STAGE2|1792-1794:RadicalStage

April1792

Francedeclares
waronAustria,
Prussia,Britain,
Holland,and
Spain

January1793

LouisXVIis
executedby
guillotine

March1793

Robespierre
leadsCommittee
ofPublicSafety

ReignofTerror
begins

July1794

Robespierreis
executed

ReignofTerror
ends

WhydidFrancedeclarewaronAustria,Prussiaand
othermonarchs?Howdidthesewarsimpact
revolutionaryprogress?
Objective:DescribethereasonsforFrancesdeclarationofwaronAustria,Prussia,Englandand
othermonarchsandtheimpactthesewarshadonrevolutionaryprogress.

April1792:FrancedeclareswaronAustria,Prussia,Britain,
Holland,andSpain

The Constitution of 1791 established a new European countries where they told stories of
government that set up a limited monarchy instead attacks and abuses by the revolutionary
of an absolute monarchy. As a result, the government.
Legislative Assembly had the power to collect
Whowerethemigrs?
taxes,makelawsanddeclarewar.

Howisalimitedmonarchydifferentfroman

absolutemonarchy?

In response to the stories from migrs and anger

over the King Louis XVIs failed attempt at escape,

In June 1791, King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette the kingofPrussiaandtheemperorofAustriawrote
along with their children attempted to escape Paris the Declaration of Pillnitz on August 27, 1791 in
in disguises, however, they were caught and which they warned France that if any harmcameto
escortedbacktoFrance.
thekingandhismonarchythattheywouldintervene
militarily.
HowdidthisescapeimpacthowKingLouis
XVIwasperceivedbytheFrench?
WhatwastheDeclarationofPillnitz?

Howdoyouthinkthisescapeimpactedhow
Howwouldsuchadeclarationimpactthe
KingLouisXVIwasperceivedbyother
relationshipbetweenFranceandneighboring
Europeanmonarchs?
monarchicalcountries?

By 1792, European Monarchs were eyeing France

with suspicion. They had seen the overthrow of
Louis XVI by the French people, and worried that
revolutionaryfervorwouldspreadtotheircountries.

The king of Prussia and the emperor ofAustriaalso

began to rally other monarch nations to form an
alliance against France. In a preemptive move,
France declared war on Austria on April 20, 1792,
thenonPrussia,BritainandotherEuropeannations.

WhatdoyouotherEuropeanmonarchsfear?
Whydidtheyhavethesefears?

WhatdidFrancedoonApril20,1792?Whydid
theydothis?

The migrs, or the formermembersofthenobility,

Catholic royalist sympathizers, or anti-republicans,
were expelled by the Decree of 17 December 1791
or left because they felt threatened by the
revolution.Thesemigrsfledtoneighboring

Sources:
https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/kat_anna/war.html
http://www.history.com/topics/french-revolution
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/French_Revolution

WhywasLouisXVIexecuted?Howdidthisexecution
impactrevolutionaryprogress?
Objective:DescribethereasonsforandimpactofLouisXVIsexecution.

January1793:LouisXVIisexecuted

"Execution of Louis XVI" German copperplate engraving, 1793, by Georg Heinrich Sieveking
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI#/media/File:Hinrichtung_Ludwig_des_XVI.png

WatchtheclipoftheFrenchRevolutiondocumentaryandrespondtothequestionsbelow.

1:30

1.WhatproblemsdidtheNationalConventionface?Howdidthisproblemimpacthowrevolutionaryleaders
begantotreatsuspectedtraitorswithinFrance?

1:53

2.Whathappenedtoover1,000peoplesuspectedofbeingtraitors?

2-2:45

3.WhatdidRobespierrewanttofocuson?_____________________________________

4.WhatdidDatonwanttofocuson?_____________________________________


3:13-45

5.Withsomanyable-bodiedmenleavingforthefrontlines,Parisisleftdefenseless,itsjailsburstingwith
politicalprisoners.Anunsettlingfearfloodsthecity.Thegrowingmassofprisonersmaybeimpossibleto
contain.Maratputsoutabloodthirstycalledforrevolutionarycitizenstodescendupontheprisonsand
slaughterallinside.WhydoyouthinkMaratmadethissuggestion?

6.HowdidMaratspreadhisideas?WhatRenaissancetechnologyallowedhimtospreadhisideas?

4:05

7.WhateventencouragedrevolutionariestofollowthroughwithMaratsplan?

8.WhydoyouthinkpeoplewerepersuadedtofollowMaratssuggestions?

9.Whatimpactdoesthemedia[newspaper,TV,etc.]haveoninfluencingtheactionsofpeoplewithina
nation?

4:15-45

10.Describewhattherevolutionariesdidtotheprisoners.

4:45

11.HowmanypeoplewerekilledduringtheSeptembermassacre?

5:08

12.WhichnationwascriticaloftheSeptembermassacre?

5:33-46

13.Robespierrerealizedthatthemassacrewenttoofarandthattherevolutionariesneedaleader.He
comesforward.Whatisthefirstdecisionhemadeasthenewleaderoftherevolutionaries?

6:42

14.Accordingtothehistorian,Robespierresaid,Youhavetokillthekingsotherevolutioncanlive.What
doesthissentencemean?WhatdoesthisrevealabouttheextentFrenchrevolutionarieswerewillingtogo
toachievetheirgoals?

7:22

15.OnJanuary28,1793,whatisdecidedabouttheKingLouisXVI?

9:28

16.HowdorevolutionariesrespondtotheexecutionofKingLouisXVI?

17.WhatdidtheexecutionofLouisXVI
symbolize?

18.Howdidhisexecutionhelpadvancethe
revolutionaryideals?

19.Inyouropinion,isitrighttouseviolenceto
advanceyourideasandgoals?

Print of Louis XVI's Guillotined Head

Artistormaker:
Unknown
PublishedbyVilleneuve
(French,active
1789-1814)
AuthorofText
MaximilienRobespierre
(French,b.1758,d.1794)
Date:1793
PlaceofProduction:
Paris,France
Medium:aquatint,
etchingandengraving
onpaper

Source:http://collection.waddesdon.org.uk/search.do?id=43021&db=object&page=1&view=detail

Directions:Usingtheimageabove,respondtothequestionsbelow.

OBSERVE

DESCRIBE

Listtheobject,peopleorplacesyouseeinthe
image.

Describetheactionintheimage.

EXPLAIN

Inthetitle,whoaretheCrownedJugglersand
whyaretheyreferredtointhatway?

WhyisLouisXVIsbloodreferredtoas
impure?

Whatmessagedoesthisimagesendto
counterrevolutionarieswithinFrance?

Whatmessagedoesthisimagesendto
revolutionarysympathizerswithinFrance?

Whatmessagedoesthisimagesendtoother
Europeanmonarchs?

WhydidRobespierreinitiatetheReignofTerror?How
didtheReignofTerrorimpactrevolutionaryprogress?

Objective:DescribethereasonsforandimpactoftheReignofTerror.

March1793:RobespierreleadsCommitteeofPublicSafetyandtheReign
ofTerrorbegins

WhatwastheCommitteeofPublicSafety?
TheCommitteeofPublicSafetywassetuponApril6,1793,duringoneofthecrisesoftheRevolution,
whenFrancewasburdenedwithforeignandcivilwar.Thenewcommitteewastoprovideforthedefense
ofthenationagainstitsenemies,foreignanddomestic,andtooverseethealreadyexistingorgansof
executivegovernment.FromApriltoJuly10,1793,theCommitteeofPublicSafetywasdominatedby
GeorgesDantonandhisfollowers,whopursuedapolicyofmoderationandreconciliationbutwhofailedto
dealadequatelywiththeprecariousmilitarysituation.ThesemenwerereplacedinJulybymenmore
determinedandmoreradicalinthedefenseoftheRevolution,amongthemMaximilienRobespierre.
Source:http://www.britannica.com/topic/Committee-of-Public-Safety
1.WhatwasthepurposeoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety?

2.WhichmoreradicalleadertookcontroloftheCommitteeofPublicSafety?________________

3.GivenwhatyouknowabouttheSeptembermassacreandtheexecutionofLouisXVI,what
predictionscanyoumakeaboutwhattheywerewillingtodotomeettheCommitteesgoals?

WhatwastheReignofTerror?
The Reign of Terror (June 1793 July 1794) was a period in the French Revolution
characterized by brutal repression. The Terror originated with the Committee of
Public Safetythatsuspendedmostofthedemocraticachievementsoftherevolution,
and intended to pursuetherevolutiononsocialmatters.Itsstatedaimwastodestroy
internal enemies and conspirators and to chase the external enemies from French
territory. The Terror as such started on September 5, 1793 and, as the Reign of
Terror, lasted until the summer of 1794, taking the livesofanywherebetween18,000
to 40,000 people (estimates vary widely). Thousands would die by means of the
guillotine.Inthesinglemonthbeforeitended,1,300executionstookplace.

Source:http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Reign_of_Terror

4.TheReignofTerrorissaidtobecharacterizedbybrutalrepression.
Whatdoesthewordrepressionmean?

5.InwhatwaysdidtheReignofTerrorundotheachievementsoftherevolution?

6.Accordingtothisexcerpt,whatwastheaimoftheReignofTerror?


TheimagetotheleftisanengravingofRobespierre
guillotiningtheexecutionerafterhavingguillotinedeveryone
elseinFrance(1793).Thetextatthebottomoftheengraving
reads(translated):Robespierre,afterhavingalltheFrench
guillotined,beheadstheexecutionerwithhisownhand.

1.WhatdoesthisimagerevealaboutRobespierre?

2.WhatdoesthisimagerevealabouttheReignof
Terror?

Source:Unknownartist,engravingofRobespierreandtheguillotine,
Robespierre,AfterHavingAllTheFrenchGuillotined,Beheadsthe
ExecutionerwithHisOwnHand,1793
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror#mediaviewer/File:R
obespierre_excutant_le_bourreau.jpg

ImpactoftheReignofTerror
ExecutionsDuringtheReignofTerror

Source:DennisShermanetal.,eds.,WorldCivilizations:Sources,
Images,andInterpretations,McGraw-Hill(adapted)fromtheNYS
GlobalHistoryandGeographyRegentsExam,August2006.

1.Accordingtothepiecharttotheleft,which
classeswereexecutedmostfrequently?

2.WhatisironicaboutwhotheCommitteeof
PublicSafetychosetoexecute?

3.Howmighttheseexecutionshave
impactedmoraleinFrance?

July1794:RobespierreisexecutedandtheReignof
Terrorends

TIMETABLE,1794
July27:TheConventionorderedthearrestofRobespierreandhisfriends.Theyweretakento
Luxembourg.Thejailerrefusedtolockthemup.TheyleftandwenttotheTownHalltoplantheirnext
move.TheycouldhavebeatentheConvention,buttheParisCommunedidnothelpintime.Theywere
declaredtobeoutlawsandarrestedagain.

July28(earlymorning):TheConventionmadeRobespierreandhisfriendsoutlawsandarrestedthemat
theTownHall.NoweitherRobespierrewasshot,orheshothimself.Hewaswounded.

July28:Robespierreand21friendswenttotheguillotine.
Source:JaneShuter,ed.,HelenWilliamsandtheFrenchRevolution,RaintreeSteck-Vaughn(adapted)fromtheNYSGlobalHistory
andGeographyRegentsExam,January2015.

AccordingtoJaneShuter,whatwasoneconsequenceRobespierrefacedasaresultofhisactions?

WhatisironicaboutthedeathofRobespierre?

By1795,theRevolutionaryarmieshadrestoredpeacetotheFrenchborders,but,onceagain,turmoil
threatenedtosweepacrossFranceitself.TheNationalConvention(nowcontrolledbythemoderateand
conservativerepresentatives,whohadcondemnedRobespierre)couldnotpreventnewoutbreaksof
radicaldemonstrations.

Source:SeanConnolly,TheFrenchRevolution,HeinemannLibraryfromtheNYSGlobalHistoryandGeographyRegentsExam,
January2015.

AccordingtoSeanConnolly,whatwasoneissueFrancefacedafterRobespierrewasremovedfrom
power?

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