EXPERIMENT 1:

DISTILLATION
CHEM 200 LABORATORY

DISTILLATION
A process of converting a liquid to a vapor, condensing
the vapor, and collecting the distillate to another
container

Technique used to separate components in a liquid

mixture which different boiling points, or to separate a
component that is not volatile.

Used in purifying or concentrating a liquid.

DALTONS LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE

The total vapor pressure of a mixture is equal to the
sum of the partial pressures of its components.

RAOULTS LAW
For miscible liquids, the partial pressure of each
component of a mixture at a given temperature is
equal to the vapor pressure of the pure substance
multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution.

4 DISTILLATION METHODS
1. Simple distillation
2. Fractional distillation
3. Vacuum distillation
4. Steam distillation

SIMPLE DISTILLATION
Used in the separation of a volatile liquid from a
nonvolatile substance or a solid dissolved in the
liquid.

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
It is a series of distillation
The condensed vapors are past through a fractional column
where they undergo a series of vaporization and condensation

Used to separate miscible liquid mixtures that are volatile.

The efficiency of the fractionation column depends on its
length and packing and is expressed by the number of
theoretical plates.

VACUUM DISTILLATION

Distillation under reduced pressure and is

used for distilling high-boiling point liquids or
heat-sensitive compounds.

STEAM DISTILLATION
Usually employed in the separation of an organic
compound from a solid material with the use of water in
the form of liquid or steam.

The organic compound must be immiscible in water.

It is based on the fact that immiscible mixtures boil at
temperatures lower than the boiling points of any
components. Aromatic oils.

Series 1
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

5.5

Series 1

6.5

7.5

8.5

9.5

10

AZEOTROPES
A liquid pair with a constant composition and boiling point
that do not behave in accordance with Raoults Law
Minimum boiling point azeotropes boil at a temperature lower than

the pure components

Maximum boing point azeotropes boil at higher temperature than
either of the pure components.

Component A Components
B

BP of
Azeotrope

% (by
weight) of A
in Azeotrope

Minimum BP Azeotrope
Water, 100

Ethanol, 78.3

78.15

4.4

Maximum BP Azeotrope
Acetone, 56.4

Chloroform,
61.2

64.7

20