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    Yuki Suzuki
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    2 unit topics, easy to read, important points for each topic

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    17 Ansichten28 Seiten

    2 Unit Topics

    Hochgeladen von

    Yuki Suzuki
    2 unit topics, easy to read, important points for each topic

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Als PDF herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
    Markieren Sie unangemessene Inhalte
    von 28
    ARITHMETIC AND ALGEBRA Real Numbers Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers (Can be expressed in the form, where p & q are integers, q #0.) 4 Integers Fractions jurds ‘Transcendentals 21012. eee eg ENE eg mesin 20", logs Order of Gperation (BIDMAS) 1. Brackets & 2. Indices 3. Division and multiplication, from left to right 4. Addition and subtraction, from feft to right Fractions Factorisation 1. Common Factor ab +ac=a(b +c) 2. Grouping In Pairs ac +ad- be - bd =a(e +d) - b(e +4) = =(a- bye +) 3. Perfect Square a2 + 2ab +b? = (ab)? 4, Difference of Two Squares a -b?=(@-bya+b) 5. Quadratic e.g. 2x2 +x - 6 = (2x = 3)(x +2) 6 Sum & Difference of Two Cubes ad +b} = (@ + bya? F ab +b) / index Lews 2. 3. (xa) = ab 4. (xy}8 = x2 y2 ie ( ok E y 6 it 8. 2 10. xm = Wale = Ar) Linear Equations To solve an equation, isolate x by performing the same operation to both sides of the equation. Example Solve 3 (x +2)-Lex-3) = 1 forx. Solution $2¢e+2)-1¢x-3) = 10 5x+10-2x+6 = 10 3x+16 = 10 3x = -6 x= -2 Linear Inequalities Example Find the values of x that satisfy -3x + I < 11, Solution Bxti0, Parabola is concave downwards if a<0. Circle & Semi-Circle x? + y2=r2is a circle, centre (0, 0), radius ty ‘ y = Vix? is an upper semiccirele, centre (0, O), radius 1. y = -V1"- x? isa lower semi-circle, centre (0,0), radius (x-h)?+(y-4)? = Pisa citcte, centre (b, 1, radius r, Rectangular Hyperbola xy = is a rectangular hyperbola Asymptotes are x = 0 and y =0 (that is, y and x axes, respectively). If >0, branches of hyperbola are in quadrants | & 3. Ife <0, branches of hyperbola are in quadrants 2 & 4, Domain of Compesite Function Domain of y = aS is all real x, except values of x for which g(x) = 0. Domain of y = 1g) is found by solving g(x) 2 0 for x. Domain of y = log,¢(x) is found by solving g(x) > 0 for x. Regions of the Cartesian Plane To draw y f(x), first sketch y = f(x) as a broken curve. ‘Then substitute point, for example (0, 0), into inequality to determine which side of curve to shade. Tips For Curve Sketching Graph of y = f(x) + ¢ is graph of y = f(x) raised c units, where c > 0. Graph of y = £(x) - ¢ is graph of y = f(x) lowered c units, where ¢ > 0. Graph of y = -f(x) is reflection of y = f(x) in the x-axis, Graph of y = f(-x) is reflection of y = f(x) in the y-axis. Graph of x = f(y) is reflection of y = f(x) in the line y = x. To graph y = lE(%)l, graph y = f(x) using a broken line. For portion of graph above the x-axis, leave unchanged. For portion of graph below x-axis, reflect in the x-axis, Even and Odd Functions A function is even iff f(-x) = f(x) An even function is symmetrical in the y-axis, A function is odd iff f(-x) = -£(x) ‘An odd function has point symmetry. It maps onto itself when rotated 180° about (0, 0). 1 TRIGONOMETRY Pythageras' Theorem = =a? +b? iff'a triangle is right-angled, Where = hypotenuse and a, b are the other two sides, Trigonometric Ratios ef Acute Angles in @ = SPR ob sin 0 = FP corer @ = —— = BE hyp, ad 1_ hy opp cos 8 = sec 0= a Cl tan @ = SEP e-i ‘adj adj ore =O Opp Examples The Unit Circle, x2 + y2 = 1 y (9) = (Cos 8, sin @) C1, 0)! , -1) 1G is an angle of any magnitude, measured anti-clockwise from the positive direction of the x-axis, then: 1 1 a sin @ = y co-ordinate of point on unit circle ‘cos @ = x co-ordinate of point on unit circle sec@=—t_aL cos * tan @ = >= gradient of radius line cot o= t= E Ratios of 180° + 0, 360° +6, = 6 B [cos(180" - 6), sin(180* - 6)} =Gy) = (-008 8, sin 6) y) = (€08 8, sin @) wl C[c0s(180" + 6), sin(180" + 8)] D [oos(360" - 6), sin(360" -@)] = Cs) = [0s (6), sin (-8)] (% -¥) = (-cos 8, -sin 6) (cos @, -sin @) gradienta¢ = tan(180° + 6) = tan @ gradientgp = tan(180° - @) = tan(360" - 8) = tan(-6) = -tan @ All Trigenometric sin @ cos @ tang = 2128 cos 8 Ratios in Terms of Sine & Cosine cosec @ = Pythagorean identities cos?@ + sin2@ = 1 1 + tan?0 = sec? cot? + 1 = cosec?@ Complementary Angle Identities sin (90° -8)=cos@ = see (90° - @) = cosec 9 = o1P gp Me tan (90° -@)=cot@ = The Sine Rule fe cos (90"- 8) =sing = & cosec (90° - 8) = sec @ = & cot (90°-6)=tand= & o By Use the Sine Rule when problem involves 2 sides and 2 angles (one of which is unknown). The Cosine Rule To find side: c = a°+ b?- 2abcosC To find angle: cos C = aap ec? hab Use the Cosine Rule when problem involves 3 side and 1 angle (one of which is unknown). True Bearings Bearings are measured clockwise, from the North direction. Example P bears 150°T from O. That is, P is $30°E of O. N a 150° w E s P Area of Triangle Perpendicular Height Known Ie h a] v o freee ‘Area of triangle =5 bh, where b = base, h = perpendicular height Two Sides and Included Angle Known Area of triangle = h ab.sin C, where C = included angle u €O-ORDINATE GEOMETRY For the two points A (x). ¥1) & B (xy, ¥3)s = mea t8@ _¥27¥1 gradient of AB = m= == od distance from A to B = (2-1)? + G2-y)? Perpendicular distance from A to the line ax + by +e = is; mid-point of interval AB = [51% ‘i 15 equation of line through A (x,, y;) with gradient mis y - yi =m(x-x,) oy ; Y¥1_YarYa equation of ine through A and B is 7 a Equation of line through point of intersection of ax + by +c =0 and Ax +By +C=0is ax + by +0 + k(Ax + By + C) =0, where kis a constant whose valve is found using given information. A line that makes an angle o: with the positive direction of the x-axis has gradient = m = tan ct, ‘The line y = mx +b has gradient = m, and y-intercept = b. The line ax + by + ¢=0 (generl form of a line) has gradient =~ ‘The lines with gradients my and mp are: i. parallel iff m, =m) ii, pempencicular iff mm, = 5 (orients are negative reciprocals) ‘ That is, my ‘Two Hines intersect iff they are not parallel (that is, m, #11). To find the point of intersection of two lines, solve their equations simultaneously. Sketching straight lines (or any curves): To find the x-intercept, substitute y = 0. To find the y-intercept, substitute x = 0. SEQUENCES AND SERIES Arithmetic Progression Common difference = d = Ty-Tp.1 ‘ath term of an AP, T, = a+ (n- 1)d, where a = first term Sum of first n terms, Sy = 5 (@+/ ), where /=last tem = F(2a+(a- Da} Geometric Progression T, Commontratio= r= el nth term of GP, T, = ar! ‘Sum of first n terms, Sy = 2e0 = 20") eet Limiting sum of GP, S_ = ~*~, iffirl<1, thatis-l using the formula for the sum of a geometric series. Loan Repayments (Time Repayment) by Example _ $P is borrowed. Reducible interest is charged at r% per month. Principal and interest are repaid in equal monthly instalments, M, over n months, What is the value of M? Solution Let B, = balance owing after n months By=PR-M, whereR = 14555 By =BjR-M=(R-M)R-M=PR?-MR-M Bs = BYR - M= (PR2- MR- M)R- M= PR3- MR2- MR-M Bey Similarly, Bn=PR'-MR"l....-MR-M =PRI-M(L+R+R2+...4R01) (Bn = 0, since loan is repaid) m= ?RR-) where R= 1+ 755 14 DIFFERENTIATION ‘The derivative function is an expression for the gradient of the tangent to a curve, at any point Differentiation by First Principles tim f(x + h) - f(x) £00 = oo t lim f(x) - ©) F@) = me KC Differentiation of Power Functions Lotsa sox+0 = ax" 14 anx™ +b Chain Rule of Differentiation Example Differentiate (x? - 1)! with respect to x. Solution Lety =(x?- 1)! y =ul0, where u=x2-1 gy _ fy du ox du kk = 100°.2x = 20x (x?- 1)? Product Rule of Differentiation Ify =.y, where w and v are functions of x, 8 oye uvev ete then SL = val t uv! = vig + gy Quotient Rule of Differentiation Tey = 5, where u and v are functions of x, vit then 2 = 2 wo oe v Equation of Tangent & Normal Example Find the gradient of the tangent and normal to the curve y = x? at the point where x = 2. Solution & = 352 = 3)? = 12 (gradient of tangent atx = 2) : a Peete gradient of normal = Saarent of tangent 12 "To find equation of tangent and normal, use y ~ yy = MX- X,)- 1s APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION Significance of First Derivative: Gradient of Tangent c AtA, Gr <0. Curves decreasing at A. AtB, G>0. Curve is increasing at B. Arc, =0. Curve is stationary at C. Significance of Seco Derivative: Concavity A | Na i AtA,B,C, £2 <0. Curveis concave downwards, ALE,E,G, <%> 0. Curveis concave upwards, a a a AtD, <4 =0, and > changes sign passing through D. d& dx Dis a point of inflexion point (the point where concavity changes). Stationary Points a. Solve x 0 for x. Find y by substituting x into original equation. Determine nature of statior nary point (e maximum or minimum turning point or horizontal point of inflexion) using First Derivative Test or Second Derivative Test. (See overleaf) 16 Determining Nature of Statienary Points First Derivative Test (FDT) Find gradient of tangent before and after stationary point. 7G 0 0 0 Oat Maximum turning point Minimum turning point ‘Horizontal inflexion, if y" changes sign Second Derivative Test (SBT) Find concavity at stationary point. (Stationary) y' =0 (stationary) y' =0 (stationary) y">0 (concave up) ey" <0 (concave down) &y" =0 and y" changes sign (neither concave up nor down) ‘Minimum tuming point Maximum turning point Horizontal inflexion Practical Applications of Differentiation To find the absolute maximum or minimum value of a quantity, Q: 1. Draw a diagram, Define variables and label on diagram. 2. Find a formula for the quantity, Q, being maximised or minimised. 3. Find an equation for the constraint. Hence express Q in terms of one variable, say x. . 4. SciveSS = 0 for x. Ss. Determine whether point is a relative maximum or minimum using FDT or SDT. 6. Examine values of Qat end-points of domain as possible absolute maxima or minima. (Rarely occurs). 7. Answer the bloomin' question! THE QUADRATIC FUNCTION & THE PARABOL, Graph of the Quadratic Funefic Example Sketch the parabola y = x2- 2x - 8. Solution y= (x+2)«-4) Ifx=0,y=-8 Ify=0,x=-2o0r4 Vertex of a parabola is at x = x= Ly=1-2-g=.9 +s vertex is (1, -9) Example Use the above graph to find the values of x that satisfy each of the following, @ = x2-2x-8=0 (OR) x2-2x-8<0 © x2-2x-820 ty &+2I@-H=0 &+2)&-4) <0 &+2)@&-4)20 x=2or4 -2 0, roots are real and unequal. mM, Yaax2 + bx e ¢ . ax2 + bx + will be a perfect square. Roots are rational iff A is a perfect square. 8 Sums and Products of Roots of Quadratic Equation {f @ and B are the roots of the quadratic equation ax? + bx +c = 0, then: y a>0 Positive Definite A<0: Ox-intercepts —}———_—______» x a<0 Negative Definite y 4 Positive Semi-definite a>0 A=0: 1 x-imercepp — x a<0 Negative Semi-definite y Indefinite gees —laro A>0: 2 xintercepts a ee ‘The quadratic expression ax2 + bx +c is: positive definite iff a > 0 and b? - 4ac <0; negative definite iff a <0 and b? - dac <0; indefinite iff b? - 4ac > 0 and a #0. LOCUS AND THE PARABGLA “* locus is the path taced out by a point which moves so that it obeys given conditions. Feeus-Directrix Definition of a Parabola A parabola is the locus of a point which moves so that it remains equidistant from a fixed point (the focus) and a fixed line (the directrix), Example The point P(x, ) moves so that it remains equidistant from the point $ (0, a) and the line y = -a. Find the equation of the locus of P. Solution PS =PQ, where Qis foot of perpendicular from P to the directrix y =-a, V%-0+ Ga)? Hy te Vxtty? dayta? = y sa x+y? Dayta? = ye ray ea? x? = day Graph of Parabola x? = day axis of symmety is x = 0 vertex is 0, 0) focal length =a focus is (0, a) direetrixis'y =-a Tatus rectum is y= a length of latus fectum = 4a units Similarly, x? = -ay is a Parabola, concave downwards, vertex (0, 0), focal length = a units Parabola, Vertex (h, k) The concave upwards parabola with vertex (h,k) and focal ength = a units has the equation: (x - h)? = daly - &). ° ‘The concave downwards parabola with vertex (h,k) and focal Tength = a units has the equation: (x + hy = day - ky. 20 INTEGRATION Integration is the inverse of differentiation. indefinite Integral (Primitive Function) [ brews att (ex +by%dx = GED), sere a,b, c,m are constants, n +1 a(n+f) n+l ax’ TaT * DX + ¢ where a, b,c, m are constants, n + -1 xatl + al @ Definite Integral f fx) dx = [H)]2 a = f(b) - f@) Area Bounded by the X or Y Axis ‘Area bounded by x-axis, Area bounded by y-axis, Area Between two Curves ‘Area between curves, A = fi {fex) - g0)Jax ‘This formula may even be applied when areas partly above and parly below x-axis! © Volume of Revolution Tf A, (on previous page) is rotated about the x-axis through one revolution, V, = m 4 If Ay (on previous page) is rotated about the y-axis through one revolution, V, = x f x? dy © Approximations of Definite integrals The Trapezoidal Rule > f A(x) dx = 25° [ta + £00) ] Simpsen's Rule b f f(s) dx = Fe [os afte axe +109] a kes 48 Cos) +e) ra a 2 EXPONENTIAL & LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS © = 2.71828 18284 59045 23536 02874 71352 66249 77572 47093 69996 . (irrational number) yee" Legarithms Example — log,8=3 (To what must 2 be raised to give 8? Answer: 3) Logarithm Laws 1. Jog, +log,b = log,ab 2. og,a - logyb = tog) we AB RQ te as A de 3. log,a? = plog,a (SE 4, Change of Base Rule: log, 2 = a Exponential & Logarithmic Form IfB® =P, then E=logpP. lB foane frae® dx = ferro Lome L fnx=t [iors \ £'@) d £'(x) Fey & = Inf) a PO = Ey J = TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Tradians = 180 degrees, where x = 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433... (irrational number) To convert degrees to radians, multiply by iw To convert radians to degrees, multiply by 180° © Area and Circumference of @ Circle Circumference of circle, C= 2a, where r= radius ‘Area of circle = 1 12 18 = number of radians subtended at centre of circle, Arc length, / = 19 Area of sector = 11% 1 a? C/p \\ Area of segment = Area of sector - ‘Area of triangle ee 1 a” = 7r0-srrsing = defo sin of OE * 4 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions y y=sin x, for0 SxS 2 x y= cos x, for0sx<2n Amplitude & Period of Trigonometric Functions Consider the graphs of y =a sin nx + b and y =acos nx +b, wheren > 0. amplitude =|! : period = 2e If > 0, y =a sin nx or y =a cos nx is raised b units, Ifb <0, y =a sin mx ory =a cos nx is lowered b units. Consider the graph of period = tan nx, where n> 0. Derivatives and Integrals o¢ Trigonomotric Functions HF 808+ 6) = acostar roy fosacesa 4 sinex any \ HCO Hb = a singer ey [sree a= 4 cwarem H MEY) = aseclacsy [tecrdac-! maesy Trigonometric Limits ASK O, (uhere xis in radian measure) sinx x cosx 1 tanxsx a lim 3sinax 309 6 veal ey ee 3 KINEMATICS Tft= time elapsed, displacement from the. origin = x = f(t) instantaneous velocity = y = = & =F) instantaneous acceleration = a = Beg TEX > 0, particle is to the Tight of the origin, Hx <0, particle is t0 the left of the origin, TEx =0, particle is at origin, O. particle is travelling in the Negative direction, : Test (stationary). This occurs when Particle changes direction. Avene sed = neon 6 PROBABILITY Definition If all outcomes are equally likely, __ number of desirable outcomes the probability of an event = ber of possible outcomes That is, P(E) = Bey where E = set of desirable outcomes and $= sample space (set of all possible outcomes) Range ef Probabilities O

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