CH NG 1: C Së ® I Sè Logic V C C PHÇN Tö Logic 1.1 ® I Sè Boole

Chng 1.
C s i s logic v cc phn t logic
Chng 1
C s i s logic v cc phn t logic
1.1
i s boole
Trong mch s cc tn hiu thng cho hai mc in p
0(v) v 5(v). nhng linh kin in t dng trong mch s lm

vic mt trong hai trng thi (tt hoc thng). Do vy
m t mch s ngi ta dng h nh phn (Binary) hai trng thi
trong mch c m ho tng ng l "1" hoc "0". H nh phn
th hin c trng thi vt l m h thp phn khng th hin
c. Mn i s mang tn ngi sng lp ra n - i s Boole cn
c gi l i s logic.
1.1.1 Mt s nh ngha:
- Bin logic: i lng biu din bng k hiu no ch ly
gi tr "1" hoc "0".
- Hm logic: Biu din nhm cc bin logic lin h vi nhau
thng qua cc php ton logic, mt hm logic cho d l n
gin hay phc tp cng ch nhn gi tr hoc l "1" hoc l
"0".
-Cc php ton logic: c 3 php ton c bn.
Php nhn (v) - k hiu l AND.
Php cng (hoc) - k hiu l OR.
Php ph nh (o) - k hiu l NOT
1.1.2 Biu din bin v hm logic:
a. Dng bu Ven (le): Bin logic chia khng gian
thnh hai khng gian con.
V d:
A
Bn trong
(ng) = 1
b. Bng tht, bng trng thi:
B mn K thut in t Trng HKTCN
Bn ngoi (sai)
=0
Chng 1. C s i s logic v cc phn t logic
*Bng tht : Quan h hm ra vi bin vo thi im hin

ti.
*Bng trng thi: Hm ra khng nhng ph thuc vo bin
vo thi im hin ti m cn ph thuc vo (trng thi) qu
kh ca n.
Gi s c n bin th bng c (n+1) ct v 2n hng
+ (n+1) ct (n) bin + (1) gi tr
hm.
+ 2n hng 2n t hp gi tr bin.
V d: Hm c hai bin - bng tht
ABf(A,B)00001110
1111
gm c 3 ct, 4 hng.
c. Ba Karnaught (Cc n).
Biu din tng ng bng tht.
Mi dng ca bng tht ng vi mt
ca ba cc n. To ca c quy
nh bi gi tr t hp bin, gi tr ca
hm tng ng vi t hp bin c ghi
Bng tht
f(A,B)= A + B
B
A01001111
trong .
1.1.3. Cc hm logic c bn.
- Hm ph nh (NOT): f(A) =
Ba cc n
f(A,B) = A + B
- Hm cng (OR): f(A,B,C) = A+B+C.

- Hm nhn (AND) : f(A,B) = A.B
Cc bng tht tng ng cc hm trn.
Af(A)011
0
f(A) = A
ABf(A,B)00001110
1111
ABCf(A,B,C)00000011
01010111100110111
1011111
f(A,B)= A + B
f(A,B,C) = A + B +
1.1.4. Mt s tnh cht ca hm nhn, cng, ph nh:

- Tn ti phn t trung tnh duy nht cho php "nhn",
php "cng".
A + 0 = A;
0 - Phn t trung tnh cho php tnh "cng".
A.1 = A ;
1 - Phn t trung tnh cho php "nhn".
- Hon v: A + B = B + A ;
A. B = B. A.
- Kt hp (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) = (A + C) + B
(A . B) . C = A . (B . C) = (A . C) . B
- Phn phi : A.(B + C) = A.B + A.C
- Khng c s m, khng c h s.
A +A + . . . + A = A ;
- B :
A A;
A.A . . . A = A.
A A 1;
A.A 0
* nh l Demogran:
Trng hp thng qut :
Th d:
X Y X .Y
f[xi ,,] f[xi ,,]
X .Y X Y
(o ca mt tng bng tch cc o, o ca mt tch

bng tng cc o)
- i ngu
Th d:
+ ;
01
A + B = B + A A.B = B. A
A A .B A B A (A B) A.B
A + 1 = 1 A.0 = 0.
1.2.
biu din gii tch cc hm logic
Vi cc k hiu hm, bin v cc php tnh gia chng. C

hai dng gii tch c s dng l.
+ Dng tuyn: Hm c cho di dng tng ca tch cc
bin.
+ Dng hi: Hm c cho di dng tch ca tng cc bin.
+ Dng tuyn chnh quy: Nu mi s hng cha y
mt cc bin.
+Dng tuyn khng chnh quy: Ch cn t nht mt s
hng cha khng y mt cc bin.
+ Hi chnh quy: Nu mi tha s cha y mt cc
bin.
+ Hi khng chnh quy: ch cn t nht mt tha s khng
cha y mt cc bin.
Th d: f(X,Y,Z) = X.Y .Z X Y Z X YZ XYZ
(tuyn chnh
quy)
f(X,Y,Z) = X .Y . X Y Z X YZ XZ
(tuyn khng
chnh quy)
f(x,y,z) = (X +Y + Z).(X + Y + Z).( X Y Z ).
(hi chnh
quy).
f(x,y,z) = (X +Y +Z).(Y + Z).(Z + Y + X ).
chnh quy).
(hi khng
1.2.1 Dng tuyn chnh quy:

nh l Shannon: Mi hm logic c th c khai trin theo
1 trong cc bin di dng tng ca 2 tch logic nh sau:
F(A,B, . . . , Z) = A.F(1,B, . . . , Z) + A .F(0,B, . . . ,Z).
V d: Hm 2 bin: F(A,B) = A.F(1,B) + A .F(0,B). (*)
F(1,B) = B.F(1,1) + B .F(1,0)
F(0,B) = B.F(0,1) + B .F(0,0)
Vi F(0,0), F(0,1), F(1,0), F(1,1). c gi l cc hm thnh
phn.Thay cc hm F(1,B), F(0,B) vo (*) ta c:
F(A,B) = A.B.F(1,1) + A .B.F(0,1) + A. B .F(1,0) + A . B
.F(0,0) (**)
Nh vy : Hm 2 bin Khai trin 4 s hng (22)
Hm n bin khai trin 2n s hng
T biu thc (**) ta c nhn
xt sau:
- Nu gi tr ca hm
thnh phn = "1" S hng
STTABCZ =f(A,B,C)00000
F(0,0,0)10011 F(0,0,1)20101
F(0,1,0)30111 F(0,1,1)41000
F(1,0,0)51011 F(1,0,1)61100
F(1,1,0)71111 F(1,1,1)
l tch ca cc bin.
- Nu gi tr ca hm
thnh phn = "0" ta loi s
hng .
Gi s vi v d trn:
F(1,1) = 1 ; F(0,0) = 1 ;
F(0,1) = F(1,0) = 0 .
Th: f(A,B) = A. B + A .B .
Th d: Cho hm 3 bin c bng tht nh hnh trn th:
Z f (A ,B,C) A .B.C A .B.C A .B.C A.B.C A.B.C
T cc phn tch trn ta thy khi biu din hm logic dng

tuyn chnh quy:
- Ch quan tm n cc t hp bin ti hm thnh
phn nhn tr "1".
- S s hng bng s ln hm thnh phn nhn tr "1".
- Trong biu thc logic cc bin nhn tr "1" gi nguyn,
bin nhn tr"0" ta ly ph nh.
10
1.2.2 Dng hi chnh quy :

nh l Shannon: Mi hm logic c trin khai theo mt
trong cc bin di dng tch ca hai tng logic nh sau:
F(A,B,...,Z) = [ A + F(1,B,...,Z)].[A + F(0,B,...,Z)].
Th d: Hm 2 bin F(A,B).
F(A,B) = [ A + F(1,B)].[A + F(0,B)] (1).
F(1,B) = [ B + F(1,1)].[B + F(1,0)]
F(0,B) = [ B + F(0,1)].[B + F(0,0)]
Thay cc gi tr ny vo
(1) ta c
F(A ,B) A B F(1,1). A B F(0,1). A B F(1,0). A B F(0,0)
(2)
nu gi tr ca hm thnh phn = 0 Tha s bng tng

cc bin.
Nu gi tr ca hm thnh phn = 1 Tha s b loi b.
Vi bng tht trn th:
Z f (A ,B,C) [A B C].[A B C].[A B C] .
T cc phn tch trn khi biu din hm logic dng hi

chnh quy:
- Ch quan tm n cc t hp bin ti hm thnh
phn nhn tr "0".
- S tha s bng s ln hm thnh phn nhn tr "0" .
- Trong biu thc logic cc bin nhn tr "0" gi nguyn,
cc bin nhn tr "1" ta ly ph nh.
1.2.3
Biu din tuyn chnh quy, hi chnh quy di
dng s:
a) Tuyn chnh quy
dng s.
STTABC
Z = F(A,B,C)1001 1
T th d trc tuyn chnh
quy dng s
F(0,0,1)2010
1 c cho:
m(1,2,3,5,7)
Z = F(A, B, C) =F(0,1,0)3011
1
F(0,1,1)5101
(ti cc gi tr t hp
3, 5, 7 ca bin
vo hm nhn
1 1, 2,F(1,0,1)7111
1
tr "1")
F(1,1,1)

Z = F(a,b,c) =..C+.B.+.B.C+ A..C + A.B.C
11
b) Hi chnh quy dng s:

Cng t th d trn hi chnh quy dng s c cho nh sau:
Z = F(a,b,c) = M(0,4,6).
(ti cc t hp bin 0, 4, 6 hm logic nhn tr "0" )
STTABC Z = F(A,B,C)0000 0
F(0,0,0)4100 0
F(1,0,0)6110 0
F(1,1,0)
Z = (A+B+C).( +B+C).( +
+C)
1.3
Ti thiu ho cc hm logic
Mt hm logic c th c v s cch biu din gii tch t-
ng ng. Tuy nhin ch tn ti 1 cch gn nht ti u v s

bin, s s hng hay tha s v c gi l ti gin. vic ti gin
hm logic mang ngha quan trng v phng din kinh t, k
thut. ti thiu ho cc hm logic ngi ta thng dng phng
php i s v phng php ba cc n.
1.3.1 Phng php i s:
Bin i biu thc logic da vo cc tnh cht ca i s
Boole.
Th d : A.B + A .B = B ;
A+A.B = A ;
12
A + A .B = A + B.
Ta chng minh cc ng thc trn, theo tnh cht i ngu:

A.B + A .B = B (A + B).( A + B) = B.
A + A.B = A
A.(A + B) = A.
A + A .B = A + B A.( A + B) = A.B.
Quy tc 1:
Nhm cc s hng c tha s chung.
Th d: A.B.C + A.B. C = A.B(C + C ) = A.B.
Quy tc 2:
a s hng c vo biu thc logic.
A.B.C + A .B.C + A. B .C + A.B. C =
= A.B.C + A .B.C + A. B .C + A.B.C + A.B. C + A.B.C
= B.C.(A + A ) +A.C.(B + B ) + A.B.(C + C ) = B.C + A.C +
A.B
Quy tc 3:
C th loi cc s hng tha.
A.B + B .C + A.C = A.B + B .C + A.C (B + B ).
= A.B + B .C + A.B.C + A. B .C
= A.B + B .C (loi A.C)
1.3.2 Phng php ba cc n.
a) Cu to:
- Gm 1 hnh cc vung, hm c n bin bng c 2 n
(1 bin - 2 , 2 bin - 4 , 3 bin - 8 ... ).
- Th t ca cc do gi tr t hp bin quy nh
- Hai c gi l k nhau, hoc i xng ch khc nhau 1
gi tr ca bin.
- Gi tr ca hm tng ng vi t hp bin c ghi ngay
trong .
13
- Cc ti gi tr ca hm khng xc nh c nh
bng du "X".
b) Nguyn tc ti gin hm logic trn ba cc n
- Thc hin nhm cc ti hm nhn tr "1" hoc "0"
k nhau hoc i xng nhau, s trong mt nhm dn phi l
s lu tha ca 2 (khi vit hm dng tuyn ta nhm cc c gi
tr "1", dng hi nhm cc c gi tr "0").
- Trong mt nhm dn cc bin c tr thay i ta loi, cc
bin c tr khng i gi nguyn, iu ny c ngha l s
trong nhm dn cng nhiu th s bin b loi cng tng (2 loi 1 bin, 4 - loi 2 bin ... 2m - loi m bin).
- Biu thc logic c s s hng hay tha s chnh bng s
nhm dn. Khi vit hm logic di dng tuyn cc bin cn li
nhn tr "1" ta gi nguyn, nhn tr "0" ta ly ph nh, khi
vit hm logic di dng hi th ngc li.
- Mt c th tham gia vo nhiu nhm dn.
- Cc ti gi tr hm khng xc nh ta coi ti
hm c th ly gi tr "1" hoc "0" tu tng trng hp c th.
Ch : Phng php ti gin hm logic trn ba cc n ch
thch hp vi hm c s bin 6. Trng hp hm c s bin ln
hn 6, bng cc n rt phc tp.
BCA
F
AB 0100011110
C
0001111001
0
4
ct - 2 hng (hm 3
CD
AB 0001111000011110
bin)
3
2 ct4-bin
4 hng
(hm 3
Hm
(4 hng
bin)
-4
4
6
5
7
ctB mn K thut1 in t
1 Trng
1 HKTCN
1
16 )
2
3
5
4
0
18
1
1
2
14
F
DEF
0000010110101101111011000000010110101101111011
ABC
00
0
2
4
1
6
4
8
5
6
4
0
3
2
2
5
1
7
4
9
5
7
4
1
3
3
3
1
1
2
7
1
9
5
1
5
9
4
3
3
5
6
1
4
3
0
2
2
5
4
6
2
4
6
3
8
1
0
2
6
1
8
5
0
5
8
4
2
3
4
Hm 6 bin (8 hng - 8 ct
- 64 )
Th
d:
Cho
hm
logic
1
5
3
1
2
3
5
5
6
3
4
7
3
9
bin
5
1
3
2
9
2
1
5
3
6
1
4
5
3
7
4
1
2
2
8
2
0
5
2
6
0
4
4
3
6
F(a,b,c,d)
m(0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10) v khng xc nh ti m = 5, 11,13,15.

(Th d ny tng ng vi vic cho hm logic 4 bin
F(A,B,C,D) = M(3,7,12,14) v khng xc nh ti M =
5,11,13,15)
15
T bi ra ta c bng cc n nh sau:
F
+ Biu din dng tuyn (3 nhm 00011110001101011X
CD
AB
dn)
01110XX01011X1
- Nhm 1: Cc 0, 2, 8, 14 kt
qu: B.D
- Nhm 2: Cc 0, 2, 4, 6 kt qu:
A .D
- Nhm 3: Cc 1, 5, 9, 13 kt
qu: C.D
Hm biu din di dng tuyn:
F(a,b,c,d) = B.D A .D C.D
+ Biu din hm logic di dng hi (2 nhm)
- Nhm 1: Gm cc 3, 7, 11, 15 kt qu: C D
- Nhm 2: Gm cc 12, 13, 14, 15 kt qu: A B
Hm biu din di dng hi: F(A,B,C,D) = ( C D ).( A B )
1.4. cc h thng s m thng s dng trong k thut s .
1.4.1 H thp phn (Decimal Number System)

* Cu to : Dng 10 ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 biu
din con s m v tnh ton.
* Tnh cht: Khi c mt s m c vit bi h c s 10
m c 2 ch s bt k k nhau v ging nhau th ch s bn
tri c gi tr gp 10 ln ch s bn phi.
* Kh nng thao tc ton hc: c th thc hin mi php
ton +, -, *, cc php ton i s.
* Mi s m h 10 u c th tch thnh tng cc s
lu tha c s 10.
V d:
16
[2452,34]D = [2.103 + 4.102 + 5.101 + 2.100 + 3.10-1 + 4.10]D
1.4.2 H nh phn (Binary number System)

* Cu to: Ch dng hai ch s "0" v "1" biu din s
m v tnh ton.
*Tnh cht: Khi c mt s m c vit bi h c s 2 c
hai ch s bt k k nhau v ging nhau th ch s bn tri c
gi tr gp 2 ln ch s bn phi.
* Kh nng thao tc ton hc: Rt thch ng vi cc php
ton trong i s logic.
* Mi s m h c s 2 (nh phn) u c th tch
thnh tng cc s lu tha c s 2.
V d:
[10101.101]2 = [1.24 + 0.23 + 1.22 + 0.21 + 1.20 + 1.2-1 +
0.2-2 + 1.2-3]10.
* Php cng hai s nh phn:
0 + 1 = 1.
0+0=0
1+0=1
1 + 1 = 0 nh 1 gi ln php cng bt cao hn tip theo.
1 + 1 + 1 = 1 nh 1 gi ln php cng bt cao hn tip
theo
Th d : S nh
S hng th nht
S hng th hai
Tng
0010 1110
0101 0111
1001 0101
1110 1100
* Php tr hai s nh phn:

0 - 0 = 0.
1 - 1 = 0.
17
1- 0 = 1.
0 - 1 = 1 nh 1 (mn) gi ln php tr bt cao hn tip
theo
1 - 1 - 1 = 1 nh 1 (mn) gi ln php tr bt cao hn tip
theo
* Th d: S mn
S b tr
S tr
Hiu s
1 1 0 0 1. 0 0
1 0 0 1 1. 0 1
1 1 0 0. 1 0
0 0 1 1 0. 1 1
x
* Php nhn hai s nh phn:
101
110
000
+
101
101
.
11110
0.0 = 0.
1.0 = 0
0.1 = 0
1.1 = 1
*Php chia hai s nh phn:

1000
000
V d: 35/5 = 7
1000
101
11
10
1
1
* nh ngha bit:
11
101
0111
1
1
01
01
0
Mt ch s h c s 2 l 1 bt:
0(B) 1 bit ; 1(B) 1 bit ; 10(B) 2 bit ; 101(B) 3 bit
* nh ngha Byte:
8 bt ni tip to nn mt Byte.
1.4.3 H c s 16 (Hexa Decimal System).
18
*Cu to.
Dng 16 k hiu : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
biu din con s m v tnh ton.
* Tnh cht:
Khi c mt s m c vit bi h c s 16 m c 2 ch
s bt k k nhau v ging nhau th ch s bn tri c gi tr
gp 16 ln ch s bn phi.
* Kh nng thao tc ton hc:
Thc hin mi php ton +, - , *, v cc php ton logic.
* Mi s m h 16 u c th vit bng tng cc s ly
tha c s 16.
Th d :
[3A2F]16 = [3.163 + 10.162 + 2.161 + 15.160]10.
* ngha ca h 16:
C kh nng biu din, tnh ton rt gn v 1 ch s trong
h 16 tng ng vi 4 bit nh phn.
1.4.5 Chuyn i gia cc h m
*Chuyn i s thp phn sang s nh phn ( H 10
2)
Th d: Chuyn i [254]10 =[ ? ]2.

254
20
15
2
7
63
2
31
2
Kt qu [254
2
15
]10 = [1111
1110]2
2
3
1
1
2
1
2
0
19
*Chuyn i s thp phn

sang Hexa:
H 10H 16H 2000 0 0
0 110 0 0 12 20 0 1 0330
14
0 1 1440 1 0 0550 1 0
16 15
E
1660 1 1 0770 1 1 1881 0
F
0 0991 0 0 110A1 0 1
0
Kt qu :
011B1 0 1 112C1 1 0
013D1 1 0 114E1 1 1
[254]10 = [FE]16 =[1111 1110]2
015F1 1 1 116101 0 0 0
*Chuyn i s nh phn
017111 0 0 0
1.........255FF1111 1111
sang Hexa:
254
16
15
1101
1111
[BDF]16
1011
B
D
F 2
*Cng thc chung tnh gi

tr s m:
NC = An.Cn + An-1.Cn-1 + An-2.Cn-2
+...+ A0C0+ A1.C-1 + A2.C-2 +...
+ An.C-n
Trong : C: L c s.
n: V tr ca s.
(A3 A2 A1 A0) n = 3
Th d:
+ N10 = 1999 = 1.103 +9.102
+9.101 +9.100
+ N2 = [101101.01]2 = [1.25 +0.24
+1.23
+1.22 +0.21 +1.20 +0.2-1
+1.2-2 ]10.
20
1.4.6 H BCD: (H 2 - 10)

Cc s nh phn c di (s bit) ln hn 4 thng kh
c. Theo thi quen thp phn thng thng ngi ta dng m
nh - thp phn (BCD). Dng 4 bt nh phn din t mt
ch s h BCD, gi tr thp phn ca 4 bt nh phn ny
khng ln hn 9.
Th d: [ 9 ]10 [1 0 0 1]BCD.
[19]10 [0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1]BCD.
[1999]10 [0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1]BCD.
1.4.7 S b:
a. S b 1.
Trong h c s 2 khi cho trc mt s, tm c mt s khc
sao cho tng ca s cho v s va tm c c cc hng
u bng 1 th s va tm c gi l s b 1 ca s cho.
V d: *[ 0 ]2 S b 1 ca n l s [ 1 ]2.
V
1 v ngc li s [ 1 ]2 th s b ca n l s [0]2
1
* Cho s [101]2 tm s b 1 ca s cho.
+
101
x x x S b 1 ca s [101]2 l [0 1 0]2
111
Nhn xt: S b 1 l s o ca s cho.
b. S b 2
Trong h c s 2 nu cho trc mt s, tm c mt s khc
sao cho tng ca s cho vi s tm c c kt qu ca cc
hng u bng 0 nhng c 1 hng vt ra ngoi nhn gi tr 1. S
tm c gi l s b 2 ca s cho.
Th d: Cho s [0]2 ta tm s b 2 ca n.
21
0 x = [1 0]2 ; [1 0]2 l s b 2 ca [0]2
x.
10
- Cho s [1]2 ta tm s b 2 ca n.
+
x = [1]2 ; [1]2 l s b 2 ca [1]2.
x.
10
Nhn xt: S b 2 ca mt s nh phn chnh bng s b 1
ca n cng thm 1.
1.5. cc phn t logic c bn
Cc php ton c bn ca i s logic c th c thc hin
bng cc mch kho in t (Tranzitor hoc IC). Nt c trng
nht ca cc phn t logic y l hai mc in th cao
hoc thp ca mch kho hon ton cho mt s tng ng n
tr vi hai trng thi ca bin hay hm logic. Nu s tng ng
c quy c l in th thp - tr "0" v in th cao - tr "1"
ta gi l logic dng. Trong trng hp ngc li vi quy c mc
th thp tr "1" v mc th cao tr "0", ta c logic m.
n gin y ta ch xt vi mc logic dng.
1.5.1. Phn t ph nh logic (phn t o- NOT).
- Phn t ph nh c 1 u vo bin v 1 u ra thc
hin hm ph nh logic:
FNOT = x
Tc l FNOT = 1 khi x = 0 hoc ngc li FNOT = 0 khi x = 1.

Bng trng thi, k hiu quy c v gin thi gian minh ho
c cho trn hnh 1a, b, c tng ng:
X
FNOT
XFNOT011
0
X
FNOT
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
t
t

c)
b) K hiu quy c (b); Gin
a) trng thi (a);
Hnh 1: Bng
in
p minh ho ca phn t NOT (c)
22
- thc hin hm F NOT, c th dng mt trong cc s

mch kho (Tranzitor hay IC). Da trn tnh cht o pha ca
mt tng EC i vi Tranzitor hay i vi u vo o ca IC
thut ton. Mch thc t c phc tp hn nng cao kh
nng lm vic tin cy v chnh xc. Hnh 2 a ra mt s
o kiu TTL(Tranzitor - Tranzitor - logic) hon thin trong 1 v
IC s. Mch ra ca s gm 2 Tranzitor T 3 v T4 lm vic ngc
pha nhau ( ch kho ) nh tn hiu ly trn cc li ra
phn ti ca T2. Mch vo ca s dng Tranzitor T1 mc
kiu BC v tn hiu vo (x) c a ti cc emit ca T1 th
hin l cc xung in p cc tnh dng (lc x = 1) c bin
ln hn mc UH hoc khng c xung (lc x = 0) iu khin T 1
kho (lc x = 1) hay m (lc x = 0). Ngha l khi x = 0, T 1 m,
in th UC1 = UB2 mc thp T2 kho, iu ny lm T3
kho (v UE2 mc thp) v T4 m (v UC2 mc cao), kt qu
l ti u ra, in th ti im A mc cao hay F NOT = 1. Nh
T4 m mc in th ti A c nng nn xp x ngun +E (u
im hn so vi vic dng in tr R C3) nn T4 c gi l
Tranzitor "ko ln", iu ny cn lm tng kh nng chu ti
nh hay dng ln cho tng ra.+E
Khi x = 1, tnh hnh s ngc li T1
4K
1,6K 130
kho T2 m lm T4 kho v T3 m dn tiXFNOT = 0.F

1
NOT1
T4
X
T1
T2
T3
FNOT
X2
4K
a)
FNOT
FNOT2
b
)
Hnh 2: B o TTL c hai u trng thi kt cu di dng

mt vi mch s (a) ; kiu mc chung sai u ra cho hai phn
23
S chn IC logic NOT h TTL :

74LS04
Ta c nhn xt sau:
Kt cu mch hnh 2 khng cho php u chung cc li ra
ca hai phn t o kiu song song nhau v khi nu nu
FNOT1 =1 v FNOT2 = 0 s xy ra ngn mch T41 vi T32 hoc ngc
li. Lc cn s dng phn t NOT kiu h colect T 3
(khng c T4) v dng in tr RC3 mch ngoi.
C th kt cu phn t NOT t 1
UDD
cp MOSFET knh n v knh p (mt loi

thng m v mt loi thng kho) nh
hnh 3
Khi x = 0 (Uvo = 0) T2 m T1 kho. Ua
= UDD hay FNOT = 1
T2
T1
MOS FET
(knh p)
FNOT
MOS FET
(knh n)
Hnh 3: S NOT
kiu CMOS
24
Khi x = 1 (Uvo = UDD) T2 kho T1 m. Ua 0 hay FNOT = 0

S hnh 3 c ch to trn cng ngh CMOS v c u
im l dng tnh li vo cng nh li ra gn bng 0.
S nguyn l v s chn ca IC NOT h CMOS:

4069
1.5.2. Phn t "V" (AND): L phn t c nhiu u vo

bin v mt u ra thc hin hm nhn logic tc l hm FAND.
FAND = x1 x2 x3 ... xn
FAND = 1 khi v ch khi tt c cc bin xi nhn tr 1.
FAND = 0 khi t nht 1 trong cc bin xi nhn tr 0
Bng trng thi, k hiu quy c v gin thi gian minh
ho ca FAND cho trn hnh 4 (vi n =2).
X1X2FAND000010
100111
X1
X2
a)
X1
FAND=
0
X2
X1.X2
1 0 t
0 1 0 1 0 1 0t
FAND
b)
0 1
1 0 t
c)
Hnh 4: Bng trng thi (a), k hiu quy c (b) v gin thi
gian (c) ca phn t NAND
25
Mch in thc hin FAND loi n gin nht da trn cc

kho it cho trn hnh 5, bnh thng khi x1 = x2 = 0 nh E
qua phn p R1 R2 c UA > 0 cc it D1 D2 u m, in p
ra mc thp (c bng st p thun ca it) F AND+E
=0 tnh
hnh trn khng thay i khi ch x1 = 0 hoc x2 = 0.R1
Khi x1 = x2 = 1(ng vi trng thi
X1
cc u vo c xung vung bin
X2
ln hn UA), cc it u kho
cc nhnh u vo, lc
UA
E
.R
R1 R 2 2
th cao FAND = 1
D1
A
D2
FAND
R2
Hnh 5: S nguyn l
mch AND da trn it
(khi R2 >> R1)

Lu khi s lng u vo nhiu hn s bin, cc u vo
khng dng cn c ni vi +E nhnh tng ng tch khi
mch (it kho) trnh c nhiu vi cc u khc ang lm
vic.
S chn IC logic AND h

TTL:
54LS08, 74LS08
S chn IC logic AND h CMOS : 4081
26
1.5.3. Phn t Hoc (OR): L phn t c nhiu u vo

bin, mt u ra thc hin hm cng logic:
D1
X1
FOR = x1 + x2 + ... xn
FOR = 1 khi t nht mt trong cc bin x i
FOR
X2
D2
nhn tr 1
FOR = 0 khi tt c cc bin nhn tr 0:
x1 = x2 = ... = xn = 0
Hnh 7: S nguyn l
mch
OR da trn it
Bng trng thi k hiu quy c v

th thi gian minh ho ca F OR cho trn
hnh 6 (cho vi n = 1).
C th dng kho it thc hin hm
X1
FOR
X1
X1X2FOR000011
FOR
101111
X2
X2
X1
X2
FOR
FOR
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
t
t
0 0
0
0
t
a)
b)
c)
Bnh thng khi x1 = x2 = 0 cc it u kho trn R khng
Hnh 6: Bng trng thi (a); K hiu quy c (b); v gin
c dng in thi
Ura gian
= 0,(c)
FORca
= 0.
Khi t
tOR
nht mt u vo c
phn
xung dng it tng ng m to dng trn R do UA mc
27
cao hay FOR = 1. Khi u vo nhiu hn s bin, u vo

khng dng c ni mt chng nhiu.
74LS32
S chn IC logic OR h TTL : 74LS32 v h CMOS : 4071
1.5.4.
Phn t V - ph nh (NAND): L phn t
nhiu u vo bin, mt u ra thc hin hm logic V - ph

nh:
FNAND x1x2...xn
FNAND = 0 khi tt c cc u vo bin c tr 1.

FNAND = 1 trong cc trng hp cn
li.
Hnh 8: a ra bng trng thi, k hiu quy c v th thi
gian minh ho trong trng hp n = 2.
X1X2FNAND001011
101110
X1
FNAND
X2
X1
1
X2 0
FNAND
b)
0
1 t
1
0
1
0
a)
1
0
c)
Hnh 8: Bng trng thi (a), k hiu quy c (b), v gin

thi gian (c) ca phn t NAND
28
Cng nh cc phn t NOT, OR, AND c th thc hin phn

t NAND bng nhiu cch khc nhau da trn tt c cc cng
ngh bn dn: loi in tr Tranzitor - logic (RTL), loi it Tranzitor - logic (DTL), loi Tranzitor - Tranzitor - logic (TTL) hay
cng ngh MOS, CMOS ... minh ho hnh 9 a ra mt phn
t NAND da trn cng ngh TTL, s dng loi Tranzitor nhiu
cc emit, c u im l bo m mc logic tc ng nhanh
v kh nng ti ln.
R1
TM
X1 X2
X3
4
K
+E
FNAND
T2
Hnh 9: Nguyn l xy
dng phn t NAND loi
TTL
1,6K
D'
+E(+5
V)
T4
TM
Uk
130
T2
FNAND
X1 X2
1
K
T3
Hnh 10: Phn t logic NAND TTL thc

t c u vo iu khin (loi ba
trng thi ra n nh)
Vi mch hnh 9, khi tt c li vo c in p cao (x 1 = x2

= x3 = 1), TM kho, UCM = UB2 mc cao lm T2 m, FNAND = 0.
Nu ch mt trong cc li vo c mc in p thp tip gip
emit - baz tng ng ca TM m lm mt dng IB2 nn T2
kho : FNAND = 1 thc t T2 c thay bng 1 mch ra (hnh10)
dng y ko tng t hnh 2 cho dng ra ln tng kh nng
chu ti v chng nhiu. Khi T2 kho T3 cng kho (do UE2 0)
FNAND =1 nh b lp cc emit T 4 tr khng ra thp tng kh
nng chu ti cho ton mch.
29
Khi T2 m T3 m T4 kho, D tch nhnh T4 khi mch ra

FNAND = 0 (mc ra c +0,1V).
iu khin tng ra c th dng mt li vo c bit
khi Uk 0 (mc thp) T3, T4 u kho (trng thi n nh th
3 ca s cn gi l trng thi tr khng cao). Khi U k mc
74LS00
cao it D' kho, s lm vic bnh thng nh phn tch
trn vi hai trng thi n nh cn li. Tn hiu U k c gi l
tn hiu chn v (CS) to kh nng cho php (lc CS = 1) hay
khng cho php (lc CS = 0) mch NAND lm vic, iu ny
c bit thun li khi iu khin nhiu NAND lm vic chung
vi mt li ra.
S chn IC logic NAND h TTL : 74LS00 v h CMOS : 4011
1.5.5. Phn t Hoc - ph nh (NOR): Gm nhiu

u vo bin, mt u ra thc hin hm logic hoc - ph
nh.
FNOR x1 x2 ... xn
30
FNOR = 1 khi mi bin vo c tr s "0" v F NOR = 0 trong cc

trng hp cn li.
Bng trng thi, k hiu quy c v gin thi gian minh
ho ca FNOR (vi n = 2) cho trn hnh 11.
X1
X1X2FOR001010
X1
100110
X2
FOR
X1
FOR
FNOR
X2
a)
X2
b)
c)
Hnh 11: Bng trng thi (a); K hiu quy c (b); v gin
thi gian (c) ca phn t NOR
Hnh 12 cho kt cu thc hin FNOR trn cng ngh RTL.
Khi t nht mt trong cc ca vo c xung dng m, in
p ra mc thp FNOR = 0, cn khi x1 = x2 = ... = xn = 0, do cc
Tranzitor c thit k ch
+E
thng kho, tt c cc
Tranzitor kho FNOR = 1 (lu
nu thit k cc Tranzitor thng m th mch hot ng
nh mt phn t NAND vi cc
xung vo
cc tnh m iu
74LS02
khin kho cc Tranzitor).
T1
R1
T2
R1
X1
T3
R1
X2
X3
Hnh 12: Phn t NOR vi cc
colect h
C th thc hin phn t NOR da trn cng ngh MOS

hoc CMOS (tng cp MOSn v MOSP vi mi u ra ) vi nhiu
u im ni bt: thi gian chuyn bin nhanh, khng c dng
d v tiu th cng sut cc b.
S chn IC logic NOR h TTL : 74LS02 v h CMOS : 4001
31
32
1.6 mt s phn t logic thng dng

1.6.1 Phn t tng ng (cng du).
L phn t logic c hai u vo bin (X1, X2), mt u ra
(FCD). Quan h ca hm ra vi cc bin vo tho mn tng sau:
- Khi X1 = X2 (cng nhn gi tr) hm ra nhn tr 1 FCD
= 1.
- Khi X1 X2 (khc gi tr nhau) hm ra nhn tr 0 FCD
= 0.
Hot ng ca phn t cng du c trnh by bng trng
thi hnh 3.
X1
X2
Phn
t
cng
du
X1
FCD
X2
X1
X2
Hnh 1: Mch m
phng.
FCD
FCD
Hnh 2: K hiu.
T bng trng thi ta c:
X1
X2
FCD
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
Hnh 3: Bng trng

thi.
FCD X 1.X 2 X 1.X 2 X 1 X 2 .
Bin i biu thc (1) ta c:
(1)
FCD X 1 .X 2 X 1.X 2 X 1 .X 2 .X 1 .X 2
(2).
FCD =
(3)
X 1.X 2 X 1.X 2 X 1 X 2 X 1 X 2
T biu thc (2), (3) ta nhn c mch in ca phn t tng ng (cng du) c xy dng t cc phn t NAND
(NOR) c hai li vo.
X1
X020
0
FCD
tt
B mn K thut in
t Trng HKTCN
0
0
Hnh 4: Gin xung.
tt
X1
33
X1
FCD
X2
X2
Hnh 5: Phn t tng ng (cng du) cu trc t

phn t NAND (a) hoc phn t NOR (b)
74LS266
S chn IC cng du h TTL : 74LS266 v h CMOS : 4077
1.6.2. Phn t khc du (cng modul 2).

L phn t logic c hai u vo bin (X 1, X2), mt u ra
(FKD). Quan h ca hm ra vi cc bin vo nh sau:
- Khi X1 = X2 (cng nhn gi tr) hm ra nhn tr 0 FKD
= 0.
FCD
34
- Khi X1 X2 (khc gi tr nhau) hm ra nhn tr 1 FKD

= 1.
Hot ng ca phn t khc du c trnh by bng trng
thi hnh 8.
X1
X2
Phn
t
khc
du
X1
FKD
X2
X1
X2
FKD
FKD
Hnh 7: K hiu.
Hnh 6: Mch m
phng.
T bng trng thi ta c:
X1
FKD X 1.X 2 X 1.X 2 X 1 X 2 F CD .
X0
X1
X2
FKD
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
Hnh 8: Bng trng

thi.
(1)
Mch in ca phn t khc
du c suy ra t mch in
FKD0
tt
00
ca phn t cng
Hnh 9: Gin xung.
du bng cch mc thm vo u ra phn t o.

Php cng modul 2 c tnh cht sau:
Nu X1 X2 = X3 th X1 X3 = X2 v X3 X2 = X1
74LS86
S chn IC khc du h TTL : 74LS86 v h CMOS : 4070
tt
35
1.7. Cc thng s c trng ca phn t logic.

1.7.1
Cc c trng k thut tiu biu ca nhng h
TTL
Sau y l c trng c bn ca h 74LSXX
Cng sut tiu tn ca 74 LSXX:
P = 2 mW + 0.25
mW/MHz ( vi Cti= 15pF )

Ngun nui
+5
V
Logic 0 in p ra
0.2 V
Logic 1 in p ra
3 V
Khong an ton
1 V
Khong nhit lm vic
00 C
700 C
Khong nhit bo qun
-65 0 C -
+1500 C
in p cao nht cho php
+7 V
in p thp nht
-0.5 V
in p cao nht gia hai ng vo
5.5 V
in
cao
nht
gia
ng
vo
ra
+5.5 V
in
cao
nht
gia
ng
+5.5 V
in p thp nht gia ng vo v t
0.8 V
in p thp nht gia ng ra v t
0.8 V
(Tt nht gi dng in < 1mA )
Nhit hn vi m hn
2650 C
36
Nhit hn cao nht vi b thic / ch hn

2400 C
H logic HCMOS ( High-speed-CMOS ) c ch to vi k thut
CMOS c cc TKT ( C ba loi HCMOS : 74 HC , 74 HCT,v 74
HCU)
Dng in cn cho IC rt b .
Khng nhy cm vi nhiu, s thay i nhit v

hiu ng Latch-up.
Vn tc lm vic nhanh v chu s ti ging nh

bipolar LS-TTL.
Mc Logic ng ra l 0.1 V v Vcc 0.1 V
Tt c u c m tr loi 74HCU
Thi gian tr cho mt cng l 8 ns.
Khong lm vic ti 60 MHz.
HCMOS-Ics c th chu ng n 10 ti LS-TTL(4

mA) v loi ng ra cho Bus Driver n 15 ti LS-TTL(6
mA)
Ng vo c mch bo v chng tnh in .
HCMOS c chc nng v s chn ging loi IC

LS-TTLv CMOS-4000.
Loi cng tc tn hiu analog lm vic n 10 V .
Thi gian ln xung ca tn hiu ng ra ging

nhau .
Khong lm vic t 400 n + 850 hoc 400 n

+1250 C.
in p ti a t - 0.5V n +7 V
Cng sut tiu tn ti a t 400 mW n 500 mW.
37
1.7.2. Thit k mch vi IC h 74xxx

Ngun nui
tng tr ca ngun nui c gi thp cn phi c
nhng t in mc gia hai cc. l cc t gm c tr s t
1F n 100 nF. cc t t hiu qu cao nn ni chng
cng gn mch in cng tt c 4 n 6 IC th cn mt t . Cc
t ny phi c tnh cao tn tt, mt khc gc tn hao ca t
in phi kh ln cc dao ng c hnh thnh bi cc t
v t cm ca mch in c suy gim mnh .
Ti in dung
Ti in dung cho nhng mch TTL khng c vt qu
100pF. Mc ch nhng ng ra khng qu ti vi dng np
v phng in, cc mc logic c m bo. Trng hp cn lm
tr tn hiu vi nhng t in kh ln nn
mc vo trc dy
in tr = 270 cho loi schottky 74S v R = 1K cho loi

low plower pchottky 54LS/74LS.
Diode kho ng vo ( Input Clamping Diode )
ng vo cng TTL u c Diode kho, tr loi 74LS. Mc
ch trit tiu bt cc in p m t cc tn hiu phn
hi , do nhiu ca h thng b ngn chn .
Cch ni song song cc ng ra
Ch c ni cao nht hai ng ra hoc hai ng vo vi
nhau. bit chnh xc s phn b dng in, ch nn ni
hai cng song song vi nhau khi c hai cng trong cng mt
IC.
Dy t
trnh s st p trn dy t, mch in phi c thit
k sao cho mch t c in tr b v t cm b. Mch
t v mch ni in p ngun Vcc phi t c rng t nht
2.5 mm s nh hng ca in p ngoi da c gi tht
38
thp. Mch in vi rng t 0.5 n 1mm c t cm L=

10nH/cm
Nhng ng vo khng dng ti
Nhng ng vo ca AND v NAND nn ni t vi V cc qua
mt in tr R=1 K. Nhng ng vo ca OR v NOR nn ni
vi t. Ng vo ca cc logic khc ( flip-flop, b m ... ) nn
ni vi t .
1.7.3
Cc c trng k thut tiu biu ca nhng h
CMOS
CMOS
vit
tt
Complementary-Metall-Oxide-
Silicon. u tin CMOS c nghin cu s dng trong ngnh

k thut hng khng v tr. Vi c tnh nh khng b l thuc
vo li in v min nhiu ... ngy nay CMOS c s dng rng
ri trong in t cng nghip, in t y khoa, k thut xe hi
v c trong k thut my tnh in t .
CMOS c mt s c tnh quan trng :
- Cng sut tiu tn b : 02.5nW per Gate (static).
- in p lm vic t 3 V n 15 V , max 18 V.
- CMOS chng nhiu tt .
- Khong nhit lm vic :
Thng mi : - 400 C n +85 C
Qun s
: - 550 C n +1250 C
Lc khng lm vic hai Transitor knh P v N khng bao

gi dn in cng mt lc. V th dng in chy t V dd n
Vss ch l dng in r khong 0,5 nA cho mi cng. Vi in
p + 5 V cng sut tiu tn cho mi cng ch c 2,5 nW. Cng
sut tiu tn ca CMOS tng nhanh vi tn s lm vic v cao
hn so vi loi LS-TTL trong khong t 100 KHz n 2 MHz. Nhng trn thc t cng sut tiu tn ca mt IC CMOS trong lc
lm vic khng bao gi hn cng sut tiu tn ca IC TTL ngay
trong lc khng lm vic ! C hai l do :
39
- Cc cng CMOS ch dn in khi n lm vic (khi cc

cng Clock v data c kch ).
- Trn thc t lc lm vic vi tn s cao, khng phi cng
no ca IC CMOS cng lm vic .
in p
CMOS c th hot ng t 3 V n 15 V. Tuy nhin vi
in p nh hn 4,5 V thi gian tr s ra tng (vn tc lm
vic chm li ), tng tr ra cng ln hn v ng thi tnh
chng nhiu s gim. Vi in p ln hn 15 V ta cng c
nhng bt li :
- Cng sut tiu tn lc CMOS hot ng tng cao .
- Vi nhng xung nhiu t ngun vt qu in p nh
thng (20 V), to ra hiu ng SCR-latch-up v lm hng
hng IC nu khng c hn ch t bn ngoi .
Trng hp bt buc phi dng in p cao hn 15 V, max
18 V cn phi c in tr hn dng t bn ngoi .
Thi gian tr
in p cng cao thi CMOS hot ng cng nhanh . Thi
gian tr gia tng vi nhit v ti in dung .
Tnh min nhiu ( Noise immunity )
CMOS chng nhiu rt tt, thng l 45 % in p cp
2,25 V vi in p 5 V v 4,5 V cho in p 10 V. Thi gian tr
ca CMOS ng vai tr nh b lc nhiu. Xung 10 ns bin mt
sau mt chui cc cng CMOS, cn sau mt chui cc cng TTL
th c khuych i. V tnh cht c bit ny CMOS c
dng thit k cc mch in ca cc thit b cng nghip
phi hot ng trong mi trng y nhiu in v in t .
Vi in p cp +5 V CMOS vn lm vic bnh thng vi
s mt n nh ca in p cp hay in p nhiu n 1V
Giao tip vi h TTL
40
Vi in p 5V CMOS giao tip thng vi TTL. Tng tr

vo ca CMOS rt ln, TTL c th ti v s cng CMOS
khng lm mt Fan out trng thi LOW.

Trng thi High ca TTL thng ch c 3,5V . Ta nn mc
vo ng ra ca TTL mt in tr nng p ( pull up resistor ) t
1k n 10k vi in p 5V trng thi High c ko ln
n 4,5V hay hn. Khi CMOS hot ng vi in p ln hn
5V s giao tip thng vi TTL khng th thc hin. IC 4104B
(Quad level translator ) chuyn mc TTL ln cao 15V.
Cc IC 4009,4010,4049v 4050 to s giao tip gia mc
in CMOS v TTL khi CMOS dng in p > 5V.
in dung ng ra / vo
in dung ng vo ca CMOS = 1.5pF n 5pF v in
dung ng ra =3pF n 7.5 pF .
Nhng ch khi s dng CMOS
V ng vo ca CMOS c in tr vo ln n 1014 ,
in dung 1pF rt b vi dng in r khng ng k
(10pA ), nu khng c bin php bo v thch hp , lp SiO2
ca Gate ng vo c th b ph hu v tnh in np vt
qu mt tr s cho php 100V. Tnh in ca Nylon 2,2 kV;
1bao Plastic 2 n 4kV c th d dng lm hng lp Oxid ca
Gate .
Mt s bin php sau y ln thc hin :
- IC CMOS cha dng nn ng trong cc ng nha antistatic
hay bc trong cc giy nhm .
- M hn nn dng loi c ni t .
41
- Bn lm vic v ngi lm vic nn c ni t ( qua mt

in tr 1M m bo an ton lao ng ).
Khng nn tho hay rp IC vo mch in ang c in
p .
- Nhng ng vo khng dng n nn ni vi Vss hay VDD
hay ng ra ca mt mch Logic. Nn dng ngun cp in b
hn 12V nu c th c gim t s IC CMOS b h hng.
Cng sut tiu tn mt cng NAND 4000B
P 10nW 1,5mW / MHz
P 10nW 3,38mW / MHz
1.7.4
(C L 15 pF ,VDD 10V )
;
;
(C L 15 pF , VDD 15V )
Nhng ch cn thit khi thit k mch vi IC
CMOS
- Tt c cc chn khng dng nn ni vi t hay in p
cp trnh loi logic c l ... cho IC.
- Nhng tn hiu vo thay i mc logic qu chm s lm
IC CMOS dao ng v IC b trigger nhiu ln. in p cp cho
IC n p km v khng sch d a n trng hp ny v
in p ngng vo ca IC tu thuc vo in p cp. Vi cc
xung ng b c thi gian ln chm IC CMOS cng thng hiu
sai. Flip-flops, Register v Latch-ICs c thi gian gi (hold time)
kh lu. D liu vo thng phi ch sau khi sn xung ng b
xut hin.
- IC CMOS cng loi c c trng k thut khc nhau vi cc
nh ch to khc nhau.
- Dng ra ca IC CMOS loi B cho ton di nhit lm
vic khong 0,36mA thc mt cng LS-TTL.
IC
logic CMOS loi 4000A, 4000UB khng c m; 4000A/B,
4000B c m .
42
Loi c m c nhng u im sau :

- Tng tr ra khng tu thuc vo in p ra, v ch
dc xung ln hay xung xung u bng nhau.
- Khong an ton ln hn.
Loi khng c m c thi gian tr b hn.
IC CMOS vi k hiu B (c m) hay UB (khng c m)
l nhng loi c c trng k thut t nhng tiu chun ti
thiu ca cng nghip. Cng v b o ca loi UB ch c
cu to c mt tng. Vi khuych i b loi UB c an
ton v tnh cht tuyn tnh nhng b dao ng, Monoflop
hoc b khuych i. ng ra ta c nhng tn hiu sch v
n nh. V v ch cu to bi mt tng, UB c vn tc lm
vic nhanh hn. Ch c mt s IC CMOS c ch to theo loi
UB nh 4000, 4001, 4002, 4023, 4025, 4041, 4049 v 4069. Cn
li u l B.

CH NG 1: C Së ® I Sè Logic V C C PHÇN Tö Logic 1.1 ® I Sè Boole

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CH NG 1: C Së ® I Sè Logic V C C PHÇN Tö Logic 1.1 ® I Sè Boole

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Chng 1.

C s i s logic v cc phn t logic

0(v) v 5(v). nhng linh kin in t dng trong mch s lm

B mn K thut in t Trng HKTCN

Chng 1. C s i s logic v cc phn t logic

*Bng tht : Quan h hm ra vi bin vo thi im hin

- Hm cng (OR): f(A,B,C) = A+B+C.

Chng 1. C s i s logic v cc phn t logic

1.1.4. Mt s tnh cht ca hm nhn, cng, ph nh:

0 - Phn t trung tnh cho php tnh "cng".

1 - Phn t trung tnh cho php "nhn".

f[xi ,,] f[xi ,,]

(o ca mt tng bng tch cc o, o ca mt tch

biu din gii tch cc hm logic

B mn K thut in t Trng HKTCN

Chng 1. C s i s logic v cc phn t logic

Vi cc k hiu hm, bin v cc php tnh gia chng. C

B mn K thut in t Trng HKTCN

Chng 1. C s i s logic v cc phn t logic

1.2.1 Dng tuyn chnh quy:

B mn K thut in t Trng HKTCN

Chng 1. C s i s logic v cc phn t logic

T cc phn tch trn ta thy khi biu din hm logic dng

B mn K thut in t Trng HKTCN

Chng 1. C s i s logic v cc phn t logic

1.2.2 Dng hi chnh quy :

nu gi tr ca hm thnh phn = 0 Tha s bng tng

T cc phn tch trn khi biu din hm logic dng hi

Biu din tuyn chnh quy, hi chnh quy di

B mn K thut in t Trng HKTCN

Chng 1. C s i s logic v cc phn t logic

b) Hi chnh quy dng s:

ng ng. Tuy nhin ch tn ti 1 cch gn nht ti u v s

B mn K thut in t Trng HKTCN

Chng 1. C s i s logic v cc phn t logic

Ta chng minh cc ng thc trn, theo tnh cht i ngu:

B mn K thut in t Trng HKTCN

Chng 1. C s i s logic v cc phn t logic

Chng 1. C s i s logic v cc phn t logic

m(0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10) v khng xc nh ti m = 5, 11,13,15.

B mn K thut in t Trng HKTCN

Chng 1. C s i s logic v cc phn t logic

1.4.1 H thp phn (Decimal Number System)

Chng 1. C s i s logic v cc phn t logic

[2452,34]D = [2.103 + 4.102 + 5.101 + 2.100 + 3.10-1 + 4.10]D

1.4.2 H nh phn (Binary number System)

* Php tr hai s nh phn:

Chng 1. C s i s logic v cc phn t logic

* Php nhn hai s nh phn:

*Php chia hai s nh phn:

B mn K thut in t Trng HKTCN

Chng 1. C s i s logic v cc phn t logic

Th d: Chuyn i [254]10 =[ ? ]2.

Chng 1. C s i s logic v cc phn t logic

*Chuyn i s thp phn

*Cng thc chung tnh gi

B mn K thut in t Trng HKTCN

Chng 1. C s i s logic v cc phn t logic

1.4.6 H BCD: (H 2 - 10)

B mn K thut in t Trng HKTCN

Chng 1. C s i s logic v cc phn t logic

0 x = [1 0]2 ; [1 0]2 l s b 2 ca [0]2

x = [1]2 ; [1]2 l s b 2 ca [1]2.