The Mole

Q: how long would it take to spend a mole of $1 coins if

they were being spent at a rate of 1 billion per second?

Essential questions
How is a mole used to indirectly count the number
of particles of matter?
2. What is a common everyday counting unit which
the mole can be related?
3. How can moles be converted to number of particles
and vice versa?
1.

MAIN IDEA: Chemists use the mole to count atoms,

molecules, ions and formula units.

The Mole
The mole is the SI unit for amount

of a substance.
Definition 1 : A mole is the amount

of a substance that contains as

many particles as there are in
exactly 12 grams of carbon-12.

A Mole
Definition 2 : The amount of a

substance that contains

Avogadros number of particles.

Counting Particles
Dozen = 12
Ream = 500 sheets
Pair = 2
Units for counting, each are appropriate for certain

types of objects.
Mole = 6.0221367 x 1023 representative particles

Avogadros Number
The mole is also known as Avogadros

number
Named after Amedeo Avogadro Italian
physicist and lawyer
In 1811 determined the volume of 1 mol
of gas
For most purposes we will round it to 6.02 x 10 23
Remember how to do scientific notation!?

How big is a mole?

Avogadro's number of inches is 1,616,434 light

years, or across our galaxy and back 8 times.

Avogadro's number of seconds is about 19
quadrillion years, 4,240,666
Avogadro's number of cents could repay the
United States National Debt 86 million times.
Avogadro's number of kilograms is just over 20
times the mass of the earth.

6.02x1023 PEEPS

6.02x1023 PEEPS

The pile of PEEPS

would cover the US

6.02x1023 PEEPS

and be as tall as
Mt. Everest.

6.02x1023 dollar bills

6.02x1023 dollar bills

You would spend

$1,000,000,000/sec

6.02x1023 dollar bills

spend $1,000,000,000/sec
19 million years to spend

6.02x1023 pieces of paper

6.02x1023 pieces of paper

would
form a
stack tall
enough

6.02x1023 pieces of paper

to
extend
from the
sun to
Pluto

6.02x1023 pieces of paper

to
extend
from the
sun to
Pluto

Moles of substances
*Now that you understand just how large a mol is, lets
understand how small atoms are!
1 mol of copper atoms has a mass of 63.546 g
1 mole of carbon atoms has a mass of 12.007 g
1 mole of water molecules has a mass 18.02 g and is
1 mole of sugar molecules has a mass of
1 mole of salt has a mass of 58.45 g
If they all have the same number of particles, why are
does 1 mol of each have a different mass?

Calculating # of particles
Just like the word dozen, means you have 12 of

something.
A mole means you have 6.022 x 1023 of something.
If you have 2 dozen eggs, you have 2 x 12 eggs
If you have 2 moles of eggs you have 2 x 6.022 x 1023

eggs

Calculating the # of particles

If you have 0.5 dozen eggs, you have

0.5 dozen x 12 eggs = 6 eggs

1 dozen
If you have 0.5 mol of carbon, how many carbon

atoms are there?

0.5 mol of carbon x 6.022 x 1023 C atoms = 3.0 x 1023 atoms
1 mol of carbon

Used as Conversion factor

1 mole/ 6.022 x 1023 particles
6.022 x 1023 particles / 1 mole

Practice converting:
How many moles of lead, Pb are in 1.50 x 1012 atoms?
Get in HABIT of showing work!(write out conversions)
Answer 2.49 x 10-12 mol Pb

More practice
Solve the following:
How many atoms of zinc are in 7.48 mols of zn?
Calculate the number of molecules of H2O in 11.5 moles
of H2 O
How many moles contain 5.75 x 1024 atoms of Al?
For examples and help see pages 320-324 in textbook.

Day 2

Mass and the Mole

Essential Questions:
1. Why can the mass of an atom be related to the

mass of a mole of atoms?

2. How can the number of moles be converted to the
mass of an element?

Day 2
Essential Questions:
1. Why can the mass of an atom be related to the

mass of a mole of atoms?

2. How can the number of moles be converted to the
mass of an element?
MAIN IDEA: A mole always contains the same
number of particles, however, moles of different
substances have different masses.

Relative Atomic Masses

To set up a relative scale of atomic mass, one atom

was chosen and assigned a mass value. (Carbon-12)

The mass of all other atoms are expressed in relation
to this one.
One Atomic Mass Unit or AMU is exactly 1/12 of
the mass of the Carbon-12 atom

Atomic Mass Units

The carbon-12 atom has been assigned 12 AMUs
Therefore in relation - Hydrogen is approximately

1 AMU
Activity Find how many amus are the following.
1. Iron
2. Chlorine
3. Magnesium
4. Why arent they whole numbers? Well

Review
What 3 parts is an atom made of?

Proton positive - in nucleus

2. Neutron neutral in nucleus
3. Electron - negative - outside of nucleus and much
smaller than protons and neutrons.
1.

Average Atomic Masses of Elements

In nature, elements occur as a mixture of isotopes.
Isotopes are the same element with a different

number of neutrons so the mass is different.

The percentage of each isotope is always the same,
no matter where it is found.
Average Atomic Mass is the weighted average of the
atomic masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of
an element. This is what is on the periodic table.

Example Carbon
There are 3 naturally occurring isotopes of carbon:

12, 13, and 14. 12C and 13C are stable, occurring in a
natural proportion of approximately 99:1.

Molar Mass
The mass in grams of 1 mole of a pure

substance is called the molar mass.

The molar mass of an element is = to

the atomic mass of the element in

atomic mass units (found on the
periodic table) but has the units
g/mol

Molar Mass
Molar Mass is written in units of

g/mol
Molar mass can be used as a

conversion factor to convert from

moles to mass (grams) and back.

Using Molar Mass

Suppose while working in the lab you

need 3.00 mol of copper for a reaction.

How would you measure that amount?
The molar mass of Cu is 63.545g/mol
from the periodic table.
So set up a conversion!
The answer is 191g.

How are the terms molar mass and atomic mass

different from one another?

Molar mass is used to describe the mass of one mole
of a compound or element.
Atomic mass is used to describe the mass of one
atom of an element in AMUs
But they are the same numerically.
NOTE : one atom cannot be weighed in grams! It is
too small!

MORE PRACTICE! Show your work

What is the mass in grams of 3.57

mol of Al?
How many moles is 525 g of Ca?
Determine the mass in grams

from 5.50 x 1022 atoms of He.