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contents
may 2013 | Vol. XIX, No. 5

61
16
features
16
Using Interface Level to

Optimize Water Dump Control
By William Sholette
The process of removing water from the separation vessel is referred
to as a Water Dump. The water is dumped to a treatment plant
for processing, while the oil is removed from the top for further refining. Because of the high cost of treating the water, it is critical to
know when the interface between the water and oil reaches a low
point to prevent dumping oil to the water treatment facility.
61
22
2013Innovation
22
AWARDS
2013 Flow Control Innovation

Awards Nominees
By Flow Control Staff
The Flow Control Innovation Awards recognize compelling new technology solutions for fluid movement, measurement and containment. The technologies highlighted in this issue represent final nominees for this years awards program. Reader voting is now open.
61
32
32
36
Part I: Flow Trend Watch

By Jesse Yoder, Ph.D.
Based on results of Flow Researchs new Volume X: The World
Market for Flowmeters, 4th Edition, Part I of this two-part series
focuses on important trends, applications, and recent developments in new-technology flowmeters.
Considering Thermal Shutoff

Valves for Oil & Gas
By Jean Steckler
New technology for thermal shutoffs uses Nitinol shape memory
alloy system, originally developed for NASA space station applications. Nitonols shape memory effect changes certain metal alloys
from one shape to another with temperature changes, a direct
result of a transformation of the alloys crystal structure.
Flow Control (ISSN #1081-7107) is published 12 times a year

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be deemed as a recommendation by the publisher. Editorial
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Flow Control Magazine
Manually inputting
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YOU CAN DO THAT

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The Emerson logo is a trademark and service mark of Emerson Electric Co. 2013 Fisher Controls International LLC. D352200X012 MZ8
contents continued
40
OMG!
columns
VIEWPOINT the future of industrial training
14 APPLICATIONS CORNER
how much straight-run is really enough
40 PUMP GUY
departments
making sense of senseless pump terminology
A number of methods can be used

to measure the interface between
water and oil. These include everything from manual sampling to
sophisticated continuous level measurement instruments, such as guided
wave radar and gamma radiation
transmitters. But for water dump control, an on/off capacitance level switch
inserted near the water outlet is almost
always the preferred alternative.
On the Cover: The capacitance level switch featured on the cover of

this issue is courtesy of Endress+Hauser (us.endress.com).
NEWS & NOTES

membrane filtration outlook; energy
management; fluid treatment trendlines
44 UP CLOSE
with Rosemounts CriticalProcess
Vortex Flowmeter
45 WEB RESOURCE FILE

46 ADVERTISER/
PRODUCT INDEX
47 WORD SEARCH
filtration & separation
48 QUIZ CORNER
measuring the flow of mixed liquids
4 | May 2013
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VIEWPOINT
The Future of
Industrial Training
H
ere at Flow Control, our goal is to help you,

our reader, become well-informed and prepared to effectively interface with the applications
and technologies you encounter in your job. We
do this primarily through the magazine youre
now reading, our website FlowControlNetwork.
com, our various e-newsletters, and our social
media programs. In addition, we also present the
Pump Guy and Industrial Flow Measurement seminars, which are
led by regular Flow Control contributors Larry Bachus (The Pump
Guy) and David W. Spitzer, respectively.
In April, I attended Mr. Spitzers Industrial Flow Measurement Seminar at
Endress+Hausers state-of-the-art Process
Training Unit near Philadelphia. I always
enjoy sitting in on the trainings we present
because they offer me the opportunity to
directly interact with our readers. Its also
quite informative to hear the exchanges between attendees and their interactions with
the presenters as they discuss the application issues they face in their work. I find I
learn as much, or more, from the tangential
conversations that arise during the seminars than I do from the standard course
material, as it is in these impromptu discussions that very specific, real-world scenarios
are considered.
As I listened to one such exchange during the Flow Measurement Seminar, I got to
thinking about the future of industrial training and the role digital training solutions will
play going forward.
As I see it, here in the United States,
we are facing a triple-threat when it comes
to technical knowhow: 1. A large swath of
highly skilled technical professionals are retiring from the workforce (whether they want
to or not); 2. These skilled professionals are
being replaced with relatively inexperienced
individuals, who lack the critical expertise
you can only gain through hands-on job
experience; and 3. U.S. companies arent
spending as much as they used to on continuing education programs.
I think digital/online training programs
6 | May 2013
could help bridge the gap between the dire

need for technical knowhow and the evershrinking training budget. Certainly, the price
point for an online training is significantly
lower than that of an in-person training
where travel expenses and time away from
work are usually required. That said, I dont
see how an online training environment can
enable the sort of information sharing described abovewhere attendees are entering into detailed sidebar discussions among
themselves and with the presenter to solve
real-world challenges.
As such, while I think digital/online programs have a role to play in the future of
industrial training, I think they should be
viewed more as a supplement to, rather
than a replacement for, in-person training
programs. At the trainings Ive attended over
the years, I see how the course material
lights the spark that leads to the discussion
that ultimately results in a breakthrough.
This evolution of a seed of information can
only happen in a face-to-face, in-person
training environment.
Certainly, I acknowledge that since we
offer in-person training, my stance here is a
bit self-serving. That said, just because its
self-serving doesnt mean its not rooted in
reality and truth. FC
G R A N D
GV
V I E W
M E D I A
G R O U P
PUBLISHER
JOHN P. HARRIS | (205) 408-3765
john@grandviewmedia.com
ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER
MICHAEL C. CHRISTIAN | (908) 507-5472
mikec@grandviewmedia.com
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF CONTENT
MATT MIGLIORE | (610) 828-1711
matt@grandviewmedia.com
MANAGING EDITOR
AMY W. RICHARDSON | (859) 317-9763
arichardson@grandviewmedia.com
COLUMNISTS
LARRY BACHUS;
DAVID W. SPITZER; JESSE YODER
ART DIRECTOR
JULIE FLYNN
julie@grandviewmedia.com
MARKETING MANAGER
MARY BETH TIMMERMAN
SUBSCRIPTION & REPRINT REQUESTS:
flowcontrol@halldata.com
Administrative Team
GENERAL MANAGER
BARRY LOVETTE
VICE PRESIDENT OF OPERATIONS
BRENT KIZZIRE
VICE PRESIDENT OF MARKETING
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DIRECTOR OF CIRCULATION
& FULFILLMENT
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CIRCULATION ANALYST
ANNA HICKS
VICE PRESIDENT OF FINANCE
BRAD YOUNGBLOOD
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Larry Bachus: Bachus Company Inc.

Gary Cornell: Blacoh Fluid Control
Jeff Jennings: Equilibar LLC
Peter Kucmas: Elster Instromet
Jim Lauria: Water Technology Executive
James Matson: GE Measurement & Control
John Merrill, PE: EagleBurgmann Industries
Steve Milford: Endress+Hauser U.S.
David W. Spitzer, PE: Spitzer and Boyes LLC
Tom Tschanz: McIlvaine Company
John C. Tverberg: Metals and Materials
Consulting Engineers
Jesse Yoder, Ph.D.: Flow Research Inc.
WINNER
WINNER
WINNER
WINNER
Thanks for your readership,

WINNER
Matt Migliore, Executive Director of Content

Matt@GrandViewMedia.com
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THE OUTLOOK | News & Notes
Advances in Membrane
Technology
Greater efficiency leads to wider membrane adoption
By Amy W. Richardson
for water & wastewater treatment
esearchers say membrane technology is
emerging as an increasingly viable solution for water and wastewater treatment due
to its production of high-quality effluent.
Intense research and development efforts
over the last few years have improved membrane technology to make it more efficient,
which, in turn, is helping drive down costs
and attract new investments.
Frost & Sullivans recent analysis (www.environmental.

frost.com), Membrane Technologies Market in Water and
Wastewater Treatment in Southeast Asia, found the market

earned revenues of $249.1 million in 2011 and expects this
to reach $398 million by 2017.
Earlier, a greater number of membranes were required
to achieve a certain level of quality, but now the improved
efficiency of membranes means that water and wastewater
treatment facilities can lower investments in technologies,
says Frost & Sullivan Research Associate Prashanth Kay.
While the effectiveness of membranes is unchallenged, their
compact and scalable features make them ideal for water
and wastewater treatment, especially in desalination.
Frost & Sullivan chose to study Southeast Asia, Kay says,
because researchers realized this market was growing faster
than expected. Since most Southeast Asian countries are not
as heavily invested in water technologies as water-scarce countries, they wanted to learn the reason for growth. I suppose
in terms of trendsthe reduction in costs due to increases in
efficiency, and the pure effectiveness of membranes in treating
watercrosses all geographic borders, Kay says.
The drivers for increased adoption of membrane technology in the North American water and wastewater industry are
similar, according to Frost & Sullivans North America Energy
and Environment Industry Analyst Eric Meliton. Namely, he says
membrane growth is due to water scarcity issues on a regional
basis, increasing demands on freshwater resources from industrial manufacturing sectors, and water stress in arid regions
of the U.S. requiring ways to maximize freshwater resources.
In contrast to Southeast Asia, North American municipalities and industrial participants already use a wide variety of advanced treatment systems, with membrane technologies being
a major part of that, Meliton says. Demand is based on treatment need and procurement budget to implement and operate
the treatment technologies utilized. Many larger municipalities
and Tier I industrial participants have the financial means to
implement advanced systems such as membranes, but smaller
municipalities and Tier II/III participants have difficulties obtaining the funding required to implement these systems, thus relying on outdated treatment technologies in many cases.
While drivers may be similar across geographic boundaries, Frost & Sullivan notes that water effluent quality differs
greatly among sectors of the water & wastewater treatment
industry. For this reason, membrane technology companies
are challenged to provide variations in technology to address
8 | May 2013
these different needs, while keeping efficiency at the highest

level and costs at their lowest.
Membrane vs. Conventional

While membrane technology has been around for nearly three
decades, a large segment of the water & wastewater treatment
industry still opts for the less expensive and conventional treatment systems. Conventional water treatment technologies
typically involve a combination of treatment processes such
as coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection to
achieve a certain quality of filtered water. While less expensive
technologies and conventional systems are still widely used,
they are slowly being replaced, Meliton says.
Chemical feed systems come to mind as the technology
being replaced by membrane technology and other advanced
systems; however, outdated systems will still be prevalent in
many municipal facilities that cannot generate the funding required to replace them outright, he says. And in water-rich
countries where water is cheap, the returns on investment from
new technologies such as membranes are still unjustified.
Membrane technology is generally viewed as part of an
advanced treatment system, used to achieve a higher level
of standardized water & wastewater treatment depending
on application requirements. In North America, membrane
technology is used as a secondary treatment requirement,
to address tougher contaminant levels in tandem with other
treatment systems, Meliton explains. Contaminant type and
level are key factors as to why a membrane system would be
incorporated into existing treatment requirements.
through a series of membrane elements that successively

remove smaller and smaller solutes from the water, starting
with microfiltration and ending with reverse-osmosis (RO),
he says. This will become increasingly important as we begin
to see emerging contaminants entering into previously clean
water sources, either through run-off/pollution or bioterrorism.
Stafford says other advantages of membrane technology
are the reduced manufacturing costs of polymeric membranes,
higher efficiency, and less dependence on chemical treatments.
Membrane filtration is more effective over conventional
The Membrane Advantage

Chris Stafford, Ph.D., who works in the Material Science and
Engineering Division at the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST, www.nist.gov), explains a key advantage of
membrane technology is the ability to remove contaminants
having a range of sizes from the feed stream. This is achieved
Membrane Technologies
for Wastewater:
Membrane bioreactorsusually microfiltration (MF)
or ultrafiltration (UF) membranes immersed in aeration
tanks (vacuum system), or implemented in external
pressure-driven membrane units, as a replacement for
secondary clarifiers and tertiary polishing filters.
Low-pressure membranesusually MF or UF membranes, either as a pressure system or an immersed system, providing a higher degree of suspended solids removal following secondary clarification. UF membranes
are effective for virus removal.
High-pressure membranesnanofiltration or reverseosmosis pressure systems for treatment and production
of high-quality product water suitable for indirect potable
reuse and high-purity industrial process water. Also, recent
research has shown that microconstituents, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products, can be removed
by high-pressure membranes.
Source: This information was provided by CDM Smith,
www.CDMSmith.com, a provider of integrated solutions in
water, environment, transportation, energy and facilities.
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May 2013 | 9
treatment systems in that the conventional systems are not able to achieve
100-percent removal of particulate and
dissolved matter, regardless of the performance of the filter, says Kay. With membrane filters, only particulates that are
smaller than the pore size of the membrane can pass through, meaning the
quality of filtrate can be controlled by the
user. As membrane filters remove most
of the dissolved micro-organisms at the

filtration stage, the use of chemicals for
water treatment is markedly reduced and
sometimes unnecessary, leaving the treated water more safe for consumption.
Membrane technology, however, is not
without its disadvantages. First, and perhaps most notably, membrane technology
carries a higher price point than conventional systems. In addition, Stafford says
nanofiltration (NF) and RO polymeric

membranes are prone to fouling, have a
greater energy footprint, and are pH sensitive. In particular, membrane fouling
remains a huge problem with NF and RO
membranes, where unlike other membranes, thin-film composite membranes
cannot be cleaned via back-flushing, he
says. Thus, we rely on heavy chlorination
to clean the membrane surface, but many
polymers used in RO and NF degrade over
time when exposed to chlorine.
Technology Advancements
Membranes have been around for the
past three decades, though use has
mostly been commercial, says Kay. As
differentiations in membrane technology have come about (Microfiltration,
Reverse Osmosis, etc.), the use of
these membranes has been able to
reach the regular household due to
increased efficiency and hence, scalability, he says. What is meant by
this is that membranes are now able
to filter water at a faster rate over a
set area of filtrant. So basically, it takes
less surface area of a membrane now
to filter a certain amount of water over
a certain period of time, making membrane systems more compact and easily integrated to any size of application.
Stafford says one promising area of
research underway centers on self-healing and self-cleaning membranes.
Self-healing and self-cleaning membranes are currently being researched
and would represent a huge technological breakthrough for membrane design,
he says. There are various strategies
being taken, including tuning the hydrophilicity and roughness of the membrane
surface to control what deposits on the
surface, as well as constructing membrane surfaces that can slough off its
outer-most layer or skin, taking with it
whatever is attached to the membrane
surface as well. Currently, Stafford says
NIST does not have any projects in the
pipeline associated with these areas.
Meliton says advances in operational
efficiency; lowered cost of technology acquisition and implementation; and complexity and dynamic design have all been
factors leading to more effective use of
membranes in wastewater treatment apWrite in 9 or Request Info Instantly at www.FlowControlNetwork.com/freeinfo
10 | May 2013
plications. He says, This is especially true

in regional applications in which treatment
requirements (more challenging contaminant levels) are being addressed and in
applications where membrane technology is used to enhance existing treatment
systems to further strengthen the overall
treatment capabilities of the plant design.
Room for Improvement

When it comes to manufacturing and
implementing new membrane technology for water & wastewater treatment
purposes, manufacturers and end-users
both see reducing energy consumption
as a necessary goal.
A key challenge for both sides is reducing the energy consumption from a
membrane system, Kay says. Manufacturers find this an important area
they need to improve upon, which will
drive higher sales. Another challenge for
the end-user side is the recovery factors

from membranes in desalination and
how to dispose of brine.
Meliton says, in the short-term, cost
of acquisition and design implementation are key factors that limit widespread acceptance. Operational costs
related to energy levels, requirements
of tandem systems (e.g., reverse-osmosis), and high costs of acquisition/procurement reduce the appeal to smaller
municipalities, he says. Long-term,
the stigma to change existing systems
is still a key factor, since many operators rely heavily on the performance of
existing systems and there is a lack of
a regional need to enhance or improve
existing operational efficiency. This is a
factor that is prevalent in this industry
segment in North America and will continue to be a limiting factor for any advanced treatment technology, including
membrane technologies.
On the Horizon
Going forward, challenges will continue
to be the need for highly skilled human
capital, as well as the financial capital
needed to operate membrane-based
water treatment systems.
The demand for purer potable water
and the increase in regulations for the
industrial sector will ensure this market continues to grow, Kay says. Participants can make the most of these
opportunities by focusing on using the
different forms of membrane technology
to provide the best combinations at the
most cost-effective prices.
Amy W. Richardson is the managing editor of Flow Control magazine.
She can be reached at ARichardson@
GrandViewMedia.com.
trendlines
Industrial Energy Mgmt. Revenue to Double by 2020
nnual revenue from industrial energy

management systems will reach
$22.5 billion in 2020, essentially doubling their 2013 level, according to
a new report from Navigant Research
(www.navigantresearch.com).
Growth is expected to be driven by
the evolution of Industrial Energy Man-
agement Systems (IEMSs) to enable

industrial facilities to minimize energy
use and waste while still meeting the
demands of production, Navigant Research says. With their global presence, extensive domain expertise, and
established infrastructure to support
long-term engagements, large original
equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have

long been the leaders in this market.
However, the market is changing rapidly, the report says. Major IT companies
with expertise in handling large data
sets and sophisticated real-time business analytics applications are making
inroads, as are smaller players.
May 2013 | 11
trendlines
Mergers & Acquisitions Shuffle Leaderboard in Fluid

Treatment & Control Market
entair has emerged as the new

leader in the market that treats and
controls liquids and gases (including
air), driven in part by the addition of the
revenues it added through its recent
acquisition of Tyco Valve, according to a
new report from the McIlvaine Company
(www.mcilvainecompany.com). With
Tyco Valve, McIlvaine says Pentair pump
and filtration revenues generated a
combined $7 billion in sales in 2012,
and a 3.5 percent increase is anticipated in 2013. This will create revenues
of $7.2 billion in the treatment and
control sector.
The total market for treatment and
control is forecast to rise 5 percent to
$340 billion in 2013, but the leader will
only garner 2 percent of the market, so
the market will remain quite fractured.
The treatment and control market is

increasingly being recognized as a discrete market, according to McIlvaine.
Various players, however, view the market slightly differently. Parker Hannifin
sees a $100 billion market in which it
is the largest player at $13 billion. With
its filtration, hydraulics and pneumatics products, it is a major participant in

treatment and control, but is not among
the top five, according to McIlvaines
rankings.
For more information on this report,
visit www.mcilvainecompany.com.
Air/Gas/Water/Fluids Treatment and Control Markets

Ranking
Company
2012 Sales
$ Millions
2013 %
Increase
2013 Projected
Sales $ Millions
Pentair
7,000
3.5%
7,420
Ecolab/Nalco
5,000
5.00%
5,250
Flowserve
4,400
7.19%
4,654
Xylem
4,000
5.79%
4,230
GE
3,800
4.83%
3,983
Source: McIlvaine Company
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APPLICATIONS CORNER | Flow Measurement
Part I: Considering a Large-Line

Orifice-Plate Flowmeter
David W. Spitzer
How Much Straight-Run Pipe Is Really Needed to

Produce the Desired Results?
recently read an interesting email exchange that was application and that he could not change the technology
originated by a person who was involved with a large (over because the flowmeter had already been purchased. In ad30-inch) orifice-plate flowmeter. He stated that ISO 5167 dition, the originator repeated that accuracy was not a big
required 20 diameters of straight run upstream, but that the deal because the flowmeter would be used for minimum
installation only allowed for 10 diameters.
Approximately 5 percent accuracy was
Approximately 5 percent accuracy was
required, and the writer wanted to know
how much the shortened straight run
required, and the writer wanted to know
would affect the flow measurement and if
how much the shortened straight run would
repeatability would be good.
The first response to the inquiry was
affect the flow measurement and if
that an insertion flowmeter might be more
repeatability would be good.
economical and still produce the desired
accuracy. The responder also wanted to
know if the fluid was a liquid or gas, leading me to believe that the orifice-plate flowmeter was in the flow control, and reiterated wanting to know if the measurement would be repeatable and reliable with the shortened
process of design and had not yet been installed.
The originator responded by saying that this was a liquid straight run.
I interpret flow control to mean that the flowmeter is
one component in a flow control loop that includes a flowmeter, controller, and control valve. Minimal could mean either
that the purpose of the control loop is to maintain a minimum
operating flowrate, or that maintaining tight flow control is not
really that important to the process. Given the relatively wide
accuracy requirement, I suspect that the latter is more likely.
More next month FC
David W. Spitzer is a regular contributor to Flow

Control magazine and a principal in Spitzer and Boyes,
LLC, offering engineering, seminars, strategic marketing
consulting, distribution consulting, and expert witness
services for manufacturing and automation companies.
Mr. Spitzer has more than 35 years of experience and has
written over 10 books and 250 articles about flow measurement, instrumentation and process control.
Mr. Spitzer can be reached at 845 623-1830 or spitzer
andboyes.com. Click on the Products tab to find his
Consumer Guides to various flow and level measurement
technologies.
FLOWSTREAM Find related content @

flowcontrolnetwork.com
David W. Spitzer | Insertion Flowmeter | Flow Measurement | Orifice-Plate Flowmeter | Straight Run
14 | May 2013
We are not the only
ISO 17025
calibration lab.
Just the one that ensures
ultimate
accuracy.
Todays challenging hydrocarbon custody transfer environment demands

precise and reliable metering. That means equipment, like Smith Meter brand
products, must exceed design specs and prove dependable against a wide range
of flow conditions. FMC Technologies accredited Flow Research and Calibration
Lab puts every meter through the paces, giving you confidence that the volume
delivered is accurate, time after time. Experienced technicians can apply dynamic
testing of flow rates between 30 to 6,670 m3h (200 to 42,000 bph) and viscosities of between 2 to 250 cSt making it the widest test range available, anywhere.
Whether its a custom ultrasonic or a specialized turbine meter, you know that
Smith Meter products from FMC will perform in the real world just as they did in
the lab. For more information visit www.fmctechnologies.com/labfc
FMCs Flow Research and

Calibration Lab is accredited
through NVLAP (NVLAP
Laboratory Code 200939-0) to
ISO/IEC 17025:2005 and meets
all OIML standards.
We put you first.

And keep you ahead.
www.fmctechnologies.com
2011 FMC Technologies. All rights reserved.
SYSTEMS DESIGN | Level Measurement
A SOLUTION for
Separation Success
Interface Level Sensing for Water Dump Control
in Oil & Gas Applications
n hydraulic fracturing (fracking) operations at oil and gas

wells, water and oil both come to the surface and must be
separated. Oil and gas can be filtered from the water fairly
easily, but the remaining watercalled produced water
is contaminated and must be treated before being released
into the environment.
Fracking is becoming widely used in
the oil and gas industry, and as it grows
in popularity, treating produced water
coming from wells is becoming a major
challenge, especially because the cost
of cleaning produced water is about
300 times that of cleaning municipal
wastewater.
A similar problem exists at oil refineries, where incoming crude oil contains
water that must be removed prior to refining. At refineries, crude may contain anywhere from 3 percent to 5 percent water.
The volume of water produced is dependent on a number of factors, including source of the oil, age of the well,
type of separator, and location in the
refining process. Volumes ranging from
several hundred to millions of gallons a
day are possible.
Whether the separation is done at
the well site or at the refinery, one of
the most critical parts of the process is
measuring the level of the interface between oil and water in the separation
vessel. A correct measurement ensures
the maximum amount of oil is drawn off
for refining purposes, and a minimum
amount of oil and hydrocarbons are
sent to the water treatment process.
Water Separation Processes

Oil in production fields contains varying
amounts of water depending on the
16 | May 2013
specific oil reservoir, the age of the well,

and the methods used in extracting the
oil from the ground. Some separation
of water from the oil is done in the field
to reduce the amount of water that is
transported to the refinery.
By William Sholette
measurement, the more water is in the

crude. The refineries separate the water and other impurities through various
separation processes, including, but not
limited to, gravity separation, desalter
vessels, and skim tanks.
In all these processes, water separates from the oil and must be evacuated from the bottom of the vessel, while
the hydrocarbons typically are removed
on a continuous basis by flowing over a
baffle at one end of the separation vessel (Figure 1).
Essentially, all the various separation
Figure 1. In a separation vessel, oil and water separate, with oil moving to the
top and water to the bottom. Capacitance level switches are used to detect the
oil/water interface.
At a well site, especially one that

uses fracking, the separated water must
be treated on site or at a nearby water
treatment facility before the water can
be returned to the environment.
Refineries take in crude oil from
production fields with varying levels
of Basic Sediment & Water (BS&W)
measurements. The higher the BS&W
processes involve a tank where oil and

water coexist, with oil on top and water
on the bottom. As the separation process
continues, the water must be removed.
Water Dumping
The process of removing water from
the separation vessel is referred to as a
Water Dump. The water is dumped
charge. The higher the dielectric number, the more capacitance it can store.
Capacitance is equal to the DK
times the Area of the conductive plates,
divided by the Distance between the
two plates, or:
C = (DK * A) / D
Capacitance sensors for level mea-
surement use these basic capacitance

concepts, with the vessel becoming one
plate of the capacitor (Figure 3) in point
level applications. That is, the probe
becomes one conductive plate, the
vessel or a ground reference becomes
the second conductive plate, and the
material being measured is the dielectric material. In the case of conductive
materials such as ground water, the
Figure 2. A capacitance sensor can

be used to detect the presence of
conductive fluids.
to a treatment plant for processing,

while the oil is removed from the top
for further refining. Because of the high
cost of treating the water, it is critical
to know when the interface between
the water and oil reaches a low point to
prevent dumping oil to the water treatment facility.
The main purpose of water dump
control is to prevent excess hydrocarbons from being sent to the water treatment facility. There are two reasons for
this: First, in some cases there are fines
for dumping hydrocarbons to the water
treatment plant; second, the idea is to
maximize the hydrocarbon throughput
to the refining process, not dump it
down the sewer.
A number of methods can be used
to measure the interface between water
and oil. These include everything from
manual sampling to sophisticated continuous level measurement instruments
such as guided wave radar and gamma
radiation transmitters. But for water
dump control, an on/off capacitance
level switch inserted near the water
outlet is almost always the preferred alternative, for reasons delineated below.
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To ensure peace of mind and process reliability, visit us today at
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Inside Capacitance Level

Switches
A capacitor is made up of two conductive plates separated by a nonconductive dielectric material (Figure
2). Dielectric materials are categorized
by their Dielectric Constant or DK,
which is a number that is related to the
materials ability to store a capacitive
May 2013 | 17
plates are essentially shorted out, providing a large change in capacitance.

A bridge circuit in the sensors electronic unit is balanced to null out the
Figure 3. In a capacitance level

sensor, the vessel itself becomes one
plate of the capacitor, and the oil/water mixture is the dielectric material.
capacitance generated by an uncovered

sensing element. As material covers the
probe, an increase in capacitance is generated on the probe side of the bridge,
which causes the bridge to become unbalanced. This change is converted to
a switch command to allow a relay or
other output to indicate the status of the
switch, either covered or uncovered.
In the case of materials that leave a
coating on the probe, active buildup compensation in the electronic unit provides a
means to compensate for the coating and
continue to provide reliable measurement.
ties of the two fluids. Ground water is

very conductive and acts to short the
two plates of the capacitor, causing an
almost infinite change in the measured
capacitance. The oil phase is not conductive, and the low dielectric constant
of oil (around 2DK) causes a small
change in the measured capacitance.
This results in a very clear electrical definition between the two phases.
In a water dump tank, the sensor is
covered with a mixture of oil and water
until the separation process proceeds,
when oil moves to the top and relatively
clean water moves to the bottom. The
separated water will still contain some
oil, grease, iron, polymer additives,
paraffin wax, and other contaminants
that will be removed in the ensuing water treatment process. The sensor will
probably never see pure water. However,
even with the contaminants, the water
phase will be conductive making it electrically different then the oil phase.
The capacitance switch is mounted
at a point where the low interface between the oil and the water needs to
be detected. This could be a horizontal
installation just above the water dump
outlet line (Figure 4). The capacitance
switch could also be mounted directly
into the water outlet piping.
Capacitance Level Switches

for Interface Detection
Knowing where the interface between
the water and oil occurs is important to
prevent dumping oil to the water treatment plant, resulting in loss of product,
extra cost for treatment, and potential
environmental fines.
Using a capacitance switch to identify the interface between the oil and
water is very effective because of the
dramatically different electrical proper18 | May 2013
Figure 4. A capacitance level switch

mounted just above the water dump
outlet line can detect the presence of
oil and send a signal to shut off the
pump, thus preventing oil from reaching the water treatment process.
In some cases, the vessel has no

openings to mount the sensor horizontally at the required point of control. In
these cases, a capacitance sensor can
be mounted from the top of the vessel extended down to the control point.
Since the capacitance sensor will see a
large change between the water and the
hydrocarbon, vertical mounting is often
feasible, but a horizontal installation at
the control point is preferred.
The capacitance switch is set with
a large preload on the bridge circuit to
make it less sensitive. This allows the
switch to detect the water because of
the large change in capacitance due to
waters conductive electrical properties.
The low dielectric constant and nonconductive properties of the oil phase
will not generate a large enough change
in capacitance to exceed the large preload on the bridge circuit.
The result is that the switch will
change states as soon as the water
drops below the tip of the probe. This
provides an extremely reliable indication
of the water/oil interface that can be
used to stop dumping.
Other Point Level Methods

for Detecting Interface
Several other methods are available to
detect the water/oil interface, but all
have significant disadvantages as compared to capacitance level sensors:
Manual Sampling: The manual sampling method is somewhat archaic, but
is still used in many facilities. A number
of valves are spaced vertically on the
side of the vessel. An operator opens
the valve briefly and pulls a sample.
By observing the sample visually, it can
be determined which valve yields water
and the next closest valve where oil is
present, thereby identifying the interface as between the two valves.
Manual sampling has a number of
flaws. First, it only gives an idea of where
the interface is locatedthat is, somewhere between two valves. Since the
samples are taken manually, the location
of the interface is only as accurate as the
last sample. It also relies on a manual
visual interpretation of what is water and
what is oil. This interpretation is arbitrary
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and inconsistent with different operators.

Last, it is an operators judgment to decide when to stop dumping, which adds
to the human error factor.
Sight Glass: A sight glass located in
the water dump outlet line can be used
to visually discern the change from the
water phase to the oil phase. As in the
manual sampling method, it relies on a
visual interpretation of what is water and
what is oil. Also, because the sight glass
is in the outlet line, some oil will inadvertently be dumped. As this is a manual
function, human error is introduced.
Conductivity Switch: Conductivity
switches operate by passing an electrical
current from one electrode to a second
electrode through a conductive liquid.
In an oil/water interface application, the
current passes through when water is
present. When the liquid changes to
non-conductive oil, the current no longer
passes between the electrodes and the
switch indicates a change of state.
Conductivity switches can and do provide reliable interface detection in many

installations. However, if the electrodes
become coated with a non-conductive
material such as heavy crude oil or paraffin wax, the electrode will no longer be
able to pass current. This will indicate a
false reading until the electrodes have
been cleaned. For this reason, conductivity switches should only be used in separation processes where the phases are
free of heavy material or contaminants.
Float Switch: Float switches can be
used for measuring the interface between
water and oil. The float is calibrated for
the specific gravity of water, which is 1.0
or slightly higher. The oil has a lower specific gravity, generally between 0.7 and
0.9. As the water level drops the float
arm moves down, providing an indication
of the low water control point.
Floats can be problematic in water dumping applications for several
reasons. The moving parts of the float
switch are susceptible to wear and
Level
Indication
in Feet & Inches
Keys to Success
There are a number of point level
approaches to measure the interface
between water and oil for water dump
control. Manual methods, such as sampling valves and sight glasses are still
widely used in these applications. Using
level instrumentation to determine the
interface removes both the manual aspect
and human error from the procedure.
When comparing point level instruments that can detect the water/oil interface, the capacitance sensor stands
out as the best choice. Capacitance
level switches are simple to calibrate and
can be installed horizontally or vertically.
There are no moving parts to wear out or
hang up. Because capacitance has the
advantage of active build-up compensation, materials that coat, such as heavy
crude or paraffin, are not a problem.
Capacitance level switches provide
reliable water oil interface detection,
and help to automate the water dump
control process. FC
William Sholette is Level

Products Business Manager for
Endress+Hauser, Inc. Mr. Sholette
has been involved in level measurement for the past 33 years in
virtually all aspects of process level
measurement instrumentation from
the manufacturing and sales, to his
present position in product management. He can be reached at Bill.
Sholette@us.endress.com.
PD6801
ProtEX-F&I Feet & Inches Meter

Read tank level in feet & inches
from a 4-20 mA signal
Display level and volume,
percent, or custom tag
SafeTouch thru-glass buttons
32-point linearization
Tank height bargraph
Open collector Hi or Lo alarm
Backlight standard
www.us.endress.com
TM
FLOWSTREAM
F&I
MODBUS
damage. The float can be compromised

causing it to sink. Heavy crude and wax
can build up on the float and float arm,
causing hang-up and failures. Finally,
the specific gravities of both the ground
water and the oil are variable, requiring
calibration tweaks on a regular basis.
Explosion-proof. Complete product approved.
Multiple Register Version

Coming Soon!
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Find related content @

Search on:
Level Measurement | Oil & Gas |
Separation | Water & Wastewater
20 | May 2013
Rotork CMA actuators increase scope

of electric control-valve technology.
Rotork has announced the CMA range of compact,
modulating actuators to complement its existing line of
CVA electric actuators for control-valve, pump, damper,
and other continuous-modulation applications.
CMA actuators offer an economical way for
common, everyday process control applications to
gain the benefits of accurate and repeatable
position control as well as superior robustness
features associated with Rotork CVA electric
actuators, which were introduced in 2008
and have proven highly successful in
thousands of process control applications
throughout the world.
Compact, accurate, lightweight CMA
actuators operate on single-phase or
DC power supplies without the
need for air compressors and
hoses. They are available in rotary,
linear, and quarter-turn actions;
have permanently lubricated
and maintenance-free drive
trains; and can be mounted
in any orientation.
CMA Actuators
Rotork Process Controls

5607 West Douglas Ave.
Milwaukee, WI 53218
phone: 414 461 9200
email: info@rotork.com
www.rotork.com
Redefining Flow Control
CVA Actuators
2013 FLOW CONTROL INNOVATION AWARDS
And the Nominees Are...

Recognizing Outstanding Technologies
for Fluid Movement, Measurement & Containment
he Flow Control Innovation Awards have showcased compelling new technology solutions for
fluid movement, measurement and containment for more than 15 years. The following represent final nominees for our 2013 program. Now were asking you, our readers, to vote for the
technologies you believe are most worthy of being named this years Innovation Awards winners.
Review the technology summaries provided below, and visit FlowControlNetwork.com to place your
vote. Winners will be announced in the August 2013 issue of Flow Control magazine.
Whisper Series Mass Flowmeters & Controllers

Alicat Scientific developed its new Whisper
Series of mass flowmeters and controllers
with pressure drops as low as 4 mbar (0.058
PSID) for use in systems with very low pressure sources or very low differential-pressure
availability. Beyond low pressure drops, the
Whisper series offers all of the same features
and benefits as Alicats standard line of flow
devices, including fast response (10 ms for
meters, 50 ms for controllers), a 200-to-1 turndown ratio, high
accuracy (0.8 percent of the reading plus 0.2 percent of the
full-scale flow), 30 field-selectable gases and gas mixes and
real-time monitoring of mass flow, volumetric flow, pressure and
temperature, all on one device.
The Alicat Whisper couples a very low differential-pressure
sensor with a redesigned flow body utilizing

Alicats patented laminar flow technology to
reduce the minimum pressure requirement
for applications needing flow measurement or
control. Together, these innovations result in
a device that requires almost no differential
pressure for full scale flow.
Whats Innovative? The extraordinarily low pressure drops of Alicats Whisper Series distinguish it
from any other mass flowmeter or controller on the market.
For most meters and controllers of the Whisper series, the
full-scale pressure drop is less than 10 mbar (.145 PSID).
Yet even at 500 SLPM, the Whisper mass flow controller
requires only 1.74 PSID.
vote for this technology @ www.flowcontrolnetwork.com
ASCO 212 Composite Valve

ASCOs new 212 Series Solenoid Valves are made out
of a highly engineered composite body, which is a
good fit for use in water purification and water
treatment markets, specifically in the membrane-based filtration system markets.
The new 212 series solenoid valve is
also ideal for use in Reverse-Osmosis (RO) systems applications where
lead-free, NSF-approved constructions
are required. The composite series 212 valves are available in
-inch and -inch pipe size and are designed with the new
FasN connection system, the worlds first universal connection system. FasN enables an NPT thread connection, turn
& lock, and solvent bond fitting possibilities. The composite
valves handle water pressure up to 150 PSI and operate up
to 180 F. Low power coils come in 6.3 W in AC and 6.9 W in
DC normally closed versions.
In a high-production OEM environment, cost differences can be substantial when using newer technology versus conventional solutions. ASCO composite valves with FasN connections demonstrate
a measured labor savings of 35 seconds per valve,
plus much greater materials savings depending on
which type of extra fitting or adapter would otherwise
be required. Assuming 1,000 RO units turned out per year,
with three valves per unit, a study comparing FasN connection to NPT-threaded valves on PVC piping calculated savings
of $15,790 per year. Another, versus NPT-threaded valves on
PEX tubing, showed savings of $40,930 per year.
Whats Innovative?
1) FasN technology can be used

for all threaded pipe types with NPT threads; and 2) NSF
certification to accommodate new regulations in many
parts of the world.
22 | May 2013
2013Innovation
AWARDS
Image courtesy of Amazon.com
When voting for the 2013 Flow Control Innovation Awards, you will have the
option to enter a random drawing to win a Kindle Fire HD. The advanced Kindle
Fire HD 8.9-inch tablet delivers rich color and deep contrast from every angle.
Featuring exclusive, custom Dolby audio, dual-driver stereo speakers, and auto-optimization software, the Kindle delivers clear, crisp, balanced sound. State-of-the-art dual-band,
dual-antenna Wi-Fi (MIMO) technology enables fast streaming and download speeds.
Place your votes now at FlowControlNetwork.com for a chance to win the Kindle.
VOTE to WIN a Kindle Fire HD

DG25 Digital Pressure Gauge
Ashcroft Inc.s DG25 general-purpose digital pressure gauge adopts the basic form and fit of a
standard 2.5-inch (dial diameter) pressure gauge
with a water-tight enclosure that provides IP67
ingress protection, making it suitable for washdown. A black or orange rubber boot is also available to further protect the gauge while installed
or carried portably as a test device. All-welded
stainless steel wetted parts also serve to protect the
gauge from adverse environmental conditions, as well
as ensure compatibility to many corrosive media. Ranges
from vacuum to 25,000 PSI are available and can be read
to accuracies of +/-0.5 and +/-0.25 percent full scale. Two
standard alkaline AA batteries power the DG25 for more than
2,000 hours. A five full-digit, .48-inch high LCD includes a bar
graph to show the pressure status relative to the full scale of
the gauge. When equipped with the optional backlight feature,
the DG25 can be easily read despite poor lighting conditions.
With the push of a button, the display can report the maximum
and minimum readings since last cleared, reset the

zero, tare a pressure preload, and read in a choice
of nine pre-programmed engineering units and
one that is user programmable.
Operating characteristics include:
Range from vacuum to 0/25,000 PSIG
5 full-digit LCD with optional backlight
Battery life exceeds 2,000 hours
Accuracy to +/-0.25 percent full scale.
9ine engineering units, including user programmable
LCD includes bar graph indicator
IP67 (water-resistant) enclosure
Whats Innovative?
The DG25 digital pressure gauge

can be used in place of a traditional dial-mechanical pressure gauge with many advantages, including easier readability, greater accuracy and resolution, improved resistance to
shock and vibration, the ability to record max/min readings,
multiple units of measure, and more.
AirLINE Quick Stainless Steel Adapter Plate & Push-In Connectors

Burkert presents a flexible solution for integration
of actuators in hygienic processes with AirLINE
Quick. The diverse areas of application for
Burkerts valve terminals in the food and
beverage and biopharma industries are
expanded by AirLINE Quick, a stainless
steel adapter plate and stainless steel
push-in connectors. Installation and commissioning are reduced to a minimum. End-users determine the installation location of the valve terminal or valve
block: on the wall or floor of the control cabinet. AirLINE Quick
supports both options. It is reliable, compact, and saves time.
AirLINE Quick significantly reduces the number of components in the control cabinet. Fewer pneumatic hoses and cables are needed, and AirLINE Quick can be integrated directly
in the floor or wall of the control cabinet, eliminating the need
for bulkhead connections on the cabinet. A unique feature of
Burkerts Type 8640 and Type 8644 automation system is
the combination of the pneumatic connections, fieldbus interface, and I/O modules
directly on the floor or wall of the control
cabinet, which means the control cabinet can be generally smaller than in the
past. Some operating characteristics for
AirLINE Quick are:
Reduced number of components
Fast installation
In stainless steel for hygienic applications
In anodized aluminum for general purpose
Fully assembled control cabinet from one source
Whats Innovative?
AirLINE Quick significantly reduces the number of components
in the control cabinet. Fewer pneumatic hoses and cables are
needed, and AirLINE Quick can be integrated directly in the floor
or wall of the control cabinet.
May 2013 | 23
NUFLO Scanner 2000 With FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1

Camerons NUFLO Scanner 2000 is a
field-mounted flow computer available with
the FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 interface. It
is able to sense and compute flows from
integral DP, pressure and temperature sensors. Additionally or alternatively, the DP
measurement can be a pulse input device
such as a PD, vortex, Coriolis, ultrasonic or
turbine flowmeter. When measuring gases
or steam, the computed values are typically volume, mass and
energy. Liquid hydrocarbon measurements result in volume
and mass computations. Many installations can also simultaneously measure another uncorrected liquid volume.
To support regulatory and standards-based requirements, data logging, user change logs, tamper indication
devices and multilevel password security

are essential. The Scanner 2000 is the
first field-mounted custody-transfer flow
computer to act like a multivariable transmitter and serve this data by FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 protocol. Simultaneously, fiscal record sets can be extracted
using Modbus RTU protocol. Data can be
captured via remote connection (wired or
wireless) or directly from the device itself.
Whats Innovative?
The Scanner 2000 is an H1 FISCO device on the
FOUNDATION Fieldbus network. It is the only field-mounted
flow computer listed on the fieldbus.org registry.
Vertex Mercury-Free Pressure Sensor

The Vertex mercury-free pressure sensor from
Dynisco sets a new, higher standard of monitoring and control for plastics extruders.
Patent-pending capacitance technology is used to register pressure
directly at the tip of the sensor, with
no mercury or other fill medium. This
direct approach is more reflective of the
true process pressure and provides faster
response for better control in precision extrusion systems. The solid-state design means that
end-product quality cannot be compromised by
mercury or other liquid-fill contamination if the sensor is
damaged during production. Toxic waste management issues
are eliminated for both the manufacturer and the user. Other
improvements include rugged construction featureslike

a thicker, abrasion-resistant diaphragm and fortified sidewallsthat minimize maintenance requirements,
extend the working life of the sensor, and
reduce the overall cost of ownership.
Whats Innovative?
The Vertex pressure sensor employs
patent-pending capacitance technology
to register pressure directly for readings that
more accurately reflect true process pressure, as well
as faster response for better control of polymer flow in
precision extrusion systems. There is no chance of mercury
contamination, and toxic waste management issues are
eliminated for both the manufacturer and the user.
Rosemount 8800 Vortex Severe Service Sensor

Emerson Process Managements Rosemount
8800 Vortex Severe Service Sensor uses premium
nickel alloy material. The non-wetted severe service
sensor is only exposed to the ambient environment.
With the new piezo crystal design, the severe service sensor provides stable performance at high temperatures up
to 850 F. Designed with the customers needs in mind,
the Rosemount 8800 Vortex flowmeter system with
the new severe service sensor is a good fit for harsh
environments in chemical, power and refining.
The unmatched reliability at high temperatures
makes it a good choice for solar power and hightemp hydrocarbon applications. Offshore and nearshore applications specify nickel alloy sensors because of corrosive environmental concerns, and high
temperature will often further magnify the corrosionresistant needs. A major upstream oil and gas producer
has adopted the Rosemount
vortex severe service sensor
to avoid issues with marine
environment chloride stress
corrosion cracking on the
vortex sensor in high temperature process lines.
Whats Innovative?
Rosemount 8800 Vortex severe service sensor
provides stable performance at high temperatures
up to 850 F, exceeding the 750 F high-temperature
thresholds of competitive devices.
24 | May 2013
2013Innovation
AWARDS
Proline Promass 100 with Heartbeat Technology

Endress+Hausers Promass 100 Heartbeat Technology
(HBT) provides on-board diagnostics, monitoring and
traceable verification to ensure product and process
safety with or without manual intervention and without
interrupting the process. The HBT monitoring system is continuously online and guarantees the process is safe by ensuring the
meter is in good operating condition. In the
case of a sensor or electronic problem, real
text remedy instructions are provided for a fast and safe troubleshooting per NAMUR standards. The Proline Promass 100 is
an industry-optimized Coriolis flowmeter that offers fewer measuring points in a compact, hygienic design. With one single
device for multivariable measurements, the Proline Promass
100 measures mass flow, volume flow, density, temperature,
and with the Promass I, viscosity with accuracy up to +/-0.05
percenteven with immunity from process and environmental
influences. With its compact and hygienic design, the Proline
Promass 100 is ideal for modular skid-mounted process facilities looking for full functionality in the smallest footprint. Thanks
to its new circuit board design and low-mass components, the
Promass 100 has a 30 percent smaller footprint than typical
flow transmitters, and this compact design helps it meet hygiene and sterility requirements by offering 316L stainless steel
enclosures. The Promass 100 allows for seamless integrations into a variety of digital communication protocols such as, EtherNet/IP,
Modbus RS485, and 4-20mA HART.
The Proline Promass 100 with Heartbeat
Technology includes three key features:
Continuous self-checking with
Heartbeat Diagnosticsqualitative information and
device status from the sensor to the output is displayed in a
clear, concise waybased on NAMUR standards.
Device measurement values through Heartbeat
Monitoringcontinuous quantitative data can be used to
enhance process operations and allow proactive reaction.
Seamless and traceable with Heartbeat Verification
seamless and traceable verification results permanently stored
and can be retrieved immediately during recurring test.
Whats Innovative?
Now with Heartbeat Technology, it is possible for the Proline
Promass 100 to monitor, diagnose and produce verifications
in its capabilities to ensure proper operating process function, and satisfy reporting requirements demanded in process
applications.
ZF Nano-Flow Back Pressure Regulator

Equilibar has introduced its ZF Series back pressure regulator
to extend its uniquely high-precision performance down into
the nano-flow range. Traditional back pressure regulators (BPRs) have limited precision across widely
varying flowrates. Many traditional BPRs incorporate
a pressure offset of several percent between their
steady state flowrate and their shut-off (zero
flowrate) condition. The new Equilibar ZF
regulator holds the inlet pressure within 0.5
percent from full flowrate down to an absolute zero
flow condition. Like Equilibars existing products, the ZF
is dome-loaded, sealing directly on the diaphragm. However, the
patent-pending ZF uses a rubber o-ring with a special floating
hub support (pictured top right here) to accommodate pressures up to 3,000 PSIG. Incumbent products have a variety of
limitations. Traditional spring-adjusted back pressure regulators
are frequently used in lab settings, but often operate in a binary
(on/off) manner at very low flowrates (for example below 100
ml/min). These devices are useful in many research applications, but suffer from temperature limitations, modest precision,
and thermal cycle leakage. Equilibars back pressure regulators
address many of the issues mentioned above.
Operating characteristics of the new ZF Series include:
Can be used up to 3000 PSI
Can be used up to about 250 C

Has steady state (non-pulsing) low
down into the nano-flow range (<0.01
ml/min gas)
Pressure control down to true zero low
(hours or days with valved-off inlet condition;
stable pressure)
Upper low limit recommended
up to about 2,000 ml/minute
Precision of 0.5 percent range through
more than eight orders of flow magnitude
Agreement between parallel units at similar lowrates is
approximately 0.2 percent.
FFKM o-rings to allow for repeated thermal cycles without maintenance
SS316L or Hastelloy diaphragms can be used for sensitive Helium or Hydrogen applications
Stability of pressure across about 10 orders of low magnitude is about 0.5 percent.
Whats Innovative? The new Equilibar ZF regulator

(originally nicknamed Zero Flow regulator) holds the inlet
pressure within 0.5 percent from full flowrate down to an
absolute zero flow conditiona vast improvement over typical BPRs that have pressure offsets of several percent.
May 2013 | 25
USB Data Logger for Digital Flowmeter

The EXAIR USB Data Logger is a compact device, which connects directly to any
EXAIR Digital Flowmeter to log and record
the compressed air flowrate through the
pipe on which the flowmeter is installed. It
can be set up to log the flowrate at intervals
ranging from once a second (covering a period of about nine hours), up to once every
12 hours (over two years worth of data.)
When it is removed from the digital flowmeter and plugged into any available USB port on a computer, the
data can be viewed using the included EasyLog USB software,
or it can be exported directly into Microsoft Excel. The USB Data
Logger can be easily installed on an existing digital flowmeter, or
it can be ordered pre-installed on a new digital flowmeter.
EXAIR digital flowmeters have always

had the capability to provide an output
signal (4-20 Milliamp, Pulse, or RS485). These, however, can be limited by
the maximum functional cable length.
The USB Data Logger, however, can be
quickly and easily removed from its host
flowmeter for data transfer to the computer, and just as quickly and easily reattached to begin gathering data again.
Whats Innovative?
When the data logger is plugged into a computer, the data
can be viewed in the included software or exported to Excel.
This allows end-users to track flowrate easily on a computer.
Fox Model FT3 Thermal Mass Flowmeter and Temperature Transmitter

Fox Thermal Instruments Fox Model
FT3 thermal mass flowmeter and temperature transmitter was designed to help
plant operators improve process efficiency,
comply with environmental mandates, and eliminate the cost of annual factory calibration.
Of the many new design features of the Model
FT3, Calibration Validation is the most compelling. It has optimized the way operators interface
with flowmeters by allowing the calibration of the meter to be
validated in-situ (without the need to remove the meter from
the pipe or send to the factory for re-calibration). Using CALV, the test may be performed in the pipe, at process conditions, with just a push of a button. The test takes about four
minutes to complete and a Pass/Fail result is given at the
conclusion of the test. Zero CAL-CHECK is a companion test to the CAL-V Calibration Validation
feature, which tests the functionality of the sensor and its associated signal processing circuitry. It
checks for build-up on sensor, validates the
zero stability of the meter, and checks thermal conductivity.
Whats Innovative?
The meters calibration can be checked without sending it back to the factory. Without CAL-V and Zero
CAL-CHECK Calibration Validation, the meter must be returned
to the manufacturer annually in order to check its functionality
and for recalibration. With a Pass result from the CAL-V and
Zero CAL-CHECK tests, these tasks are no longer necessary.
Signet 9900 SmartPro Transmitter

GF Piping Systems Signet 9900 SmartPro Transmitter provides a single-channel
interface for multiple parameters including flow, pH, ORP, conductivity/resistivity,
pressure, temperature, level, salinity, and
more. Designed for complete flexibility,
plug-in modules enable the unit to be easily adapted to meet changing customer
needs. The device has improved visibility over previous units.
A key feature of the device is its extra large (3.90 inches by
3.90 inches) backlit display that allows visibility at four to five
times the distance of other transmitters. This highly illuminated display and large characters reduce the risk of misreading
or misinterpreting the displayed values. The display shows
separate lines for units, main and secondary measurements,
as well as a dial-type digital bar graph.

Other capabilities include relay and warning LEDs and an intuitive menu for easy
programming. Older units were limited in
visibility to 3 feet, while the newer 9900s
are visible up to 30 feet away.
Optional plug-in modules include relay,
direct conductivity/resistivity, HART Communications, and a PC configuration tool.
Whats Innovative?
The single-channel, multi-parameter capability and fieldupgradable modularity enables increased service levels while
maintaining reduced inventories. Plug-in modules allow for
complete flexibility. Improved visibility over previous units.
26 | May 2013
2013Innovation
AWARDS
ECLIPSE Model 706 Level Transmitter

A broad overfill-capable probe line allows for
accurate measurement all the way up to the top
of the probe.
Advanced diagnostics allow the transmitter
to automatically save pertinent troubleshooting
information and waveforms during an upset.
Intuitive Local User Interface with graphical LCD
display offers simple, easy-to-use configuration.
Magnetrol Internationals ECLIPSE Model 706

is 2-wire, loop-powered, 4-20 mA level transmitter
that leverages the principle of Guided Wave Radar
(GWR) technology. High frequency electromagnetic
energy is sent down a probe that is contacting the
medium to be measured. A reflection occurs at
the product surface, and high-speed circuitry measures the time of flight and translates it into a level
measurement.
Whats Innovative?
Key Advantages of the ECLIPSE MODEL 706
Include:
Improved signal strength and a first-in-class signal-to-noise
ratio enables use in very difficult high-pressure, high-temperature, low-dielectric industrial applications.
With an accuracy of up to +/-0.1 percent of

probe length or 0.1 inch (whichever is greater); and operating pressures and temperature up to 6,250 PSI and 850 F,
the transmitter is becoming a standard in the industrial liquid
level market.
Model P001 Radial Piston Flowmeter

In March 2013, Max Machinerys Model P001
flowmeter hit the market. Designed to eclipse
the low-end capabilities found in other lowflowmeters, the new P001 ultra-low flowmeter
offers capabilities of reporting flow volumes
down to 0.005 cc/min (for fluid viscosities
above 100 CPS).
The solution, which supports flowrates from
0.005 to 200 cc/min, is the worlds smallest radial piston flowmeter. The P001 is at
the limits of what can be achieved in positivedisplacement resolution and offers the ability to
accurately measure in the sub 1 cc/min range of flow.
Meeting this challenge was achieved through a combination
of precision miniature machining, and advanced heat treating
technologies in conjunction with corrosion-resistant materials.

The positive-displacement flowmeter provides an answer
for start/stop flow applications, does not suffer from zero
drift, and is insensitive to flow turbulence. The P001 offers
4,000 pulses per meter revolution and k-factors as high
as 24,000 pulses per cc. It comes in at half the cost of
an ultra-low flow Coriolis meter, provides accuracy in intermittent applications, and offers enhanced output resolution with innovative, linearized transmitters with adjustable
dampening and anti-dither functionality.
Whats Innovative?
Compared to other micro flow options, the P001 gives high
accuracy, immediate response and exceptionally low pressure drop with thicker fluids.
SPINDLE Differential-Pressure Flowmeter

Nanjing Youyang Control Technology Co.,
Ltd.s SPINDLE is a new differential-pressure flowmeter that generates the pressure drop required to measure flow via a
spindle-like central body as the primary
flow element. The flowrate is determined
from the difference of the pressure measured at the pressure taps located in the
wall of the pipe in front of the SPINDLE and
at the annular channel between the central body
and the wall of the pipe. Providing optimized conditioning of
the flow inside the flowmeter is an important feature of the
SPINDLE meter, as accurate flow measurements require
the same flow conditions (same velocity profile, same Reynolds
number, same turbulence level, and same geometry of pipe-
line, etc.) when the flowmeter is calibrated in the laboratory

and when it is operated in industry. As the SPINDLE is
forcing an annular channel flow through a well-designed
central body, it is able to modify the different flow characteristics upstream of
the flowmeter into a very stable, repeatable and well characterized flow.
Whats Innovative?
The SPINDLE minimizes the drag of the
central body (throttle), as the shapes
of the central body and the fins have
been carefully optimized so that no flow
separation occurs while keeping the pressure drop as high as
possible, hence, most of the pressure drop can be recovered.
May 2013 | 27
Parker Veriflo HCV Cylinder Valve

The Parker Veriflo HCV Cylinder Valve provides
maximum safety in oxygen delivery systems for
medical, laboratory, industrial, aviation, space, and
mining applications. Tested at pressures up to 6,000
PSI, the HCV Cylinder Valve maximizes product safety even in extreme conditions, including high-pressure oxygen. All oxygen-wetted metal components
are constructed of burn-resistant alloys. The seat
is protected against particle impact, which reduces
the chance of ignition. The non-rotating seat design
reduces the potential for seat wear and damage that
can increase the risk of flow friction ignition and rotating
threads are outside the oxygen-wetted region, reducing particulate that could be generated and become an ignition risk
or contribute to seat damage.
Whats Innovative?
The HCV valves unique combination of materials and design
features address historical cylinder valve ignition risks and
ensures maximum product safety.

1. Flow Friction: The HCVs patent-pending design
includes several major innovations to the cylinder
valves seat. Most importantly, the seat is out of
the direct flow path, greatly reducing flow impingement/friction and adiabatic compression.
2. Adiabatic Compression: The valve seat is behind
a burn-resistant Monel keeper, reducing its exposed
surface area and protecting it from ignition. The seat
moves straight up-and-down (instead of rotating) and
has a metal-to-metal stop to prevent over-torqueing.
Both features greatly reduce wear and damage (extrusion) to the seat that can increase the risk of ignition from
either flow friction or particle generation/impact.
3. Particle Impact: Threads on traditional cylinder valves are
in the direct flow path, potentially creating particles that
can become an ignition risk. By contrast, the HCVs rotating
threads are outside the oxygen-wetted area, limiting their
potential for particle generation.
Sage Rio Thermal Mass Flowmeter

Sage Meterings Sage Rio Thermal Mass Flowmeter provides the performance, reliability, and accuracy of the Sage
Flow Problems?
We Can Help
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Prime series of products, while meeting

requirements for hazardous areas Class 1,
Division 1, Groups B, C, D and ATEX Zone
1 approval (II 2G Ex d IIB+H2 T6 Gb). In
addition to the expanded hazardous area approvals the Rio comes standard with HART in
addition to the 4-20 mA and pulse output
signals.
Class 1, Division 1 hazardous area
approval on the Sage Rio Thermal Mass
Flowmeter complements the Class 1 Division 2
approval of the Sage Prime. ATEX Flameproof approvals combined with HART allows the Rio to be
used in Europe and other locations that prefer
ATEX safety ratings. One distinct feature of the Rio
is the low power consumption and heat input, which permits
the use of the product in some hazardous areas where other
thermal mass flowmeters cannot be used due to the need for
higher energy input.
Troubleshoot Problem Flow Measurements
Whats Innovative?
Assess Billing Flowmeter Accuracy
Sage thermal mass flowmeters have demonstrated the capability for measuring the mass flowrate and utilization of gases.
They measure very low flowrates of gases with high turndown
capabilities and negligible pressure drop. Best accuracy is
obtained using actual gas calibrations. The reproducibility of
the instrument is excellent permitting the use of the unique
in-situ calibration verification, which confirms that the instrument operates the same as the original NIST traceable
calibration.
Close Plant and Water Balances

Improve Flowmeter Accuracy
Select and Specify Flowmeters
Train Your People
WE KNOW FLOW!
www.spitzerandboyes.com 1.845.623.1830
28 | May 2013
2013Innovation
AWARDS
Pre-Engineered Skid System for Chemical Dosing

seepexs Pre-Engineered Skid System supports a wide variety of liquid chemical dosing applications, primarily in the disinfection processes of water and wastewater treatment
facilities. The customizable skid system comes complete with all the components necessary for chemical dosing packaged into a single unit with (or
without) controls and framework. Components include calibration column, pressure
gauge, pressure switches, dry-run protection, and flowmeters. Also included are superior quality seepex Progressive-Cavity Pumps. Components of the pumps, such as valves, pressure switches,
and flowmeters, as well as materials of construction of pumps,
such as elastomers, exotic metals, and plastics, are custom
designed to the application. An integrated vector drive with au-
tomatic (4-20mA) or manual speed control also comes standard, eliminating the need for a local interface/control panel.
Whats Innovative?
seepex packaged skid systems are designed to
eliminate the valuable time and costs associated with engineering, procuring, assembling, and
commissioning flow control systems. Systems are
commissioned at the factory according to the applications flow ranges and then calibrated according
to the flow control loop. The skids can deliver mild
to aggressive, thin to highly viscous liquids, as well as
corrosive and solid-laden chemicals. With chemical-resistant
materials, all skid components will hold up in harsh acidic
and caustic chemical environments.
Coriolis SITRANS FC430 Flow Sensor

Siemens SITRANS FC430 Coriolis Flow Sensor is
a compact, in-line mass flow sensor for liquids and
gases that provides high levels of accuracy and repeatability. The sensors can also measure the density and the temperature of the fluid in the flow
stream, and when the mass flow is combined
with the process density, volumetric flow can
also be measured.
Key features include:
Small footprint low sensor for easy handling
SIL 3 certiication designed in from concept to production for
safety and redundancy
+100Hz signal processing for fast data delivery

Easily assessable internal back-up of all performance and certification data
High immunity to external and process noise
QR code readable data onboard for easy access of key equipment data, FAQs, and support
Whats Innovative? The SITRANS

FC430 flow sensor supports data update rates of
100Hz, and its small footprint makes it easy to handle
and a good fit for retro-fitting. Robust construction protects
against process noise. An online GUI with wizards makes
the device easy to set up and secure configuration.
QuadraTherm 640i/780i High Performance Thermal Mass Flowmeter

Sierra Instruments QuadraTherm
640i/780i Series flowmeters offers
accuracy of 0.5 percent of reading
above 50 percent of full scale flow,
which is the highest accuracy specification in the thermal dispersion flow
measurement market. High accuracy
is important for users because it improves the quality of product and, in
the case of custody-transfer, saves
money. According to Sierra, the QuadraTherm 640i/780i can
compete with the accuracy of Coriolis meters, but at a fraction of the installed cost.
QuadraTherms innovative sensor design accounts for all
the heat transfer variables that can skew thermal mass flow
readings. The innovation in the patented four-sensor technology on which the QuadraTherm is based provides the critical
inputs to achieve +/- 0.5 percent

accuracy. In traditional two-sensor
flowmeters, the heat lost via stem
conduction is not accounted for. This
can introduce errors as high as 20
percent, depending on the gradient
between the gas temperature and
the temperature outside of the pipe.
Whats Innovative?
As shown in the Figure here, two new temperature sensors
(T4 and T2) are added to the two-sensor design (T3 temperature and T1 velocity) used in traditional flowmeters. T4 and
T2 provide real-time measurement of stem conduction and
the heat lost to the outside environment. This innovation,
from two to four sensors, is the foundation for the shift in
accuracy offered by Sierras QuadraTherm 640i/780i.
May 2013 | 29
2013Innovation
AWARDS
Singer Model 106-SPI-MV Metering Valve

Singer Valves Model 106-SPI-MV is a single-point insertion
electromagnetic flowmeter installed and calibrated in conjunction with a Singer valve to provide an accurate flowrate
that can be utilized with the metering valve as a standalone option or built into a 106-2SC-PCO pilot system to provide complete flow-based valve control.
The sensor is available for 1-inch taps, depending on valve size and application. The compact
insertion design fits in confined spaces and offers
complete accessibility. The flowmeter can be removed for easy inspection, cleaning, calibrating or verification.
The flowmeter is available for valve sizes from 4 inches
(100mm) to 36 inches (900mm). The flow sensor comes
pre-calibrated and requires no recalibration in the field, and
is accurate at 2 percent of reading, not full scale like existing
in-valve meters. With no moving parts and a single-piece

design, the SPI Mags sensor contains nothing to wear
or break, and it is generally immune to clogging by
sand, grit or other debris.
The 106-SPI-MV Magnetic Flowmeter is profiled for the valve body, further enhancing its
measurement accuracy by allowing precise determination of mean velocities.
Whats Innovative?
This is the first time a magnetic flowmeter has been coupled
with a control valve. Singer says in-valve metering has been
limited to turbine meters, vortex meters, or calculated flow
using position transmitters and differential-pressure transmitters. The new insertion meter option provides better accuracy.
RH40 Handheld Clamp-On Ultrasonic Flowmeter

Spire Metering Technologys RH40 Handheld ClampOn Ultrasonic Flowmeter is designed for convenience
is mobility. The meter weighs about 1 lb. and can be
operated with one hand. It is the smallest flowmeter
on the market, and its performance matches a fully
featured wall-mount flowmeter.
The RH40 relies on clamp-on ultrasonic transducers to effectively perform both flow and BTU energy measurements from outside of a pipe. It requires
no pipe-working and no process shutdown. With the
unique built-in Quick Start guide, one can conduct the
measurement within 10 minutes.
The RH40 combines several frequency systems into one
unit. This allows it to measure not only regular size pipes,
but also small and large pipes with excellent accuracy and
stability. With its Bluetooth interface, the RH40 can be

easily linked to a computer for data management. It
also offers 4-20mA and digital output for real-time
flow and BTU monitoring. Its data logger can log up
to 2GB data on velocity, flow, energy, temperature
and events.
Whats Innovative?
The RH40 employs a patented signal processing
technology to maximally extract information from
received signal and to reduce statistic variants.
This technology has been implemented in a lowcost microprocessor without using an expensive DSP chip,
resulting in increased accuracy at lower cost (3050 percent
less) compared to similar performing ultrasonic meters.
Mobile Applications for SANDPIPER & Versa-Matic Pump Models

Warren Rupps mobile applications for SANDPIPER and
Versa-Matic pump models are designed to help
pump owners at the distribution and end-user
level quickly and easily find the tools needed to
support their pump. With the mobile apps, customers can quickly locate information related to
a specific pump using the My Pump Details
feature; can review the SANDPIPER and VersaMatic Chemical Compatibility Guide, browse
the latest full-line product catalogs, or watch
service and training videos. Pump owners can scan the
QR code located on the pump tag or manually enter a pump
serial number to get started.
Before the app was developed, customers had to either
call the manufacturer or visit the website and search for the
information needed to support their pumps. Customers

also had to reactively ask us for the information
they thought they needed. Now, the mobile app
proactively and comprehensively provides the
technical information any time of day, any day
of the week. In addition, the mobile app allows the user to instantly submit a request for
quotation (RFQ) for SANDPIPER or Versa-Matic
products, right from their smart phone or tablet.
Whats Innovative?
The mobile app is a first in the world of air-operated doublediaphragm pumps. Pump owners can scan the QR code
located on the pump tag or manually enter a pump serial
number to get started.
30 | May 2013
FLOW UPDATE | Flow Measurement
Part I: Flow Trend Watch

A look at recent developments in
new-technology flowmeters
he following is the first in a two-part series on broadbased trends in flowmeter technology and applications
based on results of Flow Researchs new Volume X: The
World Market for Flowmeters, 4th Edition. The focus of Part
I will be on new-technology flowmeters. Part II will focus on
trends in traditional-technology flowmeters.
Defining New-Technology
Flowmeters
New-technology flowmeters are defined
by the following characteristics:
1 The core technology was introduced
after the end of World War II.
2 They incorporate technological advances that avoid some of the problems
in earlier flowmeters.
3 They receive more focus in terms of
new product development than older
technologies.
4 Their performance, including criteria
such as accuracy, is at a higher level
than that of traditional technology flowmeters.
5 They are quicker to incorporate
recent advances in communication
protocols such as HART, Foundation

Fieldbus, and Profibus than traditional
technology meters.
Generally, flowmeters that fit in the
new technology category include
Coriolis, magnetic, ultrasonic, vortex,
and thermal.
Coriolis
Coriolis is the fastest growing flowmeter
market, and there are a number of reasons for this. One is that Coriolis flowmeters remain the most accurate flowmeter, and they are highly reliable with
little need for maintenance. Coriolis
meters do not place any obstruction
in the flowstream, although bent-tube
meters can slow down flow veloc-
By Jesse Yoder, Ph.D.
ity. Straight-tube meters have been

developed to address this effect and
to suit the needs of sanitary applications, which pose an issue for bent-tube
meters, which can accumulate material
building at their bending points.
The most important recent advance
in the Coriolis market is the development of Coriolis meters for line sizes
above 6 inches. Rheonik, now part of
GE Measurement, used to be the only
company offering large line-size Coriolis meters. In the past five years,
Micro Motion, Endress+Hauser, and
KROHNE have all entered this market.
Many of these meters sell in the range
of $75,000. They are primarily targeting
oil & gas applications. Many of them,
though not all, are designed for custody-transfer applications.
Coriolis meters, along with ultrasonic, are getting a substantial portion
of the research & development dollars
from the major flowmeter companies.
As a result, a steady stream of new
products and new features for existing
products is entering the market. This is
clearly one of the driving forces behind
the rapid growth in the Coriolis flowmeter market.
Magnetic
Inline ultrasonic meters have two or more transducers embedded into the flowmeter (sensor tube) body. They are installed by cutting into a pipe and having
either wafer or flange style fittings. (Photo courtesy of Flow Research)
32 | May 2013
The growth rate of the magnetic flowmeter market is not as great as that
of Coriolis, but the magnetic flowmeter
market is already one of the largest of
any flowmeter type. This is true despite
the fact that magnetic flowmeters can
only measure conductive liquids. This
means they cannot measure steam,
gas, or hydrocarbon liquids. However,
suppliers have made some progress in
enabling magnetic flowmeters to measure low conductivity liquids.
Magnetic flowmeters are widely
used in the chemical, food & beverage,
QuadraTherm 640i/780i
and pharmaceutical industries. There is

a wide variety of linings used for sanitary
applications. PFA and PTFE are the two
most popular types of liners. PTFE is a
combination of fluorine and carbon that
is also known as Teflon. Other popular
types of liners are hard rubber, ceramic,
and polyurethane. A significant percentage of magnetic flowmeters come
in sizes of 1 inch or less, and they can
measure very low flows.
The most popular industry for magnetic flowmeters is the water & wastewater industry. They excel at measuring any kind of water, whether clean or
dirty, and can measure slurries that few
other flowmeters can tolerate. For clean
water, they are relatively inexpensive,
although inline magnetic flowmeters
can fit line sizes of 108 inches or more.
These meters are quite expensive. As a
result, a number of suppliers have introduced insertion meters that are not
as accurate, but are significantly less
expensive than their inline counterparts.
Ultrasonic
It used to be conventional to segment
the ultrasonic market into transit time,
Doppler, and hybrid. While this is still
valid, transit-time meters have become
capable of measuring many of the fluids
that formerly only Doppler meters could
measure, and they have cut significantly into the market share of Doppler
meters. As a result, it is now more
useful now to segment the ultrasonic
market into inline (spoolpiece), clampon, and insertion.
Inline ultrasonic meters have two or
more transducers embedded into the
flowmeter (sensor tube) body. They are
installed by cutting into a pipe and having either wafer or flange style fittings.
Inline ultrasonic meters are distinguished according to whether they have
single-path, dual-path, or multipath
configurations, meaning three or more
paths. Custody-transfer applications require three or more paths.
Ultrasonic meters for liquids are built
differently than ultrasonic meters for
gas. The market for inline ultrasonic meters for custody transfer of natural gas is
one of the fastest growing niches in the
entire flowmeter market. Companies
such as Caldon (now part of Cameron)

and KROHNE have also introduced ultrasonic flowmeters for custody transfer
of petroleum liquids.
Clamp-on meters have the advantage of portability (though some are
fixed), and are widely used for check
metering. However, they cannot achieve
the same accuracy levels as inline meters for several reasons. One is that they
are mounted outside of a pipe and the
ultrasonic signals have to go through
the pipe wall. This can attenuate the
signal. The amount of attenuation depends on the type of material the pipe
wall is made from. Build-up on the side
of the pipe wall can also have an effect
on the ultrasonic signal, introducing another level of uncertainty.
Insertion ultrasonic meters are
mounted in a pipe by cutting a hole
in the pipe and inserting the flowmeter into the pipe. Insertion meters are
significantly less expensive than inline
meters because the cost of the meter
body is eliminated. However, they cannot achieve the same levels of accuracy
as inline meters. One of the chief applications for insertion ultrasonic meters is for measurement of stack gas
and exhaust gas emissions. Here they
compete with averaging Pitot tubes and
thermal flowmeters.
Vortex
In many ways, vortex meters are the
most versatile type of meter. They can
reliably measure all types of fluids,
including liquid, steam, and gas. They
are somewhat more intrusive than ultrasonic meters since they require inserting a bluff body into the flowstream.
This bluff body is required so that the
meter can generate the required vortices whose frequency is proportional
to flowrate. While the bluff body can
get knocked out of position, vortex
meters are far less intrusive than turbine meters or positive displacement
meters.
For many years, vortex meters did
not have the same types of industry
approvals as differential-pressure, turbine, ultrasonic, and Coriolis meters.
This changed in 2007, when the American Petroleum Institute (API) approved
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May 2013 | 33
| Flow Measurement
FLOW UPDATE continued
a draft standard for the use of vortex introduced nearly 20 years after magflowmeters for custody-transfer applica- meters.
tions. This approval was reaffirmed in
2010. However, up to this point it does Thermal
not seem to have had much impact on Thermal flowmeters are used almost
the measurement of petroleum liquids exclusively for gas. For many years,
or gases for custody-transfer purposes. they have been associated with enviHowever, the draft standard has been ronmental applications. In the early
used in the custody transfer of steam.
1990s, multipoint thermal flowmeters
Vortex flowmeters offer accurate and were developed to handle continuous
reliable flow measurement at a com- emissions monitoring (CEM). At that
petitive price. Even though vortex me- time, the Environmental Protection
ters are not as accurate as Coriolis me- Agency (EPA) developed regulations
ters, many vortex meters offer accuracy designed to reduce the amount of sulreadings of better than one percent, de- furic oxide (SOX) and nitrous oxide (NOX)
pending on fluid and application. While in the air. Multipoint thermal flowmeters
vortex meters are somewhat intrusive were developed for these applications.
compared to magnetic and ultrasonic Multipoint averaging Pitot tubes and
meters, they are much less intrusive ultrasonic flowmeters were also used
than the orifice plates used with DP for this purpose.
transmitters to measure flow. Pressure
While thermal flowmeters are still
drop from vortex meters is minimal, used today for CEM applications, they
since most shedder bars are relatively are also used for a variety of other ensmall in size. Vortex meters are less vironmental applications. Under the
widely used than magnetic flowmeters, Obama administration, their use for
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methane, and landfill gas has become

more prominent. Other popular applications for thermal flowmeters include
submetering, compressed air, boiler inlet, and wastewater treatment.
Many of the environmental applications for thermal meters involve insertion meters. However, inline thermal
meters are also widely used for a variety
of gas applications. One disadvantage
of thermal flowmeters is that it is necessary to know what type of gas is being measured. Thermal flowmeters have
also not achieved the accuracy levels of
Coriolis or ultrasonic meters, and their
accuracy is typically less than 1 percent. However, suppliers have made
important strides in the areas of thermal flowmeter accuracy and reliability.
Expect to see continued developments
and improvements in this area for thermal flowmeters. FC
Jesse Yoder,
Ph.D., is president
of Flow Research Inc.
in Wakefield, Mass.,
a company he founded in 1998. He has
25 years of experience as an analyst
Jesse Yoder
and writer in process
control. Dr. Yoder specializes in flowmeters and other field devices, including
pressure and temperature products.
Dr. Yoder can be reached at jesse@
flowresearch.com.
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Researchs Volume X: The World
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34 | May 2013
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STANDARDS & REGULATIONS | Thermal Shutoffs
Safety Measures
Thermally Activated Emergency Isolation Valves
for Oil & Gas Applications
Emergency isolation valve with local (thermal) and remote shutoff.

(Photo courtesy of Assured Automation)
he recent annual World Energy Outlook report from the

Paris-based International Energy Agency (IEA, www.iea.
org) predicts the United States will displace Saudi Arabia as
the worlds largest oil producer by 2020. Meanwhile, the
ExxonMobil 2013 Outlook for Energy report forecasts:
The United States will become the world
energy leader by the end of the decade.
Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) will surpass coal
as a fuel source globally by 2025.
North America will become a net exporter
of all sources of energy by 2035.
With so much domestic growth in

LNG, LPG (liquid petroleum gas), and
oilas well as alternative energy sources such as ethanolworker, facility and
regional safety will be a top priority to
help assure secure fuel storage and distribution. And though each new facility
designs its own safety systems, guid36 | May 2013
ance is available from standards bodies

and insurers.
The Role of Thermally

Activated Emergency
Isolation Valves
Thermally activated Emergency Isolation
Valves (EIVs) are critical components in
By Jean Steckler
refinery, terminal and distribution safety

systems. Thermal activated shutoffs
work like fuses in the piping that carry
extracted fuels. When a fire occurs, the
fuel flow is shut down, preventing the
fuel from feeding the fire.
Historically, thermal shutoffs relied
on fusible links made of metal alloy.
Once the alloy melts, a spring-armed
plug is released, which stops the flow
of fuel. The problem with the fusible
link design is that once triggered, the
unit needs to be replaced and, likewise,
cannot be field-tested.
However, new technology for thermal
shutoffs uses a Nitinol shape memory
alloy system, originally developed for
NASA space station applications. Nitonols shape memory effect changes
certain metal alloys from one shape to
another with temperature changes
a direct result of a transformation of
the alloys crystal structure. The shape
memory element senses the ambient
temperature and, through a phase induction change, rapidly produces the
force and motion to operate the shutoff.
When the thermal shutoff senses
temperatures above the shape memory
alloys actuation level, the shape memory element simultaneously vents pneumatic actuator air pressure and closes
upstream supply pressure. A manual reset allows routine performance testing
for safety maintenance programs.
Hydrocarbon Processing
Plants
The standard insurance recommendation report for a gas processing facility includes a request for a Process
Hazards Analysis and an Emergency
Shutdown System with multiple emergency isolation valves, says Jesse
Wilson, president of Allrisk Engineering
Inc. (www.allriskengineering.com) in Auburn,

New technology for thermal shutoffs uses a
Wash. Emergency isolation valves are the risk
Nitinol shape memory alloy system, origimitigation bread and butter for most Compressed
Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquid Natural Gas (LNG)
nally developed for NASA space station
facilities.
applications. Nitonols shape memory
The entire gas plant, as well as many of its
processing subsystems, are mechanically isolated
effect changes certain metal alloys from
and de-energized by the Emergency Shutdown
one shape to another with temperature.
(ESD) System. ESD systems are independent of
the basic process control system; however, they
EIVs are failsafe, on/off type valves used for emergencies
can be triggered by critical process control variables, such as product flow and pressure. ESD systems can only. Most insurers recommend that each EIV be provided
also be initiated manually by operators located in the field or with some type of local thermal actuation device.
Factory Mutual publishes data sheets to assist in designs
in the control room.
ESD systems typically include gas detectors and heat de- for emergency isolation and shutdown. The FM Global Proptectors interlocked with Emergency Isolation Valves (EIVs). erty Loss Prevention Data Sheet, titled Fire and Explosion
Protection for Process Structures 7-14, includes a Piping
and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID), which identifies where
Lessons Learned
in the process automatic and remote manual valves are recommended. The Ignitable Liquid Operations 7-32 data sheet
also includes a P&ID, outlining where Safety/Emergency ShutThe following list of recent fires reinforces the necesoff Valves are recommended for inert-gas transfer systems.
sity and value of emergency shutdown procedures and
Joseph Looney of FM Global says safety shutoff valves with
technologies:
pneumatic
or electric actuators are used for the startup and
Jan. 13, 2013 fire at Chevrons El Segundo
routine shutdown of systems, while emergency shutoffs are
refinery, south of Los Angeles. The refinery can proone-time operated shutoff valves used in emergency scenarcess 279,000 barrels of feedstock a day, and supplies
ios, such as a fire.
40 percent of the jet fuel to Los Angeles International
Airport and 20 percent of the regions gasoline.
August 6, 2012 Chevron Refinery Fire in Richmond,
Calif., which processes 245,000 barrels of crude oil a day.
Oct. 2, 2012 Exxon Mobils Baytown, Texas, refinery
fire in the diesel hydrotreater unit. The refinery has a capacity of 584,000 barrels a day, making it the largest operating
refinery in the U.S. and one of the largest in the world.
Dec. 11, 2012 natural gas pipeline explosion near
Sissonville, W. Va., owned by the NiSource subsidiary
Columbia Gas Transmissions. It took about an hour after
the initial rupture for officials to stop the flow of gas and
shut off the line. The pipeline was not equipped with automatic or remote shutoff valves.
Sept. 9, 2010 natural gas pipeline explosion in
a residential area of San Bruno, Calif., owned by
Pacific Gas & Electric. It took 60 to 90 minutes to shut
off the gas after the explosion, according to San Bruno
Fire Chief, Dennis Haag. The tragedy reached a death
toll of eight people and 38 homes destroyed. The U.S.
Geological Survey registered the explosion and resulting
shock wave as a magnitude 1.1 earthquake. Eye witnesses reported the initial blast had a wall of fire more
than 1,000 feet high. On Jan. 13, 2012, an independent audit from the State of California issued a report
stating that PG&E had illegally diverted over $100 million from a fund used for safety operations, and instead
used it for executive compensation, bonuses, and PG&E
shareholders.
May 2013 | 37
FLOW UPDATE&continued
STANDARDS
REGULATIONS | Thermal Shutoffs
Large Propane Storage

Facilities
Since Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG),
commonly known as propane, is stored
and transported under high pressure, this fuel requires its own set
of safety systems. The NFPA 58
Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code requires
Emergency Shutoff Valves have all of
the following means of closing:
1 Automatic shutoff through thermal (fire) actuation;
2 Manual shutoff from a remote
location; and
3 Manual shutoff at the installed
location.
Before the shape memory thermal
actuators described above were widely
available, LPG storage facilities relied
on fusible-link thermal shutoffs to automatically shut down LPG flow when
a fire occurred. Ted Lemoff, of TLemoff
Engineering, says he has never had any
issues or problems with fusible linkbased thermal shutoffs in his 25 years
of experience. Lemoff has written extensively on the NFPA 58 LPG Standard

during his tenure at the National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA).
Fuel Transport
Once processed, fuel is distributed
to local markets by pipeline, rail car,
and trucks. Each transport method
requires its own set of safety systems,
including automatic thermal shutoffs.
Alloy Custom Products (www.alloycustomproducts.com), a manufacturer of
cryogenic semi-trailers, uses automatic
thermal shutoffs for LNG, oxygen, and
mixed-use vessels. The company uses
shape memory thermal (fire) actuators
to automatically shutdown the flow of
fuel in the event of fire. These air-operated, self-closing thermal shutoffs are
housed in a rear cabinet of the trailer
and are used for fire protection in both
the loading and offloading of LNG.
The Promise of Safe and

Secure Domestic Oil & Gas
A Perfect
Match
For Pulse Flowmeters
Safety in the refinery, delivery and terminal business continues to improve

based on lessons learned from experience (see sidebar on page 37).
With increasing reductions in staffing, refinery and terminal facilities are
more reliant on automation. However,
if a fire damages the control system,
an electronic remote shutoff no longer
works. These type of systems need:
Failsafe designs to close valves in
the event of power loses; or
Automated valves with motorized
assembles including spring return and
battery backup.
To prevent the escape of fuel during a
fire, thermally activated shutoffs are
also needed, such as the shape memory thermal actuators or fusible linkbased systems detailed in this article.
A complete Emergency Isolation Valve
assembly provides:
Local thermal shutdown for automatic shutdown in the event of fire
Remote shutdown to isolate subsystems
Local manual shutdown (optional)
Optional limit switch and lock-out
device FC
Note: The online edition of this article
at FlowControlNetwork.com will include
a bonus sidebar on Regulations &
Standards for Thermal Shutoffs.
Jean Steckler is a fire protection and safety code team leader at

Assured Automation, an assembler of
automated valves and flowmeters. She
has submitted code modifications to
the ICC on gas safety and consulted
with the NFPA and FM Mutual. Ms.
Steckler can be reached at jeans@
aa-fs.com.
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Safety Valve | Thermal Shutoff
38 | May 2013
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THE PUMP GUY | Pumping Systems
mailbag: TDSSCD ... OMG

Larry Bachus
Making sense of senseless pump terminology
r. Bachus,
I am a project engineer for a Midwest municipality wastewater authority. Id like your opinion on some recent events
with a pump.
In 2010, we installed a new variable-speed pump at the
final collecting station at the treatment plant. The pump operates between 500 RPM and 600 RPM. The speed varies to
maintain a constant water level in the wet well 7 feet over the
pump centerline.
Since 2010, we have documented the following issue:
The pump starts and runs up to 600 RPM (25,000 GPM)
when the high level sensor trips in the wet well. The pump
speed slowly reduces, sometimes to 500 RPM (20,850 GPM)
as the level drops in the well. If incoming flow increases into
the well, the pump speed reaccelerates.
However, after the pump speed reaccelerates to 600 RPM,
the flow peaks at about 22,000 GPM rather than 25,000
GPM. Sometimes the level in the well continues to rise even
with the pump at 600 RPM. The only way to return to 25,000
GPM and control the level in the well is to stop and restart
the pump. As we stop the pump, we lose the discharge water
column back into the well and this further exaggerates the
problem and the anxiety.
We called the pump manufacturer. The engineer referred
to a time dependent steady state capacity drift issue. After
the engineer repeated the term a couple of times, he reduced
it to TDSSCD. I have never heard of this term.
We will remove the pump from service and inspect it for
signs of air entrainment or a suction recirculation problem. Is
there any sign or indicator that might identify or support suction recirculation?
Also, what do you know about TDSSCD?
Regards,
Harry R.
Hello Harry,
Three points come to mind that might affect the flow through
your pump.
1 Consider air/gas entrainment: Remember youre
40 | May 2013
pumping intestinal waste (methane gas) and air from every

commode flush that feeds the lift station. Air and gas can collect at the impeller eye and block flow into the pump, which
will reduce the discharge flow.
2 Consider air vortices: Vessels tend to form vortices (air
tornadoes) when filled and drained at the same time. The vortex
is attracted to the tank exit nozzle and the pump. The air can fill
the pump and displace the liquid leading to reduced flow.
3 Consider the foot valve: In your message, you said
you lose your liquid column back into the well when the pump
is turned off. If the flapper is stuck and wont actuate properly,
it can either starve the pump or cause excess turbulence that
releases air and gas into the pump.
An impeller suffering suction recirculation normally shows damage on the leading edge (the high pressure side) of each impeller blade close to the eye of the impeller. You will see this on
examining the impeller blades when the pump is disassembled.
An impeller suffering air or gas entrainment normally
shows damage on the trailing edge (the low pressure side) of
each blade close to the eye of the impeller. We cover these
issues with plenty of pictures in my Pump Guy Seminar series. (For more information on upcoming Pump Guy trainings
in Chicago and Philadelphia and a full course outline, visit
FlowControlNetwork.com/PumpGuy.)
Some Thoughts on Acronyms in General

In the 1980s, our society became aware of an illness that
was called the Auto-Immune Deficiency Syndrome. This long
phrase began consuming a lot of time and energy in spoken
conversation and medical conferences. The term consumed a
lot of paper and ink in newspapers and press releases, eventually being reduced to the acronym AIDS.
Many years ago, the French marine explorer Jacques Cousteau perfected a device that allowed humans to stay under water for long periods. Cousteau called his device the Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus. After repeating this
phrase many times in conversation and print, self-contained
underwater breathing apparatus became the acronym scuba.
In the Second World War, there was a small military utility vehicle that any soldier could start and drive without a
key if one were available. The vehicle was labeled Government Property. Eventually the Government Property became
known as a G.P. This is the vehicle we know today as the Jeep.
TV will always be short for television. And PC will always be
ITS A TOUGH JOB, BUT

SOMEBODY HAS TO DO IT!
Corrosive media, sludge and

harmful environments are
among the hazards that can
damage or destroy your pressure gaugesif theyre not built
to take it. Only the right design
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ensure the safety and reliability
necessary to take-on the tough
applications; qualities youll find
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Duralife and 1279 Duragauge
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Stainless steel and phenolic
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essential indicators impervious
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So when you need a safe
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To learn more, visit
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THE PUMP GUY | Pumping Systems
short for personal computer. But scuba is in a family of acronyms

like Jeep, laser, radar, aids and sonar that have become their
own words. Many people dont even know they are acronyms.
Your industry uses the common acronym WWTP meaning
Waste Water Treatment Plant. The pump industry has a few acronyms like GPM, PD, API, AODD and NPSH. Acronyms, whether
justified or not, often lend credibility to the terms they describe.
Now, Lets Consider TDSSCD

Years ago, you could call a pump manufacturer and speak
with the senior design engineer. The pump engineers voice
would ooze and drip with useful knowledge.
If you call a pump manufacturer today, you are likely to
get lost in a NEAM. What is a NEAM? Its an acronym I just
invented for Never-Ending Answering Machine.
Today, pump companies are managed by accountants and
bean counters. They can tell you which parts are cast in
China and which parts are assembled in India. The only way
they can feign product knowledge is to spout acronyms and a
few buzzwords like Proactive, Win-Win, Stretch the Envelope, MTBF, Bad Actor, etc.
If somebody uses TDSSCD in an email or phone conversation, the other party might assume this acronym is a real
FLOWSTREAM
term or phrase because it is reduced to an acronym. After

writing or saying Time Dependent Steady State Capacity Drift
8,326 times, it becomes necessary to reduce the phrase into
its acronym TDSSCD. Obviously, you must be OIL (Outside the
Information Loop) if you are unfamiliar with TDSSCD.
Personally, I dont think TDSSCD exists. I believe the phrase
Time Dependency exists in many communications. I believe
the term Steady State is a rather popular term in some circles.
And Drift is a term used by instrumentation technicians. But
TDSSCD doesnt, in my opinion, exist. This seems like someones attempt to appear IIL (Inside the Info Loop). FC
LOL,
Larry Bachus
Larry Bachus, founder of pump services firm Bachus

Company Inc., is a regular contributor to Flow Control
magazine. He is a pump consultant, lecturer, and inventor
based in Nashville, Tenn. Mr. Bachus is a retired member
of ASME and lectures in both English and Spanish. He can
be reached at larry@bachusinc.com.
www.bachusinc.com
Find related content @ flowcontrolnetwork.com ... Search on:

LarryBachus-datescartoon:Layout 1
11/6/12
3:56 PM
Air Entrainment | Cavitation | Larry Bachus | Pump Guy | Pump Guy Seminar | Recirculation
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42 | May 2013
Page 1
This Is NOT Your
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THE PUMP GUY

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and locate hydraulic tube
fittings by selecting the fittings shape, end type, size,
and material. FittingFinder
is available for Android and
Apple IOS devices.
May 2013 | 45
ADVERTISER/PRODUCT INDEX
Find company websites and get free product information online at www.flowcontrolnetwork.com/freeinfo.
BC = Back Cover - IBC = Inside Back Cover - IFC = Inside Front Cover
Advertiser
Page
RS#
Advertiser
Page
RS#
ASCO Valve Inc
19
16
Flows.com
11,45
10,201
Ashcroft Inc
41
26
Flow Research Inc
39
9,45
8,203
FMC Technologies
Bachus Inc
42
NA
Burkert Fluid Control

Systems
12
11
Assured Automation
CME Aerospace Control

Products
48,45 28,202
Emerson Process Mgmt

Fisher

Micro Motion
35

Rosemount
Endress+Hauser
Page
RS#
Omega Engineering Inc
1,45
2, 200
25
Orange Research
34
21
15
14
Parker Porter
Instrument Div
17
15
GF Piping Systems
IFC
GPIMeters.com
31
19
Great Plains Industries
Advertiser
Precision Digital
5,20,38 5,17,24
Pump Guy Seminar
43
NA
Rosedale Products Inc
42
27
Rotork Control Inc
21
18
Sage Metering
10
Sierra Instruments Inc
33
20
John C Ernst Company
37
23
22
KROHNE Inc
13
12
44
100
Magnetrol International
Singer Valve
IBC,BC
29,30
MKS Instruments
14
13
Spitzer & Boyes LLC
28
31
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46 | May 2013
THINK TANK | Filtration & Separation
GLOSSARY OF TERMS:
FILTRATION & SEPARATION
COALESCING FILTRATION: A steady state process
whereby aerosols are caused to come together into even

larger droplets as they pass through the filter elements
fiber matrix, eventually becoming large enough to be
gravitationally drained.
ABSOLUTE FILTRATION: The absolute filtration rating, or cut-off point, of a filter refers to the diameter of
the largest spherical glass particle, normally expressed
in micrometers (mm), which will pass through the filter
under laboratory conditions.
BACKWASH: To clean a filter element by reversing the

direction of flow through it.
CARTRIDGE: A porous device, usually fitting in a filter
housing, which performs the actual process of filtration.
ABSOLUTE FILTRATION
MICRON
BACKWASH
NOMINAL FILTRATION
COALESCING FILTRATION
PLEATED
CARTRIDGE
PRE-FILTER
EFFECTIVE AREA
PRESSURE DROP
FILTER EFFICIENCY
SEPARATOR
FILTRATION RATING
WOVEN
HYDROPHOBIC
Solve This Word Search

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If there are no completely correct entries, a winner will be selected
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I would like to receive/continue Flow Control magazine: ____ Yes ____ No

Signature: _____________________________________ Date: _________________
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Title: _________________________________________________________________
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Address/City/State/Zip: __________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
EFFECTIVE AREA: The area of a medium that is

exposed to flow and usable for its intended purpose
coalescing, filtering, or separating.
FILTER EFFICIENCY: A method of expressing a filters
ability to trap and retain contaminants of a given size.
Usually given as a percent.
FILTRATION RATING: A measurement of the average
size of the pores of the filter medium.
HYDROPHOBIC: Non-water wetting. Having an antagonism for water. Not capable of uniting or mixing with water.
MICRON: A unit of length in the metric system.

One-millionth of a meter or 0.000039 of one inch.
Contaminant size is usually described in microns.
NOMINAL FILTRATION: The nominal filtration rating
refers to a filter capable of cutting off a percentage by
weight of solid particles of a specific contaminant (usually again glass beads) greater than a stated micron size,
normally expressed in micrometers (mm), i.e. 90 percent
of 10 micron.
PLEATED: A filter element whose medium consists of a

series of uniform folds and has the geometric shape of a
cylinder, cone, disc or plate.
PRE-FILTER: Filter for removing gross contaminate
before the product stream enters a separator/filter.
PRESSURE DROP: The difference in pressure between
two points, generally at the inlet and outlet of a filter.
SEPARATOR: A device whose primary function is to isolate contaminants by physical properties other than size.
Phone:________________________________________________________________
E-Mail:________________________________________________________________
February Winner: Shannon Bailey, Maintenance Supervisor

Decatur Utilities, Decatur, Ala.
WOVEN: A filter medium made from strands of fiber,

thread, or wire interlaced into a cloth on a loom.
Rosedale Products (www.rosedaleproducts.com), a developer of technology for liquid filtration systems, provided
the terms and definitions for this word search.
May 2013 | 47
THINK TANK | Flowmeter Operation
By David W. Spitzer
quiz corner:
Measuring the Flow of Mixed Liquids
A. Flow up
B. Flow down
hat piping orientations are acceptable for a flowmeter to measure the flow of an 80/20 mixture of
a liquid having a specific gravity of 0.80 and water?
Commentary
C. Flow horizontal
D. All of the above
be correct.
If the component liquids were miscible to form a homogeneous fluid, any orientation within the limits of the flowmeter
technology would be possible. Answer D would appear to be
correct.
However, oil and water are generally not miscible, so separation of the oil and water could occur in the horizontal piping
upstream of the flowmeter. This can affect flowmeter performance because the liquid entering the flowmeter would not
be homogeneous. Answer C is not necessarily correct.
Locating the flowmeter in a vertical pipe flowing upward
mitigates the potential separation problem encountered in
horizontal pipe. However, it does not ensure that the flow is
homogeneous because the oil and water may have already
separated upstream of the vertical pipe. Answer A is not necessarily correct. Similarly, locating the flowmeter in a vertical
pipe flowing downward will cause Answer B to not necessarily
Additional Complicating Factors

There is no definitive correct answer. Such flow measurement
applications should be engineered carefully on an individual
basis.
David W. Spitzer David W. Spitzer is a regular contributor to Flow Control magazine and a principal in Spitzer
and Boyes, LLC, offering engineering, seminars, strategic,
marketing consulting, distribution consulting, and expert
witness services for manufacturing and automation companies. Mr. Spitzer has more than 35 years of experience
and has written over 10 books and 250 articles about flow
measurement, instrumentation and process control.
GAS FLOW ACCURACY

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David W. Spitzer | Flow Measurement | Flowmeter

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48 | May 2013
Flowing with great possibilities.

Proline Promass 100
Compact without compromise
Proline
As a direct, digital Coriolis flowmeter, the Promass 100

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Compact design without limitation of functionality

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Simultaneous measurement of mass or volume
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Seamless integration into process control and asset
management systems via EtherNet/IP and Modbus RS485
(HART and PROFIBUS DP currently in preparation)
-odern webserver technology for fast onsite device
configuration without additional software
Industry optimized sensors for each application
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Sales:
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Service: 800-642-8737
Fax:
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Considering Thermal Shutoffs Trends in Membrane Filtration Pump Terms Gone Wild

SOLUTIONS for FLUID MOVEMENT,

MAY 2013 Vol. XIX, No. 5

Try the new GF Valve Exchange Program:

Store up to 10 batch sizes for batching

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2882 Dow Avenue, Tustin, CA 92780-7258

Industrial Flow & Level

Non-Contact Level Controller for

Capacitive (RF) Point Level

EZ-View Flowmeters with

Clamp-On Ultrasonic Flowmeter

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COPYRIGHT 2013 OMEGA ENGINEERING, INC ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

may 2013 | Vol. XIX, No. 5

Using Interface Level to

2013 Flow Control Innovation

Part I: Flow Trend Watch

Considering Thermal Shutoff

Flow Control (ISSN #1081-7107) is published 12 times a year

POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: Flow Control, PO BOX

A controlled circulation publication, Flow Control is distributed

YOU CAN DO THAT

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making sense of senseless pump terminology

A number of methods can be used

On the Cover: The capacitance level switch featured on the cover of

NEWS & NOTES

45 WEB RESOURCE FILE

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Flow Control Magazine

Stop Climbing Up Tanks

Why Built-in Displays

Display & Control Solutions

Tank level gauging

Flow rate & total indication

Write in 5 or Request Info Instantly at www.FlowControlNetwork.com/freeinfo

ere at Flow Control, our goal is to help you,

could help bridge the gap between the dire

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

Larry Bachus: Bachus Company Inc.

Thanks for your readership,

Matt Migliore, Executive Director of Content

The dawn of a new standard

eclipse.magnetrol.com 1-800-624-8765 info magnetrol.com

2013 Magnetrol International, Incorporated

THE OUTLOOK | News & Notes

Frost & Sullivans recent analysis (www.environmental.

Wastewater Treatment in Southeast Asia, found the market

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Flow Control Magazine

these different needs, while keeping efficiency at the highest

Membrane vs. Conventional

through a series of membrane elements that successively

The Membrane Advantage

Configure today, have it tomorrow!*

* Not all configurations can be shipped same day.

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THE OUTLOOK | News & Notes

of the dissolved micro-organisms at the

nanofiltration (NF) and RO polymeric

Flow Control Magazine

plications. He says, This is especially true

Room for Improvement