Building

Sections

CHAPTER

Objectives

Key Terms

After compie/illg this c/tapter, YOZl will be able fo:

building section
cross section
cutting-plane line
full build in g section
longitudinal building
section
partia l building
section

Expla in the purposes of building sections.

Describe the three main types of building

sections.
Explain how to identify the loca tion of a
build ing section.
Lis t informa tion that mus t be obta ined
before a building section can be drawn.
Draft a fu ll section us ing either manual or
CA DD tcchniques.

A sel of working drawings mus t provide all

of the in formation needed to build a structure.
The floor and founda tion plans provide a
wealth o f info rmation, but they do not provide
all of the details needed to construct a residence.
Some feMures are hidden in these views. In
addition, these pla ns d o not show important
information about fa steners, methods, and
materia ls. To prov ide this information, one or
more building sections are included in a set
of working draw ings. BlIildillg sectiolls are
vertical "cuts" or "slices" through a s tructure
that illus tra te the type of foundation, wall, and
roof construction to be used. See Figure 211.
Know ing when and how to incl ude bu ild in g
sections in a set of a rchitectural workin g
drawings is an important skill in the architectural
field . It requires an understanding of building
Printed for:

s pecific section
transverse build ing
section
typical section
wall section

materials, their u ses in the structu re, and what

type of building section view is needed.

Purpose of
Building Sections
The main pu rpose of a building section is
to inform the contractor or builder o f special or
unconventional construction methods or tech
niques to be used in a structure. These may
include su nken o r raised floor levels, unusual
foundations, unique wall or roof construction,
and deta ils for s plit level or multi level struc
tures. Bui lding sections also provide important
information about s ize. They s how the height of
each fl oor of a build ing, as well as the heights of

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'"

Section 4

514

St e TI ON

Construction Systems and Supplemental Drawings

A~ A

&GALS, V4 ' 1'-0 '

Figure 21-1. A building section cuts vertically through a structure to show foundation, wall, and roof
construction, as well as materials and the general relationship of spaces or rooms within the home.

windows and other feat ures. Finally, they show

the specific materia ls and fasteners to be used.
Section views that are created specifically to
show one feature, such as stairs or a fireplace, are
generally called detail drawings or construction
details. See Chapter 23 for information about
stair details and Chapter 24 for information
about fireplace, chimney, and stove details.

Types of
Building Sections
Different types of building sections a re
prepared for d ifferent p urposes. There are three

basic types of building sections:

Full building section
Partial building section
Wall section
Each type is described more full y in the following
sections.
Printed for:

Full Buildiug Section

A fu ll building sec tioll , also called a
cross section, cuts vertically through the entire
structure. A full building section has three
main purposes. Firs t, it shows the relationships
among the various interior spaces. The bu ilding
Sction shown in Figure 21-1 is a full building
section of a two-story house with a basement.
Notice how clearly the layout of the rooms
appears in this section. The second purpose
is to specify overall height relationships and
general materials to be u sed . Materials are often
detailed in notes, as shown in the figure. Full
building sections are drawn at the same scale as
the floor plan, usually 1/ 4" = 1'-0".
Full sections are often required to show
foundation information. This is particularly
true for pier foundations and post foundations.
See Figure 21-2. The materials to be used for
th e p iers or posts and footings, as well as their
spacing, can be shown in a full section.

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Chapter 21

Building Sections

515

II
SEC ti ON

A~A

seALS, II ./.' I'",",'

Figure 21-2. An example of a full building section that shows the positions and materials for the piers
and footings in a foundation.

Partial Building Section

Typical and Specific Sectio1Js

When part of a structure needs to be shown

in more detail, an enlarged view is used. A
partial bllildillg sectioll cuts tluough half or more
of the structure, bu t not its entire length. It is
d rawn at a larger scale-usually 3/8" = 1'-0"
or larger-to show detailed information about
a specific part of the st ructu re. Figure 2]-3
shows a partial building section that details the
construction of a master bathroom.

Each type of section can be further classified

as either a typical section or a specific section. A
typical sectioll is one that represents features
or sizes that are used in many different places
in the structure. Figure 21-1 is an example of a
typica l building section. Notice th at the word
TYPICAL is included in ma ny of the notes on
the d rawing. Typical wall sections are also
important in constructing accu rate elevations
and are included in most sets of construction
d rawings. See Figure 21-5.
A specific sectioll, on the other hand, shows
a feature, method, or technique tha t is used only
once, particularly if the in formation is not clear
in the floor plan. Figure 21-6 shows a specific
wall section for a box w indow over the sink in
a kitchen.

Wall Section
A w a f{ section cuts through only one wa ll,
typically an exterior wall. See Figu re 21-4. It
shows the foundation system, wall system, and
roof system at one location in the structure.
Like p artial building sections, wall sections
are shown at an enlarged scale to show greater
detail. Wall sections are typically drawn at
a scale of 3/4" = 1'-0" or larger. Wall sections
typically show more specific details than other
types of building sections.

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Section 4

'"

Construction Systems and Supplemental Drawings

I1L - . .. " ...

Ii..- ~

toOfW , .....:EO

~_~lOrr_ l
...:>II PllCI (;II ~ IIIIU.
~~~ . ~

..t _

114 I'A&ClllIEfIOt. OR \'MI. _

.-.! ..... OR vMl1.. eGIII'It

un. Q<WTNDa~ >.a<T.~

SEC TI ON A - A
Figure 21 3. An example of a partial building section.

Specifying Building
Section Location
To read a build ing section correctly, you
need to know w here on the building the section
was "taken"-where the section cuts through
the house. The location of each section in a set
of working drawings is typica lly shown on the

floor plan. Depending on the information to

be shown, some sections are identified on the
foundat ion pla n. A cutting-pla/le line is d rawn
across the plan d rawing to identify the location
and extent of the section. See Figure 21 -7.

Itlentifying Sections
Most sets of plans contain more than one
building section . To identify the sections, the
first section is labeled A-A, the second is labeled
8-8, and SO on . The floor plan in Figure 21-7

Printed for:

h as four sections: A-A through 0-0. In this case,

sections A-A and 8-8 are full building sections,
section CC is a wall section, and section 0-0
is a partial bui lding section. Notice that an
identifying letter is included at each end of the
cutting-plane line. The actual section drawings
are labeled SECTION A-A, SECTION 88, and so on.

LongitlJdinal and
Transverse Sections
A full section that runs across the lo ngest
dimension of a building is known as a /oflgitlldiflal
bllilding sectioll. Section 8-B in Figure 21-7 is
a longitudinal section. A trt1ll sverse bllilding
section is perpendicular (90") to the longitudinal
bu ilding section. It cuts across the width of the
building. Long itudinal and transverse sections
show different information; therefore, both are
often needed in a set of plans. Section AA in
Figure 21-7 is a transverse section.

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Chapter 21

Bu ilding Sections

517

.u_....-

.....,......-.c cc ... ""

!
!.

Figure 21-4. A complete wall section for a two-story hOllse.

(c) 2014 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights reserved.

Section 4

518

P. W. baffle for

Construction Systems and Supplemental Drawings

Sheet metal

vent ilation
12" batt insulation

Ce iling joist

vent

Cont.
vent

"
~

Face

i i

3/4"

insul.

3/4"
1" air

P.W.

314" T&G P W

112"x 10"

1/2-"x 16"
anchor bolt

anchor bolt

14" engineered
wood floor truss

12"
joist

RF. insulation

Sand

S<md

courses

HY" cast cone.

C.B.

basement wa ll

Bit. expansion jt.

Bit. expansion jl.

4" cone. slab

with reinforceme nt

P,,". ,doa;;o tile

A

"

Compacted

4" cone. slab

with rei nforcing

sa~d
Perf. tile

Figure 215. A typical wall section shows the construction of the majority of the walls in a structure.
A-Typical wall section for a brick veneer structure with a basement. B-TypicaJ wall section for a frame
structure with a basement.

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Chapter 21

Building Sections

519

If full sections are shown on both the floo r

plan and the fou ndation plan, both longitudinal
and transverse building sections should be
placed in the same location on both plans fo r
consistency. The same is true for partial building
sections and wall sections.

Preparing to Draw
Building Sections
Many questions will need to be answered
before you can draw accurate building sections.
Some questions will depend on the individual
project. For exam ple, suppose a home is to be
built in an area that has a "rainy season." You

Ii

-----1. J:i.- -----------------: ..

...
,
'. "
'

Figure 21-6. A specific Willi sedion was needed for the box window to be built over the sink in this
kitchen . This is the only place in the house where a box window will be installed.

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Section 4

520

Construction Systems and Supplemental Drawings

,, ,,
,'

,,
,,

..~

BEDROCM 2

,"
,,
,,

,,
. ,.,

.
..

,
,
,,
,

...

.,'

MA IN FLOOR PL AN
6C't.., ,,,,'. r'" oo'

Figure 21-7. The locations of building sections are shown on the floor plan and sometimes on the
foundation plan. This floor plan shows the locations of four different building sections.

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C hap ter 21

Building Sections

may need to as k how the foundation and walls

should be cons tructed to best preven t water
damage to the home and its foundation in case
of high water or flood.
Other questions, like those that follow,
should be asked for every project. These questions
a re only a few of the most critical questions you
should ask before beginning to draw the sections.
They certainly do not include all of the questions
you may need to answer. Cons ider each design
or building project individually.

What type of foundation will be used?

Will the house have a basement, a raised
floor with a crawl space, or a s lab on grade
foundation? Are details needed to clarify
its construction? See Figure 218.

How will the house rela te to the existing

grade? Must the grade be altered to
accommodate the s tructure?
What are the heights from the finished

floors to the fini shed ceilings? Cons ider

the basement and each floor of the house
separately.
Will standard rough opening heights
be used for windows and doors? See
Fi gure 219.

What type of roof construction is plarmed?

See Figure 2110.
What kind of exterior mate rials wiU be used?

What type of soffit, if any, w ill be used?

Employability

521

Green
Architecture
Sustainability Plan
Many companies in the architectural field
now include a sustainability plan in their formal
company business plans. A sustainability plan
contains guidelines and procedures to help an
organization use, develop, and protect resources
in a way that meets needs wilhout harming the
environment. As the demands on our natural
resources increase, companies must implement
sustainable practices to safeguard environmental
health, economic growth, and quality of life. The
creation of a sustainability plan may rely on
individual employee input, but the goats are simple.
The sustainable practices a company implements
must focus on reducing the use of materials,
energy, and water; reducing the pollution put out
by the company; reducing the amount of waste
produced by the company; and using more
non-Ioxic, recycled, and remanufactured materials.
Communication and education within the company
are necessary to meet these goals.

purposes. Remember that it is unethical to ~spam~

customers who have not requested to be on an
organization'S mailing list. Keep your messages
honest and return messages from those who
have taken time to respond to your communication.
Use good judgment and represent the organization
in a prolessional manner.

Activity
Using Social Media
Social media is used by some architectural
firm s to reach current customers and find new
ones. Because social media is so available and
easy to use, those who are writing communications
lor the organization must be prudent when using
sites such as Facebook or Twitter for business

Printed for:

Contact several architecturallirms in your

area and ask how they use social media for
marketing and advertising purposes. Find out
what guidelines employees are given for using
social media for company business. Do any of
the firms have rules about using social media
for personal business? Write a summa ry of
your find ings.

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Section 4

Construction Systems ilnd Supplementill Drawings

2~10

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.' S

.'~

~
~

10~

JOl6t

i'-

3 In ' &te:EL

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.
'-.4'
'

..""""
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,l

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.
.. . .. . .
" ." " .
"

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'-.;' ~

!>eellON A A
ac.r>o..e. Voo' .-. ...

Figure 21 -8. Foundation d etail sections like these mily be needed, depending on the type of foundation
to be used a nd any special circumstances in the design project.

When you are prepari ng to draw building

sections. be very careful to ensure that all of your
heigh t meas urements are precise. Remember
that p lan view drawings do not include height
information. The contractor w ill depend on the
building sections to make certa in the building
is constructed corr(.'Ctiy.

Drawing Building
Sections
Figure 21-9. Standard framin g would not work
fo r the front entrance to this luxu ry home. What
kind of building scction(s) might be required ?
(pics72 1/Shut lerslock.com)

Printed for:

After you have gathered all of the necessary

infonnation, you can begin drawing the building
sections for a project. Procedures are g iven in
Ihjs chapler for using both manual and CADD
techniques.

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Chapter 21

Building $cctions

TT~o\L

y,.Ol.:teD

CiAHI:!I!'I~ ~

523
I'DOI',

A5P1-1Ai,.f 51ON:;U:i5
)/fI" ROCANii I"L TWOOD ,,"" 'H' C;:1I~
2><t1 eI...OGKNi:io Al PeAK
PII;-el6INE:Ef;D YAJI.;rED T:F!.I!SE5 2'"
n~

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2>o4r~~1'6

~ I!!JAft II61...ATlClN
to MIL f'CIL T V.8.

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""""

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5IDt6"~~,

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1/16' M. T iU70D et-fjAtH1N62d, i!ltllDi!I 16' G;.

1':20 I!'Att t!oI'5IJlAtlON'
'" MIL.. 1"000r y~.

112' DI'ITIlJALL

t~ D

I i!I.!NOl"'D

j
"

Figure 21 -10. This full section was drawn to show roof framing details for a gambrel roof.
(Ryllll Verpoolen, SllIIdmv Ridge Higl' Schoo/)

Drawing a Full Building

The steps that follow describe the procedure
for using manual drafting to draw a full building
section . The steps can be adapted as necesSMy to
create partial 5(.'Ctions and waU sections. Although
many of these steps may be automated in your
C~DI:? software, understand ing the basic steps
will g ive you the foundation you need to use
the CADD software wisely.
1. Collect the essential size information
as described in the previous section. A
glless is 1101 good enol/gil. You must know
the specific dimensions and construction
p rocedures to be used before you can draw
a building section.
2. Choose a sca le. Plan to use a sca le that will
adequately show the elements of the section.
Printed for:

Common scales used include: 1/2" = 1'-0",

3/4 H= 1'-0", and I H= 1'-0" for wall sections,
1/2" = 1'-0" to 3/4H = l' _OH for pMtial
building sections, and 1 / 4" = 1'-0" for full
building sections. Remember, these are
typica l s uggested scales fOf use on the
sections. Office practices will determine
the actual scales you use.
3. Layou t and draw the footing, foundation
wall, and floor slab. Position and draw the
g rade line. Locate the basement slab, if any,
and show a portion of it. For th is drawing,
the house will have a simple monolithic
slab foundation. See Figure 21-11 .
4. After you have properly constructed the
foundation wall (if any), locate and draw
the floor joists or trusses and the wall and
roof structu res. See Figure 21-12. After
the walls are completely roughed in, it is
wise to sit back and look at the structure
carefully to be sure it represents good
bui lding practice.

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Section 4

'"

Construction Systems ilnd Supplemental Drawings

LJ
Figure 21-1]. Draw the monolithic slab first. Locate and draw the g rade line.

5. Add details a nd material symbols (hatch

patterns). Add deta ils such as windows,
gusset plates, drain tile, and a roof slope

triangle. Include any material symbols

needed for insulation, concrete, sand, gravel,
orea rlh . See Figure 21-13.
6. Add dimens ions a nd notes. Building
sections should include all of the required
dimensions-heighl from the finished
floor to the ceil ing, thickness of the floor

system , footing thickness and width,

foundation wa ll height, overhang length,
and so on. Be thorough. Use local notes
to identify mnterials. Ide ntify the grade
elevation. Add any othe r information that
is pertinent for your drawing.
7. Add the title and scale.
8. Look over you r work to be sure that
you are fin ished. Figure 21-]4 s hows
the completed full building section.
Remember, a building section-or a ny
o the r drawing- is not finished until it
complies w ith w ha tever office practices
are in force in your school o r company.

High-end architectural CADD programs

su ch as SoftPlanor Rev it can automate many of
the drafting tasks to crea te wall, partial, or.full
sections. You only need to indicate the cu thngp lane lines on the floor plan where you want
the building sections to be taken. The software
automatica lly c rea tes a com pleted wall, partial,
or full bui lding section drawing.
The following procedure assumes that your
software does not gene rate buildi ng sections
automatically. The procedure is s im ila r to the
manual procedure, although there are some
di ffe rences. Remember to draw all objects a t
their actual size--do not scale the drawing. Refer
to the illus trations in the manual procedure
as necessary to fo llow these s teps.
1. CoLlecllhe essential size information as
described in the previous section. A gl/L'SS
is 1I0t good el/ol/gll. This is even more true
in CADD than it is for manual drafting

Figure 21-12. Add the walls and roof structures.

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Chapte r 21

Building Sections

525

Figure 21 13. Add details and material symbols.

techniques, because everything is drawn

to its true size in CADD. You must know
th e specific d imensions and construction
procedures to be used before you can draw
a building section.

2. Select an appropriate layer for the footing

and fou ndation wall or, depending on the
CADD software you are using, copy the
floor plan and fou ndation plan into a new
drawing. Draw the footing and foundation
wall. Locate and draw the basement slab,
if any. Position and draw the grade line on
the app ropriate layer.

IlIALK" N
C L05 ~T

,Se c tiON A " A

6CAl.Ii.

II"" . I' ,,

Figure 2114. The finished building section.

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Seclion 4

3. Locate and draw the floor jois ts or trusses

and the wall and roof structures. Be sure to
consider the layers, linetypes, and colors
you wish to use. Remember to use actual
sizes rather than nominal sizes. Zoom in
on small parts so that they may be more
easily seen and manipulated.
4. Add details and material symbols (hatch
patterns). Add details such as windows,
gusset plates, d rain tile, and a roof slope
triangle. Include any material symbols
needed fo r insulation, concrete, sand, gravel,
or earth. Some CADD programs will place
the hatch patterns automatically for you.

'II" """"""'"

!'III. I"a."t" """"""

,.. _ "",ti

Construction Systems and Supplemental Drawings

5. Add dimensions and notes. Use local notes

to identify materials. Identify the grade
elevation. Add any other information that
is pertinent for your drawing.
6. Add the scale and title on the appropriate
layers.
7. Look over your work to be sure that
you are finished. Fig ure 21-1 5 shows the
completed full building section drawn in
CADD. Remember, a building section--or
any other drawing- is not finished un til
it complies with w hatever office practices
are in force in your school or compan y.

...-IG,.

NU..~ j "",

~DROOH. "

,58 C fI CN A - A
&CALi"!.

V4' . I' ", '

Figure 21-15. The CADD version of the finished building section looks very similiH to the manually
drawn version, except for the use of color to distinguish various items.

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Chapter 21

Review

Summary

Building sections inform the contractor or

builder of any special or unconventional
construction techniques to be used in a

particular building project.

The three basic types of building sections
are full, partial, and wall sections.
Full sections are generally drawn at the
same scale as the floor plan, but partial
sections and wall sections are drawn at a
la rger sca le to show more detail.
Cutting-plane lines on the floor plan or
foundation plan identify the location of
building sections.
The procedures used to create building
sections are similar whether using manual
techniques or CADD techniques, unless
the CAOO softwa re has a feature that
creates sections automatically.

Internet Resources
Autodesk, Inc.
General and architectura l CADD softw'are
CAD Block Exchange Network
Architectural CADD symbols and blocks
SoftPlan System s.
Architectural CAOO softwa re

Review Questions
Write your al/SlOers 011 a separate sheet oj paper. Do
/lot write ill this book.
1. Lis t th ree purposes for building sections.
2. What is another name for a full building
section?
3. How is a wall section different from a
partial building section?
4. At what scale is a full bu ilding section
usually drawn?
5. At what sca les are wall sections typically
d rawn?
Printed for:

Chapter Activities
,, . . . Co to tile companioll wetJsite to complete
~ tile CIlapter Activities.
.
www.g-wlearnlng.com!archl teclure/

6. What is the difference between a typical

section and a specific section?
7. Describe how the drafter indicates where
on a structure a building section has been
taken.
8. List thrcc questions you shou ld ask before
begirming to draw the building sections
for a project.
9. What three items are the first items to be
drawn on a building section, regardless of
whether you are using manual or CADD
techniques?
10. In what way can high-end CADO sofhvare
change the procedure for drawing
building sections?

Suggested Activities
1. Visit the websites of several window
manufacturers to find a "special" window
that interests you. Draft a wall section to
show how you would incorporate that
window into the wall of a home. The
exterior construction of the home is up to
you. Plot or print the drawing and make a
presentation board of your section. Use the
board as a visual aid for an oral presentation
to the class describing the procedures you
used to draft or generate this drawing.
2. Search online to find a fl oor plan for a
home that interests you. Make sure the
home has a garage. Recreate the floor plan
using manual o r CAOD techniques. Draft
a partial building section for this home to
show the foundation and roof details for the
ga rage. Remember to add a cutting-plane
line to the floor plan to s how the location
of the section. Display the floor plan and
your building section.

527
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hts rese

528

Seclion 4

3. Search online to find a ranch-style floor

plan thai interests you. Recrea te the floo r
plan using manual or CA DD techniques.
Draft a longitudinal building S<.'C tion and
a transverse building section for the floor
plan. Be sure to iden tify both sections on
the floor plan.

Construction Systems and Supp1('mental Drawings

2. Which of the following statements are false?

A. A partial building section indicates
the least amount of constnlCtion detail
and information.
B. A full building section drawn using
CA DD is typica lly drawn at a sca le of
1/ 4" = 1'-0'.

C. The only thing you need to know

before you begin drawing a build ing
section is where on the building the
section w ill be located.
D. The fi rst building section to be specified
for a building project is typically labeled

Your cl ient wants to build a custom home

in Glendale, Arizona. Like most o ther cities,
Glendale reviews the architectura l working
drawings for a project before issu ing a building
permit. Find out morc about the requirements
for getting a building perm it in Glendale. What
building sections do you need to include to
show sufficient detail to get the building permi t
for your client?

Certification Prep

SECTION A-A.

3. Match each type of building section w ith

its description.
Bui lding sections: 1. Pa rtial section, 2. Full
section, 3. Specific section, 4. Wall section
A. Runs across the full length or width of
a building.
B. Runs at least halfway across a
bu ilding.
C. Con tains more detail than other types
of sections.
D. Conveys information about one
specific pa rt or feature of the structure.

Tile follOWing questions arc pn'5ellted ill tile style

Ilsed ill tile American Design Draftillg Association
(ADDA) Drafter Certificatioll Ti.'St. Write YOllr
answers 011 a separate slleet of IX/per.
1. Which of the follow ing statements a re true
about b uilding sections?
A. A knowledge of construction methods
is not necess.1ry for drawing partial
building sections.
B. Building sections inform the
contractor o r builder of any special
or unconventiona l construction, such
as s ta irs, sunken or raised rooms, or
unusua l foundations.
C. A wall section shows more s pecific
detail than a partial or full section.
D. Dimension lines are used to show
where on a build ing a bu ilding section
is taken.

Printed for:

1. Language Arts. The notes on a bui lding

section arc a critical part of the drawing.
They must be clear and easy to understand,
yet concise enough to fi t in a small area.
Conduct research to find termi nology and
abbreviations that are often used on building
sections tha t are not used in everyday
English. For example, the abbrev iation
OC, O.C., or D.C. is often used to mean "on
center. " Ma ke a table to show the terms
you find , what each term means, and an
example of how each can be used on a
build ing section .

erikaaraujo@bisd.us (c) 2014 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights rese

Chapler 21

Building Sections

529

1. Math. You are p lanning to create a wall

section using manual drafting techniques
and are considering the drawing scale to
be used. The vertical dimension of the
window to be shown in the wall section is
36"'. How long would the lines representing
the window be at each of the following
scales?

A. 3/4" = 1'0"
8.1" = 1'_0#
C.11/2" = 1'0"
2. Technology. Many of the major window
manufacturers include illustrations on
their websites that show their windows
in section. Find stich an illustration and
read about the window it describes. What
special characteristics or features does the
window have that are shown in the section
d rawing? Write a short report explaining
why a section drawing might be needed for
a wall that contains this window. Be sure to
identify the manufacturer and part or model
number of the window in your report.

Printed for:

erikaaraujo@bisd.us (c) 2014 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights rese

Seclion 4

Construction Systems and Supplemental Drawings

This front elevation was generated from data supplied w hen the floor plan was developed .
(Helmuth A. Geiser, member AIBO)

Printed for:

erikaaraujo@bisd.us (c) 2014 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights rese