Almost Final - Thesis PDF

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan
2013
Vanessa P. Estrao
2009-79076
Prof. Jonathan Malicsi, Ph.D.
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course

Linguistics 199 Methods of Research in Linguistics
Department of Linguistics
College of Social Sciences and Philosophy
University of the Philippines
Diliman, Quezon City
April 2013
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For me to live is Christ, and to die is gain.

(Philippians 1:21, NIV)
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Acknowledgements
To my family. For putting up with my temper and other stress I gave you while doing
this thesis. For the financial and moral support.
To Doc M. For the guidance and useful insights you gave me in the course of doing this
paper. For somehow pushing me to one of my limits in making my papers.
To my Linguistics professors. For everything you have taught me, related to Linguistics or
not, throughout my four years of stay in this course. For training me to give my very
best in the papers and requirements I was made to do.
To my Linguistics 199 classmates. For sharing with me in the highs and lows of thesis
writing.
To my spiritual family, Victory QC, Lifebox UPD. For co-laboring with me in prayer,
encouraging and comforting me during the times all I wanted was to give up and
honestly, for keeping me sane throughout this period of testing.
And to You, my Beautiful and Wonderful Maker. For proving to me how faithful You are to
Your promises, for holding me and comforting me in times of doubts and anxiety, for
strengthening this little faith I have, for teaching me how to worship in the midst of fire
and tears. For everything. Without You, none of this would have been possible. This is
for You. I love You.
Thank you.
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ABSTRACT
This study focused on describing the dialect of Tagalog spoken in the province of Bulacan.
It presents lexical items that were found to be peculiar, i.e. those that are not used in Manila
Tagalog, considered the standard Tagalog, as well as those that were found in Francisco Balagtas
written works that were found to be literary in sense and not used frequently even in the
language study itself. It also presented some insights of the researcher on the phonology,
morphology and semantics of the language based on the observations and analysis done with the
available information. It concludes that the Bulacan dialect is indeed a distinct variant of Tagalog,
and that despite its role as one of the melting pot of cultures in Luzon, it has retained some
features that could still be found in other dialects of Tagalog.
Background of the Study
Dialectology is referred to as the study of dialects and dialectal variations

(thefreedictionary.com, Retrieved December 17, 2012). A dialect is a regional variant of
a language distinguished by minimal lexical, grammatical, or phonological
(pronunciation) differences from variants of the same language (sil.org, retrieved
February 4, 2013). It is any distinct variety of a language, especially one spoken in a
specific part of a country or geographical area (Matthews, 2007:103).
Tagalog, an Austronesian language, particularly belonging to the MalayoPolynesian group, is one of the 170+ languages of the Philippines. As of 2000, the
National Statistics Office has recorded the language to have at least 21,500,000 speakers,
most of which reside in Luzon. There were also many speakers from other parts of the
country such as Palawan, and some parts of Mindanao; and even outside - Canada,
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Guam, Libya, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom and the United
States where there are Filipino communities. In addition to all this, Tagalog has been
recorded to have at least, at present, ten major regional dialects, named after the place
they are spoken. These are as follows: Rizal Tagalog, Bataan Tagalog, Batangas Tagalog,
Bulacan Tagalog, Cavite Tagalog, Laguna Tagalog, Manila Tagalog, Marinduque
Tagalog, Occidental and Oriental Mindoro Tagalog, Quezon Tagalog (Peneyra, 2003:_).
Bulacan is a province located in the southwestern part of Central Luzon in the
Philippines. This town bounded by the towns and cities of Nueva Ecija on the north,
Aurora and Quezon on the east, Pampanga on the west, and Metro Manila, and the
Manila Bay on the south by Rizal, consists of 24 towns, with Malolos City as the
provincial capital. The 24 towns are as follows: Angat, Balagtas (Bigaa), Baliuag,
Bocaue, Bulakan, Bustos, Calumpit, Doa Remedios Trinidad, Guiguinto, Hagonoy,
Malolos City, Marilao, Meycauayan City, Norzagaray, Obando, Pandi, Paombong,
Plaridel, Pulilan, San Ildefonso, San Jose del Monte City, San Miguel, San Rafael and
Santa Maria.
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The Bulacan dialect of Tagalog is considered as among the distinctive regional

dialects of the language. It is in fact considered the purest of all the dialects of
Tagalog, owing to the fact that it has shown fewer signs than the others of influence of
Spanish, English and neighboring languages (Schacter and Otanes, 1972:1), and the
best spoken Tagalog by people born or residing in Manila (Lopez, 1970:2).
Objective of the Study

The main objectives of this study are:
1. To present the lexical items that were found to be peculiar, i.e. those that are not
used by Tagalog speakers in the Greater Manila area, as well as those that are of
Bulacan origin;
2. To present insights on the phonology, morphology, lexicon and semantics of the
variant of study;
3. To interpret the findings, especially regarding the lexicon, and what they imply
for the culture of Bulacan
Significance of the Study

This study will contribute to the growing knowledge of the linguistic community
about the dialects of Tagalog. Since only few studies have been done with regards to the
specific study of Tagalog dialects, this study will contribute to the growing number of
literature on that aspect of linguistics. Furthermore, it will reinforce what has already
been mentioned about Bulacan Tagalog in Schacter and Otanes (1972), that it is indeed a
distinct dialect of Tagalog.
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Review of Related Literature
Despite Tagalog being one of the most studied, if not the most studied,
Philippine languages, the number of specific studies done with regards to its dialects
are relatively few. Peneyra (2003), in her postgraduate thesis Isang Rekonstraksyong
Internal ng Tagalog batay sa mga Piling Dayalek, retraced the linguistic history of Tagalog
through studying the changes in the language as observed in its present dialects. She
focused on reconstructing the development of aspectual forms of grammatical
morphemes, and discriminated lexical morphemes with alternants in the dialects. She
attempted to identify the historical continuity of Tagalog before and the present.
In On the Boak Tagalog of the island of Marinduque, Lopez (1970) studied the variant
of Tagalog in the town of Boac in the province of Marinduque, and compared it with
Greater Manila Area Tagalog which he referred to as the standard Tagalog. Included in
his study were notes on the phonetic differences, lexical and grammatical peculiarities
as well as some idiomatic expressions that are different and not found in standard
Tagalog, but are present and very evident in Boac Tagalog. In another study entitled The
Tagalog Dialects of Marinduque, Rosa Soberano examined the phonological system, the
basic morphological structures, and the equivalents to a 300-item list of words and
expressions, and the basic syntactic structures, of the same dialect.
Paz published two papers on the Rizal dialect of Tagalog, both in 1994. In the
first one (1994a), she discussed the different lexicons and expressions of the dialect,
considered the historical, geographic and political situation of the area, and compared
the variants of the language spoken in the different towns of Rizal. Also, included in the
paper was a dialect atlas that presents the distribution of the different innovations of the
dialect in the different areas. In her follow-up study, entitled Ay Hao (1994b), Paz
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further supported her first study, and discussed the phonological differences in the two
relic areas found in the area surveyed in Rizal.
Medinas (1970) Mga Diyalekto ng Kabite focused on the linguistic patterns in the
province of Cavite and their differences from the Tagalog used in Manila. The writer
used 180 words in Tagalog and listed their variants as these are used in the province.
There were also seventeen maps which showed the isoglosses of certain words that
were presented to better illustrate the pattern of the development of the dialect. The
writer further discussed the history and place names of the province, and the causes of
the differences among the dialects.
Methodology
Data were primarily obtained from the Diksyunaryo ng Wikang Filipino by the
Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino (1998), as well as from interviews to native speakers of the
dialect and observations in the environment where the researcher, a native speaker of
the dialect herself, resides. For the lexicon part, the researcher identified the words that
appear to be lexically peculiar, i.e. those not used by Manila Tagalog speakers, and
isolated them. Other native speakers of the dialect were asked to confirm the initial data
gathered. These speakers were also interviewed to elicit further data. Speakers of other
Tagalog dialects as well as speakers of the languages surrounding Bulacan were also
asked to identify words in the initial data gathered that they understood. These words
were then eliminated. The data, along with those that came from the researchers
knowledge as a native speaker of the dialect, were then compiled, transcribed and
analyzed by the researcher. Pictures, scientific terms and additional descriptions were
also provided. Written works by Francisco Balagtas, s prominent Filipino poet were also
reviewed to gather data of the kind of lexical items that this native of Bulacan Tagalog
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used before. As for the phonology, morphology, and semantic parts, the researcher
conducted preliminary qualitative analysis. For the definition of the terms taken from
Balagtas works, the researcher made use of the Vocabulario Tagalo by Fr. Francisco San
Antonio.
Preliminary researches were done to understand all the terms given by all the
informants. General Information about the province and narratives were the main
sources of information. All of these helped in the analysis. Terms were grouped by
semantic domain to better see their qualities. Individual discussions were first done on
each semantic category to analyze why the terms were prevalent. All the data gathered
were analyzed and integrated to know all the implications of all the peculiar terms.
LEXICAL
A total ___ lexical items were collected, and these were classified under ten
categories, namely: Flora, Fauna, Kinship Terms, Personality Traits, Characteristics of a
Person or an Object, Hygienic Practices, Food, Related to Health and Well-Being,
Industry and Actions. Data elicited from the works of Francisco Balagtas, a famous poet
from Bulacan, were also included.
Flora
1. buho [bu.'h] n. English: bamboo; thin,
straight and young bamboo, grows up to
10 meters; has long nodes, not growing
circular like other bamboos, and has no
small thorns; Scientific name: Bambuseae
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2. katuray [ka.t.'raj] n. English: corkwood

tree flowers; tree that grows up to 5-12
meters with long leaves; has white flowers
that are edible; native to the Philippines,
Australia, India and Malaysia; used to heal
rheumatism, pain in the joints, kidney
problems; also used to decrease high blood
pressure; also useful for clearing up skin problems; Scientific name: Sesbania
grandiflora
3. kulitis [k.l.'ts] n. English: Amaranth;

plants with blossoms that do not readily
fade when picked, but especially for about
50 species of one genus found in the
Tropics and temperate regions where
many are widely naturalized. They are
herbaceous annuals with simple leaves,
and flowers in heads or spikes. The spikes
are sometimes several centimetres long.
Love-lies-bleeding has dry red bracts that
surround the flower which allows them to
retain their freshness for some time. For
this reason the plant is a symbol of immortality. The annual tumbleweed of the
United States belongs to this genus. The globe amaranth, of the same family but a
different genus, has purple flowers that retain their beauty for years; Scientific
name: Amaranthus spinosus L.
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4. gabi ['ga.b] n. English: taro root; a

perennial herb with clusters of long heartor arrowhead-shaped leaves that point
earthward;
Scientific
name:
Colocasia
esculenta
5. himbabao [hm.ba.ba.'] n. a deciduous,

dioecious, drought tolerant, fast-growing,
small to medium-sized tree; grows up to 8-10
meters, and bears fruit from April to June;
shoots, young leaves and inflorescence (from
male trees) are cooked and eaten as
vegetable; also used for pulpwood and
firewood;
Scientific
name:
Broussonetia
luzonica var. luzonica
6. saluyot [sa.l.'jt] n. English: jute; an erect,

grabrous, annual plant or shrub, growing up
to 2 meters high; its leaves are ovate,
laceolate,
toothed margins; flowers are
solitary with yellow petals on the axils

whereas its fruit is a capsule with many
black seeds; famous for its sturdy natural
fiber but there are cultivars that are
cultivated as a leafy vegetable. The leaves are used fresh or dried. They can be
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stored after drying and used later on during periods of scarcity. The leaves
become mucilagious when cooked, a trait of this crop, which is highly
appreciated; Scientific name: Corchurus olitorious L.
7. saikan [sa..'kan] n. a plant used as herbal

medicine; placed in the stomach area to
gather up the body's cold; made flaky in the
pan before it is covered with cloth and
placed in the stomach area;
Fauna
1. alitangya [a.l.ta.'ja+ n. English: Anchor
Stink Bug; an insect that belongs to the
Pentatomidae family; has a foul stench; feeds
on rice and other vegetables; Scientific name:
Stiretrus anchorago
2. asuhos [a.s.'hs] n. English: silver-banded

whiting; a small saltwater fish with thick
scales and white body; Scientific name: Sillago
Aeolus
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3. bubuli [b.b.'l] n. a small reptile with

grey-brown or brownish back and sides;
Scientific name: Lacerta agilis;
4. bulo [b.'l] n. a young carabao or cow;

Scientific name: Bubalus bubalis carabanesis
5. dahumpalay *da.hm.pa.'laj] n. English:

Philippine Pitviper; a small venomous
snake with a color like that of rice stalks;
Scientific name: Trimeresurus flavomaculatus
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6. plapla [pla.'pla] n. a big type of tilapia

with a normal weight of more than a kilo;
Scientific name: Oreochromis niloticus
7. tambakol [tam.ba.'kl] n. a big fish with a

small fin at the back; has a dark blue colored back and silvery stomach area;
smallest and most abundant of the major
commercial tuna species; found mainly in
the tropical areas of the Atlantic, Indian
and Pacific Oceans, with the greatest
abundance seen near the equator; Scientific
name: Euthynnus pelamis, Katsuwonus pelamis
8. tulingan [t.l.'an+ n. English: mackerel

tuna; a saltwater fish that belongs to the
same family as that of tambakol (skipjack
tuna); has an ash-colored long body,
pointed head, sharp teeth and full body;
Scientific name: Euthynnus affinis
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9. alupihang-dagat [a.l.p.'ha.da.'gat+ n.
English:
specialized
mantis
pair
shrimp;
of
uses
forelimbs,
a
the
raptorial appendages, to capture prey
10. katyaw [kat.'jaw] n. rooster

[insert picture of rooster plus scientific name]
Kinship terms
1. kaka [ka.'ka] n. a term of respect used to refer to one's parents' siblings, whether
female or male, or to older people
2. kaka [ka.'ka] n. a term of respect used by siblings to refer to one older than
them, whether female or male
3. inang [.'na+ n. a term of respect used to refer to one's own mother; also used by
some grandchildren in reference to their fathers or mother's mother
4. tata [ta.'ta], also tatang [ta.'ta+ n. a term of respect used to refer to one's own
father; also used by some grandchildren in reference to their fathers or mother's
father
5. impo [m.'p] n. a term of respect used to refer to one's own or a close relative's
grandmother; also used by some grand grand children in reference to their
fathers or mother's grandmother
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6. ingkong [.'k+ n. n. a term of respect used to refer to one's own or a close

relative's grandfather; also used by some grand grand children in reference to
their fathers or mother's grandfather
7. bilas [b.'las] n. a sisters or brother-in-law's spouse
8. nana, ale [na.'na], [a.'l] n. ones fathers or mothers female sibling; aunt
Attributes of Persons
1. alibugha [a.l.bg.'ha] adj. used to refer to someone who spends too much that
it leads him to poverty; one who does not like responsibilities; irresponsible
Example sentence: Nagsisi rin ang alibughang anak.
The irresponsible child finally repented.
2. bulastog [b.las.'tg] adj. naughty; one who likes to steal the scene; boastful and
deceitful
Example sentence: Marami ang naiinis kay Pedro dahil napakabulastog niya.
Many people get annoyed with Pedro because hes such a naughty boy.
3. burara [b.ra.'ra] adj. Careless in his/her things and even in his/her actions;
untidy
Example sentence: Ayokong makasama ang isang taong burara sa bahay.
I dont want to live with a careless and untidy person.
4. busalsal [b.sal.'sal] adj. Unclean; slob

Example sentence: Kababaing tao ay napakabusalsal niya!
Shes a woman and yet shes such a slob!
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5. buriri [b.r.'r] adj. Slow poke; slow in action and in whatever s/he is doing
Example sentence: Pinagalitan ako ni Papa dahil napakaburiri ko raw.
My dad scolded me for being a slow poke.
6. gumon [g.'mn] adj. addicted to gambling or other vices

Example sentence: Hindi maikakailang gumon na siya sa sugal.
It cannot be denied that hes now addicted to gambling.
7. harot [ha.'rt] adj. Naughty; acts like a kid; now has a meaning: flirtatious
Example sentence: Isa siyang harot.
Shes such a flirt.
8. kiri [k.'r] adj. Flirt; one who loves to get the attention of guys
Example sentence: Ayoko ngang masabihang makiri.
I dont want to be labeled a flirt.
9. lantod [lan.'td] adj. Flirt; one who loves to get the attention of guys; of higher
level than kiri.
Example sentence: Ang mga babaeng sumasama sa lalaking may asawa ay tunay
ngang malantod.
Women who go with married guys are really such flirts.
10. mapanggagad [ma.pa.ga.'gad+ adj. used to describe one who mockingly mimics
another's speech or actions
Example sentence: Walang mabuting mahihita kapag nanggagad ka ng magulang.
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Nothing good comes from mockingly mimicking your parents actions.
11. salaula [sa.la..'la] adj. sloven; slobbish, whether in public or in his/her

personal hygiene and use of things
Example sentence: Hindi ko inakalang sa ganda niyang iyon ay napakasalaula niya
pala.
With that beauty, I really didnt expect her to be such a slob.
12. utak-biya [.'tak.b.'ja] adj. stupid

Example sentence: Minsan ay nasabihan na ako dati na utak biya raw ako.
Once I was told by somebody that I was stupid.
13. bakera [ba.k.'ra] adj. negative attribute to someone who is quite boyish, rarely
stays at home and is always outside even when it is already dark
Example sentence: Napakabakera talaga ng kapatid niya!
His sister is really such a person who always outside for
16. nanggigipalpal *na.g.g.pal.'pal] adj. thick with dirt

Example sentence: Kailangan na niyang maglinis ng kwarto habang maaga pa dahil
nanggigipalpal na ang dumi sa pader nito.
She has to clean her room as early as now because its walls are now thick with
dirt.
17. nanggigitata *na.g.g.ta.'ta] adj. sticky with dirt and a liquid, most of the time,
perspiration
Example sentence: Matapos ang biyahe, lahat kami ay nanggigitata na.
After the trip, we are all sticky with dirt and perspiration.
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18. bulaan [b.la.'an] adj. liar

Example sentence: Wala nang naniniwala sa kanya dahil sa siya ay isang bulaan.
Nobody believes hum now because hes a liar.
19. masiba [ma.s.'ba] adj. greedy with food; gluttonous

Example sentence: Dahan-dahan naman sa pagkain, pwede?. Magmumukha kang
masiba nyan.
Easy with your eating, wont you? Youll look like a glutton.
20. dungo [d.'] adj. timid

Example sentence: Napakadungo ng batang iyan. Wala tuloy kaibigan.
That child is very timid. Thats why she has no friends.
21. mabikas [ma.b.'kas] adj. boastful

Example sentence: Masyado siyang mabikas kaya ayaw na siyang kausap ng mga tao.
Hes so boastful which is why people dont like talking to him.
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Attributes of Objects
1. dapok [da.'pk], gapok [ga.'pk] adj. weak and not durable

Example: Binalaan na kaming huwag bumili riyan. Ang sabi nila dapok daw ang mga
produkto.
Weve been warned not to buy further materials there. Its weak and not
durable, they say.
2. dispalinghado [ds.pa.l.ha.'d] adj. broken; bent; unuseable; can also be used to

tease a person whose mind is considered slow
Example sentence: Hindi na pwedeng gamitin ang bisikletang yan. Dispalinghado na
ang ibang parte.
That bicycle cannot be used anymore. The parts are already bent and broken.
14. gara [ga.'ra] adj. used to describe something that is beyond normal and
expected; can be used either positively or negatively; can also be used to refer to
people who are not so normal form in terms of actions and clothing; when a
clothing or action is way beyond whats normal and expected
Example sentence: Ang gara ng kotse!
That car looks superb!
Ang gara naman ng suot niya para sa okasyon!

Whats shes wearing is way too much for the occasion.
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15. may gapak [mj.ga.'pak] adj. broken as in a chair or other material; is now also
used to refer to people who are quite foolish
Example sentence: Isinauli niya ang biniling sofa dahil may gapak na.
She returned the sofa she purchased for its already damaged.
Parts of the Body

1. turopya [t.rp.'ja] n. dimples
2. kalingkingan [ka.l.k.'an+ n. smallest finger in the hand
3. gulung-gulungan [g.'l.g.l.'an+ n. Adam's apple;
Hygienic Practices
Personal
1. gugo [g.'g] v. To wash using a native shampoo (also called gugo) or using the
commercial shampoo or other hair product; to wash just the head and not the
body
Example sentence: Guguan mo na nga ang batang yan. Ayaw maligo eh.
Wash the head of that child. She doesnt want to take a bath.
2. hiniksik [h.nk.'sk] v. To remove head lice from one's own head

Example sentence: Abala siya sa paghihiniksik nung nakita ko siya.
She was busy removing the head lice from her head when I saw her.
3. hinguto [h..'t+ v. To remove head lice from anothers head

Example sentence: Hingutuhan mo nga muna ako bago ka umalis.
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Remove the head lice in my head before you leave.
4. hilod [h.'ld] v. To scrub the body and remove the dirt (called libag in Tagalog)
using a so called live stone (buhay na bato) called panghilod
Example sentence: Maghihilod kang mabuti kapag naliligo ka.
Scrub your body thoroughly when you take a bath.
5. hinaw [h.'naw] v. To wash one's hands; to put one's hands in the water and
wash it
Example sentence: Naghinaw muna ako bago kumain ng merienda.
I washed my hands first before eating merienda.
Towards the Environment or other Objects
1. hawan [ha.'wan] v. to cut the tall grasses and remove the garbage in an area
Example sentence: Naghawan ang lolo sa may likod bahay.
Grandfather cut the tall grasses and cleaned the area at the back of the house.
2. imis [.'ms] v. To clean and put into its proper place all that is not in order
Example sentence: Inutusan siya ng nanay niya na imisin ang mga laruan niya.
His mother ordered him to clean and arrange his toys.
3. isis [s. 's] v. To scrub hard in an effort to remove the dirt that has long been
there
Example sentence: General cleaning ngayon. Pinapais-is ni Nanay ang mga pader sa
bahay.
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Its general cleaning (day) today. Mother told me to scrub the dirt in the walls of
the house.
4. luglug/luglog [lg.'lg] v. To remove the dirt by putting something in the water

for a short time
Example sentence: Niluluglugan niya ang mga maruruming damit niya bago labhan.
She is soaking her dirty clothes on the water before washing it.
5. kanyaw [kan.'jaw] v. To wash something only with water

Example sentence: Kanyawan mo muna ang baso bago mo gamitin.
Wash the cup first before you use it.
Related to Disease, Health and Well-being

1. usog [.'sg], balis [ba.'ls] n. an uncomfortable feeling in the stomach area; old
people say that one can get it when another person greets another with an empty
stomach; v. to cause someone to suffer from stomach ache due to your greeting
the person with your stomach empty; said to be cured through a person applying
his or her saliva to the patients stomach area
Example: Nausog yata siya dahil binati siya nang matanda kanina.
It seems he got an odd feeling in the stomach because of the old woman who
greeted him awhile ago.
Lawayan mo nga itong bata at mukhang nabalis mo.
Apply saliva on the childs stomach area, it looks as though you caused her the
indigestion.
2. agihap [a.g.'hap] n. whitish sore at the corner of the mouth.

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3. hulas [h.'las], banyos [ban.'js] v. to cure a fever through applying warm

compress all over the body in an effort to lower its (the bodys) temperature
Example sentences: Sa halip na pumunta sa doktor ay nagpahulas na lang siya.
Instead of going to the doctor, he just applied warm compress all over his body.
Binanyusan naming siya para bumaba ang lagnat niya.
We applied warm compress all over her body to lower her fever.
4. taglubay [tag.l.'baj] n. skin rash
Parts of and Things available in the house
1. katre [kat.'r] n. bed, usually the ones without the futon

2. anbi [an.'b] n. roof
3. sibi [s.'b] n. extension of the roof
4. banggera
*ba.g.'ra] n.
a table
like
structure attached to a side in the kitchen

where utensils and other kitchen ware are
placed for drying; can also be used as a
place where clothes are washed; in the old
times are made of bamboo
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5. paminggalan [pa.m.ga.'lan+ n. English:

plate or pantry cabinet; where the dishes
and sometimes food are kept
6. tungko [t.'k] n. stove

7. kumon, panabihang-bukid [k.'mn], [pa.na.b.'ha.b.'kd] n. toilet
Food
Terms for certain food
1. makukukot [ma.k.k.'kt] n. any food that is eaten while resting or while
watching the television
2. pamutat [pa.m.'tat] n. fruit eaten along with the main dish
3. kusilba [k.sl.'ba] n. sweetened using sugar; beans and or bananas are
usually its main ingredient
[insert picture here]
4. buwig [b.'wg] n. a big bunch of banana
5. bahaw [ba.'haw] n. cold leftover rice; also called kaning lamig;
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Ingredients
1. kaong [ka.'+ n. sugar palm; Scientific

name: Arenga pinnata
2. bilu-bilo [b.l.b.'l] n. rice dough shaped

into little balls; main ingredient in the dish
called ginatan
3. usbong [s.'b+ n. young sampaloc leaves;

one of the ingredients in the dish sinigang
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4. labong [la.'b+ n. English: bamboo

shoots
Dishes and Delicacies
1. tinumis [t.n.'ms] n. pork blood stew;

savory stew of blood and meat simmered
in a rich, spicy gravy of pig blood, garlic,
chilis, and vinegar.
2. pangat *pa.'at+ n. a dish wherein the fish

is boiled with vinegar and then when it is
boiling water will be added; tomatoes and
kamias also are some of its ingredients
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3. ampaw [am.'paw] n. rice puff or corn puff;

rice crispies; corn bits are cooked in the
same way as a popcorn and then dipped
into liquid sugar
4. binatog [b.na.'tg], kinulti [k.nl.'t] n. a

delicacy made from white corn bits boiled
and then seasoned with sugar and or salt
and grated coconut
5. halaya [ha.la.'ja] n. a type of Philippine

dessert made out of purple yam mixed with
milk
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Processes related to Cooking
1. tambog [tam.'bg] v. to put into (the pan while cooking)

Example sentence: Itinambog ko na ang mga sahog ng spaghetti sa kawa.
I put all the ingredients for spaghetti in the wok.
2. biling [b.'l+ v. to move the body of an object so that the part under will be on
top; to turn over
Example sentence: Biniling niya ang isdang niluluto gamit ang siyanse.
He turned over the fish he was cooking using the spatula.
3. busa [b.'sa] v. to stir fry

Example sentence: Nagbusa siya ng mais sa kalan.
She stir fried some corn bits in the stove.
Processes Related to Food Preparation and Preservation

1. taklob [tak.'lb] v. to cover food with something like a plate
Example sentence: Takluban mo nga ang ulam at baka langawin.
Please cover the viand or the flies might hover on it.
2. ahin [a.'hn] v. to prepare food for the people who are going to eat
Example sentence: Mag-ahin ka nga at kakain na tayo.
Prepare the food and well eat.
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3. gayat [ga.'jat] v. To cut

Example sentence: Gayatin nyo na ang labong.
Please cut the bamboo shoots.
4. gadgad [gad.'gad] v. To grate; To crush (ice, coconut)

Example sentence: Naggagadgad sila ng yelo para sa halu-halo.
They are crushing ice for the halu-halo.
Kitchen Utensils
1. bistay [bs.'taj] n. a small and much thinner bilao

with smaller holes; used as a strainer to separate
the rice husk from the rice you will cook; created
from thin and small bamboo;
2. kampit [kam.'pit] n. English: knife
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3. sangkalan *sa.ka.'lan] n. English: chopping

board
4. siyanse [an.'s] n. English: spatula
5. talyasi [tal.ja.'s] n. a big pan where big servings

of food are cooked; smaller than the kawa and
bigger than a kawali
6. malukong [ma.l.'k+ n. a smaller, but deeper mangkok bowl

Taste
1. maaskad [ma.as.'kad] adj. a kind of taste that is not so bitter nor so sourness; an
aftertaste left after eating pomelo
Example sentence: Maaskad talaga ang lasa niyan.
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That really tastes a mixture of bitterness and sourness.
2. anta [ma.an.'ta] adj. taste like spoiled coconut or coconut oil

Example sentence: Umanta na ang lasa niyan dahil nakulob.
That already tastes like spoiled coconut oil because it was covered for a long
time.
Smell
1. maangis [ma.a.'s] adj. the smell of rotten food
Example sentence: Maangis na iyan. Itapon mo na lang.
That smells rotten. Just throw it.
2. maangot [ma.a.'t] adj. a kind of foul smell that is like that of spoiled bagoong or
tapa
Example sentence: Kapag maangot na ang amoy, huwag mo nang kainin.
When it smells like spoiled smoked fish, dont eat it.
3. maantot [ma.an.'tt] adj. foul smell as that of dirty water or urine that was
covered for a long time
Example sentence: Hindi pala naitapon ang tubig na iyan kaya maantot na. Halos
isang linggong nakulob yan eh.
That water has not been thrown away so it now smells foul. That was covered
for at least one week.
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4. maanggo [ma.a.'g] adj. smell like that of fresh milk, especially from a goat
Example sentence: Ayoko ng maangong amoy ng bagong kuhang gatas mula sa

kambing.
I dont like the smell of fresh milk fresh from a goat.
5. maangi [ma.a.'] adj. smell of burning food like rice

Example sentence: Naalala lang nila ang sinaing nang kumalat na sa bahay ang
maanging amoy.
They just remembered the rice they were cooking when a burning smell spread
over the house.
State of Food
1. malagihay [ma.la.g.'haj] adj. soggy; soft and not yet that fully cooked
Example sentence: Huwag mo munang hanguin ang sinaing at malagihay pa.
Dont remove the rice yet from the stove. Its still soggy and not fully cooked.
2. malasado [ma.la.sa.'d] adj. term used to refer to the egg yolk not being well
done or well cooked
Example sentence: Ayoko na malasado ang itlog na kakainin ko.
I do not prefer the egg I will eat to be not well-cooked.
3. inin [.'nn] n. state when the rice is already fully cooked

Example sentence: Hayaan nyong mainin muna ang sinaing bago nyo hanguin.
Let the rice cook well first before you get it out of the fire.
Situations when eating

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1. bikig [b.'kg] v. to have fish bone block the throat while eating
Example sentence: Nabikig siya habang kumakain ng bangus.
A fish bone blocked her throat while shes eating milkfish.
2. hirin [h.'rn] v. to have air suddenly block the throat while drinking
Example sentence: Bigla na lang siyang nahirinan kanina habang umiinom ng tubig.
He suddenly had some air blocking her throat while she was drinking.
3. bilaok [b.la.'k] v. to choke while eating something solid

Example sentence: Nguyain mong mabuti ang kinakain mo para hindi ka mabilaukan.
Chew carefully what you are eating so youll not choke.
4. namumungalan [na.m.m.a.'lan+ adj. for a mouth filled to the overflowing of

food
Example sentence: Bawal magsalita hanggat namumungalan ka pa sa pagkain.
You cant talk as long as your mouth is filled with food.
Washing
1. urong [.'r+ v. To wash the dishes
Example sentence: Ako ang dapat mag-urong ngayong araw na to.
Its my turn to wash the dishes today.
2. basal [ba.'sal] v. To soak the used dishes and cooking tools in plain water in a
tub before washing it using soap; can also be done with clothes
Example sentence: Basalin mo muna ang mga pinggan na iyan bago urungan.
Soak those plates in water first before you wash it.
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3. kanyaw [kan.'jaw] v. To rinse with water

Example sentence: Kanyawan mo muna ang kutsara bago mo gamitin.
Rinse that spoon first before you use it.
Industry
Jewelry-making
1. alukan [a.l.'kan] n. ring sizer
2. batong urian [ba.'t..r.'an] n. stone in

which the the jewelry is scratched upon to
determine the carat (if it is gold) or if it is
gold or not
3. bokaypato/bukipato
[b.kaj.pa.'t/b.k.pa.'t] n. an instrument
used to hold little pieces of jewelry when it
is being repaired or when it is just being
made; also used to shape or cut wire-like
pieces
4. lutsam [l.'am] n. a mold of gold when

making jewelries
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5. pito [p.'t] n. an instrument used with the

suplete where the fire comes out; the fire
from this is what is used to melt gold or
silver or other materials used to repair
jewelry
6. suplete [s.pl.'t] n. an instrument used with

pito that is used to contain the gasoline which
fuels the fire used for melting the materials to
be used in repairing the jewelry
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7. sinoro [s.n.'r] n. a chemical solution produced from mixing cyanide and water;
used in cleaning jewelry and other materials; a drop of it is said to be lethal
8. suwapan [s.wa.'pan] n. an instrument in

which the material to be made a piece of
jewelry is made to go through to shape it like a
wire
9. tokoy [t.'kj] n. a table-like structure

where all the instruments used by a
goldsmith in making jewelry is placed
10. grata [gra.'ta] n. steel brush used to

remove the blemishes of jewelry after it
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has been soaked in the sinoro after some time
11. ismirelan
instrument
[s.m.r.'lan]
where
n.
an
jewelries
are
polished and where scrateches are

removed from them
Agriculture: Farming Instruments
1. paragos [pa.ra.'gs] n. an instrument in

the farm with twin teeth-like structure at
the end; pulled by a carabao and used to
gather sort of comb the soil the farmers
will use; used along with a kampit or knife
to gather the cut grass
2. peruya [p.r.'ja], kalaykay [ka.laj.'kaj]

n. a long farming instrument made of
metal with teeth-like structure at the end;
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used to gather trimmed grasses and others for cleaning
3. tiyuka [.'ka] n. an instrument used to hold the ginikan in place

4. paluan [pa.l.'an] n. an instrument used alongside the tioka; where the rice is
milled
Agriculture: Farming-related things or materials
1. kalo [ka.'l] n. a small hat used by farmers when in the fields
2. mandala [man.da.'la] n. a stack of hay or rice

husks made by farmers as reserved food for
carabaos and cows for the rainy season;
shaped like a giant broom with a bamboo as
its base; lasts for years, depending on how
frequent a farmer gets ginikan from it;
3. ginikan [g.n.'kan] n. dried rice husks left after
it was milled; used to make mandala
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4. albor [al.'br] n. bamboo stick used as the

base of a mandala
5. bangan [ba.'an+ n. vessel where rice is stored

6. lona [l.'na] n. the piece of rubber, linoleum, or
plastic that is now used in place of carabao poop for the flooring of the mandala
Agriculture: Farming-related actions

1. lipa [l.'pa] v. the act of spreading fresh carabao poop at the base before a
mandala is set up
Example sentence: Dati naglilipa muna sila bago simulan ang pagmamandala.
They used to spread fresh carabao poop at the base before setting up the
mandala.
2. sipok [s.'pk] v. the act of compiling the hay for the mandala
Example sentence: Tinuturuan nila ang mga bata na magsipok para sa mandala.
They were teaching the children how to compile the hay for the making of
mandala.
3. lugas [l.'gas] v. to remove the part of the rice that is not fit for making bigas
Example sentence: Kelangan ng lugasin ang palay na inani.
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The harvested rice has to go through the process of removing the parts not fit for
making bigas.
4. palot [pa.'lt] v. to harvest

Example sentence: Simula na ng pagpapalot ng palay.
Its already the season of harvesting rice.
B. Actions
Related to feet and legs
1. bagtas [bag.'tas] v. to cross in a straight path; to tread upon
Example sentence: Binagtas nila ang kahabaan ng Katipunan kaninang kagabi.
They treaded the long roads of Katipunan last night.
2. balabag [ba.la.'bag], balibag [ba.l.'bag] v. to throw using a strong force

Example sentence: Ibinalibag niya ng upuan sa asawa nang magalit siya rito.
He threw his wife the chair when he got angry.
3. bisaklat [b.sak.'lat] v. to open or split ones legs wide

Example sentence: Di sinasadyang napabisaklat siya nang mamali nang tapak ng paa
sa sahig.
She accidentally split her legs when she stepped on the wrong foot.
4. silat [s.'lat] v. to accidentally fall into a slit in the floor or to accidentally have
ones leg fall into a space in it
Example sentence: Nakuha niya ang sugat na iyan nang masilat siya sa sahig kahapon.
He got that injury when he accidentally fell in a slit in the floor yesterday.
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5. tiyad [t.'jad] v. to walk on tiptoe

Example sentence: Dahil ayaw niyang makagawa ng ingay kaya patiyad siya kung
maglakad.
Not wanting to create a sound, he walked on tiptoe.
6. dantay [dan.'taj] v. to put or lean ones leg on something or on someone elses leg
Example sentence: Mahilig siyang mandantay kapag nanonood ng TV.
She loves leaning her leg on another person or thing when watching TV.
7. panik, panhik [pa.'nk], [pan.'hk] v. To go up (through the stairs) to the higher

storey of the house
Example sentence: Panhikin mo nga muna ang anak mo.
Get back up there and tend to your child.
8. kandirit [kan.d.'rt] v. To stand on one leg

Example sentence: Kakandirit ka sa larong yan.
You have to stand on one leg in that game.
Related to Hands and Arms

1. buntal [bn.'tal] v. to punch someone;
Example sentence: Napalo siya ng tatay niya dahil binuntal niya ang kapatid.
He was punished by his father for pumching his brother.
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2. dalutdut [da.lt.'dt], dutdot
[dt.'dt] v. to pick on or playfully poke on
something
Example sentence: Hwag mo ngang dalutudutin ang ulam at baka mapanis pa.
Dont poke on the viand or it might spoil.
3. babag [ba.'bag] v. to quarrel; to beat up one another

Example sentence: Ayaw na ayaw ng magulang na makitang nagbabababag ang mga
anak.
Parents really do not like it when they see their children hurting one another in a
quarrel.
Related to the Eyes, Ears and Mouth

1. sitsit [st.'st] also sutsot [st.'st] v. to call ones attention through a psst sound
Example sentence: Mas maayos kung tatawagin mo na lang ako sa pangalan ko keysa
sa sitsitan mo ako.
It would be better if you would call me by name rather than call me with a psst
sound.
2. tulig [t.'lg] v. to experience a temporary loss of hearing after being exposed to

loud sound
Example sentence: Natulig ang tenga ko dahil sa lakas ng speakers na nasa tabi ko.
I lost my hearing for a while because of the loudness of the volume of the
speakers beside me.
3. tanghod *ta.'hd] v. to stare at a person or a thing for quite some time for no
specific reason
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Example sentence: Bawal kang tumanghod sa harap ng TV kapag umaga.

You are not allowed to stare at the front of the TV in the morning.
4. duldol [dl.'dl] v. to force something on someone, as with food

Example sentence: Ayaw ng sanggol na iduldol mo ang tsupon sa kanya kung
busog siya.
The baby doesnt like it when we force the tip of its milk bottle to its lips when it
is not hungry.
Other Unclassified Peculiar Terms of Bulacan Tagalog

1. bulwak [bl.'wak] v. for a liquid to flow from a source suddenly and in great
volume
Example sentence: Bumulwak ang dugo mula sa sugat niya.
Blood came gushing out of his wound.
2. gagad [ga.'gad] v. to playfully or sarcastically imitate someones speech or action.

Example sentence: Hindi napabuti ang ginawa niyang panggagagad sa nanay niya.
He didnt get anything good from playfully imitating his mom.
3. hindara [hn.da.'ra] v. to sit or lie down carelessly, showing laziness and lack of
self-regulation
Example sentence: Naghindara ang mga kapatid ko sa bahay kapag tanghali.
My siblings lie carelessly around the house in the middle of the day.
4. hunta [hn.'ta] v. to chat with a person as to catch up with one another

Example sentence: Naubos ang oras niya sa pakikipaghuntahan sa matanda.
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He used up all his time chatting and catching up with the life of the old man.
5. ihit [.'ht] v. to lose breath due to extensive crying, laughing or coughing

Example sentence: Grabe ang tawa niya kanina, ayan nag-iiihit tuloy siya ngayon.
He was laughing so hard a while ago that now he is so out of breath.
6. ipangati [.pa.a.'t] v. to keep a coin in a purse as a lucky charm to attract

more
money
Example sentence: Naglagay siya ng limampisong pangati sa bago niyang wallet.

He put a five-peso coin in his new wallet as a lucky charm (to attract more
money).
7. kadkad [kad.'kad] v. to unfold

Example sentence: Abala siya sa pagkadkad ng mga gagamiting kumot mamaya nung
huli ko siyang makita.
The last time I saw her she was busy unfolding those that will be used as
blankets later.
8. kabuo [ka.b.'] n. noon

Example sentence: Kabuo na nang lumabas siya ng bahay.
It was already noon when she came out of the house.
9. sura [s.'ra] v. To be annoyed
Example sentence: Nasusura siya sa mga batang maiingay.
She gets annoyed with noisy kids.
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10. hablig [hab.'lg] v. To hit at the buttocks or any part of the body for discipline
using anything the angry person gets his hand on to
Example sentence: Sa galit ng ina ay nahablig siya nito ng siit ng kawayan.
In her mothers anger, she hit him with bamboo sticks.
11. kainaman [ka.'.na.'man] adj. too many or excessive number of people

Example sentence: Karaniwang kinaman ang tao kapag namimili sila sa palengke.
There are usually too many people when they shop in the market.
12. iniinut-inot [.n..'nt..'nt] adj. something one has been saving for a long
time; mag-inot - v. To use something one has been saving for a long time; to make
the most out of what one has
Example sentence: Nailabas na niya lahat ng iniinut-inot niyang pera dahil sa dami ng
kailangang bayaran.
She has used up all the money she has saved because of the many bills that had
to be paid.
13. bukod [b.'kd] adj. different

Example sentence: Bukod pa yung sinasabi ko sa sinasabi niya.
What I am saying is yet different from what he is saying.
14. kamo [ka.'m] d. part. from ika/wika mo you said; used when relaying something
that another person said
Example sentence: Ang sabi niya kamo hindi siya makakarating.
Tell him she said she cant make it.
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15. kako d. part. as I said

Example sentence: Kako, aalis ako ng maaga.
As I said, Im leaving early.
16. eka d. part. from ika/wika says; used as a filler by middle aged and older men
and women; used also to relay what another person said
Example sentence: Ang ninang niya eka ay nagtatrabaho sa Saudi.
Her godmother, she said, works in Saudi (Arabia).
17. taglayin [tag.la.'jn] v. To bring along something

Example sentence: Taglayin mo na nga itong pinapadala ng nanay mo pag-uwi mo.
Bring along this that your mother asks for when you go home.
PHONOLOGY
In general, Bulacan Tagalog has the same phonology as that Tagalog spoken in Manila
and other Tagalog dialects. It has the same 21 phonemes (/p, b, t, d, k, g, , h, s, m, n, ,
l, r, w, j, i, e, a, u, o/), dipthongs, and stress in words (which is basically in the ultimate
position). Some towns in the province, however, show distinct difference in terms of
accent or what is called punto. Bulacan Tagalog speakers from Hagonoy, Calumpit and
Malolos, Paombong have a distinct tone that even speakers from Bulacan recognize as
different from the normal one they use. As the researcher has observed in the
interviews with said speakers and even with people who hear these people speak, there
is indeed that certain rise of pitch at the penultimate of the last word of the utterance of
the speakers.
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The devoicing of glottal stops is also quite noticeable especially in the towns of Bulacan
that are near the province of Pampanga. For example,
h
ayun [a.'jn] hayun [ha.'jn]
ayan [a.'jan] hayan [ha.'jan]
eto [.'t] heto [h.'t]
ere [.'r] here [h.'r]
In the data of Balagtas, it can be observed that there are instances of n changing to ,
thus ____.
Example: naririnig [na.r.r.'ng] nariringig [na.r.r.'g]
MORPHOLOGY
Philippine languages are generally rich in affixes. Tagalog is of course of no exception.
It is one of the Philippine languages that have complicated affixation patterns.
In general, the morphology of Bulacan Tagalog is the same as that of the mainstream
Tagalog. It has, however, also some characteristics that are distinctly its own.
Based on the data from the works of Balagtas, it is very likely that Bulacan Tagalog
made use of the pattern na + base form of the verb in forming some of its verbs. He
(Balagtas) prefixed na to an unreduplicated, uninflected stem, where the usual form has
na- or nag- or um- with reduplicated first syllable of the stem. This pattern, however,
was lost, at least to Bulacan Tagalog which now usually makes use of na- or nag- or
um- with reduplicated first syllable of the stem of verbs. Batangas, Quezon, Nueva Ecija,
Rizal and Laguna Tagalog retained this feature.
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It was also observed that the use of nangag- instead of the usual nag- is very apparent
especially in the speech of the older people. This is also noticeable in Balagtas works.
There were also terms in Balagtas works wherein verbs masok, muwi
SEMANTICS
Semantic extensions are very much apparent in general to Tagalog. Bulacan Tagalog is
of no exception. Qualities that are attributed to things are now also used to describe
people. For example,
Dispalinghado na ata ang mga turnilyo ng utak mo eh.
It seems the screws in your brain have gone useless.
SYNTAX
Generally, the syntax of Bulacan Tagalog is very much similar to that of Manila
Tagalog. Discourse particles, however, are very much present in Tagalog Bulacan,
especially in parts that are further to the metro. Mostly older men and women make use
of them. For example, the use of kako, kamo and eka is fairly noticeable when one listens
to these Bulacan peoples conversations.
Analysis
Language affects culture and culture affects language. The abundance of terms in
a language about certain domains reflects something about the importance of those
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words in the lifestyle and culture of the people using it. As in the Philippine languages,
the abundance of the terms for rice in its languages says something about the significant
role that rice plays in the life of Filipinos.
The Philippines, in general, is a melting pot of cultures. Bulacan, one of the

provinces in the country, is no exception to this. The proximity of the place to Metro
Manila has made it more accessible not just to the Metro Manileos but also to other
peoples from other parts of the country. With this and with the development of
technology and the Bulacan peoples exposure to it, the culture of the province has
somehow assimilated these other cultures and in a sense, lost some of its own. In this
study, however, one significant part of the Bulakeos culture, language, shows that
Bulacan does still have an identity of its own, and is not just a whirlpool of cultures
from other provinces and peoples, without having its own. A compilation of the unique
terms used in the dialect of Tagalog that is spoken in the province shows that Bulacan
still has retained some of the uniqueness of its culture.
Even the characteristic
intonation of some parts of Bulacan attest to how the province is unique in its own
right.
Based on the findings of this study, the people of the Bulacan were found to have
quite a sensitive sense of taste and smell. There were specific terms found for certain
tastes which do not have counterparts in the English language. Also, upon the 11
domains of this study, the domain of food has the most number of entries. Specifically,
there were 12 further classifications within the domain which consist of terms that
pertain to serving, situations during eating, food description, smell, taste, kitchen area,
kitchen tools, act in cooking, merienda, dishes, ingredients and specific terms for certain
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food. It can be inferred that this is because of the provinces proximity to Pampanga,
another province in the Philippines, in which food plays a significant role in the culture.
In addition to this, cleanliness is also of great importance to the people of the

language in that it has a lot of terms that pertain to this domain. Under the domain of
cleanliness, there are two further classifications, namely that which is related to
personal cleanliness or personal hygiene and the other which is related to cleanliness in
the surroundings. The dialect has specific terms for certain kinds of washing.
Furthermore, there are many herbal plants in Bulacan which is why the people
are particular in naming certain plants and trees. In Hagonoy and in Bulacan towns that
are near Pampanga (which has bodies of water), since it is near a body of water, it has
specific terms for fishes, fishing nets, rising of water, etc.
Generalization
The study focused on the lexical items that were found to be of Bulacan origin,
and their implications for the culture and history of the province and inhabitants of
Bulacan. A total of 140 words classified into the domains of flora, fauna, kinship terms,
personality traits, characteristics of a person or an object, hygienic practices, food, those
related to health and well-being, industry and actions were presented. The researcher
provided a description of the form, meaning and usage of each lexical item. In the light
of the findings of this study, it can be concluded that food and cleanliness are two of the
most important domains in the culture of Bulacan.
Recommendations
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As earlier mentioned, only few studies have been done in relation to the dialects
of Tagalog. The researcher suggests that further studies be done in terms of this area of
linguistics, particularly a more in-depth elicitation of data from every town of Bulacan
and other Tagalog speaking provinces. Also, for those terms that the informants
claimed to be of the same meaning as some of the other terms, the researcher
recommends that further analysis be done to actually differentiate the said terms from
each other.
Bibliography
Printed Books
Baltazar, Francisco. (1950). Florante at Laura. Manila: Philippine Education Co.
Baltazar, Francisco. (1990). Orosman at Zafira. Manila: de La Salle University
Press
Bloomfield, L. (1933). Language. New York: Holt.
Chambers, J.K. & Trudgill P. (2004). Dialectology. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino. (1998). Diksyunaryo ng Wikang Filipino,
sentinyal na edisyon. Manila: Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino
Lopez, C. 1970. On the Boak Tagalog of the island of Marinduque.
Medina, Isagani. 1979. Mga Diyalekto ng Kabite. Quezon City: University of
the Philippines -Diliman.
National Statistics Office. (2000). 2000 Census of Population and Housing.
Manila.
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Paz, C. J. (1994a). Isang preliminaryong pag-aaral ng dayalek ng Tagalog sa Rizal.

In The Archive (10), 1-18.
Paz, C. J. (1994b). Ay hao: ang dayalek ng Tagalog sa Rizal. In the Archive (10),
19-30.
Peneyra, I. U. (2003). Isang rekonstraksyong internal ng Tagalog batay sa mga
piling dayalek. Ph. D. Dissertation. Quezon City: University of the Philippines
Diliman.
Schachter P. & Otanes, F. (1972).Tagalog reference grammar. Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Soberano, R. P. (1977). The dialects of Marinduque Tagalog. In Studies in
Philippine Linguistics, (1)1. 53-74.
Online Sources
Bulacan Government Official Website. 2013. Retrieved Feb. 4, 2013 from
http://www.bulacan.gov.ph/
Dictionary and Thesaurus - Merriam-Webster Online. 2013. Retrieved Feb. 4,

2013 from http://www.merriam-webster.com/
Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), (2009). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth
edition.
Dallas,
Tex.:
SIL
International.
Online
version:
http://www.ethnologue.com/
http://www.herballeaves.net
http://www.filipinoherbshealingwonders.filipinovegetarianrecipe.com/kulitis
.htm
http://www.ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=3155
53 | P a g e
2013
http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/guide_saluyot.php
http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annualchecklist/2006/show_common_name_details.php?name=Asuhos
www.herpetofauna.com
http://www.filipino-food-lovers.com/dinuguan
http://angsarap.net/2012/04/19/ube-halaya/
http://www.filipinoherbshealingwonders.filipinovegetarianrecipe.com/kulitis
.htm
http://eol.org/
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APPENDICES
Adjectives
alibugha
bakera
bulastog
burara
busalsal
buriri
kiri
gara
gumon
harot
lantod
mapanggagad
salaula
utak-biya
may gapak
nanggigipalpal
nanggigitata
dapok, gapok
dispalinghado
maangis
maangot
maantot
maanggo
maangi
malagihay
malasado
inin
Meaning/s
spends too much that it leads him to poverty; irresponsible

boyish, rarely stays at home and is always outside even when it
is already dark
naughty; one who likes to steal the scene; boastful and deceitful
careless in his/her things and even in his/her actions; untidy

unclean; slob
slow poke; slow in action and in whatever s/he is doing
flirt; one who loves to get the attention of guys

not so normal form in terms of actions and clothing; when a
clothing or action is way beyond whats normal and expected
addicted to vices
naughty; acts like a kid; now has a meaning: flirtatious
flirt; one who loves to get the attention of guys; of higher level
than kiri.
used to describe one who mockingly mimics another's speech or
actions
sloven; slobbish, whether in public or in his/her personal hygiene
and use of things
stupid
broken as in a chair or other material;
thick with dirt
sticky with dirt and a liquid, most of the time, perspiration
weak and not durable
broken; bent; unuseable;
smells of rotten food
smells like spoiled bagoong or tapa
smells of dirty water or urine that was covered for a long time
smells of old milk, especially from a goat
smells of burning food like rice
soggy; soft and not yet that fully cooked
not being well done or well cooked (used to refer to state of egg)
state when the rice is already fully cooked
55 | P a g e
2013
Verbs
Meaning/s
gugo
To wash using a native shampoo (also called gugo) or using the

commercial shampoo or other hair product; to wash just the
head and not the body
To remove head lice from one's own head
To remove head lice from anothers head
To scrub the body and remove the dirt (called libag in Tagalog)
using a so called live stone (buhay na bato) called panghilod
To wash one's hands; to put one's hands in the water and wash it
To cut the tall grasses and remove the garbage in an area
hiniksik
hinguto
hilod
hinaw
hawan
imis
is-is
luglug/luglog
To clean and put into its proper place all that is not in order
To scrub hard in an effort to remove the dirt that has long been
there
To remove the dirt by putting something in the water for a short
time
taklob
tambog
To cover food with something like a plate
biling
To move the body of an object so that the part under will be on top; to
turn over
busa
To stir fry
To prepare food for the people who are going to eat
To cut
To grate; To crush
To have fish bone block the throat while eating
To have air suddenly block the throat while drinking
To choke while eating something solid
To wash the dishes
To soak the used dishes and cooking tools in plain water in a tub
before washing it using soap; can also be done with clothes
according to old people, to give someone an uncomfortable
feeling in the stomach area; old people say that one can get it
when another person greets another with an empty stomach; v.
to cause someone to suffer from stomach ache due to your
greeting the person with your stomach empty; said to be cured
through a person applying his or her saliva to the patients
stomach area
To cure a fever through applying warm compress all over the
body in an effort to lower its (the bodys) temperature
ahin
gayat
gadgad
bikig
hirin
bilaok
urong
basal
usog/balis
hulas/banyos
To put into (the pan while cooking)
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lipa
sipok
lugas
palot
bagtas
balabag/balib
ag
bisaklat
silat
tiyad
dantay
buntal
dalutdut
babag
sitsit
tulig
tanghod
duldol
bulwak
gagad
hindara
hunta
ihit
ipangati
kadkad
2013
The act of spreading fresh carabao poop at the base before a

mandala is set up
To compile the hay for the mandala
To remove the part of the rice that is not fit for making bigas
To harvest
To cross in a straight path; to tread upon
To throw away from self using a strong force
To accidentally open or split ones legs wide
To accidentally fall into a slit in the floor or to accidentally have
ones leg fall into a space in it
To walk on tiptoe
To put or lean ones leg on something or on someone elses leg
To punch someone
To pick on or playfully poke on something
To quarrel; to beat up one another
To call ones attention through a psst sound; variant of sutsot;
To experience a temporary loss of hearing after being exposed to
loud sound
To stare at a person or a thing for quite some time for no specific
reason
To force something on someone, as with food
(for a liquid) To flow from a source suddenly and in great
volume
To playfully or sarcastically imitate someones speech or action
To sit or lie down carelessly, showing laziness and lack of selfregulation
To chat with a person as to catch up with one another
To lose breath due to extensive crying, laughing or coughing
To keep a coin in a purse as a lucky charm to attract more
money
To unfold
57 | P a g e

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Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

Prof. Jonathan Malicsi, Ph.D.

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

For me to live is Christ, and to die is gain.

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

Background of the Study

Dialectology is referred to as the study of dialects and dialectal variations

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

The Bulacan dialect of Tagalog is considered as among the distinctive regional

Objective of the Study

Significance of the Study

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

2. katuray [ka.t.'raj] n. English: corkwood

3. kulitis [k.l.'ts] n. English: Amaranth;

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

4. gabi ['ga.b] n. English: taro root; a

5. himbabao [hm.ba.ba.'] n. a deciduous,

luzonica var. luzonica

6. saluyot [sa.l.'jt] n. English: jute; an erect,

toothed margins; flowers are

solitary with yellow petals on the axils

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

7. saikan [sa..'kan] n. a plant used as herbal

2. asuhos [a.s.'hs] n. English: silver-banded

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

3. bubuli [b.b.'l] n. a small reptile with

4. bulo [b.'l] n. a young carabao or cow;

5. dahumpalay *da.hm.pa.'laj] n. English:

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

6. plapla [pla.'pla] n. a big type of tilapia

7. tambakol [tam.ba.'kl] n. a big fish with a

8. tulingan [t.l.'an+ n. English: mackerel

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

raptorial appendages, to capture prey

10. katyaw [kat.'jaw] n. rooster

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

6. ingkong [.'k+ n. n. a term of respect used to refer to one's own or a close

4. busalsal [b.sal.'sal] adj. Unclean; slob

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

6. gumon [g.'mn] adj. addicted to gambling or other vices

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

11. salaula [sa.la..'la] adj. sloven; slobbish, whether in public or in his/her

12. utak-biya [.'tak.b.'ja] adj. stupid

16. nanggigipalpal *na.g.g.pal.'pal] adj. thick with dirt

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

18. bulaan [b.la.'an] adj. liar

19. masiba [ma.s.'ba] adj. greedy with food; gluttonous

20. dungo [d.'] adj. timid

21. mabikas [ma.b.'kas] adj. boastful

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

1. dapok [da.'pk], gapok [ga.'pk] adj. weak and not durable

2. dispalinghado [ds.pa.l.ha.'d] adj. broken; bent; unuseable; can also be used to

Ang gara naman ng suot niya para sa okasyon!

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

Parts of the Body

2. hiniksik [h.nk.'sk] v. To remove head lice from one's own head

3. hinguto [h..'t+ v. To remove head lice from anothers head

Dialectology of Tagalog Bulacan

Towards the Environment or other Objects