Handover in WCDMA

WCDMA Handover
Principle
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
Chapter 1 Overview of Handover

Chapter 2 Handover Measurement
Chapter 3 Soft Handover
Chapter 4 Hard Handover
Huawei Confidential
Page 1
Chapter 1
Overview of Handover
1.1
Purposes of Handover
1.2
Modes and Status of the UE
1.3
Methods and Types of

Handover
1.4
Comparison between Soft

Handover and Hard Handover
Huawei Confidential
Page 2
l Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the basic
element in QoS
[ Providing continuous communication service is the main purpose
of handover.
l The load balance: sharing the resource
l The hierarchy divided by speed and service: high efficiency of
using resource
Huawei Confidential
Page 3
Chapter 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Methods and Types of

Handover
1.4

Huawei Confidential
Page 4
UE Modes and Status
URA_PCH
DEAD
IDLE
RRC connection
CELL_DCH
CELL_PCH
Huawei Confidential
Page 5
CELL_FACH
UE Modes and Status (Status migration)

- Reducing activities, saving power and resource
RRC connection
URA_PCH
CELL_PCH
URA Update
After several Cell

Updates
Cell Update No traffic
CELL_DCH
CELL_FACH
Low speed PS
- Common channel,
low speed service
- Triggered by theCN
- Dedicated channel
SMS
VP/Voice/PS
These statuses are only applied

in the UTRAN and UE. They
are transparent to the CN.
IDLE
- Monitering the paging channel

- Cell reselecting
- Searching a PLMN
- Find a cell to camps on
DEAD
Huawei Confidential
Page 6
Chapter 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Methods and Types of Handover
1.4

Huawei Confidential
Page 7
Handover Methods
l Changing cells in the status of CELL_DCH
[ Handover
[ Directly retry
l Changing residing cells in the statuses of IDLE, CELL_FACH,
CELL_PCH, and URA_PCH

[ Cell reselection (forward handover)
Huawei Confidential
Page 8
Handover Types in CELL_DCH

Classify by
Classify by
System Change Signaling Flow
Classify by
Frequency
Change
Soft handover
Low-rate services (e.g. AMR, VP
Intra-frequency
Intra- system
Hard handover
Inter-frequency
Inter-system
(Inter-RAT)
Description
High-rate services (e.g. PS384K)

No Iur interface between to RNCs
For the purpose of coverage or
load balancing (e.g. handover
between carriers with different
load, handover to the carrier that
supports the HSDPA service.
WCDMA-to-GSM handover)
Huawei Confidential
Page 9
Chapter 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Methods and Types of Handover
1.4

Huawei Confidential
Page 10
Features Comparison between Soft Handover

and Hard Handover
Item
Soft Handover (Softer Handover)
Hard Handover
Number of radio links in

the activate set
Several
One
Interruption during
handover
No
Yes
Frequencies in the cells

before and after
handover
Intra-frequency
Intra-frequency
Inter-frequency or
Inter-RAT
Handover gain
Maximum-ratio combining or selective

combining which can reduce the impact of
fading and transmission power of the UE.
None
Disadvantage
Occupies more resources.

Problems occur when the power of soft
handover cells is unbalanced.
Call drop ratio is

relatively higher
In a word, some resources are wasted to obtain optimal system performance in soft handover.
Huawei Confidential
Page 11
Soft Handover (Connection before Disconnection)
NodeB1
NodeB2
RNC
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Page 12
Softer Handover (A Special Case of Soft Handover)

RNC
Node B
Cell A
Cell B
Huawei Confidential
Page 13
Hard Handover- (Disconnection before Connection)
NodeB1
NodeB2
RNC
Huawei Confidential
Page 14
Questions
l What are the differences between soft
handover, softer handover, and hard

handover?
l Why intra-frequency handover is not
always soft handover?

l How does handover gain arise? How
much are various handover gains?
Huawei Confidential
Page 15
Summary
l This chapter describes the purposes of
handover, working modes of the UE and

common handover types in the WCDMA
system, compares soft handover and hard
handover and describes respective
advantages and disadvantages.
l In addition, this chapter describes a brief flow
of each type of handover.
Huawei Confidential
Page 16
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Handover Measurement
Chapter 3
Soft Handover
Huawei Confidential
Page 17
Chapter 2
2.1
Basic Concepts about

Handover
2.2
Three Steps of Handover
2.3
Measurement Control
2.4
Measurement Report
Huawei Confidential
Page 18
Basic Concepts about Handover
l Active set
l Radio link (RL)
l Monitor set
l Radio link set (RLS)
l Detection set
l Maximum-ratio combining
l Event report
l Selective combining
[ Event to periodic report

l Periodic report
l Soft handover gain

l Pilot channel (CPICH)
Huawei Confidential
Page 19
Chapter 2
2.1
2.2
2.3
Measurement Control
2.4
Measurement Report
Huawei Confidential
Page 20

The following figure shows handover
procedure (measurement quality set
to PCPICH Ec/Io)
UE
UEmeasures
measuresthe
theCPICH
CPICHEc/Io
Ec/Io
ofofits
serving
cell(s)
and
its serving cell(s) and
neighbor
neighborcells.
cells.And
Andsends
sendsthe
the
measurement
report
to
RNC.
measurement report to RNC.
Measurement
Decision
Measure
N
Are
Arehandover
handovercriteria
criteriameet?
meet?
Decision
Execution
Perform
Performaahandover
handover
and
update
and updaterelative
relative
parameters
parameters
Huawei Confidential
Page 21
Execution
Chapter 2
2.1
2.2
2.3
Measurement Control
2.4
Measurement Report
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Page 22
Measurement Control
l Measurement control is used to notify the UE of the object to be
measured, neighbor cell list, report method, and event parameters.

l When measurement conditions are changed, the RNC notifies the
UE of new conditions.
UE
UTRAN
Measurement Control
Measurement Control, normal case
Huawei Confidential
Page 23
Measurement Control
l Measurement Control
[ The RNC sends a

measurement control message
according to the best cell in the
active set.
Measurement identity
Measurement command
Measurement type
Measurement object
Criteria of measurement report
Measurement report mode
Huawei Confidential
Page 24
Measurement Objects
l Measurement objects
[ Intra-frequency measurement
CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/Io, or Pathloss (normally Ec/Io)
[ Inter-frequency measurement
CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/Io
[ Inter-RAT measurement
GSM Carrier RSSI, BSIC Identification, and BSIC Reconfirmation
Huawei Confidential
Page 25
Measurement Model
parameters
Layer 1
filtering
Layer 3
filtering
parameters
C
C'
Evaluation
of reporting
criteria
Measurement time of layer 1 is 200 ms. The vendor

can decide the filtering method.
Filtering parameters of layer 3 can be configured.
Measurement results are reported when the reporting

criteria are met.
Huawei Confidential
Page 26
Measurement Model - Layer 3 Filtering

Filtering of measurement results by the UE is calculated according to
the following formula:
Fn(1-)Fn-1+Mn
[ Fn: new measurement result after L3 filtering
[ Fn-1: the last measurement result after filtering
[ Mn: the latest measurement result from the physical layer of the UE
[ 0.5k/2, K is the parameter in filter coefficient in the measurement
control message (default=3 ). If it is set to 0 , layer 3 filtering is
unavailable.
Huawei Confidential
Page 27
Chapter 2
2.1
Basic Concepts about

Handover
2.2
Three Steps in Handover
2.3
Measurement Control
2.4
Measurement Report
Huawei Confidential
Page 28
Measurement Report
l When the measurement reporting criteria are met, the UE
reports the results to the RNC as an event.
UE
UTRAN
Measurement Report
Measurement Report
Huawei Confidential
Page 29
Measurement Report Methods

l Event report
[ The measurement report is sent when the reporting criteria are met.
l Periodic report (event to periodic report)
[ If the RNC does not respond after several events are reported, the
UE switches to periodic report.
[ The interval between report and total report times are controlled
through parameters.
Huawei Confidential
Page 30
Intra-frequency Measurement Events

l
Intra-frequency measurement events are identified through 1X:

[ 1A: A CPICH signal from monitor set enters the reporting range. Means a
monitor cell is good enough that the UE can add it into active set.
[ 1BA CPICH signal in active set leaves the reporting range. Means a cell in
the active set is not good enough according to the best cell.
[ 1C: Replace event. A CPICH signal from a monitor set is better than one in
the active set.
[ 1D: Event of changing the best serving cell.
[ 1F: Event that measurement results of the cells in the active set are lower
than an absolute threshold.
Huawei Confidential
Page 31
Inter-frequency Measurement Events

l Inter-frequency measurement events are identified by 2X:
[ 2B event: The quality of the serving cell is lower than an absolute

threshold value and the quality of another inter-frequency neighbor
cell is higher than another threshold value. - Handover based on
Coverage
[ 2C event: The quality of the inter-frequency neighbor cell is higher

than an absolute threshold value. - Handover based on Non-Coverage
(e.g. Load)
[ 2D event: The quality of the serving cell is lower than an absolute

threshold value. It is used to start the compress mode.
[ 2F event: The quality of the serving cell is higher than an absolute
threshold value. It is used to stop the compress mode.
Huawei Confidential
Page 32
Inter-RAT Measurement Events

l Inter-RAT Measurement events are identified through 3X:
[ 3A event: The quality of the currently used frequency is lower than an

absolute threshold value, but the quality in a GSM cell is higher than
another absolute threshold value. - Handover based on Coverage
[ 3C event: The quality in a GSM cell is higher than an absolute threshold
value. - Handover based on Non-Coverage (e.g. Load)
[ 2D event: The quality of the currently used frequency is lower than an
absolute threshold value. It is used to start the compress mode.
[ 2F event: The quality of the currently used frequency is higher than
another absolute threshold value. It is used to stop the compress mode.
Huawei Confidential
Page 33
Some Event Report Control Parameters

l Relative threshold (reporting range)
[ Unidirectional difference between two measurement results, for example,
relative threshold value between 1A event and 1B event
l Absolute threshold (threshold)

[ Measurement results reach an absolute value, for example, absolute
threshold values of 1E event and 1F event
l Hysteresis
[ Bi-directional difference between two measurement results
l Time to trigger
[ Time that lasts until the previous threshold value is met
l Weight factor (W)

[ Control calculation of comparative benchmark values
Huawei Confidential
Page 34
Event Report Decision

l Deciding according to the judgment inequation
[ Example: decision inequation of 1A event

1. Path loss
10 LogM
New
NA
W 10 Log M i + (1 W ) 10 LogM
i =1
Best
+ ( R H 1 a / 2 ),
Best
( R H 1 a / 2 ),
2. Other measurement variables (e.g. RSCP, Ec/Io)

10 LogM
M: measurement results
New
NA
W 10 Log M i + (1 W ) 10 LogM
i =1
R: relative threshold values

H: hysteresis
W: weight factor. It is 0 generally.
If W = 0, for RSCP and Ec/Io,

10LogM(New)10LogM(Best) - (R1a-H1a/2)
Huawei Confidential
Page 35

- Example of 1A Event Measurement Report
Measurement results in the primary cell
1A event occurs
Huawei Confidential
Page 36
Event Report Decision (Continued)

Trigger criteria of 1B event:
10 LogM new
NA
W 10 Log M i + (1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R1b + H 1b / 2)
i =1
Trigger criteria of 1C event:
M New M InAS + H 1c / 2,
Trigger criteria of 1D event:
M NotBest M Best + H 1d / 2,
Trigger criteria of 1F event:
M New T1 f H 1 f / 2 ,
Huawei Confidential
Page 37

- Example of 1B Event Measurement Report
1B event is reported
Delete the cell which primary scrambling code is 23
Huawei Confidential
Page 38
Event Report
Huawei Confidential
Page 39
Event Report
Replace cell 1 by the cell 2

Huawei Confidential
Page 40
Event Report
Huawei Confidential
Page 41
Questions
l In which cases does the RNC trigger
measurement control?
l Is the start time of intra-frequency,
inter-frequency, and Inter-RAT

measurement the same?
l When is an event reported?
l How to report an event?
l What events does intra-frequency
measurement contain?
l What events does inter-frequency
measurement contain?
Huawei Confidential
Page 42
Summary
l This chapter describes concepts related to
handover, explains measurement control, which

covers measurement objects, event report.
Huawei Confidential
Page 43
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Soft Handover
Huawei Confidential
Page 44
Chapter 3
Soft Handover
3.1
Flow of Soft Handover
3.2
Common Parameters and Intra

Frequency Neighbor Cell
Huawei Confidential
Page 45
Flow of Soft Handover - Adding Radio Link
(Reporting 1A event)
(Add new radio link)
Huawei Confidential
Page 46
Flow of Soft Handover - Adding Radio Link
Huawei Confidential
Page 47
Flow of Soft Handover - Deleting Radio Link
(Reporting 1B event)
(Del old radio link)
Huawei Confidential
Page 48
Chapter 3
3.1
3.2
Common Parameters and Intra

Frequency Neighbor Cell
Huawei Confidential
Page 49
Setting Common Parameters of Soft Handover

l
Relative threshold
[
1A and 1B event have their individual values.
The value of 1B should be larger than that of 1A, to avoid ping-pong

handover. (1A < 1B)
Default setting: 1A: 3 dB; 1B: 6 dB
Hysteresis
[
Configure it for each event separately.
Usually the threshold values of 1A event and 1B event are 0 dB and those
of 1C, 1D, 1F are 4 dB.
This value affects the soft handover area of the UE.
MML command for adding cell-class intra-frequency handover

parameters: ADD CELLINTRAFREQHO
MML Command for setting RNC-class intra-frequency handover
parameters: SET INTRAFREQHO
Huawei Confidential
Page 50
Common Parameters of Soft Handover (Continued)

l Time to trigger
[ Configured it for each event separately.

[ The value of 1B should be larger than that of 1A, to avoid ping-pong
handover. (1A < 1B)
Default setting: 1A: 320 ms; 1B: 640 ms; 1C, 1D: 640 ms
l Lay 3 filtering coefficient
[ It is shared by all types of intra-frequency measurement.

[ This parameter is sensitive to the delay of event triggering and pingpong handover.
[ It is usually set to 3.
Huawei Confidential
Page 51
Intra Frequency Neighbor Cell
l The Handover can only happened among the neighbor cells

l MML: Add IntraFreqNCell:
[ Configure neighbor cells with the same frequency

[ The maxim number of IntraFreqNCell for each cell is 31
Huawei Confidential
Page 52
Questions
l Draw the signaling flow chart of soft
handover.
l What is the impact of parameters in soft
handover on system performance?

l What parameters can affect
performance of soft handover besides

the parameters described in this
chapter?
Huawei Confidential
Page 53
Summary
l This chapter describes the signaling
flow and common parameters of soft

handover in WCDMA.
Huawei Confidential
Page 54
Other Handovers
l The WCDMA system supports many handover technologies.
Besides soft (softer) handover described previously, there are

intra-frequency hard handover, inter-frequency hard handover,
and Inter-RAT handover.
l If the system supports HSDPA, the WCDMA system also
supports handover between carrier frequency of HSDPA and

ordinary carrier frequency to balance load and to utilize network
resources efficiently.
l Refer to supplementary contents for description of intra-
frequency hard handover, inter-frequency hard handover, and

Inter-RAT handover. This part is provided for self-study.
Huawei Confidential
Page 55
Course Summary
Course
Summary
l This course describers the principles,
algorithm, related parameters and

general flow of soft handover in the
WCDMA system.
Huawei Confidential
Page 56
Thank you
www.huawei.com
Chapter 4
Hard Handover
4.1
Intra-frequency Hard Handover
4.2
Inter-frequency Hard Handover
4.3
Inter-RAT Hard Handover
Huawei Confidential
Page 58

- Measurement and Event
l Measurement
[ It is similar to that in soft handover

l Related events
[ 1D event
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Page 59

- Handover Flow
TARGET NODEB
SOARCE NODEB
3. ALCAP ESTABLISHMENT
9. ALCAP RELEASE
Huawei Confidential
Page 60

- Common Parameters
l BeBitrateThd: BE service handover rate decision threshold.
[ If the maximum rate of transmission channel of the BE service is not more

than this threshold, the system performs soft handover for the users using
this service.
[ If the maximum rate of transmission channel of the BE service is greater
than this threshold, the system performs intra-frequency hard handover for
the users using this service.
MML: SET HOCOMM
l Parameters related to the 1D event
[ Time to trigger (640ms), hysteresis (4dB)

[ The parameters should be appropriate so the system can not only track
changes of the signal to perform handover, but also avoid ping-pong
handover.
Huawei Confidential
Page 61
Chapter 4
Hard Handover
4.1
4.2
4.3
Huawei Confidential
Page 62
Inter-frequency Hard Handover Overview

l Features
[ The frequency is different after handover.

[ For the UE with only one transceiver, the compress mode should be
started to assist measurement.
l Advantages
[ The handover success rate is higher than that of intra-frequency hard

handover.
[ The load on carrier frequencies are balanced.
Huawei Confidential
Page 63
Inter-frequency Hard Handover Overview

(Continued)
l
Disadvantages
[ The compress mode causes extra radio resource
Application scenarios
[ Uncontinuous coverage of carrier
[ Load caused handover
[ Hierarchical cell
Huawei Confidential
Page 64

l
Measurement in inter-frequency hard handover

[
Measurement variables:
CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/N0
Different measurement types are used for different handover purposes:
Edge of carrier coverage area: CPICH RSCP
Center of carrier coverage area: CPICH Ec/Io
Huawei Confidential
Page 65

- Measurement and Event (Continued)
l
Measurement Report Methods

[ Event report
2D event: The quality of current frequency is lower than a certain absolute
threshold value. It is used to start the compress mode.
2F event: The quality of current frequency is higher than a certain absolute
threshold value. It is used to stop the compress mode.
2B event: The quality of current frequency is lower than the absolute
threshold value, and the quality of the neighbor frequency is higher than
another absolute threshold value. It is used in coverage handover trigger.
2C event: The quality of the neighbor frequency is higher than a certain
absolute threshold value. It is used in load handover trigger.
[ Periodic report
Huawei Confidential
Page 66

- Starting and Stopping of the Compression Mode
l Starting conditions of measurement
[ 2D event: If the quality of the currently frequency is lower than a certain
absolute threshold value, the compress mode is started.
[ Use the velocity estimation algorithm to decide starting of inter-frequency
handover measurement.
l Stopping conditions of measurement

[ 2F event
[ After the best cell is changed, the new best cell does not have any interfrequency neighbor cell.
[ The timer of inter-frequency measurement expires.
[ The speed estimate status of the UE changes, and related inter-frequency
handover measurement is disabled according to the hierarchical cell algorithm
[ In hard handover, if the coverage reason is triggered, handover is stopped
simultaneously.
Huawei Confidential
Page 67
Inter-frequency Hard Handover Flow

l Signaling flow
TARGET NODEB
SOARCE NODEB
3. ALCAP ESTABLISHMENT
9. ALCAP RELEASE
Huawei Confidential
Page 68

- Common Parameters
l
Inter-frequency coverage handover parameters:

[ Methods for report inter-frequency measurement: periodic or event
[ Inter-frequency measurement variables: CPICH Ec/Io or CPICH RSCP.
[ Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filtering coefficient, time to trigger,
and hysteresis
[ Starting and stopping threshold values of inter-frequency measurement:
Configure it respectively for CPICH Ec/Io, CPICH RSCP, and configure 2D,
2F event for CS and PS.
[ Inter-frequency coverage handover threshold value: quality threshold value
of the target cell
[ Quality threshold value of used frequency in inter-frequency hard handover
[ Lowest access threshold value in inter-frequency handover
Huawei Confidential
Page 69
Inter-frequency Hard Handover - Questions

l
Why the compress mode threshold for the CS and PS are

configured different?
[ The Eb/No required by these two services are different, so the
RSCPs are also different.
If the UE uses the CS service and PS service at the same time,

the 2D and 2F parameters of which service are used to decide
starting the compress mode?
[ If the parameters of any service meet the threshold, the compress
mode will started.
Is the compress mode started immediately after the UE sends

the 2D parameter?
[ The compress mode is started after the RNC reconfigure the RB.
Huawei Confidential
Page 70
Chapter 4
Hard Handover
4.1
4.2
4.3
Huawei Confidential
Page 71

l
Overview
Measurement and Event
Handover Decision Algorithm
Handover Flow
Common Parameters
Huawei Confidential
Page 72
Inter-RAT Hard Handover - Overview

l
Category
[ WCDMA FDD <>GSM
[ WCDMA FDD <>WCDMA TDD
[ WCDMA FDD <>CDMA2000
l Features
[ The radio access technology (RAT) adopted in the system after handover
is different.
[ Need compress mode to assist measurement.
l Advantages
[ Coverage: Solve the problem of transition between different systems.

[ Capacity: Improve the utilization of old equipments to the greatest extent
(2G->3G)
l Disadvantages
[ The flow is complicated, and the requirement for compatibility of

equipment is high.
[ The UE is complicated.
Huawei Confidential
Page 73

l
Measurement in Inter-RAT hard handover (GSM measurement)

[ Measurement types:
GSM Carrier RSSI
BSIC Identification
BSIC Reconfirmation
[ Measurement processing: layer-1 filtering, layer-3 filtering
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Page 74

- Measurement and Event (Continued)
[ Measurement Report
Event report
2D event: starting GSM measurement
2F event: stopping GSM measurement
3A event: The quality of WCDMA is lower than an absolute
threshold but quality of a GSM neighbor cell is higher than
another absolute threshold. - Handover based on Coverage
3C event: The quality of a GSM neighbor cell is higher than an
absolute threshold. - Handover based on Non-Coverage (e.g. Load)
Huawei Confidential
Page 75
Inter-RAT Hard Handover - Decision Algorithm

l Decision of Inter-RAT handover
[ Inter-RAT handover based on coverage

Event
3A event: The quality of the currently used frequency is lower

than an absolute threshold value, but quality of a GSM cell is
higher than another absolute threshold value.
Periodic
Evaluation: Confirm the status according to the GSM RSSI

measurement value and the BSIC of the target cell in GSM and
evaluate the cell of which the GSM RSSI exceeds the absolute
threshold value. If both conditions are met, consider the cell of
which the BSIC is confirmed.
Huawei Confidential
Page 76

- Decision Algorithm (Continued)
[
Inter-RAT handover based on non-coverage
Event
The 3C event means that the quality of the GSM cell is

higher than an absolute threshold value.
Huawei Confidential
Page 77
Inter-RAT Handover Flow

UE
N o de B
SR N C
CN
1 . R e lo c atio n
R e q u ir ed
6 . R e lo c atio n
C o m m an d
M SC
2 . P re p a re
H an d o v e r
5 . P rep are
H an d o v e r
R esp o n s e
B SC
3 . H a n d o v er
R e q u e st
4 . H a n d o v er
R eq u e st A c k
7 . D C C H : H a n d o v er
fro m U T R A N C o m m an d
8 . H an d o v e r
D e te ct
9 . H a n d o v er C o m p le te
1 2 . Iu R elea se
C o m m and
1 3 . Iu R elea se
C o m p le te
1 1 . S en d
E nd
1 4 . Send E nd
S igna l R e spo n s e
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Page 78
1 0 . H ando ver
C o m p l ete
Inter-RAT Handover - Common Parameters

l Inter-RAT coverage handover parameters
[ Starting and stopping thresholds of Inter-RAT measurement: They
determine the thresholds of the 2D event and 2F event. Configure CPICH
Ec/Io, CPICH RSCP for the CS service and PS service respectively.
[ Measurement variables for the 2D event and 2F event in Inter-RAT
handover: Select CPICH Ec/Io or PICH RSCP.
[ BSIC selection confirmation switch
[ Inter-RAT coverage handover threshold: GSM RSSI threshold in Inter-RAT
coverage handover. Configure it for the CS service and PS service
respectively.
[ Quality threshold of used frequency in Inter-RAT handover
[ Configure time to trigger and hysteresis for each event respectively
[ Penalty duration
Huawei Confidential
Page 79
Summary - Categories of Handover

l According to the signaling characters
Soft handover (softer handover)

Hard handover
l According to the properties of source cell and target cell:
Intra-frequency handover
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-RAT handover (UMTS GSM/GPRS)
l According to the purpose of handover:
Based on Coverage
Based on Noncoverage
Huawei Confidential
Page 80

Handover in WCDMA

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WCDMA Handover

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Chapter 1 Overview of Handover

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Modes and Status of the UE

Methods and Types of

Comparison between Soft

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Modes and Status of the UE

Methods and Types of

Comparison between Soft

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

UE Modes and Status

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UE Modes and Status (Status migration)

After several Cell

Cell Update No traffic

These statuses are only applied

- Monitering the paging channel

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Modes and Status of the UE

Methods and Types of Handover

Comparison between Soft

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

CELL_PCH, and URA_PCH

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Handover Types in CELL_DCH

Low-rate services (e.g. AMR, VP

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High-rate services (e.g. PS384K)

Modes and Status of the UE

Methods and Types of Handover

Comparison between Soft

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Features Comparison between Soft Handover

Soft Handover (Softer Handover)

Number of radio links in

Frequencies in the cells

Maximum-ratio combining or selective

Occupies more resources.

Call drop ratio is

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Soft Handover (Connection before Disconnection)

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Softer Handover (A Special Case of Soft Handover)

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Hard Handover- (Disconnection before Connection)

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l What are the differences between soft

handover, softer handover, and hard

always soft handover?

much are various handover gains?

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l This chapter describes the purposes of

handover, working modes of the UE and

of each type of handover.

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Basic Concepts about

Three Steps of Handover

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Basic Concepts about Handover

l Radio link (RL)