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4.1868 kJ/kcal
1.0 in SI unit
(BUET)
ME 201 (2015)
1 / 19
H
W = J Q
H
H
[J = 1.0 in SI unit]
Q = W
R2
R1
R2
R1
1 QA + 2 QC = 1 WA + 2 WC 1
R2
R1
R2
R1
1 QB + 2 QC = 1 WB + 2 WC 2
R
R
R
R
1 2 : 12 QA 12 QB = 12 WA 12 WB
R2
R2
R2
R2
1 QA 1 WA = 1 QB 1 WB
Z2
Z2
(Q W )A = (Q W )B =
T363
R2
Q12 W12 = E
(BUET)
ME 201 (2015)
2 / 19
(BUET)
ME 201 (2015)
3 / 19
(BUET)
ME 201 (2015)
4 / 19
E = U + KE + PE +
Q W = dU + d(KE ) + d(PE ) +
Q
dt
W
dt
dU
dt
d(KE )
dt
d(PE )
dt
dEcm
dt
+ =
dEcm
dt
_ W
_
=Q
R2
dU = U2 U1 = m(u2 u1 )
R2
d(KE ) = mVdV = 1 d(KE ) = 21 m(V22 V21 )
R2
d(PE ) = mgdZ = 1 d(PE ) = mg(Z2 Z1 ) = mgh
dU =
T133
Q12 W12 = (U2 U1 ) + 21 m(V22 V21 ) + mg(Z2 Z1 )
q12 w12 = (u2 u1 ) + 12 (V22 V21 ) + g(Z2 Z1 ) (u2 u1 )
T134
(BUET)
ME 201 (2015)
5 / 19
(BUET)
ME 201 (2015)
6 / 19
h u + Pv
Q12 W12 = E
Q12 W12 = U if KE 0, PE 0
R2
W12 = 1 PdV = P(V2 V1 )
T129
Q12 = U2 U1 + P(V2 V1 )
T117
T131
(BUET)
T132
ME 201 (2015)
7 / 19
(BUET)
ME 201 (2015)
8 / 19
Specific Heats
C
T139
(BUET)
ME 201 (2015)
9 / 19
1 Q
m T
CV
1
m
Q
T
CP
1
m
Q
T
q
u
dv
= T
+ P T
q = du + w = du + Pdv T
q
u
dv
cV T
= T
+ P T
= U
T V + 0
V
V
q
du
=
cV T
as u = f (T ) for ideal gas
= dT
V
q
h
dP
q = du + w = d(h Pv ) + Pdv = dh vdP T
= T
v T
q
h
dP
h
cP T
= T
v T
= T
0
P
P
P
q
dh
= dT
=
cP T
as h = f (T ) for ideal gas
P
cP cV = R
(BUET)
cV =
R
k 1
cP =
kR
k 1
ME 201 (2015)
10 / 19
Ru
M
cP (T ) cV (T ) = R
)
: k (T ) = ccVP (T
(T )
R2
du = cV dT u2 u1 = 1 cV (T )dT
R2
dh = cP dT h2 h1 = 1 cP (T )dT
cV (T ) =
R
k (T )1
T128
T115
(BUET)
T127
First Law of Thermodynamics
ME 201 (2015)
11 / 19
(BUET)
ME 201 (2015)
12 / 19
T123
Vavg
1
=
Ac
Vn dAc
Ac
T443
T444
dmcv
dt
(BUET)
mcv (t +t )mcv (t )
me
= mit
t
cv
if t 0 : dm
_ i
dt = m
m
_ i
T122
m
_ e
m
_ = Vn dAc
T124
R
m
_ =
A Vn dA
m
_ e
ME 201 (2015)
13 / 19
(BUET)
: m
_ = AV =
AV
v
(for 1d flow)
ME 201 (2015)
14 / 19
ME 201 (2015)
16 / 19
dmcv
dt
m
_ i
m
_ e
dmcv /dt = 0
P
_ i = m
_ 1 +m
_ 2
im
P
_ e = m
_ 3
em
m
_ = AV
m
_ 3 = 3 (AV)3
T125
2 = (T = T2 , P = P2 )
3 = (x = 0.0, P = P3 )
= m
_ 2 = 14.15 kg/s, V2 = 5.7 m/s .
T099
(BUET)
ME 201 (2015)
15 / 19
(BUET)
= Q Wcv
T100
dEcv
dt
_ W
_ + m
= Q
_ i ei m
_ e ee
V2i
V2e
_
_
_ i
ui +
_ e
ue +
= Q W +m
+ gzi m
+ gze
2
2
V2i
V2e
_ W_
+
gz
+
gz
+
m
_
h
+
m
_
h
+
= Q
i
e
cv
i
i
e
e
2
2
_ = W
_
_
_
_
_
W
s + Wb + Wf = Wcv + Wf
h u + Pv
(BUET)
ME 201 (2015)
17 / 19
Bernoullis Equation
h = u + Pv dh = du + Pdv + vdP , so for
isothermal process and incompressible fluid,
dh = vdP h1 h2 =
P1 P2
V21
2g
+ z1 =
P2
g
V22
2g
+ z2
: pressure head
: velocity head
: elevation head
(BUET)
Closed System: 7 m
_ i = m
_ e = 0.
dEcv
dt
_ W
_
=Q
net
dEcv
dt
=0
z
)
0=Q
+
m
_
(h
h
)
+
1
2
cv
1
2
2
_
_
_
W
_ i vi m
_ e ve )
f = P(Vi Ve ) = P(m
P
g
V2
2g
X
X
V2i
V2e
+
m
_ i
m
_ e
hi +
he +
+ gzi
+ gze
2
2
e
ME 201 (2015)
19 / 19
(BUET)
ME 201 (2015)
18 / 19