WHII.

7 - Latin America Revolutions

Latin American revolutions of the nineteenth century were influenced by the clash of European cultures in the
development of governments and ruling powers. Spanish conquests in Latin America saw the rapid decline of
native populations and introduction of slaves from Africa. Conquistadors were given governmental authority by
the crown, becoming known as viceroys.
Characteristics of the Latin American colonial system.
Colonial governments mirrored that home governments, with a monarch-appointed governor, or viceroy, in
control of the government.
The spreading of Catholicism had a strong influence on the development of the colonies, as many indigenous
people were converted to Catholicism, and more Catholic Europeans immigrated to the colonies in Latin
America.
A major element of the colonial economies was the mining of precious metals for export. This enhanced the
imperial theory of mercantilism, allowing the home country to benefit from colonial trade.
Major cities were established as outposts of colonial authority throughout Latin America. They included
Havana, Mexico City, Lima, So Paulo, and Buenos Aires.
The class structure in the colonies was very rigid, with colonial officers at the top, and mestizos or mulattoes at
the bottom.
o Peninsulares European-born immigrants
Rigid Class Structure
to the Colonies
KING
o Creoles completely descendent of
Viceroy/Colonial
Europeans; born in the colonies
Officers
o Mestizos descendent of European and
Peninsulares
Native American
Creoles
o Mulattoes descendent of European and
African
Spain

Latin
America

Mestizos

Mulattoes

Influence of American and French Revolutions

The American and French Revolutions took place in the late 1700s. Within twenty years, the ideas and
examples of these revolutions influenced the people of Latin America to establish independent nations, most
notably in Haiti and Mexico. Colonies belonging to the French, Spanish, and Portuguese gained their
independence.

Haiti
Toussaint LOuverture was a former slave who led the Haitian rebellion against French. The Haitians defeated
the armies of three foreign powers: Spain, France, and Britain in their fight for independence. Toussaint
LOuverture was arrested and imprisoned in France, but the rebellion continued, until the defeat of the French in
1803, establishing a free, independent state.
Revolution in South America
Simn Bolivar was a native resident of Venezuela who led revolutionary efforts in the northern areas of South
America. Bolivars efforts helped to liberate Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela from Spanish
control, and helped lay the democratic foundations of Latin American government.
Revolution in Mexico
Father Miguel Hidalgo appealed to lower classes, mestizos and Native Americans about freedom. Hidalgo, with
the support of these classes, led a revolt against the peninsulares in Mexico. The rebellion was opposed by
Creoles at first, who feared loss of power, but was eventually supported by the Creole class. Hidalgo was
arrested and executed, but his movement helped spark the Mexican War for independence. Mexico was finally
granted its independence from Spain in 1821.
Revolution in Brazil
The Brazilian independence movement began in 1820, and established Dom Pedro as the first King of Brazil.
Dom Pedro was the son of the King of Portugal, and had been the colonial governor prior to the start of the
revolution. In order to retain power, he declared Brazil independent from Portugal himself in 1822.

The Monroe Doctrine

After the American Revolution, the United States wished to prevent foreign interference in America. The
Monroe Doctrine was issued in 1823 by American President James Monroe. The Monroe Doctrine established
that Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent, and that the Americas were no longer open
to colonization by European nations. It also stated that the United States would regard as a threat to its own
peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the
Western Hemisphere.

WHII.8 - The Rise of Napoleon

The French Revolution left a powerful legacy for world history, one which included a secular society, intense
nationalism, and democratic ideas.
Legacy of Napoleon
As the ruler of France, Napoleon attempted to unify Europe under French domination, but was unsuccessful.
Through his power, and the implementation of the Napoleonic Code, Napoleon was able to awaken feelings of
national pride and stimulate a growth in French nationalism.
o In the Napoleonic Wars, European nations
o Napoleon established a set of laws known as
opposed Napoleons attempt to control of
the Napoleonic Code. The Napoleonic Code
much of continental Europe. Napoleon was
brought about significant social change in
defeated after an invasion in Russia in 1912,
France.
but the Napoleonic wars brought an end to the
The Napoleonic Code was based on
Holy Roman Empire, and laid the groundwork
Enlightenment principles.
for nationalist sentiment in many European
It provided for equality for all citizens
nations, and the eventual unifications of Italy
before the law
and Germany.
It promoted religious toleration
It abolished feudalism
Legacy of the Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a meeting of all the major powers in Europe. Their intent was to restore the
balance of power in Europe to what it had been prior to Napoleons reign. The balance of power doctrine
accomplished that by doing the following:
Restoring the monarchies of Europe
Surrounding France with powerful nations
redrawing boundaries and creating a new
Creating the Kingdom of the Netherlands
political map of Europe
As a result of the changing balance of power in Europe, new political philosophies began to emerge
liberalism and conservatism.
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
The rise of nationalism was a powerful force behind European politics during the nineteenth century.
Widespread demands for political rights led to revolutions and legislative actions in Europe. National pride,
economic competition, and democratic ideals stimulated the growth of nationalism. The terms of the
Congress of Vienna led to widespread discontent in Europe, especially in Italy and the German states.
There were a number of unsuccessful democratic revolutions in 1848 that increased nationalistic tensions
among the nations of Europe. These revolutions occurred in France, Italy, Germany, and among the
Hungarians in Austria.
In contrast to continental Europe, the United Kingdom expanded political rights through legislative means
and made slavery illegal in the British Empire.
Italy and Germany become nation-states long after the rest of Europe.
The Rise of the Italian Nation-State
A nationalist movement began to overcome regional differences in Italy.
Count Cavour was appointed Prime minister of Sardinia (North Italy) by King Victor Emmanuel. Count
Cavour believed in Realpolitik, governing based on practical and material needs of the nation rather than
ideological or moral beliefs. Cavour is credited with improving agriculture, the economy, free-trade, and
infrastructure. Count Cavour is credited with unifying the various regions of Northern Italy. The
unification of Northern Italy occurred through the annexation of regions through conflict with Austria and
with the support of nationalist movements in northern regions.

Giuseppe Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy. He unified Southern states, and took control of
Papal States, and turned control over to Victor Emmanuel, appointed King of Italy in 1861.
The Papal States (including Rome) became the last to join Italy.
The Rise of the German Nation-State
Otto von Bismarck became Prime Minister in 1862 and Chancellor within 10 years. He governed based on
Realpolitik, justifying all means to achieve and hold power (power is more important than principles).
Otto von Bismarck strengthened the Prussian Army, and engaged Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War,
ultimately leading to the creation of the German state.
Franco-Prussian War
o Prussia formed alliance with Austria, and
o Prussia easily defeats France
seized part of Denmark.
o William I becomes Kaiser (ruler) marling
o Prussia invaded Austria, takes control of
the start of the second Reich (empire) in
German states in Austria
Germany.
o A rivalry grew between France & Prussia,
and the war began in 1870

WHII.9 The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution began in England and spread to the rest of Western Europe and the United States.
With the Industrial Revolution came an increased demand for raw materials from the Americas, Asia, and
Africa.
Advancements in technology produced the Industrial Revolution, while advancements in science and medicine
altered the lives of people living in the new industrial cities. Cultural changes soon followed.
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution originated in England because the abundance of natural resources such as coal and
iron ore. It quickly spread across Europe and to the United States in the second half of the 19th century. Nations
such as Germany & the U.S. more became industrialized more quickly, others followed after. Cotton textile,
iron, and steel industries played a major role in the development of industry.
In Great Britain, much of the open farmland was enclosed and given to individuals. The British Enclosure
Movement left people without land to farm, many of whom migrated to cities. People began to look for work
first in the cottage industries, and later in factories.
The Industrial Revolution promoted the rise of the factory system and demise of cottage industries. Cottage
industries, where the creation of products is home-based rather than factory-based and is considered to be
production on a small scale, gave way to the large-scale production of factories, first built and operated in
England.
The incorporation of factories in production led to the increased need for raw materials and markets throughout
the world to sell factory-made products. This led to increased imperialism by European Nations in the
Americas, Africa, and Asia.
Technology advances that produced the Industrial Revolution
Spinning jenny - James Hargreaves; more
Steam engine - James Watt; Steam engines will be
efficient creation of cloth from cotton textiles.
used in factory production, as well as steamboat
and railroad transportation of raw materials and
The cotton gin & interchangeable parts - Eli
produced goods for sale in other regions.
Whitney; the cotton gin made cotton easier and
The Bessemer Process for making steel - Henry
less expensive to harvest, and made it more
available for use in textile mills.
Bessemer; made the creation of steel more
Interchangeable parts became widely used in
efficient and less expensive. Production of steelmachinery and new technologies, making them
made goods increased, contributing to the growth
easier to maintain.
of the Industrial Revolution.
Advancements in science and medicine
The development of the smallpox vaccination by Edward Jenner eventually led to the elimination of small pox
in the world, and the discovery of bacteria by Louis Pasteur led to medical advancements in treatments,
vaccinations, and new medicines.
Impacts of the Industrial Revolution on industrialized countries
The Industrial Revolution had a number of effects on nations who became industrialized.

The standard of living increased for many people,

but not all.

The Industrial revolution brought about an increase

in the development of a public education system.

o
o

o
o

Wealthy nobles increased wealth

New middle-class developed of people who invested
in factories, inventors or new technology, and
merchants
Poor working class did not change, continued to work
for low wages in factories.

Improved transportation
o
o
o
o
o

Turnpikes & canals

Increased railroads, steam engines
Steamboats
Automobiles (German first Benz, the French &
American)
Airplanes Wright Brothers

Urbanization
o
o
o

Population boomed in the cities as people moved to

cities for factory jobs.
Paved streets, sewer systems, skyscrapers, electricity
made living in the city easier
Harsh conditions developed in areas as people began
living in tenements and slums. Overcrowding was a
major concern in the tenements.

Workers became increasingly dissatisfied with their

working conditions.
o
o
o

Workers were subject to low wages, long hours, and

unsafe working conditions.
Labor unions grew to fight for workers, used strikes
to achieve their demands, some of which turned
violent.
Governments begin to pass laws regulating labor,
including those that began to regulate child labor in
factories. Laws were passed regulating work days,
hours, conditions, and eventually wages.

o
o

Began in the late 1800s

Cities and towns began training teachers to educate
their children.
Increased primary education led to the expansion of
secondary education, mainly available to children of
middle class families and above.
Institutions of higher education became more
available, first to men only, and then began opening
to women as well.

Environmental pollution developed as a result of

factories and the use of new machinery.
o Factory waste polluted waterways, air, and soil.
Population increased as a result of the industrial
revolution.
o

Changes in agricultural technology increased food

production, decreasing famine in industrial nations.
People ate better food and led healthier lives,
allowing people to live longer.
Advancements in medical care increased life
expectancy rates in industrialized nations, and better
hygiene and sanitation in cities and towns led to
better living conditions and longer life expectancies.

Growth of the middle class

o

Mid-level business people, doctors, scientists, and

other professionals made up new the middle class.
They lived in well-furnished homes, consumed good
healthy food, and had access to clean water.
Women generally raised the children in middle class
families, many of whom attended school rather than
work in factories.

Economic Systems
Capitalism and market competition fueled the Industrial Revolution. Wealth increased the standard of living
for some. Social dislocations associated with capitalism produced a range of economic and political ideas,
including socialism and communism.
Capitalism
Adam Smith is considered to be the father of modern capitalism. Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations, in which
he outlined the benefits of a free-market (capitalist) economy.
o Smith promoted a laissez-faire system, where the
o Capitalism will increase the standard of living,
government should not interfere in the economy
increase the growth of the middle class, and
in any way.]
lower prices will make goods more affordable.
o Supporters of capitalism believe that a freeo Dissatisfaction with poor working conditions
market will help everyone, not just the rich, as it
and the unequal distribution of wealth in
will provide jobs and economic freedoms for all
capitalist economies led to alternative thought on
people.
government regulation of the economy
o The more goods that are produced for sale, the
socialist ideas emerged
lower the prices.
o Competition among companies and individuals
producing goods will lower prices of those
goods.
o A free-market encourages competition, and
entrepreneurs to invest in new business ventures.

Socialism and Communism

Karl Marx, the father of modern Socialism, wrote The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels. Marx also wrote
Das Kapital.
o Socialism emerged as a response to the injustices of capitalism, including the vast differences in social classes.
Socialism was designed to promote a classless society.
o In a socialist society, all means of production are owned by the community (the state), and wealth is distributed
equally among the people.
Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution
Agricultural economics were based on the family unit. The Industrial Revolution had a significant impact on the
structure and function of the family.
The Industrial Revolution placed new demands on the labor of men, women, and children. Workers organized labor
unions to fight for improved working conditions and workers rights.
The nature of work in the factory system
Family-based cottage industries were displaced by the factory system, as production increased in the factories.
There were very harsh working conditions, and men competed with women and children for
work, as they were forced to work for lower wages. Child labor that kept costs of production
low and profits high
Owners of mines and factories who exercised considerable control over the lives of their
laborers, including the use of factory towns. They controlled where workers lived, access to
goods and services, religion, and other factors about the lives of the workers.
Impact of the Industrial Revolution on slavery
The cotton gin, developed by Eli Whitney, increased cotton production and the demand for slave labor on American
plantations.
Britain, and then the United States, outlawed the slave trade, and then slavery.
Social effects of the Industrial Revolution
Women and children entered the workplace as cheap labor, eventually leading to the introduction of reforms to end child
labor, the expansion of public education, and increased demands for womens suffrage.
The rise of labor unions
Labor unions encouraged worker-organized strikes to demand increased wages and improved working conditions.
Unions lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children, and wanted workers rights and
collective bargaining between labor and management in order to continue improving conditions.
European Imperialism
Industrial nations in Europe needed natural resources and markets to expand their economies. These nations competed
to control Africa and Asia in order to secure their own economic and political success, and spread the economic, political,
and social philosophies of Europe throughout the world.
Resistance to imperialism took many forms, including armed conflict and intellectual movements.
o Nationalism motivated European nations to compete for colonial possessions. European economic, military, and
political power forced colonized countries to trade on European terms. Industrially produced goods flooded
colonial markets and displaced their traditional industries. Colonized peoples resisted European domination and
responded in diverse ways to Western influences.
Forms of imperialism
Colonies were under the direct control of the imperial nation.
Protectorates were left under their own control, but were expected to follow the leadership of the imperial country.
Spheres of influence were developed in nations to promote equal trade, but these nations still controlled their own
government. China under the Open Door Policy is an example of spheres of influence in a nation.
Imperialism in Africa and Asia
European nations dominated the majority of Africa and Asia by the start of the 20th century.
European conflicts carried over to the colonies, including participation in both World Wars.
Christian missionary efforts spread across Africa and Asia, trying to convert people to Christianity.

 Spheres of influence in China divided the country into areas for trade
The Suez Canal was built by English and French investors to increase trade by connecting the Mediterranean Sea with
the Red Sea and Indian Ocean.
The East India Company dominated the Indian states
o Exploited differences among Indian people
o Used forces to control local rulers when necessary
o Improved roads, kept the peace
o Rebellion against imperialism begins in 1850s
Americas opening of Japan to trade
o American ships led by Matthew Perry opened Japan to trade. It forced opening of Japanese ports, and won trading
rights for America
Responses of colonized peoples
Armed conflicts existed in response to European colonization
o Boxer Rebellion in China
o
Chinese people rebelled against foreign influence, attacked foreigners in China
Rise of nationalism in colonized nations began promoting independence.
o
Indian nationalist party founded in the mid-1800s