Operators

( x) g ( x)
Of

- are performed on functions

d
2
3
x
6x

dx
O f (r ) g(r )

-are performed on vector functions and

have directional qualities as well. These
are referred to as vector operators.

df(r ) df(r )
df(r )
f(r )
i
j
k
dx
dy
dz

( x) of ( x )
Of

- can obey the Eigen equation, and thus

have eigen values and eigen functions.
- In general we are concerned with the
function that obey this equation.

d2
2
sin(n x) n sin(n x)
2
d x

Classical Mechanics-Position
x(t )
Example

x(t ) 2t 3 t 2 1

r (t ) x(t )i y (t ) j z (t )k
Example

r (t ) (t 2 1)i tj 0k

Notice that we are using a function of time to describe the position not some
fixed value.
This function tells you the position at any point in time.

Classical Mechanics-Position-3D
x r (t ) i r (t ) x(t )

y r (t ) j r (t ) y (t )

z r (t ) k r (t ) z (t )

x i
y j

z k

Note that the operator is applied to the position function and the result is the
quantity associated with the operator.
Ie.

The x operator give you the x component of r(t), this is know as a

projection operator.

r (t ) r[r (t )]

xi y j zk r (t )

i r (t ) i j r (t ) j k r(t ) k
x(t ) i y (t ) j z (t ) k
The vector operator r can be constructed from the projector operators.

Classical Mechanics-Position-3D
Example

r (t ) (t 1)i tj 0k
2

x r (t ) i (t 2 1)i tj 0k

(t 2 1) x(t )

y r (t ) j (t 2 1)i tj 0k

t y (t )

z r (t ) k (t 2 1)i tj 0k

0 z (t )

r (t ) r[r (t )] xi y j zk (t 2 1)i tj 0k
x r (t ) i y r (t ) j z r (t ) k
(t 2 1)i tj 0k

Classical Mechanics-Velocity-1D

dx(t )
v(t )
dt
d
v(t ) v x(t ) x (t )
dt

d
v
dt

Example

d
v(t ) v x(t ) x(t )
dt
d
2t 3 t 2 1
dt
6t 2 2t

Classical Mechanics-Velocity-3D
dx(t ) dy (t )
dz (t )
v (t )
i
j
k
dt
dt
dt

v(t ) v r (t ) r (t )
dt

d
v
dt

Example

d
v(t ) v r (t ) (t 2 1)i tj 0k
dt
d 2
d
d
(t 1)i tj 0k
dt
dt
dt
(2ti 1j 0k )

Classical Mechanics-Velocity-3D
dx(t ) dy (t )
dz (t )
v (t ) v [r (t )]
i
j
k vx (t )i v y (t ) j vz (t )k
dt
dt
dt

vx r (t ) x v r (t )
dz (t )
d

dx(t ) dy (t )
x r (t ) x
i
j
k

dt
dt
dt
dt

x vx (t )i v y (t ) j vz (t )k
i vx (t )i v y (t ) j vz (t )k
d
vx (t ) vx i
dt
d
v y j
dt

d
vz k
dt

Classical Mechanics-Velocity-3D
The corresponding vector operator to velocity can be reconstructed from the
projector operators of the components:

v (t ) v [r (t )] vx i v y j vz k r (t )

dr (t )
dr ( t )
i
i j j k
dt
dt

dx(t ) dy (t )
dz (t )

i
j
k
dt
dt
dt
vx (t ) i v y (t ) j vz (t ) k

v vx i v y j vz k

d r (t )
k
dt

Classical Mechanics-Velocity-3D
Example

r (t ) (t 2 1)i tj 0k

d
vx r (t ) i (t 2 1)i tj 0k i (2ti
1j 0k ) 2t vx (t )
dt
d
v y r (t ) j (t 2 1)i tj 0k j (2ti
1j 0k ) 1 v y (t )
dt
d
vz r (t ) k (t 2 1)i tj 0k k (2ti
1j 0k ) 0 vz (t )
dt

v (t ) v [r (t )] vx i v y j vz k (t 2 1)i tj 0k
vx [r (t )]i v y [r (t )]j vz [r (t )]k
vx (t ) i v y (t ) j vz (t ) k
2t i tj 0 k

Classical Mechanics-Acceleration-1D
d 2 x(t )
a(t )
dt 2
d2
a(t ) a x(t ) 2 x(t )
dt

d
a 2
dt

Example

d2
a (t ) a x(t ) 2 x(t )
dt
d2
2 2t 3 t 2 1
dt
12t 2

Classical Mechanics-Acceleration-3D
d 2 x(t ) d 2 y (t )
d 2 y (t )
a(t )
i
j
k
2
2
2
dt
dt
dt

d2
a(t ) a r (t ) 2 r (t )
dt
Example

d
a 2
dt

d
2
a r (t ) 2 (t 1)i tj 0k
dt
(2i 0 j 0k ) a(t )

Classical Mechanics-Force-1D
d 2 x(t )
F (t ) m
dt 2
2

F (t ) F x (t ) m 2 x (t )
dt

d
F m 2
dt

Example
2
d
F (t ) F x(t ) m 2 x(t )
dt
d2
m 2 2t 3 t 2 1
dt
12mt 2m

Classical Mechanics-Force-3D
d 2 x(t ) d 2 y (t )
d 2 y (t )
F (t ) m
i
j
k
2
2
2
dt
dt
dt

2
d
F (t ) F r (t ) 2 r (t )
dt

Example

2
d
F m 2
dt

2
d
F(t ) F r (t ) m 2 (t 2 1)i tj 0k
dt
2mi 0 j 0k

Impulse and Momentum

d 2 x(t )
F (t ) m 2 ma (t )
d t
Impulse

d 2 x (t )
F (t )dt m 2 dt mdv (t )
d t

Momentum

d 2 x(t )
m 2 dt mv
d t

F t mv

F (t )dt F t

For a constant force

In general

p (t ) F (t )dt mv(t )
p x (t ) F x(t ) dt mv x (t )

Momentum-1D
dx(t )
p (t ) mv(t ) m
dt
dx(t )
p (t ) p x (t ) mv x(t ) m
dt

d
p mv m
dt
Example

p(t ) p x(t ) mv x(t ) m

d
m 2t 3 t 2 1
dt
6mt 2 2mt

dx(t )
dt

Momentum-3D
dr (t )
dx(t )
dy (t )
dz (t )
p(t ) mv(t ) m
m
im
j m
k
dt
dt
dt
dt
dr (t )
p(t ) p r (t ) mv r (t ) m

dt
Example

d
p mv m
dt

p(t ) p r (t ) mv r (t )
d
(t 2 1)i tj 0k
m
dt
2mti mj 0k

Impulse-1D
p (t ) F (t ) dt

dV (t )
F (t )
dx

Force can be thought of as

a change in potential energy
with change in position

dV (t )
p (t )
dt
dx

p(t ) p ( x(t )) F ( x(t ))dt

dV ( x(t ))

dt
dx

p Fdt Vdt
dx

Impulse-1D
Examples
i) In terms of the Force operator:
2
d
p(t ) p x(t ) F x(t ) dt m 2 2t 3 t 2 1 dt
dt
d
2t 3 t 2 1
m
dt
6mt 2 2mt

ii) In terms of the Potential operator:

1
V ( x (t )) kx(t ) 2
2
p x(t )

F ( x(t ))

d kx (t ) 2 2
dx (t )

dV ( x(t ))
dx(t )

where x(t ) x0 cos(t )

kx0
dt 2kx(t ) / 2dt kx0 cos(t )dt
sin(t )

Impulse-3D
p(t ) F (t )dt

F(t ) V t

p(t ) V (t )dt

p(t ) p (r (t )) F (r (t ))dt V (r (t ))dt

p Vdt

Angular Momentum

L r (t ) p(t )
L x(t )

y (t ) z (t ) px (t )
i
L x(t )
px ( x)

j
y (t )
p y (t )

p y (t )

k
z (t )
p z (t )

p z (t )

Angular Momentum

L Lx i Ly j Lz k
Lx y (t ) pz (t ) z (t ) p y (t )
Ly z (t ) px (t ) x(t ) pz (t )
Lz y (t ) px (t ) x(t ) p y (t )

Angular Momentum
Lx (t ) y (t ) pz (t ) z (t ) p y (t )
Ly (t ) z (t ) px (t ) x (t ) p z (t )

L Lx i L y j L z k

Lz (t ) x(t ) p y (t ) y (t ) p x (t )
dy
dz

z zp
y m y z
Lx yp
dt
dt
dz
dx

z m z x
x xp
Ly zp
dt
dt
dx
dy

y yp
x m x y
Lz xp
dt
dt

Kinetic Energy
2

mv(t )
m dx(t )
p(t ) 2
K (t )


2
2 dt
2m
2

mv
[
x
(
t
)]
m
dx
(
t
)
p
[
x
(
t
)]

K x(t )


2
2 dt
2m

m
d
p

K mv 2
2 dt
2m

m dr (t ) dr ( t )
mv (t ) v(t ) p(t ) p(t )
K (t )

2 dt
dt
2
2m

m dr d r
mv v p p

2 dt dt
2
2m

Potential Energy
dV (t )
F (t )
dx

F (r ) V (r )

V (t ) F (t )dx

V (r ) F(r ) dr

V ( x(t )) F (x(t ))dx(t )

V (r (t )) F (r (t )) dr

V Fdx

V F dr
Coulombs Law

Hooks Law

F (t ) kx (t )

k
V (t ) x(t ) 2
2

ze 2
F (t )
4 x(t ) 2
ze 2
V (t )
4 x(t )

Conservation of Energy

E K (t ) V (t )

Total energy remains constant,

as long as V is not an explicit
function of time. (i.e V(x(t)))

dE d
d

K x(t ) V x(t ) K V
dt dt
dt

x(t ) 0

dE d
d

K r (t ) V r (t ) K V r (t ) 0
dt dt
dt
Hamiltonian

p
p p

H K V
V ( x)
V (r )
2m
2m
2

Conservation of Energy-Hooks Law

k 2
x(t ) 0 ? for V ( x) 2 x (t )

dE d
K V
dt dt
k x(t )
dE d p x(t )

dt dt
2m
2
2

1 d
1d
2
p x (t ) p x (t )
k x(t )
2m dt
2 dt

1 d d
d
k
d

m x (t ) m x(t ) 2 x(t ) x(t )

2m dt dt
dt
2
dt

1 2 d dx(t )
k
dx(t )

2
x
(
t
)

2m
dt dt
2
dt
m dx(t ) d 2 x(t )
dx(t )
2

kx
(
t
)
2 dt
dt 2
dt

dx(t ) d 2 x(t )

kx(t )
m
2
dt
dt

dx(t )

ma(t ) F (t ) 0
dt

Since: Newtons Law

F ma = 0