Ga ELSEVIER Earth Science Reviews 39 (1995) 135-168 Mineralogical, petrological and geochemical aspects of alkaline and alkaline-carbonatite associations from Brazil L. Morbidelli **, C.B. Gomes °, L. Beccaluva ‘, P. Brotzu *, A.M. Conte *, E. Ruberti °, G. Traversa * Dipartimento di Scienze dela Tera, Universi di Roma “La Sapienza”, Pazzale A, Moro 5, 00185 Roma, laly * Instituto de Geocéncas, Universidade de Sio Paulo, Rua do Lago 562, Cidade Universtéria, 05508 So Paulo, Brazil © Iituto di Mineralogia, Universita di Ferrara Corso Ercole 1d'Este, 32, 44100 Ferrara, Italy 4 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita di Napoli, Largo. Marcelino 10, 80134 Napok, Italy © Centro di Studio per gi Equibri Sperimenialiin Mineralie Rocce, CNR, c/o Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Université di ‘Roma “La Sapienza, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, aly * Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita di Perugia, Piazza dell'Universt 06100 Perugia, aly Received 1 November 1994; accepted 11 May 1995 Abstract A general description of Mesozoic and Tertiary (Fortaleza) Brazilian alkaline and alkaline-carbonatite districts presented with reference to mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry and geochronology. It mainly refers to results obtained during the last decade by an Italo-Brazilian research team. Alkaline occurrences are distributed across Brazilian territory from the southern (Piratini, Rio Grande do Sul State) to the northeastern (Fortaleza, Ceard State) regions and are mainly concentrated along the borders of the Parand Basin generally coinciding with important tectonic lineaments. ‘The most noteworthy characteristics of these alkaline and alkaline-carbonatite suites are: (i) prevalence of intrusive forms; (ii) abundance of cumulate assemblages (minor dunites, frequent clinopyroxenites and members of the ijolite series) and (iil) abundance of evolved rock-types. Many data demonstrate that crystal fractionation was the main process responsible for magma evolution of all Brazilian alkaline rocks. ‘A hypothesis is proposed for the genesis of carbonatite liquids by immiscibility processes. ‘The incidence of REE and trace elements for different major groups of lithotypes, belonging both to carbonatite-bearing and carbonatite-free districts, are documented. Sr and preliminary Nd isotopic data are indicative of a mantle origin for the least evolved magmas of all the studied occurrences. Mantle source material and melting models for the generation of the Brazilian alkaline magma types are also discussed. * Corresponding author (W012-8252/95 /$09.50 © 1995 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved SSDI 0012-8252(95)00031-3,136 L. Morbidell et al. / Earth Science Reviews 39 (1995) 135 168 1, Introduction Brazilian alkaline-carbonatite occurrences have an important economic significance as a major source of Nb, phosphate and REE. In spite of this fact, most of the complexes have not been investigated in detail and, for many of them, only general geological and petrographic data are available. This is partly due to the poor surface exposure of the rocks which are generally covered by a thick mantle of lateritic soil, ‘The most relevant work up to the early nine- teen eighties is by Ulbrich and Gomes (1981), representing the most complete review of petro- graphic and geological aspects of the Brazilian alkaline rocks. ‘The present contribution is a synthesis of many data dealing with the alkaline and alkaline- carbonatite districts from continental Brazil pub- lished since 1987 by an Italo-Brazilian research team, The research program, still in progress, aims to explain the evolutionary trends of Brazil- ian alkaline suites and the nature and genesis of their parental silicic and carbonatitic magmas. So far, some of these objectives have been achieved for the most representative Mesozoic districts of southeastern Brazil and for the Ter- tiary complex of Fortaleza in northeastern Brazil The chemical data discussed in this paper comprise approximately 2000 mineral analyses (mainly by electron microprobe) and more than 800 whole-rock analyses (mainly by XRF and ICP-MS), 2. Regional distribution Fig. | shows the location of the alkaline and alkaline-carhonatite districts af southern Rra: and the Fortaleza district. The distribution of the alkaline rocks in the South American platform, led Almeida (1971,1972) to emphasize the impor- tance of regional tectonics in controlling the em- placement of the Brazilian, Paraguayan, Bolivian and Uruguayan occurrences. Later, Almeida (1983) divided all the southern Brazilian occur- ences into two groups: (1) the borders of the Parané Basin and (2) the Sao Paulo-Rio de Janeiro littoral belt The first includes most of the Brazilian alka- line and alkaline-carbonatite bodies intruding into the Precambrian crystalline basement or the Parané Basin Palacozoic sediments. More rarely, they are associated with the flood tholeiites of the Parané Rasin ‘The second group is represented by coastal and island intrusive (including dyke) complexes which may also be occasionally found many kilo- meters inland. 3. Geologic setting Mainly on the basis of petrographic and chronological features, various authors (Herz, 1977; Ulbrich and Gomes, 1981; Berbert, 1984) divided the Brazilian alkaline rocks into distinct provinces. However, the most comprehensive proposal which also Lakes Ue tectonic setting into consideration, is by Almeida (1983). He groups the occurrences south of 15° latitude, into the following provinces: (1) Piratini; (2) Santa Catarina; (3) Arco de Ponta Grossa; (4) Ipanema; (5) Pogos de Caldas; (6) Serra do Mar; (7) Alto Paranafba; (8) Rio Verde-Ipord; (9) Paraguai Oriental; (10) Mariscala (Uruguay) and (11) Candelaria and Ve- lasco (Bolivia). The Fortaleza district (Ceara Province, north- eastern Brazil) clearly belongs to a different geo- logical environment, being related to the reactiva- tion of tectonic lineaments along ENE-WSW directions which extend from the continent into the ocean as far as the voleanic Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha (Almeida et al., 1988). Brazilian alkaline magmatism started in Permo-Triassic times during the third of the four main stages of the geological evolution of the Parané Basin recognized by Almeida (1981). Dur- ing the first two stages (Devonian /Lower Car- boniferous and Lower Carboniferous /Middle- Upper Permian, respectively), the most important event was the subsidence in a synform basin with intense sedimentation (Falfaro et al., 1982). ‘The northwest-trending Ponta Grossa Arch,L, Morbidell etal. / Earth Science Reviews 39 (1995) 135 168 337 one of the most important structures in southern _During the fourth stage (end of Jurassic to Lower Brazil, was the result of a general uplift during Cretaceous), the outpouring of huge volumes of the third stage (end of Palaeozoic to Jurassic). predominantly tholeiitic basalts and minor acid PRERE SR 8 ie C a ee tin do Monin Go Tig io ms Se a's $3 oe Ib O' Alkaline districts © studied © In progress Alkaline-carbonatite districts T—— a Studied A In progress oe Ear oeiseuastena ey prone [| Paleozoic sedimentary rocks Cretaceous basalts and 100 400 km ZA canis et Fig, 1. Alkaline and alkaline-carbonatite districts of southern Brazil; also shown is the Fortaleza district. M after Ulbrich and Gomes (1981) and Gomes et al. (1990). Alkaline districts from the Alto Paraguay Province ay Pao de Agicar occurrence, J and simplified wicated by the138 1. Morbidellict al / Earth Science Reviews 39 (1995) 135.168 Table I Rock associations for alkaline districts of different provinces (Almeida, 1983) in southern Brazil, Also included is the Ceara Province in northeastern Brazil. The names of the districts recently studied are underlined; asterisks denote investigations stil in progress. Ordinal numbers refer to the rock associations classification scheme of Ulbrich and Gomes (1981); for references regarding all the non-underlined districts see that paper. Not included in the table are several occurrences associated with the Alto Paranaiba Arch hosting rocks of kimberlitc, lamproitic and kamafugitic affinities. Brovinees Districts Rock associations Type Piratini ‘Tephritic phonolite (TP), Phonolite (Ph), Peralkaline phonolite (PP) v Pywoxenite (Cp), lite (i), Ne-syenite (NS), Carbonatite (Cb), m Sama Phonolite (Ph), Phoscorite (Pe) Catarina Lage: Phonolite (Ph), Peralkaline phonolite (PP), Ne-syenite (NS), m (Ol-nephelinite (ON), Ol-meliltite (OM), Carbonatite (Cb), Basanite (Bs), Phonotephrite (PT), Trachyphonolite (Tp) Area de Ranhadio Ne-syenite (NS), Malignite (Ma), Melicigite (Me), lite (I), Phonolite (Ph) 1 Ponta Grossa B.Itapirapui__Carbonatite (Cb), Lamprophyre (Lp) v B. Teixeira Phonolite (Ph) 1 Cananéia Pulaskite (Pu) 1 Itanhaém Phonolite (Ph), Carbonatite (Cb) (2) 1 Tapirapud Ne-syenite (NS), Pulaskite (Pu), Malignite (Ma), Melteigite (Me), m Carbonatite (Cb), Phonolite (Ph) Jacupiranga Dunite (Du), Pyrotenite (Cp), Melteigite (Me), liolte (Ip), Unite (Ur), m Ankaratrite (AW), Alkali gabbro (AG), Syenogabbro (SG), Syenodiorite (SD), Syenite (Sy), Ne-syenite (NS), Carbonatite (Cb), Phonolite (Ph), Peralkaline phonolite (PP) Juguis Pyroxenite (Cp), Ol-pyroxenite (OC), Alkali Ol-gabbro (AG), Ne-syenite (NS), Syenodiorite (SD), Essexite (Ex), Melteigite (Me), liolite (I), Untite (Un, Carbonatite (Cb), Basanite (Bs), Phonotepbrite (PT), Peralkaline phonolite (PP) Mato Preto Tjolite (i), Ne-syenite (NS), Carbonatite (Cb), Phonolite (Ph) v Piedade Shonkinite (Sh) ' Ponta Grossa __Phonolite (Ph) v Sete Quedas __Phonolite (Ph) v Tunas Syenite (Sy), Alkali syenite (AS), Alkali gabbro (AG), Essexite (Ex), v ‘Syenogabbro (SG), Syenodiorite (SD), Trachyte (T1) Ipanema Ipanema Pyroxenite (Cp), Glimmerite (GI), Pulaskte (Pu), Carbonatite (Cb), Vv Shonkinite (Sh), Lamprophyre (Lp) Pogos de Jaboticabal Phonolite (Ph) 1 Caldas Pogos de Caldas Ne-syenite (NS), Phonolite (Ph), Ankaratrite (AK), Lamproite (La) uw Taiiva Analcimite (An) vi Serrado Mar, Pirai Phonolite (Ph) 1 Cabo Frio Ne syenite (NS), Syenite (Sy), Trachyte (TH, Lamprophyre (Lp) 1 Cana Litchfieldite (Li), Alkali syenite (AS), Trachyte (Tr) vill 1. Bizios Syenite (Sy), Alkali syenite (AS), Phonolite (Ph), Trachyphonolite (Tp), 1 Trachyte (Tr) | Monte de Trigo Ne-syenite (NS), Theralite (Th), Phonolite (Ph), Lamprophyre (Lp) v I. Sio Sebastido Ne-syenite (NS), Pulaskite (Pu), Nordmarkite (Na), Theralite (Th), Vv Essexite (Ex), Phonolite (Ph), Basanite (Bs), Trachyte (Tr) 1. Vit6ria [Ne-syenite (NS), Pulaskite (Pu). Alkali syenite (AS), Phonolite (Ph), 1 Teachyte (T) Itatiaia« Ne-syenite (NS), Pulaskite (Pu), Syenite (Sy), Alkali syenite (AS), vi Alkali granite (AGr), Phonolite (Ph) Tatna Ne-syenite (NS), Pulaskite (Pu), Phonolite (Ph), Trachyte (Ti) 1L, Morbideli etal. / Earth Science Reviews 39 (1995) 135-168 Table 1 (continued) 139 Provinces Districts Rock associations Type Serrado Mar Mendanha ‘Ne-sjenite (NS), Pulaskite (Pw, Alkali genite (AS), Phonolit (Ph, T Trachyte (7) M. Redondo Ne-sjenite (NS), Alkali synite (AS), Peralkaline phonolite (FP), Phonotephrite (PT) 1 M. Sio Jodo Ne-syenite (NS), Malignte (Ma), Syenit (S)), Phonolte (Ph) 1 Passa Quatro ‘Ne-syenite (NS), Phonolite (Ph) 1 Ponte Nova Phonolite (Ph), Lamprophyre (Lp) 1 Rio Bonito Ne-syenite (NS), Pulaskite (Pu), Nordmarkite (Ne), Phonolite (Ph), 1 ‘Trachyte (Tr), Lamprophyre (Lp) Soarinho Alkali syenite (AS), Nordmarkite (N@), Monzonite (Mz), Trachyte (TH), 1 Lamprophyre (Lp) angus ‘Ne-syenite (NS), Pulaskte (Pu), Nordmarkite (ND), Phonolite (Ph, 1 “Trachyte (T1) Lamprophyre (Lp) Tingusé Ne-syenite (NS), Phonolite (PR), Lamprophyre (Lp) 1 Ato Araxi Pyroxenite (Cp, Malignite (Ma), Carbonatite (Co), Glimmerite (GD, IL Paranaiba Phoscorite (Pe), Limburgite (Lm) Catalio 1+ Giimmerite (Gi), Pyroxenite (Cp), Peridotite (Pe), Ne-syenite (NS), m Carbonatite (Cb), Phoscorite (Pe), Lamprophyre (Lp) Catatio H+ Glimmerite (GI, Carbonatite (Cb), Phoscorte (Pe), Lamprophyre (Lp) lL ‘Alkali basalt (AB) v ‘Alkali basalt (AB) v ‘Alkali syenite (AS), Ne-senite (NS), Pyroxenite (Cp), Phonolite (Ph), IL ‘rachyte (To), Carbonatite (Co) Meltcgite (Me), Urtte (Un, Alkali gabbro (AG), Pulaskite (Pu), m Carbonatite (2) Dunite (Dv), Fyroxenite (Cp), Peridotite (Pe), Shonkinite (St), m Carbonatite (Co) Tapiras Pyrorenite (Cp), Dunite (Du), Alkali syenite (AS), Carbonatite (Cb), TMT Phoscorite (Pe), Phonolite (Ph), Lamprophyte (Lp) Rio Verde-_Caiapé Yolite (I), Carbonatte (Cb), Lamprophyre (Lp) m Iori Ipori area OLpyroxenite (OC), Peridotte (Pe. Alkali gabbro(AG), Theralte (TH I] Eseexite (E), Dunite (Du), Nesyenite (NS), Phonolte (Ph), Lamprophyre (Lp) Montes Claros (Go) Ol pyroxenite (OC), Websterite (Wo), Ne senite (NS), Nordmarkite (Nd), Il Essexite (Ex), Theralite (Th), Lamprophyre (Lp) M. Engenbo Dunite (Du), Peridotite (Pe), Ol-pyroenite (OC), Alkali gabbro(AG), IT NNe-syenite (NS), Carbonatite (Co) S.Amtonio Barra _Analcimite (Ac), Alkali basalt (AB), Basunite (Bs), Phonolite (Pb, vil Limburgite (Lm), Ugandite (Uz), Minette (Mi), Carbonatite (Cb) Santa Fé Dunite (Dv), OF pyroxenite (OC), Wherlite (W2), Malignite (Ma), m Missourite (Ms) Ceark Fortaleza ‘Tephrite (1, Phonotephrite (PT), Peralkaline phonolite (PP), 1 Ok-pyroxenite (OC), Essexite (Ex), Ne-syenite (NS) volcanics (Serra Geral Formation) was facilitated by the extensional tectonics associated with the Wealdian reactivation (Almeida, 1966). Almost contemporaneously, alkaline occurrences of the “Jacupiranga node” were emplaced. They may represent, according to Herz (1977), the site of a hot spot and related triple junctions. Tectonically, the emplacement of the “Jacupiranga node” dis- tricts Gacupiranga, Juquid, Itanhaém and Piedade) and other alkaline occurrences of the Tunas area (Arco de Ponta Grossa Province) are related to tensional fractures associated with the40 L, Morbidellct al /Earth-Seience Reviews 39 (1995) 135.168 Ponta Grossa Arch. On the other hand, in south- em Brazil, the Piratini rocks are associated with the Rio Grande Arch. A tectonic control by ancient fault zones is proposed for Ipanema rocks (Almeida, 1983) and for many alkaline occurrences belonging to the Santa Catarina (Anitépolis and the dome struc- ture of Lages) and the Serra do Mar Provinces. NW-and NNW-trending lineaments, active since Precambrian times, are apparently responsible for the emplacement of complexes of the Alto Paranaiba (Alto Paranaiba Uplift, cf. Hasui et al., 1975) and Rio Verde-Ipora Provinces, respec- tively. Rock associations Ulbrich and Gomes (1981) tentatively grouped the Brazilian alkaline rocks into eight rock associ- ations. This scheme is still valid based on the preliminary petrographic knowledge of the rocks. Rock associations of the different districts, with or without carbonatites, are listed in Table 1. In the more thoroughly investigated areas both car- bonatite-free and carbonatite-bearing occur- ences are represented. 4.1. Carbonatite-free occurrences. Piratini-P1 (Barbieri et al., 1987), Tunas-TU (Gomes ct al., 1987), Banhadio-BA (Ruberti, 1984), Morro Redondo MR (Brotzu et al., 1989), Passa Quatro-PQ (Brotzu et al., 1992), Fort- aleza~FO (Macciotta et al., 1990). Pocos de Cal- das-PC (Ulbrich, 1983; Ulbrich, 1984; Schorscher et al., 1991; Shea, 1992; Schorscher and Shea, 1992) and Sao Sebastiao-SS (Bellieni et al., 1990). 4.2. Carbonatite-bearing occurrences: Jacupiranga-JA (Morbidelli_ et 1986; Alessandrini, 1990), Juquia—JU (Beccaluva et al., 1992), Lages~LA (Scheibe et al., 1988; Traversa et al., in press), Anitépolis~AN (Furtado, 1989), Itapirapué-IT (Gomes, 1970), Barra do Itapira- pua-BI and Mato Preto-MP (E. Ruberti, in prep.). Critical examination of the petrographic data (cf. Table 1) and field work show that only three provinces (Ceard, Rio Verde-Iporé and Piratini) are characterized by abundant effusive suites, the others consist mainly of intrusive lithotypes some- times associated with dykes. The absence of ex- trusive rocks is probably due to intense erosion which was responsible for the almost complete destruction of the effusive products. The effi- ciency of this process appears to be not only dependent on geological age but also on the elevation of the districts relative to the surround- ing sedimentary basins. In fact, the most eroded areas belong to the Provinces of Arco de Ponta Grossa and Alto Paranaiba, lying both on struc- tural highs. The relative elevation increases northward, the oldest districts being located in the southern province (Arco de Ponta Grossa). It is difficult to determine the real amount of erosion, but in Jacupiranga, for instance, the depth of erosion is estimated to be over 1500 m (cf. Melcher, 196), In many districts, the level of erosion reached deeper parts of the intrusions as indicated by the presence of large volumes of curnulate rocks. On the other hand, the lick of cumulate bodies in the Serra do Mar Province appears to indicate that erosion there was less intense, probably because of their location in a rifi-like structure It should be noted that the least evolved lithologies are rare in almost all Brazilian alka- line occurrences due to the lack of effusive rocks and the important presence of cumulates, reveal- ing the efficiency of crystal fractionation pro- cesses as well as the protracted presence of prim- itive liquids in intrusive environments. The less- evolved lithologies are represented by ankara- trite, basanite, alkali gabbro, ol-melilitite and ol- nephelinite. Lamproites are only found in some perpotassic occurrences (Pogos de Caldas, Alto Paranafba and Riv Verde—Ipord Provinces). Car- bonatitic rocks are often associated with ultra- mafic cumulates suggesting a derivation from liq- uids crystallizing at relatively deep levels. Fenitic rocks normally occur in association with carbonatites and glimmerites. 5. Radiometric ages ‘The papers by Gomes et al. (1990) and Ulbi et al. (1990) are the most recent works dealingL. Morbidelli ct al. / Earth Science Reviews 39 (1995) 135.168 1 with chronological data on Brazilian alkaline oc- currences. Sonoki and Garda (1988) reviewed previous K/Ar data on Brazilian and Paraguayan alkaline rocks using decay constants after Steiger and Jaeger (1978). Selected K/Ar ages for Brazilian alkaline and alkaline-carbonatite districts are shown in Fig. 2. ‘The diagram also reports the Ar/Ar age (133 + 1 Ma; Renne et al., 1992) for the tholeiitie activity of the Parand Basin which updates the previous K/Ar data (140-120 Ma; Rocha-Campos et al., 1988) and the age for the oldest sea-floor anomaly linked to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean (127 Ma; cf. Piccirillo et al., 1988a). Not represented in Fig. 2 arc the occurrences found at the border of Brazil and Paraguay (e.g. Pao de Agicar; see Fig. 1), mainly lying along the Paraguay River, for which a Permo-Triassic age (250-240 Ma) has recently been confirmed on the 160 = basis of K/Ar, Ar/Ar and Rb/Sr data (cf. Gomes et al., 1994). From the inset of Fig. 2, distinct age intervals are apparent, confirming the periodicity of the alkaline magmatism in southern Brazil (Ulbrich and Gomes, 1981). The older Mesozoic occur- rences (Anitépolis-Santa Catarina Province; Ttanhaém, Jacupiranga and Juquié—Arco de Ponta Grossa Province; Ipanema—Ipanema Province) show an average age of ~ 130 Ma similar to the Parana Basin volcanics, thus, predating the open- ing of the South Atlantic Ocean. Also, it should be noted that they are typical alkaline-carbona- tite districts. ‘The second chronological group (110-100 Ma) includes only two districts (Banhadio and Itapira- pua-Arco de Ponta Grossa Province). The third group (90-50 Ma) is the most numerous, contain- ing age values for occurrences from several “Age | Ma of the oar ef myenen a g o fp i ee “oman? wr § 5 Oldest sea-floor anomaly , € } } Tinked to the opening of | iwol ¢ the South Atlantic Ocean = Ot a wr gc oe i I , i oF ° : 3 Arco de Ponte Grossa & 24, Poros de Caldas Serra do Mar Province — pg ye pore 40/3 vrorinces Province einer & = 8 2 20 z 2 Fig. 2, Selected K/Ar data for Brazilian alkaline rocks. Provinces are arranged in geographical order (south -> north). Also represented are the extreme values and the preferred age for each occurrence; ¢ characterizes alkaline-carbonatite districts, Inset ‘age curnulative histogram.2 provinces: it also includes Pogos de Caldas, which represents the largest alkaline complex in South America, extending over an area of more than 800 km? ‘The Fortaleza complex, in the northeastern 1, Morbideli etal / Earth Science Reviews 39 (1995) 135 168 part of Brazil (Ceard State), is unique since it is the most recent (ca. 30 Ma). Only a few data using the Rb/Sr method are presently available for the Brazilian alkaline . a 131 +3 Ma isochron (Roden et al., Table 2 Alkali feldspar composition for different rock-types from several Brazilian alkaline districts Districts Tithology ‘Alkali feldspar Note ‘composition Piratini Tephritic phonolites C= Orgy 35: R= Oryy.«7 _ Barich sanidine and phonolites Ba and Na decrease from core to rim Peralkaline phonolites C= Ofsy_yyi R= Ores Low Ba and Ca contents, Na-rich groundmass phases Anitépolis Tjolites and Nesyenites Orgy Phonolites, C= Orgs-r5: R=Or>95 Sometimes with opposite behaviour Lages Basanites Orw-s0 Interstitial Ne-syenites Otyo-s0 (An content up to 7%) ‘Trachyphonolites Oy-0 Peralkaline phonolites Ory Keenriched rims Banhadio Ne-syenites Or-100 Rarely Or < 90 in the rims and phonolites Jacupiranga Syenodiorites Oo. 51 Nacenriched rims Ne-syenites Ori-51 Keenriched rims Phonolitee Or ges K enriched rims, coexist with anortoclase (Ory) and Na-sanidine (Or) Peralkaline phonolites Or yy-s7 Na-enriched rims Juquié Basanites Ory Phonolitic tephrite Orgs syenodiorites and Ne-syenites Ot gy-35 Perthitic, sometimes containing pure albite Tunas Syenites Ora oo Alkali syenites Ora Pure and non-perthiticalbite (metasomatic?) Pogos de Caldas Ne-syenites, Ory. 50 Gncluding Lujavrites, and Kibinites) “Hybrid” Ne-syenites Ors-as Kenriched rims; high amount of Ca and St (the last up to 1.5%) 1.20 Sebastiao _Syenodionites Ons Syenites Ory Na-enriched rims Morro Redondo Ne-syenites, Orsraa Or content increases from less to more evolved types Passa Quatro Ne-syenites E= Ors 35) L~ Orgs Include plagioclase (Am;z_3y) Ba and Sr and phonolites decrease from cores to firm anorthoclase (Or, 39) also present mainly in peralkaline lithologies Fortaleza Tephrites Oreo Peralkaline phonolites C= Of; 455 R= Orsa-a6 Ne-syenites Ors5-39 Sometimes K-tich cores (Orga) C= core; tim E = early; L= lateLL. Morbidelti et al. / Earth Science Reviews 39 (1995) 135-168 143 o ‘generic - 8 © coe @ intermediate © Fim 8 mirophenooryst | 4 eary | ro x groundmass | Ab 1A) ‘Or Fig. 3. Average feldspar compositions of Brazilian alkaline districts in the Ab-An-Or (wt.%) diagram. (A) global; (B) single districts; for district abbreviations see text Table 3 Plagioclase composition for different rock-types from several Brazilian alkaline districts. Districts Lithology Plagioclase Note composition Piratini “Tephritie phonolites| Anya Phenocrysts Jacupiranga ‘Alkali gabbros and Syenodiorites Megacrystals Juquia Ot- 1 (e.g. Pogos de Caldas). They form late-stage poikilitic crystals Ja ‘Ae Fig. 5. Average clinopyroxene compositions of Brazilian alkaline districts in the Jd~Q~Ae diagram (Morimoto et al., 1988). (A) ‘slobal. Inset: Na-poor clinopyroxcnes in the Ca-Mg-(Fe?" 1 Fe!* 1 Mn) diagram (a4); (B) single districts: for distri tions see text ‘abbreviaLL, Morbidell et al. / Earth Science Reviews 39 (1995) 135-168 or are partially or totally included in clinopyrox- ene; compositionally, the mineral belongs to the glaucophane-riebeckite and eckermanite- arfvedsonite groups. Calcie amphiboles are typically potassic (0.5 K a.fu.) in agreement with the potassic affinity of the host rocks. 7 6.5. Micas Phlogopite and biotite (sometimes Ti-rich) (Fig. 6a) are important constituents of almost all the mafic rocks, leucocratic lithotypes and cumulates. ‘A common feature of these micas is the Al deficiency in the tetrahedral site (Fig. 6b) so that Al Eastonite, Siderophylite nae Phlogopite Annite oS Si (Al Fe2+4Mn [B an] 3 BA © generic [Pres 1 ae © core * 1 © tim 1) microphenocryst b~a Pea oe A early 2 a A late 1 | > groundmass aie in | @ relict | _ fe 2 0 fe re Fig. 6, Average mica compositions of Brazilian alkaline district districts AI™ vs. Si diagrams showing Al deficiency in the tetrahedral site of tetraferriphlogopites ( 1 fs I 2 1 Pwd Pc 2 esa] 1 535 6 655 956 6s s in the Mg-Al-Fe?*+ Mn diagram (at.%) (A). Global and single for district abbreviations seeL, Morbudellet al. 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HOT LIE SOW a0 a0 sto LO ero iyi 8D 0 OU TO HD HY wo we aro SSO TOM crt sss ao BSS a Sets ACT PTWY S60 MSY YL yoy HET oriy EELS fos Psd PS Od Ps ar Pssst SS an Or, Sa Of SNA 8 eNa 7 neva TSN Ean oN oF st ep yy ie tc © Re & igen sv Lage152 1L, Morbidellct al. / Earth Science Reviews 39 (1995) 138. 168 Fe?* or (Ti**) must occupy this site: the pres- ence of tetraferriphlogopite is peculiar to both carbonatite-free and carbonatite-bearing districts Aradjo and Gaspar (1993) found in the Cataléo 1 carbonatitic complex a complete series of phlogo- pites in which Fe** substitutes for AI?* in the tetrahedral site up to 1.91 cations per formula unit Other phases occurring in the Brazilian alka- line suites are apatite, Ti-magnetite, ilmenite, sphene, melanite and perovskite; some Al-poor and/or Zr-rich minerals such as gotzenite, il- menite, lévenite, eudialyte, aenigmatite, rosen- buschite and astrophyllite were found in the Pogos de Caldas and/or Lages districts 7. Petrography and geochemistry General information on rock associations for the different Brazilian alkaline occurrences is given in Table 1, and representative chemical analyses of silicate, non-cumulate, rocks are listed in Tables 4~7. 7.1. Cumulate rocks Several kinds of cumulates are recognized in the Brazilian alkaline districts. They range in composition from ultramafic to basic inter mediate rock-types and include all members of the ijolite series. Among the ultramafites, clinopyroxenites are the most abundant rocks whereas dunites occur rarely (e.g. Jacupiranga). Clinopyroxenites are mainly cropping out in the district of Jacupiranga Gacupirangite) or are found as cognate xenoliths. They are commonly adcu- mulates to mesocumulates, clinopyroxene and olivine being the cumulus phases; biotite, opaques, nepheline and feldspars are the intercu- mulus minerals. Members of the ijolite series, including less common urtites, display a meso-to orthocumulate texture, with the nepheline changing from inter- stitial to idiomorphic, as the colour index de- creases. In several districts, cumulate texture is also associated with other rock-types: alkali gabbro, syenogabbro, syenodiorite, syenite, alkali syenite, and also essexite and Ne-syenite as cognate xeno- liths. In general, the rocks are meso-to orthocu- mulates, the cumulus phases being mainly formed by olivine (basic rock-types), clinopyroxene, pla- gioclase, magnetite, alkali feldspar and nepheline (the last two minerals in the more intermediate rock-types). The interstitial association shows ad- ditional amphibole and biotite. 7.2. Non-cumulate rocks Among the non-cumulate lithologies, rocks representative of the least evolved magmas are mainly found as dykes in a few occurrences, Basanites (Juquié and Lages) are invariably porphyritic with olivine and clinopyroxene as phenocrysts and a groundmass mainly consisting of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, nepheline and magnetite; alkali feldspar and phlogopite may also be present. Alkali basalt (I. S40 Sebastiao) shows clinopy- roxene phenocrysts in a matrix containing plagio- clase. Additional fine-grained rocks include por- phyritic ankaratrites showing phenocrysts of clinopyroxene at Jacupiranga and Ol-meliltites and Ol-nephelinites at Lages. The Lages rocks range in texture from equi-to inequigranular and have a distinctive mineralogical composition: as phenocrysts, Mg-olivine and melilite in Ol-melili- tites and Mg-olivine, diopside, phlogopite and more rarely leucite in Ol-nephelinites; interstitial phases are represented by nepheline and phlogo- pite and by clinopyroxene, nepheline and phlogo- pite and sometimes volcanic glass. In the Ol- nephelinites, Ti-magnetite, apatite and perovskite also occur as microphenocrysts. Less evolved intrusive rock-types are repre- sented by alkali gabbro, theralite, essexite, syenogabbro and essexitic gabbro, principally as small stocks, displaying a hypidiomorphic to al- lotriomorphic texture and having plagioclas clinopyroxene and upayues as the prevalent early minerals. In less basic rocks, K-feldspar and nepheline are also important. Late phases consist of biotite and amphibole; accessories are apatiteLL. Morbidell ct al. / Earth Seience Reviews 39 (1995) 135-168 153 and sphene. Occasionally, small patches of pri- mary carbonate are found (e.g. essexites, Juquia). More evolved intrusive rocks have a syenodi- oritic-syenitic affinity; syenitic composition is widespread and particularly abundant in the oc- currences of the Serra do Mar Province (e.g. Itatiaia, Passa Quatro) whereas syenodiorites oc- cur more rarely, being especially important in Jacupiranga. Syenodiorites and silica oversaturated syenites (including nordmarkites) have alkali feldspars Goined by plagioclase only in Tunas) and clinopy- roxene as main minerals; subordinate biotite, am- phibole, opaques and rarely nepheline (sodalite, cancrinite) may be found. Accessories. include apatite, quartz and sphene. Silica undersaturated syenites are present in almost all the investigated Brazilian alkaline dis- tricts only lacking in Tunas and Piratini districts. Ne-syenites and related peralkaline terms (i.e. with an A.I.> 1) are hypidiomorphic to granular in texture, occasionally porphyritic and chiefly composed of alkali feldspar and nepheline. Clinopyroxene is an ubiquitous mafic mineral, whereas amphibole and biotite are less frequent; in peralkaline rocks, clinopyroxene and amphi- bole tend to be sodic in composition. Accessory phases mainly consist of apatite, sphene and opaques; accidentally, melanite, sodalite and quartz are present. Different A.1. values, textural and mineralogical variations, result in some pecu- liar rock-types such as: lujavrites and khibinites (eudialite-bearing Ne-syenites, the first rocks also displaying a pronounced igneous lamination, ¢... Pocos de Caldas), mariupolites /litchfieldites (al- bite-bearing cancrinite syenites, e.g. Itapirapua, Canaa), pulaskites (alkali feldspar content up to 83 vol.% and small amount of nepheline e.g. Cananéia, I. Sio Sebastido) and malignites (e.g. Banhadao). Fine-grained rocks, mainly occurring as plugs, domes, dykes and lava flows are generally subor- dinate to the intrusive types. They are especially important in the districts of Piratini, Lages, Pogos de Caldas and Fortaleza. Phonolites and/or peralkaline phonolites con- stitute the most common lithologies, being found in practically all the Brazilian districts. Rocks are porphyritic to weakly porphyritic in texture and ‘mostly contain alkali feldspar, clinopyroxene and, subordinately, nepheline as early phases; other phenocrysts are sodalite, nosean and leucite, par- ticularly in the peralkaline rocks, in addition to amphibole and biotite (instead of clinopyroxene in the Passa Quatro rocks). The groundmass basi- cally consists of the same minerals; accessories are opaques, melanite (e.g. Piratini), apatite and sphene. In Lages and Pocos de Caldas peralka- line rocks, the accessory assemblage may also include more exotic species like pectolite, eudia- Iyte, neptunite, murmanite, lavenite, astrophyllite etc. Rocks ranging from tephrites to phonotephritcs (also including phonolitic tephrites and tephritic phonolites) are found in a few occurrences. They are porphyritic to aphyric in texture and chiefly composed of clinopyroxene, and subordinately al- kali feldspar and nepheline, as phenocrysts. The groundmass shows additional plagioclase (e.g. Fortaleza), amphibole (e.g. Morro Redondo), bi- otite, nosean and analcime; accessories include melanite (tephritic phonolites, Piratini), opaques, apatite and sphene. In the phonolitic tephrites of Juquia and Fortaleza, the groundmass also con- tains primary calcite of ocelli-shape or forming small patches, Less frequent rock-types are trachyphonolites and quartz trachytes as small dykes in the dis- tricts of Lages and I. Sao Sebastido, respectively. ‘They are porphyritic in texture and show a dis- tinct mineralogy. In the trachyphonolites, the early minerals are sphene, Ti-magnetite, sodalite and rare clinopyroxene, whereas the groundmass consists of alkali feldspar, nepheline and intersti- tial analcime. On the other hand, the quartz trachytes have alkali feldspar, and quartz and opaques in lesser amounts, as phenocrysts; the groundmase also includes amphibole, biotite and rare quartz. Accessories are opaques, apatite and sphene, Phlogopite-bearing and apatite-bearing lam- prophyres have recently been found by Schorscher et al. (1991) in the Pogos de Caldas district. The first rock-type shows olivine (almost pure forsterite), scarce apatite, diopsidic to hedember- gitic clinopyroxene and phlogopite as early phases154 1, Morbideli etal / EarthSclence Reviews 39 (1995) 135-168 (Al © Eftusive 2500 2000 1500 1000 puna 0? 3 roe Novsyenitd 500 0 1800 00 00 1800 300 (8) 3 T T T K20 @ ae a 4 ° of eo, Bee 1 © ge See rT 1 wee 8s no | ad Oe 0 £8 a qb ®yores | oe * Naz0 ! L %% 1 6 9 2 oosA neo DF OGAO BBX TA SA JU FO PL MR PQ IT AN RA PC IP TU SS Fig. 7. (A) Average values of silicate, non-cumulate Brazilian alkaline rocks plotted in the Ry = 4Si~ 11(Na + K)~ 2(Fe + Ti) vs R= 6Ca + 2Mg + Al classification diagram (De la Roche et al, 1980); inset: average carbonatite compositions in the MgO-Ca0- (E20 + Fex05 + MnO) diagram (Woolley and Kempe, 1989). (B) High-potassic, potassic and sodie series diagram (after Middle ‘most, 1975) for Brazilian alkaline districts. Ultramafic cumulates and ijolite series rocks are excluded.L, Morbidelli etal. / Earth Science Reviews 39 (1995) 135-168 155 and a groundmass consisting of clinopyroxene, phlogopite, Cr-spinel, Fe-Ti oxides, pyrrhotite, rutile and recrystallized glass. The apatite-bearing subtypes differ by the higher amount of apatite (up to 5 vol.%) and the small content of clinopy- roxene phenocrysts. Additionally, they are richer in opaques and have siderite in the groundmass. Carbonatites in Brazil mainly occur as massive cores (plugs, stocks) and dykes /veins, the latter forming single bodies or complex systems. Only in Santo Ant6nio da Barra do they occur as lava flows. Sovites (alvikites) constitute the most rep- resentative carbonatitic rocks, being beforsites al- most limited to the complex of Juquid and Caiapé; beforsites in association with sovites are de- scribed in Araxd and Catalio I (Gomes et al., 1990). Rocks are generally granular and fine to coarse-grained in texture; occasionally, they are banded as a result of the concentration of mag- netite. Calcite and dolomite, usually forming an- hedral crystals, are the dominant carbonate min- erals, whereas ankerite is the main phase in the Lages district. Other common minerals include apatite, olivine (highly magnesian), magnetite, phlogopite, barite (up to 17 vol% in Lages rocks), orthoclase (e.g. Itapirapua) and sulphides (mainly pyrrhotite). Minor phases are represented by py- rochlore, monazite, baddeleyite, Sr-Ba-REE en- riched carbonates (alstonite, ancylite) etc. Brazilian carbonatites may show a variable composition within the same complex. Thus, in the Jacupiranga district three out of five intru- sions are clearly calcitic, whereas the other two tend to be more dolomitic. A marked zoning characterizes the Juquia body. The inner part of the intrusion is younger, fine-grained in texture and more magnesian in composition, Also, it is richer in barite and poorer in apatite with respect to the outer zone. An increase in the dolomite content has also been observed in the Anitépolis carbonatite. There, the late-stage products also contain St-Ba-REE carbonates. Phoscorites, mainly composed of apatite, poikilitic magnetite, olivine and subordinate phlo- Bopite and carbonates, have been found in the carbonatite of Anitépolis (Furtado et al., 1986) and in some complexes of the Alto Paranaiba Province (Araxé, Tapira, Catalio I-11). In the first occurrence, coarse-grained phoscorites pre- ceded the carbonatite formation and apparently originated after the main silicate rocks. ‘The most representative silicate lithologies, ex- cluding ultramafic cumulates and. ijolitic rocks, are shown in Fig. 7a. This diagram emphasizes the prevalence of intrusive rock types and the abundance of more evolved rocks (Ne-syenites, phonolites and their peralkaline equivalents) with respect to the less evolved lithotypes (nephelinites, basanites and gabbros). ‘Chemical classification of carbonatitic rocks (Woolley and Kempe, 1989) indicates that all three carbonatite types are present in Brazil (Fig. 7a, inset), although calciocarbonatites are the ‘most abundant. Except for Tunas, which is sodic, all the Brazil- ian districts have a potassic affinity (Fig. 7b). Variation trends for major, minor and trace elements plotted against Differentiation Index (D.L* = Q+ Or + Ab + Ne + Kp + Le + Ac) of silicate rocks from all districts are shown in Figs. 8 and 9. Excluding Tunas, Al,O, increases with D.1.", indicating that plagioclase played a minor role in fractionation with respect to the Al-poor phases (eg. clinopyroxene). ‘As expected, incompatible trace elements such as Rb, Nb, Zr and, subordinately, Y show enrich- ment trends with DI." which gradients abruptly changing after D.l." > 85 (ie. peralkaline terms). In agreement with their compatible character Co and V exhibit gentle negative correlation with D.L.* and Cr and Ni contents fall near to zero after D1.’ > 50. Ba and Sr display a scattered pattern, the lowest concentrations being found in mote evolved sock-types, probably due to abun- dant alkali feldspar fractionation. Major and trace element trends suggest that fractional crystallization was the main process controlling the magmatic evolution in single dis- tricts. Up to intermediate stages, mafic minerals (clinopyroxene, opaques, subordinate olivine, pla- Bioclase and sometimes micas) played a major role, as documented by the occurrence of olivine- and’ phlogopite-bearing clinopyroxenites in sev- eral alkaline-carbonatite districts (e.g. Alto156 L, Morbidell etal / Earth-Seience Reviews 39 (1995) 135-168 ee — — : SiO, ¥e 7 Na;O. 7 st ® ood : * 208 dhe ® ago? F, 9 68 om 6 L o rac ak 40h 4 fae Qo 1 2 3= 1 “G5 ° af we ofa ome | 0 3. 80 4 uh 0 gt ae 7 6 4 $ lim” Q * a e 8, oo 4 o oO oo 8 © db Owe x tA JA FO OPE oOMR PQ) OT AN BA PC OP TU SS. Fig. 8. Major clement average compositions vs. Differentiation Index (D1. = Q+Or+ Ab + Le+Ne + Ks+ Ac+ Ns) for silieate, non.cumulate rocks of Brazilian alkaline distrits.L, Morbidelli etal. / Earth-Science Reviews 39 (1995) 135-168 137 400 7 Sy, as 0 ° . 1s af, BH |, 10 2180 z amo 4 4 ° 00 4 of 4 £. ® a a” #2 | Pr | ° Qo, a of > ° eee 4 woh n® ob Bp soars 0] PPR pipe ™ 1 1 1 L 4 4 1 i? 2) 1 1 1 Tg 009 Sa 3000 + Ba . g 4 sr oo ° ® ° | oo a & 4 ® ° 2400 - AA Op] 0 0 0 « 100 oo 4 59 © mo © © & oO ew xX LA JA JU FO PI MR PQ IT AN BA PC IP TU $$ mmpositions vs. Differentiation Index (Dl.” = Q + Or + Ab+ Le + Ne +Ks-+ Ac + Ns) for silicate, alkaline districts Fig. 9. Trace element averag non-cumulate rocks of Brazi138 Paranaiba Province). During the late stages, sialic minerals (mainly alkali feldspars and feldspathoids) have fractionated additionally to the clinopyroxene, micas and amphibole. Comparative analyses of primordial mantle normalized minor and trace elements (Fig. 10) indicate that the less evolved silicate rocks of both districts (carbonatite-free and carbonatite- bearing) present similar distribution trends; alka- line-carbonatitic associations have invariably higher elemental abundances. These patterns, highly enriched with respect to the primordial mantle, are typical of alkaline suites, suggesting a derivation from slightly different metasomatized mantle sources. More pronounced positive anomalies in Ba, Nb, Sr, P and Zr characterize the carbonatite-free districts and in Th, La and Ti the carbonatitic occurrences. A marked posi 1. Morbideli ct al. / Earth Science Reviews 39 (1995) 135.168 peak in Th and Ti is also indicated for the ultra- mafic cumulates. The comparison of the more evolved rocks also reveals similarities (negative anomalies in Ba, Sr, P and Ti, and positive ones in Rb, Nb, Zr and Y), indicating an analogous evolutionary process for both suites. Relating to the silicate rocks, carbonatites in general show higher concentration in all elements excluding K, Zr and Ti, and a more gentle varia- tion pattern, mainly from Rb to Zr. A. strong negative anomaly in Nb mainly characterizes the ijolite series Distribution patterns for REE (Fig. 11) display LREE enrichment typical of alkaline suites Comparison of less evolved silicate rocks from both districts indicate higher LREE to IREE and lower HREE contents for the carbonatitic associ- ations. The most evolved rocks have comparable 103 = ULTRAMAFIC CUMULATES 10 CARBONATITE - BEARING Districts x CARBONATITE -FREE L. Districts 7 “ LESS EVOLVED ROCKS: Po LESS EVOLVED ROCKS WOLITE SERIES: 1 how hoo x wl x i 1 Le a 1 3 * EVOLVED ROCKS ~ CARBONATITES rr oo 2 | w | 1 31,0 10,0200, | lees th cet 22 af OM CNET tak ta & PY Fig. 10. Field patterns of average rocks. Carbonatite-free districts: less evolved rocks. aK la SP EU Y la & P eu dial mantle normalized (Wood et al., 1979) incompatible elements for Brazilian alkaline bbasanite, alkali gabbro, alkali basalt and syenogabbro; evolved rocks = tephrite syenite, alkali syenite, syenodiorite, Ne-syenite, peralkaline syenite, peralkaline Ne-syenite, Q-trachyte and peralkaline phonolite. Carbonatite-bearing districts: less evolved rocks = Ol-nephelinite, ank rocks ~ Ne-syenite, phonolite, peralkaline syenite and peralkaline phowolite, ultramati ‘melteigite, ijlite and urtite; Carbonatites = phoscorite and carbonatit. clinopyroxenite; Holite series trite, Ol-meliltite, basanite, alkali gabbro; evolved cumulates ~ Ol-clinopyioxenite andL. Morbidell etal. / Earth Science Reviews 39 (1998) 135-168 159 patterns for LREE and higher HREE content in the districts without carbonatites. Patterns also display a U-shaped distribution curve, probably related to the removal of sphene and amphibole. Ultramafic cumulates have a REE distribution pattern characterized by lower (La/Yb), ratios with respect to the less evolved rocks. Rocks of the jjolite series show a large REE range with a distribution field which may include the less and more evolved rocks of the carbonatite-bearing districts. The compositional variation range for the car- bonatitic rocks is larger than the silicate ones and similar to the ijolite series. Carbonatites have average (La/Yb), values lower than the silicate rocks. The comparative analysis of rocks from both districts points to geochemical similarities, possi- bly in view of the almost insignificant amount of carbonatitic material in respect to the silicate fraction. Carbonatite fluids formed, probably by immiscibility processes, during the evolution of parental melts, when the carbonate portion only reached a few percent. Fractional crystallization in both groups proba- bly occurred under the influence of a fluid phase containing, in addition to HO (as demonstrated by the extreme scarcity of plagioclase and the presence of hydrated minerals like micas and amphiboles), variable amounts of CO,, as docu- mented by the occurrence of primary carbonate minerals in some intermediate and/or evolved rocks, also from carbonatite-free districts. Petrological studies on carbonatite-free dis- tricts emphasize the scarcity of least evolved rock-types. Ucar CoMTes ES CARBONATITE - BEARING Districts 7 CARBONATITE -FREE Districts | 1 4 Fey TERS EVOLVED ROOK TESS EVOLVED ROCKS ou Sens 1m how eo S | | 1 1 F 2 St EVOLVED ROCKS Evolve ndeks CARGOES 100) haa} 1°) oo x w x 11 .Se,N,£¥,07, €r Yo, | | co Nd ey Dy er vo coNa Ev Oy Er Yo ta Pr Sm Te He Tm Le 1 Ta PrSm te Ho Tm to | ta Pr ‘Sm Te Ho Tm tu Fig. 11. Field patterns of average chondrite normalized REE for Brazilian alkaline rocks. Carbonatite-free districts: less evolved rocks ~ basanite, alkali gabbro and syenogabbro; evolved rocks ~ tephrite, tephritic phonolite, syenite, alkali syenite, phonolite, peralkaline syenite, peralkaline Ne-syenite and peralkaline phonolite. Carbonatite-bea tte, basanite, alkali gabbro; evolved rocks = peralkaline Ne-syenite and peralkaline phonolite; 1nd clinopyroxenite; Tolite serica = melteigite, jolite and urtite; Carbonatites — nephelinite, ankaratrte, Ol-me ultramafic cumulates ~ Ol-clinopyroxenite phoscorite and carbonatite 8 districts: less evolved rocks = Ol-160 L, Morbidellet al / Earth Science Reviews 39 (1995) 135-168 Parental magmas of basaltic composition (i.e. alkali gabbros) are proposed for the sodic Tunas, district. Although some features indicate a more complex genetic pattern, the differentiation trend can be explained by crystal fractionation accord- ing to a liquid line of descent such as: alkali gabbro — syenogabbro — syenodiorite + syenite — alkali syenite —> peralkaline syenite. On the other hand, parental magmas of basanitic composition have also been inferred for the Fortaleza (Fig. 12) and Piratini (Fig. 13) dis- tricts, Basanite was found in the districts of Juquia, Lages, I. Sao Sebastiao and, more recently, in the Itatiaia complex (P. Brotzu, pers. commun., 1994). In Juquié, the silicate liquid line of descent is FORTALEZA DISTRICT Louie Fractions: SustHacten Sous. pHoNouTic Fig. 12. Least-squares mass-balance calculations (Wright and Doherty, 1970) results for the Fortaleza district. Ol = olivine; Cpx = clinopyroxene; Pl = plagioclase; Kf = K-feldspar; Ne = [Nepheline; Amph ~ amphibole; Na-Cpx ~ Na-clinopyroxe Mt= magnetite; lim = ilmenite; Ap = apatite; Sph = sphene. PIRATINI DISTRICT ‘Sustaactep Sous Louie Fractions: Qa mom aA Bre Tee Qn Ba gn Fig, 13, Least-squares mass-balance calculations (Wright and Doherty, 1970) results for the Piratini district. Nos = nosean; Gt = garnet, For others mineral abbreviations see Fig. 12. represented by basanite ~> essexite > mafic Ne- syenite (D.1.= 70) + Ne-syenite (D.1.= 80) > evolved Ne-syenite (D.1. = 90), the last one rep senting only 0.9 wt.% of the parental basani magma. Cumulate rocks (Ol-clinopyroxenites, Ol-alkali gabbro, syenodiorite, melteigite and ijo- te) linked to this line of descent are also present (Fig. 14). For the Juquid complex, data also show that the carbonatitic magma has been formed by im- miscibility processes in the mafic Ne-syenit Ne-syenite transition. Immiscibility is demon- strated by the presence of primary carbonate increasing in amount with the degree of evolution of the Ne-syenites; carbonates occur as interstitial crystals and as little “ocelli”, which also contain alkali feldspar and nepheline. The “ocelli” are common in the more evolved Ne-syenites and are normally rimmed by mica crystals, confirming the increase of HO activity. Mass balance calcula- tions show that mafic Ne-syenites represent ca. 6 and Ne-syenites ca. 4 wt.% of the basaniticLL, Morbidell ct at. / Earth Science Reviews 39 (1995) 135-168 161 JUQUIA’ DISTRICT Louie Fractions: ‘SustracteD Sous ‘CansonariTe Liou sae Om ost Evolved SEEREINE® on Fig. 14. Least-squares mass-balance calculations (Wright and Doherty, 1970) results for the Juquia district. Phl ~ phlogopite; Bt= biotite; CARB = carbonatite. For others mineral abbre viations see Fig. 12. magma, while the carbonatitic magma corre- sponds to only 5 wt.% of the liquid fraction of the mafic Ne-syenites. In Lages, petrographic and chemical data (mass balance calculations and trace element models) indicate that the leucocratic rocks are compatible with fractional crystallization starting from nephelinitic or basanitic magmas. Nevertheless, the presence in the evolved types of biotite, am- phibole and clinopyroxene xenocrysts, analogous to those crystallizing from basanites and tephrites, better agrees with a basanitic parental magma. Lages Ol-melilitites refer to another “primitive” magma. On the other hand, in the carbonatitic district of Jacupiranga, the two least evolved rocks, alkali gabbro and ankaratrite, could be considered rep- resentative of two parental magmas which evolved to Ne-syenites and peralkaline phonolites respec- tively. However, a more complete evaluation of the data is still necessary. Also in Jacupiranga, particular attention was paid to the reaction rims at the contact between the jacupirangites (cumulate clinopyroxenites) and the carbonatitic rocks, which were formed by fenitization induced by carbonatitic fluids. This process was responsible for the formation of a sequence of “shells” (normally 5-20 cm thick) mantling blocks of jacupirangite. They are char- acterized by different mineral assemblages statt- ing, from the Jacupirangite contact, with the dominance (1) of amphibole, (2) of phlogopite (and carbonatitic veins) and (3) of olivine (Fo = 93-97%) associated with phlogopite and carbon- ates. Mineralogical and petrographical data indi- cate that the genesis of shells (1) and (2) involved a strong activity of alkaline elements (essentially Na, K and Rb), whereas the outermost (3) is due to the high Mg concentration provided by the evolved carbonatitic magmas. The different min- eral assemblages of the shells formed at 550° 600°C (Morbidelli et al., 1986). 8. Isotopic data and mantle sources Sr isotopic initial ratios (Sr,) for the rare rep- resentative rocks of parental magmas are plotted in the inset of Fig. 15. The values range from 0.7043 to 0.7058 (with a concentration around 0.7045) and indicate differently enriched mantle sources, also for rocks from the same district (e.g. Juquid basanites and Lages Ol-nephelinites); sim- ilar conclusions arise from La/Nb and Zt/Nb ratios of the least evolved lithotypes (see Tables 4-7). Nd; data for the Lages rocks (cf. Traversa ct al., in press and Menzies and Wass, 1983) also suggest a mantle source metasomatized by CO,- rich fluids. Sr, values for evolved silicate rocks of Brazilian districts (excluding some data of highly contami- nated peralkaline phonolites of Lages) (Fig. 15) are mainly distributed in the range 0.7045-0.7065,162 L. Morbidelt tal, / Earth Seiomce Reviews 39 (1998) 135. 168 PI | MR FO Tu JU Fig. 15, Cumolative ("S1/"Sn) histosram for some Brazil alkaline and alkaline-carbonatite districts. Inset: C"St/**S1), values for least evolved lithologies. For rock-names and dis- trict abbreviations see Table 1 and text, respectively. with a maximum concentration between 0.7050 and 0.7055. The maximum variation is found in the sodic district of Tunas where the lack of a negative correlation between Sr, and Sr seems to rule out the influence of crustal contamination. For the same reason, some differences in Sr, of rocks (mainly dykes) from Morro Redondo and I, Sao Sebastido are probably connected with different time-integrated mantle source material other than crustal contamination. Except for some Juquié and Fortaleza sam- ples, significant examples of contamination by strongly radiogenic (*’Sr/ “Sr = 0.783) Brazilian continental basement are found in the peralka- line phonolites of Lages (Sr, up to 0.73108 and Nd; up to 0.51188). The lowest Sr; values (0.702-0.703) are found in the non-contaminated rocks from the Tertiary district of Fortaleza. supporting the view of a worldwide more radiogenic mantle source in the southern hemisphere (Dupal Anomaly; Dupré and Allegre, 1983; Zindler and Hart, 1986). An- other possible interpretation involves time evolu- tion of the mantle source material. So far melting models for the Brazilian alka- line rocks have not been thoroughly investigated. However, trace elements of parental magma and isotopic data (Sr, Nd) indicate a genesis from metasomatized mantle source material. Geochemical imprinting of primitive Ol- melilitites, Ol-nephelinites and basanites trom Lages suggests, according to Traversa et al. (in press), a derivation by different degrees of melt- ing (4-7%) from variously metasomatized (6-9 times for Ba, Sr, Th, U, LREE and 2.5-3 chon- drite times for Ti, Zr, Hf, Y and HREE) garnet petidotite sources in the stability field of dolomite. CO, is thought to be a critical component in generating an Ol-melilitite rather than an Ol- nephelinite magma. ‘According to Beccaluva et al. (1992), the parental magma of the alkaline-carbonatite dis- of Juquid was generated in the subcontinen- tal lithosphere, the mantle source being a garnet peridotite with 1.5% of phlogopite (a composition in the range of phlogopite-bearing garnet peri- dotite nodules from South African kimberlites: Chen, 1971; Erlank et al., 1987; Menzies et al., 1987). They also considered an eutectic composi- tion in which the phlogopite and the garnet- clinopyroxene pair disappear from the source at 5% and ~14% melting, respectively. On the basis of previous assumptions, a carbonate-hy- drated (1.3% of H,O) basanite melt similar to that of Juquia would have been formed by 5% of non-modal equilibrium partial melting (Shaw, 1970). It should be noted that garnet lherzolite xeno- liths have been found by Leonardos et al. (1993) in the Tres Ranchos kimberlite, adjoining the Catalio district (Alto Paranaiba Province). Some Mesozoic kimberlites and related alka- fine rocks of the Alto Paranaiba Province are interpreted by Bizzi et al. (1991,1993) as having originated from an enriched (E-type) garnct peri- dotite source heterogeneously metasomatized by melts and fluids. ‘A gamnet-peridotite source is also indicated by Comin-Chiaramonti et al. (1992) for the Early Cretaceous alkaline rocks from central-eastern Paraguay. A melting model indicates a degree of melting of 3-7%, comparable to that proposed by Beccaluva et al. (1992) for the Juquia rocks. Also, Piccirillo et al. (1988a) have suggested for the Early Cretaceous High-Ti and Low-TiLL. Morbidelli etal. / Earth Science Reviews 39 (1995) 135-168 163 basalts of the Paran4 Basin a derivation by partial melting (5% and 20%, respectively) from a garnet peridotite mantle source. 9. Concluding remarks Alkaline and alkaline-carbonatite districts of southern Brazil are mostly concentrated on the borders of the Parané Basin or found along the Sao PauloRio de Janeiro coastal area. The Fort- aleza district, in northeastern Brazil, corresponds to a distinct geological environment. These districts are conveniently assembled into different groups mainly on the basis of pctro- graphic features, geographic distribution and tec- tonic setting. ‘Age is quite variable, ranging for the occur- ences associated with the Parand Basin from 250 (the oldest event, 250-240 Ma, not illustrated in Fig. 2) to 50 Ma, but only a few carbonatitic districts (Anitdpolis, Itanhaém, Jacupiranga, Juquid, Ipanema; approximately 130 Ma) predate the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean, being almost contemporaneous with the Serra Geral basalts. ‘The third age group (110-100 Ma) only in- cludes two occurrences whereas the fourth (90-50 Ma) involves numerous complexes, with or with- out carbonatites, from different provinces. The youngest (30 Ma) alkaline event in continental Brazil is represented by the volcanic rocks of Fortaleza. Regional tectonics controlled the emplace- ment of the Brazilian alkaline rocks and associ- ated carbonatites, the most prominent feature being NW-trending parallel fractures related to arch structures. Ancient, predominantly NE- ENE-trending structures of the basement have also played an important role. Brazilian occurrences largely consist of intru- sive and evolved rock-types. Less evolved litholo- gies are scarce and normally restricted to subvol- canic environments (dykes). Cumulates, mainly ultramafic (clinopyroxenites and subordinate unites) and members of the ijolite series, occur abundantly, particularly in the carbonatite- bearing districts. ‘The abundance of intrusive rock-types is clearly, related to the tectonic setting of the occurrences. Structural highs are believed to be more inten- sively subjected to erosion. Excluding the sodic Tunas complex, the Brazil- ian rocks so far investigated have mainly a more or less potassic character. Sialic minerals chiefly consist of alkali feldspar and nepheline, plagioclase being scarce and gen- erally restricted to cumulates and more basic rocks (e.g. Tunas). Clinopyroxenes are the most important mafic component. The amount of alkali feldspar increases from less to more evolved lithologies. This mineral also shows a tendency of being K-enriched at the crystal rim; in some peralkaline phonolites, a reverse zoning is observed. Nepheline, commonly replaced by cancrinite and sodalite /nosean, is widespread. Like the al- kali feldspar, this mineral also increases in the more evolved rock-types. Leucite (pseudoleucite) occurs subordinately and is being found in some basic—ultrabasic lavas of the Alto Paranafba and Rio Verde-Ipora Provinces as well as in evolved subvolcanic rocks of a few occurrences (e.g. Itati- aia and Pogos de Caldas). Textural relationships indicate that in general alkali feldspar crystallized before nepheline, but a co-crystallization is also apparent for some phonolites and peralkaline phonolites. In Pogos de Caldas rocks, leucite precedes the crystalliza- tion of nepheline and alkali feldspar. Only the Anitapolis and Itapirapua Ne-syenites show nepheline as a liquidus phase. inopyroxenes display a wide composition, grading from diopside to aegirine in the highly evolved peralkaline rocks. Al" contents (usually <0.1 a.f-u) indicate they formed under low-pres- sure conditions. In many districts the entire com- positional range is present but in a few of them (e.g. Morro Redondo) the variations only cover a narrow range, probably due to the presence of amphiboles. This mineral belongs to the calcic group and varies in composition from pargasite to kaersutite (basic rocks) but is mainly concen- trated in the pargasitic and hastingsitic fields. In a few cases, the mineral is represented by a sodic-calcic katophorite. Sodic group amphiboles164 1, Morbidell et al. / Earth Science Reviews 39 (1995) 135 168 (glaucophane-riebeckite and eckermanite— arfvedsonite series) are rare and exclusive of ag- paitic rocks (e.g. Pogos de Caldas). The acmitic content of the pyroxenes and the sodic character of the amphiboles are basically related to the degree of peralkalinity of the rocks other than the serial affinity of the district. Micas (phlogopite and biotite, sometimes rich) are a common constituent of mafic—ultra- mafic and intermediate rocks; they also occur in cumulates. The main characteristic feature of the micas is the Si + Al deficiency in the tetrahedral site resulting in the presence of tetraferriphlogo- pite, particularly in the carbonatite-bearing dis- tricts (e.g. Anitépolis, Catalio I, Jacupiranga). Field evidence in addition to mineralogical, petrographic and geochemical data indicates that crystal fractionation processes were responsible for the main evolutionary trends of carbonatite- free and carbonatite-bearing Brazilian districts. Magma evolution developed under low-pressure conditions as evidenced both by the shallow posi- tion of some cumulate rocks (cf. Melcher’s esti- mation for the Jacupiranga district) and by the low AIM! values of clinopyroxenes. Ultramafic cumulates, mainly represented by clinopyroxen- ites and rare dunites, suggest that clinopyroxene was the main fractionated phase at the early stages of magma evolution. This aspect, the most total lack of plagioclase and the presence of mica and amphibole in the late stages, points to the major role played by HO in controlling the evolution in some alkaline environments: CO, joined HO in the fluid phase, as indicated by the occurrence of primary carbonate minerals even in carbonatite-free districts Carbonatite apparently formed as individual bodies by immiscibility processes caused by the oversaturation of carbonatitic fluids from silicate melts during their evolution. Field evidence and mass-balance calculations show that the carbon- atite fraction does not exceed 1-2 wt.% of the parental melt. The immiscibility process, as documented by he presence of small carbonate “ocelli", which also contain K-feldspar and nepheline, was devel- oped during the mafic Ne-syenite + Ne-syenite transition in the Juqui district. One of the best examples of fenitization in Brazilian rocks occurs in the Jacupiranga district, where carbonatites have reacted with older jacu- pirangites resulting, in the contact zone, in regu- lar bands consisting of different mineral assem- blages, individually characterized by the presence of amphibole, phlogopite and olivine. Sr and preliminary Nd isotopic data show sig- icant differences between the southern dis- tricts and the northeastern occurrence of Fort- aleza; mantle source heterogeneities are also ap- parent among the southern Brazilian districts as well as within individual ones. It should be noted that the lowest Sr; mea- sured values are for the Fortaleza district, which includes the youngest alkaline rocks of continen- tal Brazil. This may signify that the spatial dis- tinction, as hypothesized by Dupré and Allegre (1983) and Zindler and Hart (1986), could be related to the time-evolution of mantle material Basanitic parental magmas were found in Juquia, ha de Sd Sebastido and Lages; in this last district that magma was preferred with re- spect to the coexisting Ol-nephelinite and Ol- melilitite compositions; basanitic parental compo- sitions were also inferred for the Fortaleza and Piratini rocks. Alkali gabbro represents the least evolved rock at Tunas, ‘A melting model indicates that the basanitic liquid of Juquié has been formed by partial melt- ing (~ 5%) of a phlogopite-bcaring garnct peri- dotite mantle source. A garnet peridotite source is suggested to explain the genesis of parental magmas of the alkaline-carbonatite district of Lages and other alkaline-carbonatite and kimber- lite occurrences from the Alto Paranaiba Province. Mesozoic and Tertiary Paraguayan al- kaline rocks are also interpreted as having origi- nated from an analogous mantle source and, simi- larly, the tholeiitic basalts of the Parand Basin. Taking into account the petrogenetic and geo- physical data of the Mesozoic Parana Basin mag- matism, Piccirillo et al. (1988b) proposed, for the Western Gondwanaland break-up leading to the formation of South Atlantic Ocean, a tectono- magmatic model which includes the evolution from pre-rift to proto-ocean conditions. Accord- ing to this reconstruction of the geodynamicL, Morbidelli etal. / Earth Science Reviews 39 (1995) 135-168 165 events, the alkaline occurrences bordering the Paran4 Basin are believed to have been formed during the last stage when the evolution ap- proached proto-oceanic conditions with a spa- tial-time relationship following the general northeastern migration of the Parand Basin vol- canism. During this stage the asthenospheric mantle rose strongly and alkaline melts formed at great depths and near the boundary of the two mantle types (asthenospheric and lithospheric). ‘This genetic model represents a preliminary approach for understanding the complex relation- ship between tholeiitic and alkaline magmatism in southern Brazil. On the other hand, the typical potassic affinity of the Brazilian alkalinc occur- Fences generates other interpretative problems connected with a possible mantle source contami- nation. Comin-Chiaramonti et al. (1992) noted strong mineral-chemical and geochemical affinities with “high-K” and “low-K” Roman Region Type Lavas (RRTL) (Civetta et al., 1987), for Mesozoic potassic dyke swarm of Sapucai graben (central- eastern Paraguay), which are similar to some Brazilian alkaline occurrences. The RRTL are interpreted as formed in a subduction-driven en- vironment (Thompson et al., 1984; Beccaluva et al., 1991) with an apparent crustal contamination of mantle sources, whereas Paraguayan and Brazilian alkaline magmatism developed in dis- tensive environments. Clearly, also for the last products, itis necessary to find mechanisms which explain mantle source metasomatic processes tak- ing also into account the calc-alkaline signature (Piccirillo et al., 1988a) of the Parand Basin basalts. Some data concerning Paraguayan rocks indicate that important processes of mantle con- tamination occurred in Proterozoic times (c.a. 1.8-1.4 Ba; Petrini, pers. commun., 1994). Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the finan- cial support received from FINEP and FAPESP (Brazilian agencies) and M.U.R.S.T. (Italian agency), Special thanks are due to Dr. AR. Woolley and Dr. E. M. Piccirillo for their critical review and helpful suggestions. References ‘Alessandrini, G., 1990. 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A linear programming. and least squares computer method for solving petrologic mixing problems. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 81: 1995-2008, Zindler, A. and Hart, S., 1986. Chemical geodynamics. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet, Sci, 14: 493-571.168 L. Morbidell etal. / Earth Science Reviews 39 (1995) 135.168 Lucio Morbidelli is Full Professor of Petrology since 1974 at the University of Rome “La Sapienza”. where he obtained his Diploma in Geological Sciences in 1960. His principal studies concern magmatic activity in Rift a ‘eas (Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia) and petrogenesis of flood basalts (Sardinia, Haly; Gujarat, India). Dur- ing the last decade he devoted him: self to the study of Brazilian alkaline rocks, Celso de Barros Gomes is Full Profes: oxciences of sor at the Institute of the University of Sao Paulo. He re ceived his Ph.D, degree from the same institution in 1967 working on the Brazilian catbonatite complex of Itapirapud. During much of his ca reer, he has been involved with the petrology and geochemistry of alk line rocks and, more recently, he has concentrated his efforts on the inves: tigation of the coeval alkaline magma tism in Paraguay. Additional research interests inchide mete: orites and analytical techniques (microprobe) Ligh Decealuva obtained his Diploma in Geological Sciences at the Univer sity of Parma, Ttaly, in 1968. He has been Full Professor of Petrology since 1981, first at the University of Naples (1981-1987) and then at the Univer- x sity of Ferrara, His principal studies have been on the genesis of basic voleanics in different tectonic set lings, tectono-magmatic evolution of island arc-back are basin systems (Western Pacific and Mediterranean) and petrogenesis of opbiolites. Present address: Instituto di Mineralogia, Universita di Ferrara, 48100 Ferrara, Italy Pietro Brotzu obtained his Diploma in Geological Sciences at the Univer sity of Rome, Italy in 1964. He worked as researcher at the Italian CNR and he is now Full Professor of Petrology at the University of Naples. His principal studies involve the pet rogenesis of continental flood basalts as well as the anorogenic alkaline complexes with particular emphasis ‘on magma evolution. Present address Department of Earth Science, Uni: versity of Naples, via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Naples, Aida Maria Conte is a Researcher of the Cosiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche in Rome. She graduated in Natural Sciences at the University of Rame where she obtained a Ph.D. in 1989, Her studies focus on igneous petrol ogy concerning mainly alksline~ carbonatite magmatism of Brazil and Italian Oligo-Miocene and Plio- Quaternary calealkaline and shoshonitic magmatism (Sardinia and Ponza Islands), Excelso Ruberti is Assistant Professor ff Petrology and Mineralogy at the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. He is a member of the two Brazilian Soc eties of Geology and of Geoehen istry. He received his Ph.D. in Petrol ogy from the University of Sao Paulo in 1984, with a study on the mineral ‘ogy and petrology of the alkaline Banhadao massif. Since 1980 his main research interests have been the na: ture and evolution of alkaline rocks from many occurrences in southern Brazil, with the emphasis fon carbonatite complexes. He has recently been involved in the investigation of the carbonatites located along the Ponta Giossa Atch and the Alto Parawaiba Arch Gianbosco Traversa is Full Professor of Petrology at the University of Rome “La Sapienza” (Italy, previously he was Full Professor of Petrology at the Universities of Catania and Perugia (italy), His studies focused on the petrology of Permian and Caenozoic volcanics in Sardinia (Italy) and on the relationship between tectonics and basic and acidic magmatism, in Rift and Plateau areas, in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and India, His current inves tigations concern the alkaline-carbonatite magmatism of Brazil and the transition from orogenic to anorogenic environments demonstrated by associated basic magmas,