SPM PHYSICS NOTES ON FORCES, MOTION, PRESSURE, HEAT AND LIGHT

PHYSICS NOTES SPM
@JMCO
CHARACTERISTICS OR PROPERTIES MARKING SCHEME

FOR MODIFICATIONS DAN MAKING DICISIONS QUESTIONS
Chapter 1/2/3 (FORCES AND MOTION/PRESSURE)
NO
ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/MODIFICATION
The small reading of scale 0.01 cm
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Front and rear crumple zones

Air bags
Dashboard - made of soft material
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Seat belt
Headrest
Thicker wall at the base
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The wall is constructed using stronger

materials //Using reinforce concrete
Equipped with the water overflow system
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The mass must be high

The types of engine is diesel
The diameter of the tyre must be bigger
Streamline
Low Density
Specific heat capacity high
High strength
Material made from glass
Small diameter of capillary tube
High density of shots/added more
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Big diameter of bottom bulb

Aerodynamics //Cone shape at top
Small mass
Less than half of the bottle filled with
water(water roket)
3 or 4 wings
Angle of projection = 45 degree
Low density of an object
Higher density
High engine power
High spring constant //Stiffer spring
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Wide tyre //Smooth tyre

Use a spring with a bigger diameter
The spring is made from steel
a larger k(spring constant)
Spring is greatly compressed
Slope of inclined plane is 45 degrees
The melting point should be high
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
REASON/EXPLANATION
More sensitif/ accurate/suitable to measure a small
length
To increase time of impact //To reduce impulsive force.
Will inflate during collision/to prevent driver and
passenger colliding with steering wheel and dashboard.
To lengthen the time of impact so as to reduce
impulsive force.
To prevent passengers thrown foward due to it inertia
To prevent head thrown back due to its inertia
To withstand greater pressure at the bottom as the
pressure increases with depth
To avoid the wall from breaking //To increase the
strength of the wall //To avoid leaking
To avoid flooding //To channel away the overflow
water
So that the vehicles becomes more stable
So the cost is low
So the pressure is low // more stable
Reduce the resistance of water
Higher buoyant force
Absorbs heat slowly
Difficult to damage
Glass does not corrode with acid
To increase the sensitivity of the hydrometer
Makes the hydrometer stays upright//Lower center of
gravity
To obtain a bigger upthrust/stability
Reducing of air friction
Higher rate of acceleration//Easy to carry
Enough space for increasing air pressure//Big buoyant
force
The stability of the rocket
Increase the flight distance
So that it is lighter//Accelerate faster
Bigger inertia/stability
To produce high acceleration//High resultant force
So that the spring is stiffer //Motorcycle bounce less
//Less vibration
To increase stability//To reduce friction
So that k is bigger
the type of material influences k produces a bigger
elastic PE. Elastic PE. changes to KE.
So that elastic Potential Energy is bigger
So that distance is maximum
To be able to withstand high temperature
@JMCO
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The material must be very strong

Shaped with a curved surface at the top
and a flat surface at the bottom
(aerodynamic)
Run with higher speed
Bend pole greater //Jump when the pole is
maximum bend
Elastic pole // strong material // low
density
Wear fit attire
Use mattress/soft material
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Made of concrete
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Thicker wall at the bottom

Height from ground is high (dam)
Wide base cross section area
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High volume of air space in the ship

Spring arrange in parallel
Spring with thicker wire
Spring with smaller diameter of coil
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Rope with small diameter (parachute)

Long stem(for hydrometer)
Stem with smaller diameter
Low rate of rusting
Semicircular curve shaped(for slope)
Smooth surface
Synthetic material
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PHYSICS NOTES SPM
To be able to withstand very strong force

To achieve an upward lifting force when moving at high
speed
To increase kinetic energy
Increase elastic potential energy
So that the pole can return to it original shape // So
that it will not break // light
Reduce air resistance
Increase time of collision // reduce impulsive
force//increase landing time
Stronger // Not easy to break
// metal can rust easily
Able to withstand the higher pressure at the bottom
To produce a greater difference in pressure
So that ship can float//prevent from overturn // ship
more stable // ship not sink deeper
Produce bigger buoyant force// ship can float
The spring sistem is stiffer/less extension/less elastic
The spring is stiffer/wire not easily break
Increase the stiffness of the spring//can with stand
higher force
Accupy less space/less mass
Cover a wider range of densities
Sink more and increase the sensitivity
To ensure tha material last longer
Exchange between KE and GPE easily
Easily to move/reduce frictional force
Light weight/air-proof material
@JMCO
Chapter 4 (HEAT)
NO
The lid of the pan designed to lower the

air pressure inside the pan
The lid of the pan made of substance which
has weak conductivity of heat
Made from material with low specific heat
capacity
Made from a low density material
Made from material that is not easily
corroded or oxidized
The handle of the pot is made from
material with high specific heat capacity
The pot is designed to have vertical
compartments which can be added or
removed
High melting point
Liquid that difficult to compress.
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High degree of hardness

Large numbers of fin blade (Engines)
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Big size of fan
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High boiling point
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High specific heat capacity
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Increase the length/area of cooling coil
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A storage tank must be place at a higher

level
Pipe embedded in plate must be long
The pipe inside the plate must be made of
metal
Thermometer is made from strong
transparent glass
Thermometric liquid chosen is mercury
Capillary tube is made narrow and thin
Shape of the thermometer is round
Thermometer is placed in melting ice
Thermometer is placed in steam
Low specific heat capacity of ice cream box
Smaller size of ice cream box
Plastic PVC
Bright colour of outer box
Use insulator behind the absorber panel
Use an absorber panel which is painted
black.
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PHYSICS NOTES SPM
REASON/EXPLANATION
The boiling point of water decreased
Heat will not absorbed by the the lid, so heat will not
lost to surrounding
Temperature in the pot can be increased quickly when
heated. This saves fuel / cooking gas.
Pot is light and more portable
Pot is more durable and will not contaminate the food
with dangerous material
The handle becomes hot slower and can be held
without scorching the hand
This makes the pot versatile because different food can
be cooked at the same time
Does not melt easily if there is an increase in
temperature.
Pressure will be transmited uniformly in all directions/
flows easily
Can withstand great force // does not break easily
Increase surface area // release heat quickly // engine
cools quickly
Can suck more air // more air can be blow to the engine
/Can cool down a larger area
Not easily to vaporize // the volume of liquid reduce
slowly // takes a longer time to boil
Takes a longer time to become hot // the rise in
temperature is slow
Increase the resistance/Can transfer the heat faster to
the surrounding
To give higher pressure
Will enlarge surface area will absorbs heat faster
Metal is a good heat conductor,so it will transmit heat
to water easily
Not easily broken
Because it easily expands uniformly
More sensitive
Has magnifying effect
To obtain the lower point
To obtain the upper point
Easy get cold // becomes cool quickly
Easier to carry // easy too become cool
Poor conductor of heat
Does not absorb heat from surrounding quickly
To prevent the loss of heat energy
A black surface is a good absorber of radiation so it will
absorb heat faster
@JMCO
Chapter 5 (LIGHT)
NO
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Small critical angle.

Strong material
Flexible material.
Fine diameter
High refractive index
Optical fibre in a bundle
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Material with weak rigidity

Material with great strength
A plane mirror mounted on an adjustable
arm
Use a converging mirror instead of plane
mirror
Place the filament at the centre of
curvature of the converging mirror // use
high powered lens
Use heat filter
Electric fan operates during and after the
lamp is switched on
Shorter // smaller size of binocular
Use prism to make the total internal
reflection occur
Higher density
Objective lens with larger diameter
Eyepiece with higher power
Shorter focal length
Convex lens
u a bit bigger than f
Periscope
2 plane mirror/prism
Casing to hold the mirror
Convex mirror
Optical fibre with higher densities/
refractive index inner compare than outer
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PHYSICS NOTES SPM
REASON/EXPLANATION
Allow more light to involve in total internal reflection
Not easily broken.
Can easily change the shape.
Can enter small holes.
Total internal reflection can occur easily
Large number of signal/higher intensity of light can
propagate
The optical fibre can be bent easily
The optical fibre can last longer//not easily spoil
Reflects light to the vertical screen, corrects lateral and
vertical inversion
Focus the light directly to the lens // increase the
intensity of light.
Light goes directly from the lamp and reflect back on
the same path // increase the intensity of light towards
the transparency // to get brighter image
To absorb excess heat to the transparency
Cooling system to stabilize the temperature (heat
energy produced by filament bulb)
easy to carry
Produce upright image
Higher refractive indeks
More light passes through the lens
Shorter focal length
Higher power/increase the magnification
Can produce real image
Produce maximum magnification
Cheaper than CCTV
Can reflect light from object
Easier to handle periscope
Wider field view
To ensure total internal reflection occur
@JMCO
Form 5
Chapter 6 (WAVE)
NO
Build near bay
Build retaining walls
Concrete barrier structure with a gap in

between
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Build high retaining wall

Thick area at the base of the wall
Long wavelength
Short Slit
Ultrasonic wave
REASON/EXPLANATION
Waves are calmer due to divergence of energy//
Convergence of waves at the cape//The bay is
shallower//The speed of waves decreases//The
amplitude of waves at the bay is small
Reduce direct impact of the waves on the shore. To
reflect the waves from the shore//Protect the area
from large waves //Avoid erosion
Waves passing through the gap will be diffracted in the
childrens area/the smaller amplitude of the diffracted
waves causes the sea to be calmer there energy of
waves decreases.
To ensure the water not overflow.
To withstand high pressure at the base
Easy to diffract
Diffraction more obvious
Can transfer more energy
Chapter 7/8 (ELECTRIC & ELECTROMAGNET)

NO
The electric appliances are connected in

parallel
Fit fuse at the live wire in the fuse box/Use

miniature circuit breakers (mcbs)
Earth connection to the metal case of

electrical appliances
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Use low power lamps / install fluorescent

lamp
Regularly cleaning and removing dust from
the air filters of air conditioners
Low power lamp
High efficiency
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Long life span

Low price/cost
Smaller surface area
High melting point
Long (coiled) metal
Low rate of oxidation
Low resistance
Low resistivity
Low rate of thermal expansion
Use thin diaphragm
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
REASON/EXPLANATION
Allow each electric appliances to be switched on and
off independently/Higher voltage
One appliaces damage the another can still function
To stop the flow of current by melting when a high
voltage of electric current flows through the circuit //
switches itself off very quickly if the current exceeds
Earth wire connected to earth, so that when a fault
occurs and a current flows through the live wire and
the earth wire, the fuse in the live wire will blow and
cut off the supply.
To reduce the energy use
Do not waste the electrical energy
To make sure the appliaces function effectively
Save cost//electric bill
The room looks brighter//high output power//less
power wastage
No need to replace often
Save money/cost
The resistance is higher
Not easy to melt
To increase the resistance
Does not oxidize easily / can be used for a longer period
Current will increase / more heat will be produced
To reduce heat loss in the cables
The cables will not expand under hot weather
Easy to vibrate
@JMCO
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Use strong material

More number of turns of coil
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Thicker diameter of wire of coil

Using more powerful magnet to increase
the strength of the magnetic field
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Change slip rings with commutator
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Use stronger magnet

Use more number of turn for the coil/
Increase the speed of rotation
Diameter should be large
The rate of expansion should be low
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Use capacitor
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Using concave surface soft iron
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Using a laminated iron core

Thick copper wire
Using soft iron for the core
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Winding the secondary and primary coils

on top each other.
Not easy to break

Increase the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage //
The magnitude of the induced current or is also
increased
Reduce the resistance of the coil
Increase the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage
//The magnitude of the induced current or induced
electromotive force is also increased
To reverse contact with brushes so that the current
flow in same direction in external circuit
To increase the magnetic field strength
Increase the rate of change of magnetic field/increase
the induced current
To reduce the resistance of the cables
So there is less expansion and less sagging in the cables
during hot days
To smoothen the current produced/to store electric
charge
Produce radial magnetic field to ensure smooten
rotatation
Reduce Eddy current in iron core
Reduce the resistance of the coil
Reduce the hysterisis loss.
Easy to magnetize and demagnitize
Reduce Leakage of Magnetic Flux
Chapter 9 (RADIOACTIVE)
NO
The half-life should be a few days long
The source should emit particles
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The detector should be able to detect

particles (low ionising particles)
Has a long half-life
Emits beta
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Solid form
Low ionising power
Higher ionising power
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
REASON/EXPLANATION
This allows for the location to be detected and the
radioactive contamination is reduced
This enables the radiation to be detected above the
ground/high penetrating power
High ionising particles like and particles are
absorbed by the ground
Can be used for a long time hence save cost
Can penetrate box and liquid and is less
dangerous than gamma
Easy to handle and contain.
Does not change the state and taste of juice
Easy for the medium to conduct electricity
@JMCO
UNDERSTANDING Questions
Form 4
CHAPTER 1
1. Explain the differences between accuracy and
consistency of a measuring instrument by
using suitable examples.
Accuracy is the ability of the instrument to give
readings close to the actual value.
The value determined is accurate if it is near to
the actual value
The consistency of a measuring instrument is
the ability of instrument to record consistent
readings for each measurement with little
deviation among readings.
The measurement is consistent if the values
determined are close to each other.
CHAPTER 2
2. To accelerate 2 objects with the same
acceleration, the heavier object needs a bigger
force. Explain the statement.
Higher mass, higher inertia
To accelerate an object, need to overcome the
inertia first.
Therefore, more force is needed for heavier
object.
3. Can you explain why the passenger thrown
forward when the bus suddenly stop and the
head of the passenger were thrown back when
the car started moving?
When the bus was moving, the passenger were
also moving at the same speed as the bus.
When the bus stopped, the passengers
continued moving. Hence, they were thrown
foward.
The people in the car tried to remain in their
state of rest when the car started moving.
Hence, they were thrown back.
In both situations, the passengers were
resisting a change in their state of motion and
also known as Inertia.
The concept of inertia also known as Newtons
First Law of Motion, which states that an
object will remain at rest or continue with a
constant speed in a straight line unless an
external forces acting on it
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
4. Can you explain why a maximum speed of

supertanker might need to stop its engine over
a distance of about 3 km before it can come to
stop?
A supertanker at a state of motions and have a
maximum velocity.
A supertanker has a larger mass.
A larger mass have a larger inertia.
When the engine stop, the supertanker will
continue it state of motions.
So it take a longer distance/time to stop due to
its has a larger inertia.
5. Explain why a softball player moves his hand
backwards while catching a fast moving ball.
Other situation: bend our knee after jump?
A soft ball has a high velocity.
A soft ball has a high momentum.
The soft ball player moves his hand backward
to increase time impact.
The higher the time impact will reduce
impulsive force.
So we will not feel hurt.
6. Diagram (a) shows two identical spherical
plasticine balls before being released from the
same height. Diagram (b) shows the state of
the plasticine balls when they hit the wood

and the sponge. It was observed that the
plasticine stopped more quickly when it hit the
wood.
Explain the changes in energy that occur from
the moment the plasticine ball is released until
reaches the position in Diagram (b)
Before released, the plasticine has
Gravitational Potential energy.
When falling, Gravitational Potential energy
changes to Kinetic energy
When the plasticine hits the surface of wood,
the Kinetic energy changes to Heat energy / /
Sound energy
The energy / work done is use to changes the
shape of sponge
@JMCO
7. Explain how the forces between the molecules

caused the elasticity when the spring is
compressed and stretched.
There are two types of force; attraction and
repulsive force between the particles of the solid.
When the solid is stretched, the molecules
displaced away from each other
Attractive forces are acting to oppose the
stretching
When the solid is compressed, the molecules
displaced closer to each other
Repulsive forces are acting to oppose the
compression
8. Explain how you can determine the density of
cork stopper.
Measure the mass of the cork stopper
Tie the stopper with string and put it into a
measuring cylinder filled with water
Change in volume of water displaced equal to the
volume of the stopper.
Density of stopper = Mass/Volume
9. Using the principle of conservation of
momentum, explain the working principle of
the rocket.
Fuel burns in the combustion chamber
Hot gases expelled at high speed backwards
A large backwards momentum is produced
Based on the principle of conservation of
momentum, the rocket gains forwards
momentum of equal magnitude
10. Why the boy with mass 40kg slides down the
flume when the angle of inclination is 30 o and
remains stationary when the angle of
inclination is 17.5o.(the frictional force is
120N)
Boy slide down when component of weight

parallel to the slope is higher than frictional
force
Resultant force acting to produced
acceleration
Boy remain stationary when component of
weight parallel to the slope is equal to
frictional force
Resultant force is equal to zero make the boy
in force equilibrium
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
11. Explain why the boat moves away from the

jetty as a boy jumps out of the boat onto the
river bank.
When the boy jumps onto the river bank, his

momentum is forward.
Using the Principle of conservation of
momentum
the total momentum before and after
jumping is equal
The boat moves backward to balance the
forward momentum
12. Explain why the need of steel structure and

the separate compartments to build in lorry
carrying heavy load.
The inertia of lorry and load is very big when it

is moving
The separate compartments make the load
divided into smaller mass, thus reducing the
inertia of each unit.
The momentum of lorry and load is very big
when it is moving and produce a bigger
impulsive force.
The steel structure will prevent the loads from
smashing into the drivers compartment
during emergency braking.
13. Why we feel easier to pull the wheel barrow

compared to push the load?
The object on the wheel barrow has a weight

When we push the wheel barrow there is
force acting on the ground in the same
direction as the weight.
So the total force acting on the ground is the
weight and the force produced when we push
the wheel barrow.
When we pull the wheel barrow the force
produced is in opposite direction with the
weight.
So the total force acting on the floor is a
weight less the force produced when we pull
the wheel barrow
@JMCO
CHAPTER 3
19. Diagram shows a copper block and a bowl

shape copper sheet of same mass.
14. Explain why the wooden block move upwards

and then float on the water surface when it
release from the above of the water surface.
Buoyant force increase when the volume of

water displace increase.
Buoyant force higher than weight of block.
Boyant force pushed the wooden block
upward.
The wooden block then float because the
buoyant force is equal to the weight of the
wooden block
Archimedes principle
15. Exlplain how the brake system operates when the

car needs to slow down.
When the brake is pressed, a force is applied

to the piston and pressure is exerted.
Pressure is transmitted uniformly throughout
the brake fluid.
Force is exerted on the piston of the brake
pads
Brake pads will press against the brake discs.
16. The toothpaste flows out of its tube while

squeezing at the bottom end
Explain how the toothpaste flows out and name a
physics principle related to it.
Force is applied to the toothpaste (tube)

Will produced a pressure
The toothpaste carry the pressure
and apply the pressure of the equal magnitude
to the whole tube
Pascals principle
17. Explain how a submarine is able to submerge
into deep sea water
Valve release air from ballast tank.
Sea water flooded ballast tank
The weight of water displaced is smaller.
Buoyant force < Weight of the submarine
18. Explain why a balloon filled with helium gas
rises up in the air.
The balloon acted by two forces: Buoyant
force and the weight of the balloon
The density of helium gas is less than the
density of surrounding air
Buoyant force equals to the weight of the air
displaced by the balloon
Buoyant force is higher than the weight of the
balloon
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
Explain why the copper block sink in water but

the bowl shape copper sheet floats on water
two forces act on the copper block and bowl
are buoyant force and weight
Buoyant force small because small volume //
vise versa
The average density of cooper sheet is smaller
than density of water. Cooper sheet will float.
Block sink because weight > Buoyant force
Sheet float because weight = Buoyant force
20. Diagram shows a cross-sectional of a wing of a
moving aeroplane. The wing of the aeroplane
experiences a lift force. Explain why the lift
force acts on the wing of the aeroplane.
Higher velocity on the upper surface and

lower velocity on the lower surface
Thus produced lower pressure on the upper
surface and higher pressure on the lower
surface
Lift force = difference in pressure x area of
surface
Bernoullis principle
21. Explain the principle of Insect Piston Spray
When the piston is pushed, air is forced out

through the jet of gas at a high speed.
According to Bernoullis Principle, the
pressure of the moving air decreases as the
speed of the air increases.
The higher atmospheric pressure in the insect
poison container will push
the insect poison liquid up through the
narrow metallic tube.
@JMCO
22. Explain how the vacuum cleaner is able to

remove dust from the floor
the fan blow air out of the vent

produce a partial vacuum area in the vacuum
cleaner
difference in pressure occurs/atmospheric
pressure is higher than the pressure inside the
vacuum cleander
forced is exerted in/pushed in the dirt.
27. Explain how the evaporation process

resulting in reduced fluid temperature.
23. Bunsen burner burning with yellow flame .

Explain how a blue flame can be produced.
High velocity of gas flow in narrow passage of

burner creating region of low pressure
Higher atmospheric pressure pushes outer air
inside and mix with the gas
Complete mixture of combustion will produce
blue flame
Enlarge the orifice to allow more air
24. The roof of a house being lifted by strong winds.

Explain why.
The strong wind above the roof is moving very fast

While the air in the house is at rest
According to Bernoullis principle, the higher the
velocity, the lower the pressure
pressure inside the house is higher than the
outside.
a force is generated by the difference in pressure
which is strong enough to lift the roof.
25. Explain why the hovercraft moves with

constant velocity in terms of the force
acting on it
The forward force = friction // forward thrust

= drag
The resultant force is zero
The hovercraft is in force in equilibrium
CHAPTER 4
26. Water is used as a cooling agent in a

radiator. Explain how water is used as a
cooling agent in the radiator.
Water has high specific heat capacity

When water in tube passes through the engine
it can absorb large amount of heat energy
Once water reach the radiator, the heat of

the water absorbed by the fin blade of the
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
radiator
The same time the fan in the radiator push the
heat out of the car.
In the water, molecules are constantly

moving at different velocities
At water surface, high moving molecules
gain high kinetic energy
The bond between molecules overcome and
water is released to the air.
Losing of high moving water molecules,
water pressure will decrease and thus the
temperature decreases
28. According to the principle of thermal

equilibrium and the working principle of a
thermometer, explain how a doctor can
check his patient temperature during medical
treatment.
Thermometer is placed in the mouth of

patient,
Heat is transferred from patients body to the
thermometer.
Thermal equilibrium between the
thermometer and patients body is reached
when the net rate of heat transfer is zero.
The thermometer and the patients body are
at the same temperature.
The thermometer reading shows the
temperature of the patients body.
29. Explain the changes which occur in the liquid

naphthalene when it is cooled until it changes
from the liquid to the solid state.
As liquid naphthalene cools, it loses energy to
surroundings
Its temperature begins to fall until it reaches
freezing point 800C
At its freezing point, naphthalene begins to
solidify as molecules become closely packed.
Heat energy is lost to surrounding.(Latent
heatof fusion)
Temperature remains constant
Kinetic energy remains constant
30. Why the ice cube stick to the wet finger. Not
to dry Finger?
Melting of ice cube will absorb heat(Latent
heat of fusion)
The finger has small amount of heat when it is
wet and it will be absorbed by the ice cube.
@JMCO
The heat release from water causes it to be

frozen.
So the ice cube and finger will stick together
due to the frozen of water
Furthermore, finger have a rough surface and
it helps the ice stick to our finger
34. The coldest weather experienced in late

winter, when snow began to melt. Explain why?
Heat needed to melt snow
Latent heat of fusion is absorbed to convert
solid into liquid phase
More heat is absorbed from the environment
31. When a few drops of ether hand contact with

a student, his hands felt cold. Explain how this
happens.
Boiling point of ether is low
Temperature of hands higher than the
temperature of ether
Cause heat flowing from hand to ether
Ether evaporates // bring the latent heat of
vaporization
causes the low temperature and cold hands
34. Using kinetic theory of gasses, explain how

the pressure increase when the temperature
increase in the pressure cooker.
Molecules moving freely in random motion
When temperature increase, kinetic
energy//velocity increase
Molecules strike the walls of pressure cooker
more frequently
The rate of change of momentum increase
Force exerted on the walls increase, pressure
(P = F/A) increase
31. Your body sweats when you are feeling

hot.How does sweating helps to cool down
your body?
When we do the activity involving body

movement, sweat will be produced.
Water evaporates from the skin during

sweating.
During evaporation, change of phase of

matter from liquid to steam occur.
The heat is needed to change this phase is

call the latent heat of vapourisation.
So we feel cool when evaporation occur due

to the release of heat from our body.
Factor influence the process: air velocity,

temperature and humidity.
32. We cannot use a cooling system of a
refrigerator to cool the hot room. Explain
why?
Cooling system of a refrigerator is smaller
Less cool air from refrigerator flow out

compare to the hot air flow in
Position of refrigerator is on the floor
The cool air does not flow upward

33. Why we put the fishes in the ice cube rather
than cold water?
Ice melts need heat known as latent heat of

fusion
Heat is absorbed from the fish.
Fish will release heat until 0oC
Cold water not experience a change of phase
Only process of thermal equilibrium will

happen when they in thermal contact.
The lower temperature is not 0oC
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
35. In the morning feel hot at the sea .Explain

why this phenomenon happens?
During the day,the land and the sea receive
the same amount of heat from the sun
Water has a higher specific capacity than the
land
The land is heated to a higher temperature
than the sea
The density of the air above the sea is higher
than the density of the air above the land
The air above the land flows up and the air
above the sea flows towards the land
CHAPTER 5
36. Tousrist at a beach observing the sunset.
Explain why the tourist can still able to see the
sun even though it has already set.
Refraction of light ray occurs

Light travels from less dense to a denser
medium
The light will bend towards the normal
In the observer eyes, the sun is still not setting
as they can still see the image from refraction
37. While driving a car on a hot day, you may see

a mirage on the road. Explain how mirage
occurred.
The layers of air nearer the road warmer.

The density of air decrease nearer to the
road surface.
The light travel from denser to less dense
area.
The light refract away from the normal
When the angle of incidence exceed the
critical angle, total internal reflection occurs
@JMCO
38. Diagram shows a ray of light directed

perpendicularly at a side of the semi circular
glass block. The ray passes through the glass
block to a point O before leaving the glass
block. The angle of incidence in the glass
block is 30.
41. It is known that the sky is red during sunset

and the formation of rainbow on the sky
always appeared after raining. Explain these
phenomena.
Explain how total internal reflection occurs in

diagram above?
Increase the angle of incidence, then angle of

refraction will also increase
Keep on increasing the angle of incidence
until angle of refraction is 90
The angle of incidence is called critical angle
Increase the angle of incidence more than the
critical angle, the ray will be reflected
internally.
Light consisting of seven colours.

Red has the longest wave length and the last
to be refracted during sunset.
A droplet of water trap in the atmosphere
after raining acts a lens.
Light travel through this water droplet and
undergo the process of refraction ,total
internal reflection and dispersion of light
occurred.
42. The sound wave from the train(etc) can be

heard loudly and clearly at night. Why?
Air near the ground colder tha above air

Air layer the ground more denser
Sound travel slower in cold air/wavelength
decrease in cold air
Sound bend toward the observer/sound bend
away to normal
39. Explain why a piece of paper burns when

placed under a convex lens aimed towards
hot sun rays.
The parallel rays of the sun will pass through

the a convex lens
After entering the lens, the light rays is
focused at the principal focus of the lens
At the principal focus, the light ray is focused
on one small area
Heat energy causes an increase in
temperature, the paper starts to burn
40. Explain how you would estimate the focal

length of a convex lens in your school
laboratory.
The convex lens is aimed/focused to a distant

object (infinity)
The screen is adjusted until a sharp image is
formed on the screen
The distance between the screen and the
lens is measured
Focal length = distance between the screen
and the lens
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
@JMCO
Form 5
CHAPTER 6
43. Explain how the depth of the sea can be
measured.
ocean depths can be measured using
equipment and hydrophone OSK
hydrophone can detect ultrasonic waves in
water that are emitted
OSK can measure the time after the
transmitted and reflected waves back to the
receiver.
The depth can be calculated using the formula
d=(vt)/2
47. Descibe the movement of two similiar ships

that are located at A and B. Explain?
44. Can you explain why the wave front of sea

water will follow the shape of the shore
when it approaches the shore?
The depth of the water decreasing as it travel

towards the shore.
The velocity and wavelength is decreasing

due to the wave travel from the deeper to
the shallow area.
The wave will bend and change their

direction(refraction occurs).
So, wave front of sea water will follow the

shape of the shore.
45. Explain why strong double-glazed glass is

used as walls of the observation tower in an
airport.
All particles in a material/matter/glass

vibrate at its natural frequency
The airplane engine produces noise which

cause the air to vibrate
Due to resonance, the glass vibrate at a

higher/maximum amplitude
Need strong glasses to withstand the effect

of resonance which vibrate with high
amplitude
so that it does not brek easily
46. How can when the oprah singer sing can make
the glass break.
The singer sing with a certain frequency and
produce sound energy
The energy is transferred to the glass
Resonance occures when the sound frequency
made by the singer is the same as the natural
frequency of the glass
The glass will vibrate with maximum
amplitude
Increase in energy transferred may cause the
glass to break
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
The ship at A will move up and down

Because constructive inteference(Antinodal
line) happens at point A
The ship will remain calm at location B
Because destructive inteference(Nodal line)
happens at point B
CHAPTER 7
48. Explain the advantages of parallel circuit in a

house wiring system.
A parallel circuit can run several devices using

the full voltage of the supply.
If one device fails, the others will continue
running normally
If the device shorts, the other devices will receive
no voltage, preventing overload damage.
A failure of one component does not lead to the
failure of the other components.
More components may be added in parallel
without the need for more voltage.
Each electrical appliance in the circuit has it
own switch
49. Explain why a three pin plug is more suitable

compared with a two pin plug.
Two pin plug has no earth wire while three

pin plug has earth wire
Using 2 pin plug, if there is leakage of current it
will also flow through the metal body while
using 3 pin plug if there is leakage of current
it will flow to the ground
The person who touches the metal body will
experiences electric shock while using 3 pin
plug, the current will be earthed
Using 2 pin is not safe to the consumer while
using 3 pin plug is more safer to the consumer
@JMCO
50. What happen to the candle flame when it

place between 2 metal plate supply with Extra
High Tension (EHT).
Candle flame spread into two

Heat from candle split neutral air molecules
into + and - ions
Positive charge will attracted to negative plate
while negative charge will atracted to positive
plate
Candle flame spread wider to negative plate
because positive charge is more haviear than
negative charge
51. Toaster T marked 240 V, 650 W and toaster U

marked 240 V, 840 W.
Determine Which toaster has a heating
element with a smaller resistance.
toaster U
both the toaster has equal voltage
Power = V2/R
toaster with a higher power has a heating
element with a smaller resistance
52. Explain why the bulb connected to two dry

cells lights up brighter than one bulb
connected to one dry cell.
The two dry cells are connected in parallel
The effective e.m.f. remains the same
The effective internal resistance of the two
cells is smaller
A larger current will flow through the bulb to
make it brighter
53. A battery consists of two 1.5 V dry cells
connected to a bulb labeled 2.5V, 0.3 A.
Found that the bulb is lit with a normal
brightness when the switch is turned on.
Explain why the bulb is lit with a normal
brightness even EMF of battery is greater than
that metol.
battery has a internal resistance

some of the battery EMF is lost to overcome
internal resistance
So, voltage supplied to the bulb is almost
similar to voltage needed to light the bulb
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
CHAPTER 8
54. The acceleration of a magnet that drops
vertically into a solenoid is much smaller than
the gravitational acceleration. Explain the
statement.
Magnetic flux change in the solenoid
Induced current generates in the solenoid
Direction of induced current always flows
in the direction to generate magnetic pole
to oppose the pole of the falling magnet.
(Lenzs law)
Therefore, acceleration is lower
55. Explain how the electromagnet crane can be
used to lift scrap metal.
Current flow through the solenoid,
magnetic field is produced
Soft iron core will be magnetized
The scrap metal attracted to the iron core
No current flow, soft iron demagnetized
and metal scrap fall down
56. Most of our electric energy comes from
hydroelectric power stations and thermal
power station. These power stations are
connected by cables to transmit electricity to
users in industries, offices, schools and
houses. This system is called the national grid
network.
Explain briefly the importance of the national
grid network system in distributing electric
energy to the users.
The electrical supply is continuous,

although there is faulty in one of the
power station
The electrical energy from other station is
directed to the affected areas
The electrical energy from other area is
directed to the areas that need more
energy
The overall cost of production of
electricity can be reduced
@JMCO
59. Explain how the generator works to produce

direct current.
57. Diagram shows the pattern of magnetic field

formed when current flows in a coil.
Explain why the magnetic field strength is
greater at the center compared to the edge.
The direction of the magnetic field on the left

coil is anti clockwise
The direction of the magnetic field on the
right coil is clockwise
rotate the coil in clockwise direction

the coil cut across the magnetic field
current is induced in the coil
The commutator change the direction in the
coil so that the direction of current in external
circuit always the same.
60. Explain how the speed of coil (force) of

generator can be increased.
Increased input current

Increase strength of magnetic field
Increase length of conductor
61. Explain how to increase induced current in a

generator.
Increase the speed of conductor
Increase strength of magnetic field
Increase length of conductor
62. Explain the working principle of a transformer.
As the result the magnetic fields in the

middle of the coil are in the same direction,
ie upward.
So the magnetic field will be stronger in the
middle.
58. Using the concept of the magnetic effect of

an electric current, explain with the aid of
diagrams how forces are produced on a wire
in the coil of direct current electric motor?
The magnets produce a magnetic field /

diagram
The current in the wire produces a magnetic
field / diagram
The two magnetic fields interact/combine to
form a resultant / catapult field / diagram
The motor will rotate due to the differences
of force produce//turning effect from this
two forces
63. Explain the working principle of an electric

bell.
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
When a.c. voltage is supplied to primary coil,

(alternating current will flow) and
The soft iron core is magnetized.
The magnet produced varies in magnitude
and direction.
This causes a changing magnetic flux pass
through the secondary coil.
An induced EMF across the secondary coil is
produced
When the bell is pressed, a current flows in

the coils of the electromagnet, causing the
electromagnet to be magnetized.
The magnetized electromagnet attracts the
soft-iron armature, causing the hammer to
strike the gong.
The movement of the armature breaks the
circuit and causes the electromagnet to lose it
magnetism.
The light spring pulls the armature back,
remaking the contact and completing the
circuit again.
The cycle is repeated so long as the bell push
is pressed and continuous ringing occurs.
@JMCO
64. Explain how to increase the sensitivity of a

moving coil meter?
Increase the strength of magnetic field
Increase the number of turns of coil
Increase the stiffness of hairsprings
Decrease the mass of the coil and pointer
CHAPTER 9
65. Explain how the green shadow produced in
the CRO screen?
6V heater supply produced electron on it
surface
When 3 kV power supply are connected
Cathode rays/electron accelerate in a straight
line.
Cathode rays carry kinetic energy and
Converts to light energy when they hit the
screen.
CHAPTER 10
68. Radioisotope Strontium-90 is used to
measure the thickness of paper in a paper
industry Explain how Strontium-90 is used
to measure the thickness piece of paper?
69. Nuclear fission produces a chain reaction.

Describe how the chain reaction occurs in a
nuclear fission of an atom of Uranium- 235.
66. Explain why the bulb light up at night
At night resistance LDR increases

VBE increases (higher than 0.7 V for Si)
Ib increases and switch on transistor
Ic, increases and lights up bulb
67. Explain how to increase rate of thermionic

emission.
Increase the temperature of metal
Increase surface area
Copper has higher rate of thermionic emission
then iron.
Coat with matal oxides. Matal oxides emit
electron at lower temperature.
Neutron bombarded a uranium nucleus and

produced three neutral neutron
The new neutron bombarded a new uranium
nucleus
For every reaction, the neutrons produced
will generate a chain reaction
Diagram of chain reaction
70. Alpha particles can observed by using clod

chamber. Explain why the tracks formed is
thick and straight tracks.
The tracks are thick due to strong ionising
effect of alpha particles.
A lot of alcohol droplets are formed on the
ions produced along the track.
The tracks are straight because the alpha
particles are not easily deflected due to its
greater mass
71. Explain how radioisotopes can be used to detect
the location of the leakage
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
Put the radioactive source opposite the

detector
Detector is connected to the thickness
indicator
Detector detect the reading of the changes in
counts
Thickness is measured with the thickness
indicator
If the reading of the detector is less than the
specified value, the thickness of the paper
is too tick/ vice versa
Radioisotope is injected into the pipe

The water in the pipe flow with the
radioisotope
G-M tube as detector is used to find the
leakage across the pipe
Reading on detector increases when near a
leakage
@JMCO
Chap.
ITEM
Derived quantity
1
1
1
1
1
1
Base quantity
Scalar quantity
Vector quantity
Physical quantity
Error
Random error
1
1
1
Systematic error
Zero error
Sensitivity
1
1
Accuracy
Consistency
Hypothesis
1
1
Inference
Variable
Prefix
2
2
2
Scientific
notation/Standard
form
Distance
Displacement
Speed
2
2
2
Velocity
Acceleration
Formula
Inertia
Newtons First Law

of Motion
Newtons Second
Law of Motion
KNOWLEDGE/DEFINATION
DEFINATION
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
A physical quantity derived from combinations of base quantities through

multiplication or division or both multiplication and division.
A physical quantity that cannot be defined in terms of other quantities.
A physical quantity that has magnitude only.
A physical quantity that has magnitude and direction.
A quantity that can be measured.
The difference between the measured value and the actual value.
Error due to mistakes made when making measurement either through incorrect
positioning of the eye or the instrument when making measurement. Repeat and
calculate average reading to minimise.
An error which may be due to the error in the calibration of an instrument.
Error due to non-zero reading when the actual reading should be zero
The ability of a measuring instrument to detect a small change in the quantity to be
measured.
How close the measurement made is to the actual value.
The ability of the instrument to measure a quantity with little or no deviation
among measurements.
A statement of an expected outcome that usually states the relationship between
two or more variables intended to be given a direct experimental test.
An initial interpretation or explanation concerning the observation.
A physical quantity that can be varied in an experiment. There are three types of
variables; manipulated variable, responding variable and fixed variable.
A word, letter or value used to simplify the description of the magnitude of a
physical quantity that either very big or very small.
A way to write a numerical magnitude in the form A x 10", where 1 A < 10 and n is
an integer.
The total length of the path travelled from one location to another.
The length of the straight line connecting the two locations, in a specified direction.
The distance travelled per unit time. It is also defined as the rate of change of
distance.
The speed in specified direction. The rate of change of displacement.
The rate of change of velocity.
v = u + at
v2 = u2+ 2as
s = (u+v)t
a=
s = ut + at2
The inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if
moving, to continue its uniform motion in a straight line.
An object will remain at rest or continue with a constant speed in a straight line
unless an external forces acting on it
The acceleration of a body is parallel and directly proportional to the net force and
inversely proportional to the mass m, i.e., F = ma.
@JMCO
2
2
2
Newtons Third Law

of Motion
Momentum
2
2
Principle of
Conservation of
Momentum
Elastic collision
Inelastic collision
Force
Impulse
2
2
Impulsive force
Resultant force
2
2
2
Mass
Weight
Work
2
2
2
Power
Energy
Kinetic energy
Gravitational
potential energy
Gravitational
acceleration
Gravitational field
2
2
2
2
Gravitational field
strength
Free fall
Elastic potential
energy
Principle of
Conservation of
energy
Efficiency
The mutual forces of action and reaction between two bodies are equal, opposite
and collinear.
The momentum of an object is defined as the product of its mass and its velocity. [
Momentum=mv ]/ms-1
The total momentum if a system remains constant in the absence of external
force.
Momentum, kinetic energy and total energy are conserved. [ m1u1+m2u2=0 ]
Momentum and total energy are conserved but the kinetic energy after the
collision is less than the kinetic energy before the collision.
[ m1u1+m2u2= (m1+m2)v ]
Constant F: Acceleration inversely proportional to mass.
Constant m: Acceleration directly proportional to force. [ F=ma ]/N
The quantity of impulsive force multiplied by time.
[ Impulse=Ft/Ns ]//[ Impulse=mu-mv]/cms-1
The rate of change of momentum. [ (mv-mu)/t ]
A single force that represents the combined effect of two or more forces by taking
into account both the magnitude and the direction of the forces.
The amount of matter in an object.
The force of gravity acting on an object. [ Weight= mg ]/N
The product of an applied force and displacement of an object in the direction of
the applied force. [ Work=Fs ]/J
Rate of work done. [ P=Work done/t ]/W//Js-1
The capacity of a system to enable it to do work.
The energy of an object due to its motion. [ KE= mv2] /J
The energy of an object due to its higher position in the gravitational field.
[ GPE= mgh ]/J
The acceleration of an object due to the pull of the gravitational force.
A region in which an object experiences a force due to the gravitational attraction
towards the centre of the Earth.
The gravitational force acting on a mass of 1 kg placed at a point in the gravitational
field.
The motion when an object is acted upon by a gravitational force in the
gravitational field.
The energy stored in an object when it is extended or compressed by a force.
[ EPE= Fx ]/J
Energy can be transformed to one form to another but i cannot be destroyed or
created.
The percentage of the input energy that is transformed into useful energy.
Efficiency =
Non-renewable
energy resource
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
x 100%
An energy resource that cannot be replaced once it has been used.
@JMCO
2
2
Renewable energy
resource
Elasticity
Hooke's law
Pressure
Force acting per unit area on the surface. [ Pressure = ]/Pa//Nm-2
Pressure in liquid
Pascal's principle
[ Pressure = phg ]/ Pa//Nm-2

Pressure applied to an enclosed liquid is transmitted uniformly to every part of the
liquid (and to the walls of the container of the liquid)
For a body wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, the upward buoyant force acting
on the body is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.
Where the speed of a fluid is high, the pressure is low and vice versa.
An upward force, resulting from an object being wholly or partially immersed in a
fluid. [ BF = Vpg ]/N
The pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the surface of the Earth as well as all
objects on the Earth.
The measure of the degree of hotness of an object.
An instrument that measures temperature or the degree of hotness.
The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gaseous state,
where the change occurs throughout the liquid.
The temperature at which a substance changes its state from a solid to a liquid.
A condition where two objects in thermal contact have no net flow of heat energy
between each other.
The amount of heat that must be supplied to a body to increase its temperature by
1C. [ JC-1 ]
The amount of heat that must be supplied to increase the temperature by 1C for a
mass of 1 kg of the substance. [c = JC-1 kg-1 ]
The heat absorbed or the heat released at constant temperature during a change of
phase.
The amount of heat required to change 1 kg of a substance from the solid to liquid
phase without a change in temperature. [ Q=mLf ] /J
The amount of heat required to change 1 kg of a substance from the liquid to
gaseous phase without a change in temperature. [ Q=mLv ] /J
For a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is inversely proportional to its
volume when the temperature is kept constant. [PV=Constant ]
For a fixed mass of gas, the volume of the gas is directly proportional to its
absolute temperature when its pressure is kept constant. [ = Constant ]
3
3
3
3
3
Archimedes'
principle
Bernoulli's principle
Buoyant force
4
4
4
Atmospheric
pressure
Temperature
Thermometer
Boiling point
4
4
Melting point
Thermal equilibrium
Heat capacity
Specific heat
capacity
Latent heat
4
4
An energy resource that is continually replaced and will not run out.
A property of matter that enables an object to return to its original size and shape
when the force that was acting on it is removed.
The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force provided the
elastic limit is not exceeded.
Specific latent heat

of fusion
Specific latent heat
of vaporisation
Boyle's law
Charles' law
Pressure law
For a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to its
absolute temperature when its volume is kept constant. [ = Constant ]
Concave lens
Convex lens
A lens that is thinnest at its centre. It causes parallel rays of light to diverge after
passing through this lens.
A lens that is thickest at its centre. It causes parallel rays of light to converge after
passing through this lens.
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
@JMCO
5
5
5
5
Angle of incidence
Angle of reflection
Focal length, f
Focal point, F
Refraction of light
Critical angle
Total internal
reflection
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
Real depth
Apparent depth
Real image
Virtual image
Period, T
Frequency, f
Amplitude, a
Transverse wave
Longitudinal wave
Wave
In Phase
Wavefront
Wavelength
Damping
Resonance
Reflection of waves
Refraction of waves
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
The angle between the incident ray and the normal.

The angle between the reflected ray and the normal.
The distance between the centre of a lens to its focal point.
A point to which all rays parallel to the principle axis converge or appear to diverge
from, after reflection by the mirror(refraction by lens).
The bending of a light ray at the boundary as it travels from one medium to
another.
The angle of incidence in the denser medium when the angle of refraction in the
less dense medium is equal to 90.
The condition where the angle of incidence, i is increased further so that it is
greater than the critical angle, c. The light is no longer refracted but is internally
reflected.
The distance of the real object, 0 from the surface of the water or medium.
The distance of the virtual image, I from the surface of the water.
An image that can be displayed on a screen.
An image that can be seen by the observer but not be displayed on a screen.
The time taken to complete one oscillation.
The number of complete oscillations in one second. [ f = 1/t ]/s-1
The maximum displacement from the mean position.
A wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate in the direction perpendicular
to the direction in which the wave moves.
A wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate in the direction parallel to the
direction in which the wave moves.
A way of transmission of energy from one point to another without transfering of
matter.
Waves that vibrate in same direction and same distance from the equilibrium
position.
A line of plane which the oscillation of every points on it are in phase and the
points are at same distance from the source of the waves.
The horizontal distance between two adjacent points of the same phase on a wave.
[ v = f ]/ms-1
When the system loses energy to the surrounding in the form of heat.
Amplitude decreases.
When a system is made to oscillate at a frequency equivalent to its natural
frequency by an external force.
Angle of reflection = Angle of incident
Same speed, wavelength, frequency but direction of propagation of wave changes.
Amplitude decreases due to heat lost.
Refraction of waves occurs when there is change of direction of the propagation of
waves travelling from a medium to another medium due to a change of speed.
From shallow region(denser) to deep region (less dense)
Speed increases
Wavelength increases
Wave refracted from normal
Frequency constant
@JMCO
6
6
Diffraction of waves
Interference of
waves
Spreading of waves after passing through a gap or a small obstacle.

Caused by superposition of waves from 2 coherent sources, resulting in
constructive and destructive interference. [ = ]
Principle of
Superposition
Antinode
Node
Coherent waves
Electromagnetic
spectrum
When 2 waves interfer, the resultant displacement of the waves is the sum of the
displacements of the individual waves.
A point where a contructive interference occurs.
A point where a destructive interference occurs.
Waves having the same frequency, wave length,amplitude and in phase.
A group of waves with similar natures. The members of the electromagnetic
spectrum arranged in increasing frequencies (decreasing wavelengths) are radio
waves, microwaves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays and gamma
rays.
The angle between the refracted ray and the normal.
6
6
6
6
6
7
Angle of refraction
Electric current
Potential difference
Energy needed to move 1 electric charge,C around a complete circuit. (Between 2

points) [ V = ]/V
Resistance
Ratio of potential difference to current. [ R = ]/
7
7
7
Power
Electric field
Ohms Law
7
7
Ohmic Conductor
Series circuit
Parallel circuit
7
7
Open Circuit
Electrical energy
7
7
Electric power
Electromotive force
7
8
8
8
Internal resistance
Magnetic field
Electromagnet
Right-hand grip rule
The rate of work done.

A region in which an electric charge experiences an electrostatic force.
The current in a conductor is proportional to the potential differences across the
ends of the conductor if the psysical conditions remain constant.
I
Psysical conditions:
Length
Temperature
Cross-sectional area
V
Types of materials
Conductor which obey Ohms Law.
A circuit where all the electrical components are connected one end after the other
to a cell to form a single pathway for a current to flow.
A circuit where all the electrical components are connected side by side and their
corresponding ends are joined together to a cell to form separate and parallel paths
for a current to flow.
The battery is connected to a voltmeter only. (Test EMF)
The energy supplied by source of electricity when current flows in a close circuit. [
E = Pt ]/J
The rate of transfer of electrical energy.
Energy needed to move 1 electric charge,C around a complete circuit. (Between 2
terminals)
The resistance against the moving charge due to the electrolyte in the cell.
A region in which the magnetic materials experience a force.
A device which its magnetism is produced by electric current.
Determine the magnetic pole of a current-carrying solenoid/direction of magnetic
field.
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
The rate of charge flow in a circuit. [ I = ]/A
@JMCO
8
8
8
Flemings Left hand

rule
Flemings Right hand
rule
Direct current motor
Electromagnetic
induction
Transformer
Direct current
Alternating current
8
8
Electrical power lost

Faraday's law
8
8
9
9
9
Lenz's law
National Grid
Network
Thermionic emission
Cathode rays
Semiconductor
Doping
Emitter current
9
9
Cathode ray
oscilloscope
Maltese Cross tube
9
9
9
9
Diode
Forward biased
Reverse biased
Rectification
Half-wave
rectification
Full-wave
rectification
Transistor
Base current
8
8
8
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
Determine the direction of motion of current-carrying conductor in a magnetic

field.
Determine the direction of induced current.
Convert electric energy into mechanical energy.
Production of electromotive force in a conductor due to a change in magnetic flux
linking the conductor.
A device which steps up or steps down alternating current voltages.
A current which flows in one direction only.
A current which flows to and fro in two opposite directions in a circuit. It changes
its direction periodically.
Used to transfer current as its voltage can be step up or down easily by
tansformer.
P = VI = I2R
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f, is directly proportional to the rate of change
of the magnetic flux.
The direction of the induced current always oppose the change producing it.
A network system of cables which connects all the power stations and substations
in the country to the consumers in a closed network to transmit electricity.
The emission of electrons from the surface of a heated metal.
Beam of fast-moving electrons.
A material which can conduct electricity better than insulator, but not as well as
conductor.
A process of adding a small amount of specific impurities called dopants to
semiconductors to increase their conductivity.
The current that flows through the emitter terminal of a transistor. It is equal to the
sum of the base current and the collector current.
An instrument that converts electronic and electrical signals to a visual display.
A special cathode ray tube with a Maltese Cross in it which is used to investigate the
properties of cathode rays.
A device that allows current to flow in one direction only.
A state when a diode allows current to flow.
A state when a diode does not allow current to flow
A process to convert an alternating current into a direct current by using a diode or
diodes.
A process where only one half of every cycle of an alternating current is made to
flow in one direction only.
A process where both halves of every cycle of an alternating current is made to
flow in the same direction using bridge rectifier.
An electronic device which has three terminals labelled as base, collector and
emitter.
The current that flows through the base terminal of a transistor.
@JMCO
Collector current
The current that flows through the collector terminal of a transistor. It will only flow
when a suitable base current flows through the circuit.
Capacitor
9
10
Logic gate
Nucleus
10
10
10
10
Proton number
Nucleon
Nucleon number
Isotopes
10
10
Radioisotope
Radioactivity
10
10
10
10
Alpha particle
Beta particle
Gamma rays
Alpha decay
10
Beta decay
10
Gamma decay
10
Half-life
10
10
10
10
Nuclear energy
Nuclear fission
Nuclear fusion
Chain reaction
10
10
Somatic effect
Genetic effect
A device used for storing charges and to smooth out output current in a rectifier
circuit.
Switching circuit that is applied in computers and other electronic devices.
A very small core of an atom which contains most of the mass and all of the positive
charge of the atom.
The total number of protons in a nucleus.
A subatomic particle found in the nucleus.
The total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus.
Atoms of an element which have the same proton number but different nucleon
numbers.
Unstable isotopes which decay and give out radioactive emissions.
The spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nucleus accompanied by the
emission of energetic particles or photons.
Helium nucleus emitted by an unstable nucleus.
High energy electron emitted by an unstable nucleus.
Electromagnetic waves with very high frequency and short wavelength.
A radioactive decay which emits an alpha particle.
[
+
]
A radioactive decay which emits a beta particle.
[
+
]
A radioactive decay which emits a gamma ray photon.
[
+ ]
The time taken for the number of undecayed nuclei to be reduced to half of its
original number.ie. mass, number of nuclei and activity.
Energy released by a nuclear reaction as a result of a mass defect. [ E = mc2 ]
The splitting of a heavy nucleus into two or more lighter nuclei.
The combining of two or more lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.
A self-sustaining reaction in which the products of a reaction can initiate another
similar reaction.
The effect of radiation that appears in a person exposed to radiation.
The effect of radiation that appears in the future generations of the exposed person
as a result of radiation damage to reproductive cells.
Base Quantity
1. Length
2. Mass
3. Time
4. Current
5. Temperature
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
S.I. Unit
m
kg
s
A
K
@JMCO
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
@JMCO
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
@JMCO
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
@JMCO
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
@JMCO
v = u + at
v2 = u2+ 2as
s = (u+v)t
a=
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
s = ut + at2
@JMCO
PAPER 3
Precautions:
1. The position of eye must be pependicular to the scale reading to aviod error due to
parallax error( N/A if instrument is digital stopwatch)
2. Repeat the experiment twice, then calculate the everage to get accurate reading.
3. Check the voltmeter for zero error and make zero adjustment
4. Make sure elastic strings are stretched at constant length.(Force and acceleration)
5. Stir the water gently with the heater to ensure that heat is distributed uniformly to
all part of the water.(Heat)
6. Make sure the insulating jacket is covered all part of the beaker to prevent heat
loss.(Heat)
7. Assume no heat loss to the surrounding. (Heat)
8. Make sure the experiment is conducted in a dark room.(Light)
9. The wires and electrical components should be connected tightly to avoid current
loss.(Electric)
10. The circuit should be switched off when not taking readings to avoid
overheating.(Electric)
11. Use small value of current to avoid the wire from getting too hot easily.(Electric)
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
@JMCO
PHYSICS NOTES SPM
@JMCO
Essay questions
Problem solving and
decision making
1. INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
Characteristics of instrument to measure diameter
of ball bearing
Consistency is higher
The reading is more
consistent
Accuracy is higher
Can give measurement
closer to actual value
Sensitivity is higher
Can detect small
changes in value to be
measured
Has no zero error
To increase accuracy of
reading. Every
measurement must be
minus with zero error
Has no parallax error
Eye must be
perpendicular to the
scale to avoid parallax
error
2. FORCES AND MOTION

Method to reduce the impact of impulsive force in
eggs drop competition from a height. (Mk)
The eggs casing
Lengthen the time of
made from soft
impact
material
Use parachute
To slow down the egg drop
The eggs casing
Absorb the impact//
part that hit the
lengthen the time of
ground when landing impact.
made from easy to
crumple material
Characteristics of student to be in a basket ball
team. (Phg)
Mass is smaller
More agile/ can change
direction/increase speed
easily
Taller
Easy to shoot goal
Responding time fast Easy to catch ball
Powerful
More energy/not tired
easily
Faster
Can
block/attack/run/defence
faster
Suitable characteristics of rope used for parachute.
(Pls)
Use a dynamic rope
It is softer and could
prevent injury.
A lower density
It is lighter
Higher snapping
Not easy to snap
force
A rope with smaller
It will occupy less space.
diameter
Suggestion to design a water rocket.
Made from tougher
Not easy to break
material
Aerodynamic/streamline Reduce air friction
shape
Angle of launching is
The rocket can travel
45o
Amount of water is 1/3
of the whole volume
Attached fins to the tail
of the rocket
very far
To increase momentum
and impulsive force
Rocket can move
smoothly and stable
Characteristics of the spring cradle

Low spring constant
Less stiffer and the spring
can oscillate with low
frequency
Low density
Small mass and lighter
Low rusting rate
Not easy to rust and lasts
longer.
Two springs are
Can withstand a heavier
arrange in parallel
baby
Put string in the
To prevent the baby from
spring
falling down in case if the
spring breaks
Explain safety features of the car.
Safety belts.
To prevent the passengers
from being thrown forward
due to the inertia when
accident occurs.
Air bags
Cushion the passengers
from direct impact with the
steering when accident
occurs to reduce the
impulsive force.
Easy crumpled
To reduce impulsive force.
steering.
Front and rear
To extend time of impact
crumple zone.
so that the impulsive force
will be reduced.
Use stronger spring
To reduce vibration when
for the suspension
the car being used off road
system
Anti-scattering
Will not harm the
windscreen
passengers and driver
when it breaks.
Head rest
To keep the position of
head when the car being
hit from back.
Passenger safety
To prevent the car from
steel cage/cell built
being crumpled when it is
from reinforced steel
overturned.
Way so that the pole vaulter can jump higher and
lands safer.
Run faster
Increase the kinetic energy
Use elastic pole
Produce higher elastic
potential energy
Use tight sport wear
Reduce air friction
Use thick mattress
Increase the interval of
with soft surface
impact on landing, thus
reduce the resultant
impulsive force
Landing on the back
Increase the surface area
and reduce pressure
Use a spike
To run faster and increase
kinetic energy
Modify a normal car into a racing car.
Use of higher power
To produce high thrust
engine
force
Use of strong
Will not break/damage
composite material
easily
Use of engine which
Will not damage at high
is able to withstand
temperature
high temperature
Use of low density
To have smaller mass
material
Aerodynamic shaped
Use of spoilers at
front, rear and side
of the car
Use of wider tires

Use of hydraulic
brakes
Center of gravity of
the car is lower
Additional safety belt
Improve the safety

steel cage/cell with
more reinforced steel
To reduce air resistance

To create a downward
pressure (Bernoullis
effect) to prevent the car
from being lifted upward at
high velocity
To produce better grip to
the road
So that the car can be
stopped faster
To increase the stability of
car
To prevent the driver being
thrown forward during
collision.
To prevent the car from
being crumpled when it is
overturned.
Method so the pole vault athlete can jump higher

and safer.
Bend the body when
To reduce the air friction
running to take off.
so that the acceleration will
be greater.
Wear tight clothes
Use spiked shoes
To give stronger grip for
greater speeding
Pole is made from
The potential elastic
soft but stiff material
energy is high thus the
height of jumping can be
increased
Pole is made from
Will not break easily
tougher material
Put soft and thick
To increase the time of
mattress on the
impact and reduce the
landing pit
impulsive force
Land on the back
Increase the surface area
and decreases the
pressure inverted.
Design of the water rocket so that it can fly further
and faster.
High volume / mass
Can increase the
of water
momentum to the back
thus increase the explosive
force
Soft drink bottle
Decrease the mass and
increase the explosive
force
Add wing on the
Rocket fly in stable
bottle
Add something to
Reduce the air resistance
the part of the bottle
to make it sharp and
aerodynamic
Add weight to the
Rocket can move straightly
head of the rocket
and the head move 1st
Use a higher power
Pushing force to the back
pump
is high, momentum to the
back is high
Flying degree is 45
The flying distance is
degree
longer
Modify the ordinary motorcycle to become a racing
motorcycle
Use softer and wider
To strengthen the grip of
tires
the tires on the road
Use an aerodynamic
To reduce the air
shape
resistance
Low center of gravity
To make it more stable
Made from low
More lighter and can
density materials
increase the acceleration.
Use heavy engine

and place it in the
middle of the
motorcycle
Use powerful engine
Use front and rear
disc brakes
The motorcycle is more

stable
To produce high thrust

force.
So that the motorcycle can
be stopped easily.
Design of the safety belts

Wider
Large surface area will
reduce pressure to the
driver/passenger
Can be expanded
To reduce impulsive force
Made from tougher
Does not break easily
material
Made from non-stiff
So it is soft and
material
comfortable to use
Design of the satellite that falling back to the earth
so that it is not damage.
Made from material
Not easily become hot.
that has higher
specific heat
capacity
Aerodynamic shape
Protected by a good
To prevent the heat
heat insulator
reach/enter the inner part
of the satellite
Made from low
The mass will be smaller
density material
so the impulsive force is
reduced
Made from tougher
Not break easily
material
Attached with
To reduce the velocity
parachutes
Attached with
So that the satelite is not
cooling system
become hot/melt easily
Design of springs for athletes exercise purposes
Parallel arrangement
To increase the stiffness of
the spring.
Short in length
To reduce the extension of
the spring.
Small in diameter
Greater force is required to
stretch the springs.
Covered with plastic.
Will not harm the athlete if
the springs are broken.
Made from nonCan be used for a longer
rusting materials.
time/durable.
Fix with holder at the
Can be easily be held and
end of the spring
stretched
Fix an elastic rope in
To prevent the springs
the springs
from being stretched over
its elasticity limit.
Modification to the bus to improve the safety of the
passengers.
Attach safety belts.
To prevent the passengers
from being thrown forward
due to the inertia when
accident occurs.
Air bags
Cushion the passengers
from direct impact with the
front seat when accident
occurs to reduce the
impulsive force.
Front and rear
To extend time of impact
crumple zone.
so that the impulsive force
will be reduced.
Use stronger spring
To reduce vibration when
for the suspension
the car being used off road
system
Shatter proof
windscreen and
window panels
Head rest
Passenger safety
steel cage/cell built
from reinforced steel
The bus is made
from tougher
material
Break into small pieces

with blunt edges and will
not harm the passengers.
To keep the position of
head when the car being
hit from back.
To prevent the bus from
being crumpled/collapsed
when it is overturned.
To avoid the bus being
dented when involved in
accident
Characteristic of spring to be used as a spring

cradle. (Ktn)
Springs are arranged
Can support higher load.
in parallel
Use stiffer spring
Not easily broken/ spring
constant is higher.
Stainless steel
Can be used for longer
time.
Shorter spring
Spring constant is
higher/stiffer.
Characteristics of arm exercise equipment made
from spring that is suitable to use (J)
Spring made from
stainless steel
time.
Made from steel
The spring is stiffer
Spring made from
Wire not break easily
thicker wire
Spring with smaller
Can withstand bigger
diameter
force, more stiffer
Modification of a fisherman boat so it can be used
for deep-sea fishing. (MRSM)
Shape of the boat is
Less water friction.
streamlined
Made from tougher
Can withstand big wave
material
Stainless steel
time. Less maintenance
Use ultrasonic wave
More energy and can
penetrate deeper in the sea
Bigger cool room
Can put a large amount of
fish for longer time.
Suitable characteristics of tractor used to do heavy
works
Use larger tires
Larger contact area
produces low pressure and
the tractor will not sink into
the ground
Larger mass
Larger inertia
Low centre of gravity
More stability
Use liquid in the
Liquid cannot be
hydraulic system
compressed
Characteristics of spring to be used as the
motorcycle spring
Smaller diameter of
Enough space to place the
spring
spring to the motorcycle.
Higher elastic limit
Can support more load
Higher spring
Small compression of the
constant
spring due to bigger load
Smaller natural
To reduce bumping effect
frequency
Essay questions
Problem solving and
decision making
3. FORCES AND PRESSURE
Specification of watercraft/ship.
Cross sectional
Reduce water resistance.
Front side narrow
and pointed
Hull made from
Lighter, stronger and not
aluminum
corrode.
Hydrodynamic
Withstand shock waves.
shape.
Reduce water resistance
(Stream-lined)
Diesel engine
Cheaper and powerful
Specification of submarine. (MRSM)
Use nuclear energy
time
Use ballast tank
Can float and submerge
easily
Fix with periscope
Can look at the surface of
the sea without floating on
the surface
Use ultrasonic wave
Can penetrate further
for radar
Characteristic of ship that can carry heavy loads.
(SBP)
Streamlined shape
Reduce water resistance
Made from high
Able to withstand bigger
strength metal
wave
Ship base cross
Abele to displace out more
sectional is wider
water to gain more buoyant
force
Volume of the air
Can displace out more
space in ship is
water//increase the volume
bigger
so overall density is lower
than water
Characteristics of hydraulic brake.
has a high specific
Plate not easily heat up
heat capacity
High boiling point
Not easily boil at high
temperature
Fluid that
Pressure can be transfer
uniformly to whole the fluid
Use non-corrosive
To not destroy the brake
fluid
system
Brake made up of
Not easily get rust
stainless steel
Design of a buoy on the sea surface
Painted with bright
Can be easily seen in the
color
morning and at night
Fix lamps on the
Can be easily spotted at
buoy
night
Made of thick and
Will not easily split and
hollow material
waterlogged
Fix small flags on the Can be easily split and
buoy
waterlogged
Tied with ropes to
To prevent the float from
the seabed
sweeping away
Not made from metal
To prevent the float from
rusting and can be used for
a long time.
Hollow and big in
To have buoyancy and
size
floats
Modification of a pesticide sprayer into painter

sprayer.
Use a compressor
Provide high air pressure
with high ac voltage.
continuously.
Use compressor
To give high air pressure
which produce high
and produce stronger
pressure.
spray.
Made from low
Light and can be bring to
density materials
anyway
Use materials that
Do not rust/corrode easily
resist to
and last longer.
corrosion/rusting.
Use stronger
Do not easily broken or
materials
damaged
Use a bigger paint
Enable to store more paint.
container.
Adjustable nozzle
Can control the size of the
sprayer.
spray.
Use longer nozzle
Can spray the hidden part.
spray.
Design for the water tank to store a large amount of
water
Made from
Makes the tank stronger
composite materials
and does not break easily
and fiber
Made from low
More lighter
density materials
Thick wall at the
To enable the water tank to
bottom of the tank
withstand the large water
pressure at the base of the
tank
The water tank is
So that the tank will not
placed on the thick
sink into the ground
concrete floor
Large tank base
To reduce pressure and
prevent the tank from
sinking into the ground
Build the water tank
To increase the pressure of
at higher placed/
the water
build a tall design
Build larger water
Can stored more water
tank
Modification to the hydraulic jack to enable it to lift
mass of greater quantity
Use piston of bigger
Can support greater force
cross-sectional area
(weight)
Use low density
Very light and easy to carry
material
Non-compressible
Piston can be lifted up
liquid
Longer handle
Less effort needed to press
the small piston.
Apply released valve
Liquid can flows into small
between small and
reservoir.
main reservoir.
Use stronger metal
Not easily broken.
Use non-corrosive
Will not corrode metal and
liquid
long lasting.
Characteristic of an automatic tennis ball shooter.
Small spring
To ensure that the elastic
diameter
potential energy is higher.
Thicker spring wires
So that spring constant is
higher/more elastic/ball
can be shot out at a high
velocity.
More number of
So that the compression
spring coils
length is longer.
Low density of tennis To ensure that it moves
ball is used
faster and further.
Suitable characteristics of a wings to be installed

with the body of the aircraft
A shape of crossTo produce the speed of air
section which is
flow above the wings to be
upper side is longer
higher than the bottom
than the bottom
area.
The area of the wing
To produce larger lift force
is larger
Made from low
Less weight//very light// to
density material.
produce more upward
resultant force.
The difference in
To produce higher
speed of air is higher
difference in pressure
Design of the astronauts suit
White color/shinning
To reflect the cosmic ray
Made from tougher
Not easily torn
material
Made from non-stiff
So that the astronaut can
material
move easily.
Lined with
To avoid the penetration of
lead/plumbum
radioactive radiation.
Use photographic
To check the exposure to
badge.
the radioactive radiation of
the astronaut.
Put on safety space
To allow the astronaut to
helmet made from
look at his surroundings.
tough glass
Modification of hydraulic jet to overcome bigger
force
Increase the surface
area of bigger
cylinder
Decrease the smaller
surface area of the
cylinder
Hydraulic oil that will
not evaporate easily
Larger base area of
hydraulic jet
Made from harder
alloy
Made from low
rusting effect object
Can easily push up bigger

mass object
Can push up bigger mass
with lesser force
Not easily evaporated
when in high temperature
More stable
Not easily break when
supporting bigger mass
object
Can use for longer period
Way to increase the cleaning efficiency of cloth.

Use detergent
Remove the dirt and
moistening the cloth
Use hot water
Decrease the surface
tension of the water and
moistening the cloth.
Use automatic
Can control the amount of
mashing machine
water being used
Use pipe water (soft
Enable the soap to form
water) not well water
scum and increase the
(hard water)
cleaning efficiency
Clothes are made
To avoid the oil and dust
from materials that
stick on the clothes
can decrease the
stickness between
the clothes and the
dirt
Waterproof clothing
So that the clothes will not
become wet when we
sweat
Use more efficient
Clothes will be shivered
washing machine
along with the detergents
to remove the dirt
Use computerized
Can control the
washing machine
usage/volume of water
Suitable characteristic of hydrometer to measure

the density of concentrated acids.
Material made from
Glass does not corrode
glass
with acid
Small diameter of
To increase the sensitivity
capillary tube
of the hydrometer
High density of shots Makes the hydrometer
stays upright
Big diameter of
To obtaine bigger upthrust
bottom bulb
force so the hydrometer
can float
Suitable characteristics of metal to be used to built
a boat
Streamlined (larus) in To reduce water resistance
shape
Lower density
It will be lighter.
material
Higher specific heat
Absorbs more heat but
capacity
become hot slowly
High strength
Not easy to damage
Corrosion effect is
Not easy to rust/corrode.
lower
Modification of the balloon so that the balloon can
float and carry more passenger and has safety
features for the passenger
Use hot air/
Less dense than the
helium/hydrogen gas
atmosphere//lighter
Larger basket
Can bring more
passengers
Balloon/basket made
To reduce it weight
from low density
material
Basket fit with
Comfortable and reduce
cushion
impulsive force when
landing
Use burner
To control the height of the
balloon by producing hot
air.
Equipped with
Can be used to save the
parachute
passengers if the balloon
is not functional.
Equipped with safety
To avoid passengers from
belts
fall down.
Suggestion to built a barge (tongkang) that can
carry heavy load, faster and safer
Built from stronger
Can withstand great force
material
Lower density
Lightweight
material
Has two stage
Save in fresh and salt
plimsoll line
water
Bigger size
Can place more load
StreamlinedReduce water friction
aerodynamic shape
Specification of component in the brake system
Disc brake is made
Not easy to become hot
from higher specific
heat capacity
material
Higher melting point
Not easy to melt at high
of brake disc
temperature
Compression of
Difficult.
brake liquid
Higher hardness of
brake disc
time.
Characteristics of fluid/liquid used as a hydraulic

fluid
Higher boiling point
Not easy to boil at high
temperature
Not easy to become hot
capacity
Lower density
So the hydraulic jack will
not become too heavy
Has lower rate of
No easy to expand so the
expansion
volume will be constant
Design of hydrometer use to measure the density of
an acid solution.
Smaller and longer
Increase the sensitivity
stem.
where the scale divisions
are far apart so that small
changes in density can be
detected.
Use glass to built the
Do not erode and small
hydrometer
adhesive force.
Larger diameter of
Higher up thrust
bulb
force/displaces more
liquid/able to float easily
Use lead shot in the
Hydrometer can float
bulb
vertically and stable.
Suitable characteristic of hot air balloon which is
able to carry more passengers to a higher altitude
in shorter time.
Larger balloon size
To produce bigger bouyant
force.
Use many burners
To produce bigger flame.
Heat up the gas in shorter
time.
Use synthetic nylon
Lighter, strong and airproof
Higher temperature
Reduce the density of the
of air in the balloon
air in the ballon.
Essay questions
Problem solving and
decision making
4. HEAT
Characteristics of an ice cream container.
Use low specific heat Easy to get cold//become
capacity to bulit
cool easily.
inner box.
Smaller size of ice
Easy to carry because it is
cream box
lighter.//Easy to become
cool.
Outer box is made
It is poor conductor// It is a
from PVC plastics
good heat insulator.
Outer box colour is
Does not absorb heat from
brighter.
surrounding quickly.
Has gap between
Avoid heat from
inner box and outer
surrounding enter the inner
box and fill with heat
box.
insulator.
Suggest the suitability of material used to
determine the specific heat capacity of aluminum
Put on asbestos
A good heat insulator.
Avoid heat loss by
conduction.
Wrapped with tissue
Avoid heat loss by
paper
radiation/ to the
surrounding
Put some oil in the
Better heat contact
hole
between aluminum block
and thermometer.
Higher power
Can increase the
immersion heater
temperature faster.
Characteristic of spatula use as a kitchen utensil
(Mk)
Shape of the handle
Easy to handle
is slim
Density is lower
Its is lighter
Not easily melt at higher
temperature.
Not easily become hot.
capacity
Desing of the ice container.
Lower density
Smaller mass, lighter and
easy to carry.
The container is not easy
capacity
to become hot/cold
Made from good heat To avoid heat from
insulator
surrounding enter the
container.
Shining surface.
To reflect the heat from
surrounding and avoid the
heat being absorbed by the
container.
Put a cover to the
To avoid heat from enter
container.
the container.
Design of the car radiator

Use water as a
cooling agent
capacity
Use bigger fan
Can sucked out more heat
from the radiator
Use water pump
To help in the flow of water
to the radiator
Paint the radiator
Black body can radiate
with black paint
more heat
Number of cooling
Cooling will be more
fin is greater
efficient
Characteristic of a schools physics laboratory
thermometer. (MRSM)
Bulb is smaller
More sensitive
Rod is thicker
Stronger, not easily break.
Wall of the bulb is
Allow good heat
thinner
conduction
Capillary tube bore is More sensitive, more
smaller
accurate reading
Use mercury
Opaque and can be seen
easily
Do not stick the glass
Rod is longer
Wider range of scale and
more sensitive
Suitable characteristics of the solar cooker
Use concave mirror
Use spherical
concave mirror
Kettle is made from

metal
The kettle holder is
made from insulator
Will converges all light to

the focal point
Will converges more light
to the focal point hence
increases the intensity of
light/heat
Metal is good conductor.
Easy to handle the kettle
and not so hot
Modify/design of an efficient solar water-heating

system.
Use insulator behind
To prevent the loss of
the absorber panel
heat energy
Use an absorber
A black surface is a good
panel which is
absorber of radiation so it
painted black.
will
absorb heat faster
The pipe inside the
Metal is a good heat
plate must be made
conductor,
of metal
so it will transmit heat to
water easily
Pipe embedded in
Longer pipe will enlarge
plate must be long
surface area will absorbs
heat
faster
Use glass cover on
To trap heat energy.
the top of the panel
(energy is radiated in,
but cannot radiate out
again).
Design of the oven so that the oven will use less
electricity and user friendly
Fix a bulb in the oven Can see the cake clearly
Has stand so the
So the user can load and
oven is at eye level
unload the cake easily.
Built the oven so that Can bake large amount of
the oven has many
cake in one time.
racks
Insulate the oven
The heats will not loss to
with good heat
the surroundings.
insulator
Fit with a glass

window to the cover.
Fit a fan in the oven
Made from stainless
steel
Can see the cake without

opening the cover.
So the heat will spread
uniformly in the oven.
Last longer/durable.
Design of the hot food container.

Lower density
Smaller mass, lighter and
easy to carry
Not melt easily at high
temperature
Not become hot easily
capacity
Lower heat
To avoid loss of heat to the
conductivity
surrounding.
Design of a cooking pot
Pot made from lower
Easy to become hot with
specific heat
small amount of heat.
capacity material
Lower rate of
Not easy to corrode and
corrosion.
does not contaminate the
food
Made from lower
The mass will be lower and
density material
easy to handle
Made from aluminum
Lower density and
cheaper.
Handle is made from
Not easy to become hot.
higher specific heat
capacity.
Characteristics of hot water tank.
High specific
- To ensure that it will not heat
heat capacity
up fast.
Low density
- So that its mass is smaller
and easier to be managed.
Low rate of
- So that it will not be easily
oxidation
oxidized / rust when contacts
with hot water.
Durable
- To ensure that the reservoir
will not break easily when it
is filled with large amount hot
water.
Characteristics of liquid use as a cooling agent for
engine.
Specific heat
Not easily become hot
capacity must be
high
High boiling point
Not easily boiled in high
temperature
Ph7
Will not corrode the engine
rusting low
Will not caused the engine
to rust
Characteristics of car radiator use to cool the
engine.
Large number of
To ensure that more amount
cooling fins
of heat is released at a short
period of time.
Size of the fan is
So that the radiator can be
big
cooled quickly./ Direct large
amount of air to the radiator.
Use water
Specific heat capacity of water
is high and takes time to
become hot.
Use cover with
To ensure that pressure in the
spring
radiator can be release
automatically.
Suitable characteristic of metal to be used as a

cooling fins of a motorcycle
Lower specific heat
Easy to get hot or cold
of capacity
Does not melt easily
Good heat conductor The heat can be lost easily
Lower rate of
The shape of fin unchange
expansion
Essay questions
Problem solving and
decision making
5. LIGHT
How to build a compound microscope.
Eyepiece use longer focal length = fe
Objective lens use shorter focal length. = fo
fe > fo
Label the fe and fo
Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of
images.
Ray diagram
Suggest suitable modification to increase the

efficiency of compound microscope. (Ktn)
Eye piece has longer
Has higher magnification
focal length than
factor.
objective lens.
Object is place
To produce real, magnified
between fo and 2fo
and inverted image
Adjusted so that
To act as a magnifying
object for eyepiece is glass
place u<fe
Distance between
To produce bigger image
lenses is > f0 + fe
from the eyepiece.
Store in cool and dry
To avoid the formation of
place
fungus.
Design an optical instrument in the double-decker
double
bus so that The driver at the lower deck is able to
see the upper deck. With cheaper cost. (Phg)
Use periscope
Cheaper than CCTV
2 plane mirrors//2
Reflect light from object
prisms
Mirrors are arranged parallel light from first mirror
will be reflected into second mirror
Light from second mirror is reflected into the
drivers eyes
Tube or casing to hold mirror easier to handle
periscope
Mirrors are at 45o angle
How to built compound microscope.
Thicker lens as an objective lens, thinner lens

as an eyepiece.
Fo and Fe are not overlapped.
Light ray to form the first image.
First image formed shown.
Light ray to form final image.
Final image formed shown.

Diagram
Explain how to built simple periscope and suggest

modification to convert the periscope to binoculars
Draw a labeled diagram

Specification of the optical fiber use in an
endoscope for medical imaging.(Mk)
Low density
Lighter
High flexibility
Can be bent easily.
High purity
Avoid loss of signal.
Smaller in size
Can occupied in small
space.
Made from stronger
Not easily break
material
Draw a labeled diagram
Use 2 right angle

prisms
Use eye piece and
objective lens
The rays will bent through

180o
To magnified the image/ as
a telescope
How you would build a simple binocular and

suggest modification so the binocular will
produced brighter and bigger image (J)
Objective lens with

bigger diameter
Eyepiece with bigger
power
More light can enter the

binocular
higher power as a
magnifying
ying glass
Suitability of mirror use to watch over the shop

costumer. (Pls)
Concave mirror
To provide wider field view
Bigger size of mirror
To enable a wider view and
sharper image.
Hung the mirror at
Easier to look/wont disturb
the top corner of the
the costumer
shop
Characteristics of optical fiber
Small critical angle
Internal reflection can
easily occur
High density
To have small critical angle
Stiffness is low
Can be easily bent
High strength
Will not break easily
Small in diameter
Does not occupied much
space
Modify an astronomical telescope become a
binocular.
Astronomical telescope uses 2 convex lens.
Objective lens and eyepiece.
Objective lens has longer fo. Eyepiece has
shorter fe.
Diagram
Advantage of binocular
Binocular is shorter//smaller in size.
Easy to carry.
Produced brighter image.
Characteristics of lenses to built telescope.

Objective lens with a
Higher magnifying power
long focal length
Eyepiece with a short Higher magnifying power
focal length
Objective lens with a
Enable the light to enter
big diameter
and thus clearer the image
to be seen
Eyepiece with a
Suitable with our eyes size
small diameter
and make it easier for us to
see
Design of fibre optics which can work efficiently
Use refractive index
So that total internal
of outer layer less
reflection can happen in
the fibre optic.
than the refractive
index of inner layer
Use high flexibility
So it can be bend
material
Use stronger
Do no break easily
material
Use thin material
Lighter/ can be used in
small area
Low density material
Lighter
Suitable characteristics of lens to be used by a
technician to repair watch.
Use convex lens
To magnify the image
% of clarity is higher
Image will be brighter and
clearer
Focal length is short
To increase the power/to
produce bigger image/
image can be focused on
the short distance
Lens has smaller
Easy to wear as a
diameter
spectacle.
Suitable design for slide projector
Use concave mirror.
To reflect dan focus light to
the slide
Use two planoThe light from the source
convex lens that
will distribute evenly to the
slide so that the image
have same power
formed on the screen is
brighter.
The distance
The image formed on the
between the slide
screen will be magnified
and real.
and the projection
lens is between f and
2f
The slide would be
So the image will be
placed inverted
upright
Essay questions
Problem solving and
decision making
6. WAVES
Suggest modification to built big hall so it is
suitable for the assembly
Bulit a dome shaped
Improf the aqoustic effect
or circular roof
of sound/accomodate more
student
Increase the number
Reduce effect of reflection
of door.
Built wall from
To avoid disturbance from
sound-proof material
outside
Inner wall made from
To avoid reflection of
soft material/use
sound.
cushion chair/curtain
Placed loudspeaker
To produce more
away to each other
constructive interference
region
Increase the number
To get sufficient amount of
of light
light.
Suggest relevant steps to be taken to build a safe
port for fishermen.
Built the port at the
The water wave is calmer
gulf
Built a wall that has a The sea wave will
narrow gap in the
undergoes diffraction and
sea
the amplitude will be
reduced
Built the wall using
Not easily to collapse
concrete
Make small hole at
To absorb the wave
the wall
energy.
Built stronger wall
To reflect the sea wave
Built higher wall
The sea wave cannot pass
through over the wall
The wall must be
So that the wavelength can
slanting
be reduce when the sea
wave hit the wall
Characteristics of waves which are use to
determine the depth of the sea.
High frequency
Higher energy and enable
sound wave
the wave to travel further
Higher amplitude
High energy and enable the
wave to send to further
places
Higher percentage of
So the reflected signal can
energy reflected from be detected easily
seabed
Rate of sound
So that the wave can be
absorption by the
easily reflected and
water is low
detected by the
hydrophone.
Suggestion to built beach resort

Built at bay
Water is calmer. Sea is
shallower
Built retaining wall
Reflected back the wave to
open sea.
Built gap in the wall
Diffraction occurs. Energy
of wave is smaller
Higher wall
The wave cannot passed
over the wall
Wall is built using
The wall will be stronger.
concrete
Characteristics of wave use to detect a school of
fish
Longitudinal wave.
Sonar sound is
longitudinal wave
Higher frequency
Has higher energy
Higher speed
Can travel faster in the sea
Higher penetrating
Can penetrate through
power
medium easily
Essay questions
Problem solving and
decision making
7. ELECTRICITY
Suggestions of material used to build heating
element.
Lower density
Light weight
Not easy to melt at high
temperature
Low rate of oxidation
time.
Lower surface area.
Resistance will be higher
and produced more heat.
Used longer wire
Higher resistance and can
produced more heat
Design of pylon for transmission of electricity.
(Phg)
Use step up
Current will be smaller and
transformer to
less loss of energy
increase the voltage
before transmission
process
Use low resistance
Less loss of energy to
wire
overcome the resistance
Use low density wire
Lighter. Easy to hung on
pylon.
Higher pylon
For safety purpose. Not
reach by others
Tougher material to
Not easy to collaspe
build pylon. Steel
alloy
U shape steel alloy
Not too heavy
Large diameter cable
Less resistance
Characteristics of power socket extension for

normal use. (MRSM)
Not using extension
Less resistance, less loss
cord// use shorter
of energy as heat energy
extension wire
One fuse for each
If one fuse blow the other
socket
can still function
Use power surge
Can cut off the supply
protector.
when it is overloaded
Head plug earthed
Flow current leakage to
earth
Suggestion to light up a room. (Pls)
Use fluorescent lamp Consume less energy
Use more efficient
Brighter and prevent
fluorescent lamp.
wastage of energy.
Use fuse
To prevent overheating of
lamp.
Two or more
If one lamp blow out, the
fluorescent lamp is
other can still function.
connected in parallel
Specifications of lamp that is suitable to use as a

reading lamp. (J)
Low power rating
Consume less electrical
energy
Low cost
Save money//cheaper
High efficiency
Produced higher output
power // less energy
wasted
Long lifetime
Last longer
Suitable design for wiring a cabin.
The electric
Allow each electric
appliances are
appliances to be switched
connected in
on and off independently
parallel//diagram
Fit fuse at the live To stop the flow of current
wire in the fuse box by melting when a high
//diagram//
voltage of electric current
Use miniature circuit flows through the circuit //
breakers (mcbs)
switches itself off very
quickly if the current
exceeds e.g. 15A (for 15A
mcb)
Earth connection to
the metal case of
electrical appliances
Earth wire connected to

earth, so that when a fault
occurs and a current flows
through the live wire and
the earth wire, the fuse in
the live wire will blow and
cut off the supply. It will
protect a person who may
touch a faulty or live
appliance
Use low power lamps

/ install fluorescent
lamp
Use thicker wire
Use insulated wire
Place the power
point at higher place
To save the energy
Reduce resistance
To avoid short circuit
To avoid being touch by
the children
Modification to the desk lamp so it is comfortable to

use
Use a fluorescent
Fluorescent lamp use less
lamp
electrical energy
Use bigger cover
Reduce light directly
with white color
propagate to eye and
reflection and reflector
light and heat energy
Use an adjustable
Height of the lamp can be
stand
adjusted and can be used
anywhere
Connect with earth
Flow the current leakage to
wire
the earth
Use an energy saver
Use same amount of
lamp
energy but light up brighter
Characteristic of connecting wire
Resistance of wire is
To prevent power loss due
low
to heat
Melting point is
Prevent wire from melting
higher
at high temperature
Density of wire is low So it is light weight and
reduce the mass
Rate of rusting is low
Prevent the wire from
rusting and can be use for
longer time
Lower rate of
To prevent lengthening of
expansion
wire
Specification of wire used for heating element

Lower density
The mass is smaller and
light weight
Will not melt easily at high
temperature
Lower oxidation rate
time
Higher resistance
Produce more heat energy
Modification to the circuit to improve safety,
produce the lamps light up with normal brightness
and increases the efficiency of electrical energy
consuming
Attach one fuse to
To break off the circuit
the live wire in the
when large current flow
consumer unit
and produce fire
Use an insulated wire To prevent short circuit
Use thicker wire
To reduce resistance and
improve efficiency.
Attach switch for
To allow each lamp to be
each lamp
switched on and off
independently
Connect the metal
To flow electron (extra) to
fitting lamp to the
earth and avoid electric
earth wire
shock.
Using only 240 V
To ensure the bulbs light
light bulb
up with normal brightness
Connect the bulbs in
Each bulbs will receive
parallel
same voltage
Suitable characteristics of metal to make a water
heater
Smaller surface
The resistance will be
area/diameter
higher
High melting point
Not easy to melt
Low specific heat
The temperature rise
capacity
slowly
Long coiled metal
To increase the resistance.
Characteristics of metal use as a heater. In
electrical kettle.
High resistance
Higher resistance make the
heating better
High melting point
Not easily melt in high
temperature
Low rusting effect
Not easily to rust n safe for
consumer
Low specific heat
Easily 2 become hot
capacity
Characteristics of the current distributor cable in
the car.
Low resistance
A little energy is lost as
heat energy
Low density
Small mass and easy to be
carried/hung
Wire with large
To reduce the resistance
diameter
Low expand rate
Does not contract too
much and becomes too
loose during hot days.
Suggest modifications that can be made to the

electric kettle so that it can boil water faster and
has better safety
Diameter of
Less resistance and
connecting wire is
produce small amount of
bigger
heat. If large current flow
the wire will no be
overheated
Length of connecting Less resistance
wire is shorter
Heating element
Can produced high amount
must have high
of heat energy with smaller
resistivity
current
The kettle is made
Less heat loss to
from good heat
surounding. Water will boil
insulator
faster
Use suitable fuse. If
If higher current flow the
the current flow is
fuse will melt and kettle will
8.3A. Use 13A fuse
no be damaged
cartridge
Essay questions
Problem solving and
decision making
8. ELECTROMAGNETISM
Modification to enable moving coil microphone to
detect sound effectively and generate bigger
current.
Use thin diaphragm
Easy to vibrate.
Use stronger
Not easy to break.
material to built
diaphragm
Use more number of
Increase the rate of change
turns of coil
of magnetic flux.
User thicker wire
To reduce the resistance of
wire.
Use powerful magnet To increase the rate of
to has stronger
change of magnetic flux.
magnetic field
Suggestion to make a hand phone charger (Phg)
Use step down
Able to reduce voltage
transformer
from 240V to 9V
Use a diode
Change ac to dc
Use capacitor
Able to smooth the output
current.
Suggest modification so that the galvanometer can
increase its sensitivity. (J)
Increase the strength Increase the force between
of the magnetic field
current carrying conductor
and the magnetic field.
Using lower stiffness
Smaller opposing force to
of hairspring
stop the turning of the coil
Lighter mass of coil
Smaller inertia, able to
move easily.
Increase the area of
More change to the
the coil
magnetic flux, a bigger
force is produced.
Design of a moving coil ammeter that can function
better(Mk)
Use stronger magnet
Stronger magnetic field/
large rotation
Use curve magnet
Produce radial magnetic
field
Use cylindrical core
To supply uniform
magnetic field strength
Use soft iron core
To concentrate the
magnetic field
Use linear scale
The angle of rotation is
linear and more accurate
Design of the ac generator so that the efficiency of
the generator is higher.
Use soft iron core
To concentrate the
magnetic flux
Increase no of turns
To increase the rate of
of coil
magnetic fluxs cutting
Use bigger/thicker
To reduce resistance of the
wire
wire
Use curve permanent So rate of the rotation and
magnet
magnetic fluxs cutting is
constant
Use powerful
To increase the rate of
permanent magnet
magnetic fluxs change
Suggest modification to ac generator to that can

produce bigger dc current. (Ktn)
Increase the number
Increase the rate of cutting
of turn of coil
the magnetic field
Use stronger magnet
Increase the strength of the
magnetic flux
Use curve magnet
To provide radial magnetic
field
Diameter of wire of
Thicker wire has lower
coil is greater
resistance. Higher current
can flow.
Use copper wire
Lower resistance. More
current flow.
Suitable characteristics of electric bell that can
produces a louder sound
Use bigger hammer
So that the surface area
contact is bigger/produce
more impulsive force
Distance between the The force applied to the
hammer and the
gong is larger
gong is larger
Number of turns of
The strength of the
the coil is larger
magnetism is higher
High curvature of the
The area of air molecule
gong
vibrate is greater.
Modification to be done to enable the electric bell to
ring louder
Increase the number
Produced greater magnetic
of turns of wire
field to produce greater
force.
Increase the
To increase the resultant of
magnitude of
the magnetic field
current/ the number
of cells
Used u-shape soft
Produced stronger
iron core
magnetic field
Use bigger diameter
Will vibrate more air
of the gong
molecules
Use bigger hammer
Produces greater impulsive
force.
Advantage of the National Grid Network
Cost of generation of
electricity is reduced
Electricity supply is
more reliable with
less interruption.
The generation of
electricity at each
station can be
controlled and
regulated
Power station can be
located outside the
city limits.
Because high voltage

reduces the current flow.
Reduces power loss in the
cable.
Because repair and
maintenance work can be
carried at any power
station and at any time.
At peak hours more
generators can be
switched on.
So that air an
environmental pollution
can be reduced.
Suitable characteristics of materials to be used as a

model of power transmission.
Use 12V ac power
Can be change the voltage
supply
with transformer
Use laminated soft
Produced stronger
iron core
magnet// easy to magnetize
and to demagnetized
Use step-up
To increase and to
transformer Np=
decrease the voltage due
1200, Ns=2400 and
to the demand/need.
step-down
transformer with
Np=480 and Ns= 120
Use copper wire
Lower resistance.
Suitable characteristics of cables use as a
transmission cable.
Low resistivity
To reduce heat loss in the
cables
Low density
The cables will be lighter
Low cost
Cost of project will be
lower
Low rate of thermal The cables will not expand
expansion
under hot weather
Modification of the loudspeaker to produce louder
sound.
Increase the number
To increase the magnetic
of turns of coil
field strength/ current
produced
Use larger diameter
Reduce resistance in the
of wire
coil
Cone made from
Easy to vibrate
lighter material
Use stronger magnet
Cone will vibrate stronger
and produced more emf.
Bigger diaphragm
Will vibrate more air to
produce louder
Cone made from
Not easy to break.
tougher material
Suitable characteristics of the hand phone charger.
Connect the output
with a diode
Connect capacitor
Use the primary
turns and secondary
turns with the ratio
2:1
Use soft iron core
Use laminated iron

core
Wound the
secondary coil the
primary coil or
placed very closed to
the primary
coil(along the same
core)
Use wire with low
resistance
Use full wave
rectification circuit
To change a.c. current to

d.c. current
Smoothen the a.c. current
Reduce the current to
become 12V
Can me magnetized n
demagnetized easily and
reduce the energy lost
Increase the resistance to
the flow of eddy current
Prevent leakage of
magnetic flux
Reduce energy lost

To reduce loss of energy
Modification of transformer to become a step-down

transformer with 12V dc output.
Connect the output with
To change a.c. current
a diode
to d.c. current
Connect capacitor
Smoothen the a.c.
current
Use the primary turns
Reduce the current to
and secondary turns
become 12V
with the ratio 2:1
Use soft iron core
Can me magnetized n
demagnetized easily
and reduce the energy
lost
Use laminated iron core
Increase the resistance
to the flow of eddy
current
Wound the secondary
Prevent leakage of
coil the primary coil or
magnetic flux
placed very closed to
the primary coil(along
the same core)
Use wire with low
Reduce energy lost
resistance
Characteristics of cable to be used in the National
Grid Network.
Larger diameter
wire
Lower density
The cable will be lighter
and can be supported
securely
The rate of
So there is less expansion
expansion is low
and less sagging in the
cable during hot day.
Cable does not melting in
high temperature.
Problem Involving electricity Transmission
Cost of cable.
Aluminum cables are
used because the density
is lower (the cables
become lighter), have low
resistance and cheaper.
Loss of power by
By using thicker
the cables
aluminum cables,
resistance can be
reduced
By using a high voltage
transmission, the current
in the cables is reduced
and the power dissipated
by the cables is reduced.
Charge leakage
To prevent charge
between the cables
leakage, the aluminum
and the earth
cables are supported by
high metal tower/pylons.
The metal support of the
tower is earthed so that it
is safe for the worker or
public.
Suggestions to design a moving coil loudspeaker

that can produce louder sound.
Use radial shape of
The magnetic field strength
magnet
is uniform.
Coil is built
To increase the
surrounding the
effectiveness of the
magnet//Attached to
counter react between the
the magnet
magnetic field.
Used lighter material
Can easily vibrate.
to built diaphragm
Use ac power
Audio signal varies with
the current.
Box made from
Loudspeaker is stronger.
wood/steel
Way to build a industrial lifting electromagnets.
Large number of
Increase the
turns of coil
electromagnetic strength
Use soft iron core
Can be magnetized and
demagnetized easily
Insulated copper
Prevent short circuit
wire
Use higher
To produce a strong
voltage/current
magnetic field
Use thicker wire
the coil
Design a circuit that can be used to switch on 12V
dc radio
Use step-down
Capable to reducing
transformer
potential difference/voltage
The ratio of no of
Can reduce 240V to 12V
turn of primary coil
to secondary coil
must be 20:1
Using four diodes
Full wave rectification
Using capacitor
To smooth out output
current//produce output of
steady dc
Suggest modification to the dc motor to increase
the efficiency of the motor.
Increase the strength To increase the magnetic
of the magnet
field strength.
Increase the number
To increase the magnitude
of turns of coil
of force
Increase the
To increase the magnitude
magnitude of current
of force/ increase the
strength of the magnetic
field.
Characteristics of dc motor that can be used to lift
heavy object.
Lower density
Coil has smaller
material
mass/lighter
Higher number of
Larger force acting on the
turns of coil
coil. Higher
electromagnetic field
strength
Stronger magnet
Large force acting on the
coil
More number of
Coil rotate smoothly
segment in the
commutator
Essay questions
Problem solving and
decision making
9. ELECTRONICS
Characteristics of circuit with transistor which is
used for fire alarm system.
Negative terminal of
cell is connected to
the emitter/ Positive
terminal of cell is
connected to the
collector of
transistor.
Heat Dependent
Resistor (HDR) is
placed on top while
resistor R is placed
at the bottom.
Resistor Y is placed
at the base of
transistor.
Connects extra
components such as
siren/bell and light.
Use AC current in the
outer circuit to
switch on the siren.
- So that forward biased

occurs
- Current can flows through
the transistor
- So that when there is a

rise in temperature, voltage
across X will be higher.
- Base current will flow.
- To limit the amount of
current that passes
through the transistor./
To protect the transistor
from any damage.
- So that sound or signal is
produced during fire.
- The larger is the AC

current, the louder the is
the siren.
Draws the fire alarm system with electromagnetic

relay at the outer circuit and uses AC
current to switch on the siren
Essay questions
Problem solving and
decision making
10. RADIOACTIVITY
Characteristics of radioisotope to be used to inject
into the blood of a patient to detect the location of a
brain tumor
Shorter half life
Can be active in the body
for shorter period.
Lower ionizing power Causes minimum damage
to the tissues in the body
Emit gamma ray
Can penetrate through the
body and detected by the
GM tube
Characteristics of radioisotope to be use to detect
the level of juice in a bottle
Longer half life
time
Beta ray
Can be absorbed and
medium penetrating power
Solid
Easy to handle
Ionizing power is
Not ionize the juice. Safe to
low.
drink.
Suitable characteristics of radioactive to put on the
lighting arrestor. (Pls)
Solid state
Easy to handle
Higher ionizing
Easy for the medium to
power
conduct electricity and
cause the lightning to
divert to the place of higher
ionization.
Longer half life
time.
Characteristic of radioisotope to detect the
thickness of paper in a paper industry. (Ktn)
Solid
Easy to handle
Emit beta ray
Medium penetration/ can
be absorbed.
Longer half life
time.
Medium penetrating
Less dangerous
power
Characteristic of radioactive use to detect the water
pipe leakage.(J)
Emit gamma
Penetrating power is high
and can penetrate through
pipe and soil.
Shorter half life.
Active in water supply for
shorter time.
Liquid
Can be dissolved in water
easily.
Characteristic of radioisotope use to detect
problem organ/blood circulation (Mk)
Shorter half life
Active in the body for
shorter time
Lower ionizing power Minimize the damage to the
organ.
Gamma ray
Higher penetrating
power/can be detected.
Liquid
Can be dissolved easily
Characteristic of radioisotope use to kill cancerous

cell. (radiotherapy) (Mk)
Long half life
time
Lower ionizing power Minimize the damage to the
organ.
Gamma ray
Higher penetrating
power/can be detected.
Solid
Can be handle easily
Explain the suitability of radioactive source to be
use to kill cancer cell
Can produced gamma Higher penetrating power
ray
Longer half-life
time
Solid
Easy to handle
Lower ionizing power
Do not cause cell mutation
Suggest how the radioactive material and the
detector should be chosen to be use in the study of
the intake of fertilizer.
Shorter half life a
This allow time for the
few days.
fertilizer to be absorbed
Use GM tube to
The location of the fertilizer
detect the radiation
can be detected and
analyzed.
Characteristics of paper thickness control device
using radioactive
Half life of
- So that it can be used for
radioactive
a long time./ Does not have
substance is long.
to be changed often.
Radioactive
substances that
release Beta
particles
Solid Radioactive
substances
Use GM tube
GM tube is placed
opposite of the
radioactive source.
Papers are placed at
the centre of GM
tube and radioactive
source.
- Moderate penetrating
force.
- Easy to handle and

manage.
- Can detect Beta particles.
- So that the intensity of
Beta particles can be
detected.
- So that the Beta particles
can penetrate the papers
and detected by GM tube.
Suggestion and explanation how to detect the

presence of blockages in the blood vessel using
radioisotope as a tracer
Use a small amount
Can emit , and can
of Natriumpenetrate through the
24//Thaliumpatients body
201//Technetium-99
Has short half-life ( a
Not pose any serious
few days)
health risk due to
overexpose to the radiation
Use GM tube as a
Can detect ray.
detector
The radioisotope is
Can flow to the entire body
injected to the blood
of the patient.
vessel
Radiation from the
Identify the region that is
radioisotope is
not receiving enough
detected with GM
blood.
tube
-Higher reading means
blockages.
-Lower reading mean the
region is receiving not
enough blood.
Suitable characteristics of radioactive radiation and
detector used to detect the underground water
supply leakage
The radioactive
Can penetrate the soil and
source emit beta
emerge from the ground
particles
Shorter/sufficiently
After the period of two
long half life
days the activity of the
source is weak enough and
not dangerous
Use GM tube as a
Very sensitive, can detect
detector
beta particle and easy to
carry from one place to
another
Use a rate meter
Can give the count rate
directly
Suggestions to modify your school lab with well
equip which can be used to do the research work
for radioactive source safely
Use thick lead box as Radioactive rays cannot
a radioactive source
pass through
container
Radioactive waste is
Prevent the radioactive
packed into stainless waste discharged to the
steel /concrete drum
environment
and buried
underground
Use forceps/robotic
Avoid direct touching
hand
Use siren
Faster warning when
leakage
Characteristics of radioisotopes that are suitable
for use in controlling the population of pest
Use solid
Easy to handle.
radioisotope
Can emit gamma ray
Has higher penetrating
power.
Has longer half-life
Last longer

SPM PHYSICS NOTES ON FORCES, MOTION, PRESSURE, HEAT AND LIGHT

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PHYSICS NOTES SPM

CHARACTERISTICS OR PROPERTIES MARKING SCHEME

The small reading of scale 0.01 cm

Front and rear crumple zones

Dashboard - made of soft material

The wall is constructed using stronger

The mass must be high

Big diameter of bottom bulb

Wide tyre //Smooth tyre

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

The material must be very strong

Thicker wall at the bottom

High volume of air space in the ship

Rope with small diameter (parachute)

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

To be able to withstand very strong force

The lid of the pan designed to lower the

Liquid that difficult to compress.

High degree of hardness

Big size of fan

High boiling point

High specific heat capacity

Increase the length/area of cooling coil

A storage tank must be place at a higher

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

Small critical angle.

Material with weak rigidity

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

Build near bay

Build retaining walls

Concrete barrier structure with a gap in

Build high retaining wall

Chapter 7/8 (ELECTRIC & ELECTROMAGNET)

The electric appliances are connected in

Fit fuse at the live wire in the fuse box/Use

Earth connection to the metal case of

Use low power lamps / install fluorescent

Long life span

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

Use strong material

Thicker diameter of wire of coil

Change slip rings with commutator

Use stronger magnet

Using concave surface soft iron

Using a laminated iron core

Winding the secondary and primary coils

Not easy to break

The half-life should be a few days long

The source should emit particles

The detector should be able to detect

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

4. Can you explain why a maximum speed of

the plasticine balls when they hit the wood

7. Explain how the forces between the molecules

Boy slide down when component of weight

PHYSICS NOTES SPM

11. Explain why the boat moves away from the

When the boy jumps onto the river bank, his

12. Explain why the need of steel structure and

The inertia of lorry and load is very big when it

13. Why we feel easier to pull the wheel barrow