual acquisition Amsterdam: John
Benjamins, 2001.
Macnamara, J. Bilingualism and primary education. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press. 1966.
Officialising Language: A Discourse Study of Language Politics in the United
States. Diss. Australian National University, 2001.

MANANA TABIDZE

PROBLEMS OF BILINGUAL AND MULTI-LINGUAL EDUCATION

ON THE BACKGROUND OF GEORGIA’S LANGUAGE SITUATION

The paper discusses issues related to the language use in the localities of compact
settlements inhabited by non-Georgian ethnic groups. The question involves the task of
the support of the population for the fully-fledged language integration. According to the
official statistics 13% of the population in Georgia (from them 6% Armenians and 6.5%
Azeris ) has their native tongue as the first language. This population has different kinds
of difficulties in the acquisition of the state official language–Georgian. Namely, the
obstacles emerge for several reasons: acquisition of the additional language based on the
competence of the native language; blended knowledge of both languages at the certain
level of the personal development, when child does not distinguish language materials of
two languages, as words, pronunciation, morphology and syntax and then when the
speaker can distinguish the one from the other and the question of correct pronunciation,
fine language and the degree of lingual-cultural integration; here are also the questions of
the independent learning of the language and its acquisition through the typology study,
the character and scales of the knowledge of the language functional spheres; issues of
the language prestige management; deficiencies created on the bilingual basis and their
compensation etc.