Mufasa Hafeez, Corey Wright

EE 230
5/9/15

Final Design Project

The goal of this project was to build an optical signaling device that lights a red LED when one
button is pressed and lights a green LED when another button is pressed, however, we couldnt just
simply connect everything together with wires. The signal from the buttons had to be sent wirelessly,
similar to a remote control for a television. We would be transmitting two different frequencies
through this wireless connection, a 1kHz signal for the red LED and a 10 kHz signal for the green LED.
We built two oscillators (Wien Bridge oscillators-one for each different frequency), two full
wave rectifiers, two comparators, two band pass filters and an amplifier. We transmitted our signal
using an infrared LED and a receiver hooked up to an amplifier, followed by our band pass filters, then
by our full wave rectifiers, then lastly by our comparators.
After we managed to get all the individual circuits working as needed we connected them
together. While every individual circuit worked as expected we had trouble getting the entire circuit
to work as a whole. When we tried to change between the 1k and 10k oscillators the red LED was
always on and the green LED was always off. We checked over our connections making sure
everything was snug, changed out all of our electrical components with new ones, tried changing out
the breadboards, we even tried changing work stations and tried using different equipment and we
still couldnt fix the problem.
Later on, we found out that the main source of our problem was we were digging the
components to deep in to the breadboard. So much in fact that we had connections where we didnt
want them. E.g. we had at least two different rows on the breadboard connected one end of a
resistor.

Individual Modules
Oscillator
Two oscillators were required for this project. Both created oscillators were of the Wien-Bridge design
with outputs of about 1 kHz and 10 kHz. The design for this circuit can be seen below. To correctly
design the circuit we needed to have a gain of at least one, to form the sine wave, and to have the
components match the equation of f=1/(2*pi*R*C). In the diagram provided R = R3 = R4. The other
resistors must follow R2 = 2R1. Also to note is the fact that the capacitors should have the same value,
or C1 = C2. With these restrictions we build our wein bridge oscillator on a single board to provide
compactness. We faced problems with getting the correct output on the oscillator due to several
issues. One was the use of values that were too small to withstand the amount of power that we were
using, specifically the capacitors and the R3/R4 resistor on the 10 kHz node. This circuit also suffered
from physical issues due to the individual components being smashed too far into the breadboard
resulting in shorted connections. The actual values for the components were as follows.
For the 1 kHz Oscillator
R1 = 1650 Ohms

R2 = 3300 Ohms

C1 = .1 nF

C2 = C1

R3 = 1600 Ohms (exact at 1590)

For the 10 kHz Oscillator

R1 = 1650 Ohms

R2 = 3300 Ohms

C1 = 1 nF

C2 = C1

R3 = 160 Ohms (exact at 15.90) R4 = R3

R4 = R3

IR LED, Receiver, and Amplifier

The LED and Receiver were relatively simple compared to the rest of the circuit. These two
components were mainly just connected between the ground directly and a reference voltage
through a resistor. For the IR LED we used a voltage of 15V with a resistor of 1000 Ohms. For the
receiver we connected the component to ground and then to a reference voltage of 10 V through a
100,000 Ohm resistor. A simple voltage divider was acted on the normal 15V supply to provide the
10V necessary. The amplifier was placed after the amplifier but before the next component, the
band-pass filter. The amplifier used a simple gain of 3V which later proved to not be large enough.

Band Pass Filter

The Band Pass filter was designed to have two nearly identical components where one lets through a
range of 500 Hz to 1500 Hz while the other lets through a range of 7000 Hz to 13000 Hz. This two
modules were designed side by side with only small differences in the values of the resistors used. The
diagram that we used can be seen below. For these circuits we used the same equation as with the
oscillators to gauge which values we should use to get the desired frequencies. This equation was
f=1/(2*pi*R*C). Using the ranges already mentioned we should easily allow the 1 kHz wave and the 10
kHz wave through while not allowing any noise through the circuit. This section is what determines
whether the correct LED will go on by limiting the incorrect wave value. The actual values for the
components are below.
For the 500 - 1500 Hz filter
R1 = 3150 Ohms (3197 exact) R2 = 1068 Ohm

C1 = .1 uF

C2 = .1 uF

C1 = .1 uF

C2 = .1 uF

For the 7000 - 13000 Hz filter

R1 = 220 Ohm

R2 = 115 Ohm (122)

Full Wave Rectifier

The Full Wave Rectifiers that we used were identical to the ones previously built in the lab. The
diagram can be seen below. Two of the modules were required, one for each of the two LED lights.
This required that we use four op-amps and up to 14 10k resistors. This design, while relatively easy to
complete, was a bit cramped on the breadboard that we did use. This module was placed between
the band pass filters and the comparators.

Comparator and colored LED

The comparator triggers were the last module to on the circuit before the actual green and red LEDs.
This comparators were based off of the comparators that we built in the lab. The diagram can be seen
below. The module used a 1000 Ohm resistor between the input voltage and the positive op-amp
along with a 1000 Ohm resistor between the potentiometer and the negative op-amp. The 10000
Ohm potentiometer was placed between the +15V and the -15V to provide a reference voltage to
compare against the incoming voltage. The comparator would cut off the value and then output that

through to the LEDs. The LEDs were connected between the ground and a 1000 Ohm resistor that was
connected to the output of the comparators. With these components we completed our circuit, in
theory.

Band-pass filter (above), Wein bridge oscillator (below)

Full Wave Rectifier

Compator

Bode Plots