Rrs Unit 2

SEMBODAI RUKMANI VARATHARAJAN
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Repair & Rehabilitation of structures
BY
KARTHIVELU
Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL
Quality
assurance
Concrete properties- strength,
permeability, thermal properties and
cracking.
Effects due to climate, temperature,
chemicals, corrosion
Design and construction errors
Effects of cover thickness and cracking
Quality
means excellence
Quality
assurance
scheme
is
a
management system which increases
confident that a material product of
service
will
confirm
to
specify
requirements.
Misinterpretation
of design and drawings

or other specifications.
Lack of effective communication with
suppliers and co-contractor.
Inefficient coordination of sub-contracted
work.
In adequate on site supervision,
poor workmanship due to inadequate
skills and experience of the labour force.
It
outlines and implement (by quality

assurance program)
commitment policies
designated responsibilities
requirements of the owner
The
manufacture of every complex item

produce a quality assurance scheme
value
of the product
methods used in the circumference
The need of quality assurance

necessary to give
good performance and appearance
through out its intended life
useful for promoting the schemes by
engineers
Organization:
clear
definition
of
responsibilities and relationship
Auditing: Supervising
the tasks are
continuously being executed according
to stated methods
Review
line: continuous checks on
process methods and action procedures
adopted
Feed back: analyse defects and their
causes and form
remedies
Plan :-quality
Do :- Working
systematically
Check:checking with
non
conformance
Act :-Upon
the result
Standards
Production control
Compliance control
Task and responsibilities
Guarantees
for users
Define
the Specification methods of

Testing and Levels of acceptance
Good
specification make concrete

suitable for its purpose
Specification
should be made by
considering the field condition
10
Confirm
that its own personal and

operations are confirming to its own
quality control standards
Done
by regular test by the person

responsible for the particular operation
11
applied
to the material and to the

structural members at the end of each
constructional operation
Done
by person who work on the

resultant product or by the design
engineer
12
Written document has
check line for items inspected,

inspection results,
acceptance criteria,
non-compliance remarks,
Inspectors signature &
company affiliations.
13
Definitions
for task, functions, and

responsibilities of each party and for
each activity need to be established.
Tasks
and functions should include the

total scope as well as any limitations of
both technical and organizational rules.
14
Thermal
character of concrete: Heat of

hydration cause temperature gradient
and hence tension cracks
The
three important thermal properties

of concrete are,
Thermal conductivity of concrete.
Co-efficient of thermal expansion and
Fire resistance
15
Ability
to conduct heat.
Measured
in Jules / second / square meter
Depend
the composition ( type of

aggregate amount of moisture continent)
Conductivity ranges from 1.4 and

J/sm2. (in saturated concrete )
3.6
16
The
coefficient of concrete is a resultant

of two phases (paste and aggregate )
In
general it is a function of the quantity

of aggregate in the mix and the
coefficient of thermal expansion of
aggregate
It
affects the stability and durability at

different temperature
conditions.
17
It is determined by three factors.
The capacity of concrete to with stand

heat.
The subsequent action of water
The conductivity of the concrete to heat

and coefficient of thermal expansion of
concrete Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL
18
Fire
introduces temperature gradients

and hence the surface layers expands &
spall off from the cooler interior.
reinforcement
expand in both laterally

and longitudinally hence loss of bond
and strength (buckling of steel)
Water evaporate and escapes and hence
drying shrinkage (cracks) occurs
19
When inner temp. 40oc & outer temp. 800oC

First an hour Sudden expansion of
aggregate & water cause localised bursting.
Second
an hour inside reaches 400oC,

deterioration of concrete, loss of tensile
strength of steel, over deflection of beam &
slab
Beyond 1 hour Buckling of steel, spalling of
concrete & loss
of
bond.
20
Concrete
cover protects the steel from

environment attack.
Alkalinity
in concrete reacts with steel

and produce a protective layer of Fe2O3
Adequate
thickness of cover & Low

permiability products the steel from
corrosion
21
It
is an electrochemical process
The electrochemical potentials, to form the
corrosion cells forms in 2 ways
differences in concentration of dissolved

ions in steel (chlorides & oxygen)
two
dissimilar metals are embedded in

concrete (steel rebar and aluminum
conduit pipe)
22
At
anode surface
Fe
2e- + Fe2+
(metallic iron)
At cathode surface
1/2 O2 + H2 O
2e- +2(OH)(air)
(water)
At anode
Fe++ + 2(OH)FeO. (H2O)
(rust)
23
24
25
Corrosion inhibitors.
Corrosion resisting steels.
Coatings for steel.
Cathode protection.
26
Corrosion
inhibitor is an admixture that is

used in concrete to prevent the metal
embedded in concrete from corroding
Types
of inhibitors:
Anodic inhibitors
Cathode inhibitors
mixed inhibitors
27
They
may react with the existent

corrosion product to form an extremely
insoluble adherent coating on the metal
surface.
Organic
inhibitors replace water at site

on the inner plate, thus decrease
corrosion
Examples:
Alkalis,
Phosphates,
by S.Karthivelu&
AP CIVIL
Chromates, Prepared
Nitrates
Benzoates.
28
Cathode inhibitors act to stifle the

cathode reaction.
They are generally less effective since
they do not form films on the anode
Example:
Aluminium
oxide
and
magnesium oxide.
Mixed inhibitors
A mixed inhibitors may affect both

Anodic andPrepared
Cathode
processes.
by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL
29
A safe inhibitor - reduces the total

corrosion with out erecting area
dangerous inhibitors - presence of
crevices prevent complete protection
Anodic inhibitors are generally

dangerous except sodium benzoate.
Cathode inhibitors are generally safe
except sulphate.
30
Classification
based on the actions

(processes by way of which the
passivation is achieved )
Barrier layer formation.
Neutralization.
Savaging.
The barrier layer formation best achieved
by simply completely coating steel with a
well curved low water cement paste which
needs to extra
admixture at all.
31
stainless
steel or inox steel is a steel

alloy with a minimum of 10.5% chromium
content by mass is corrosion resistant.
Chromium act as protective coating.
Stainless
steel differs from carbon (mild)

steel by the amount of chromium present.
But
low-oxygen, high-salinity, or poor aircirculation environments

cause corrosion
32
It
contains both benefits(corrosion

protection) and disadvantages(bonding
problem)
Organic coating:
(Coal tar, Enamel epoxy, Asphalt,
Chlorinated rubber, vinyl, Phenolic,
Neoprene & Methane)
Epoxy coatings:
33
Provide
excellent corrosion protection of

Pre-stressing steel & Reinforcement from
Oxygen, Moisture & Chloride (NaCl,CaCl2)
attack mainly in bridge decks
Epoxy coating gives acceptable bond in
RCC. (Epoxy powder is better than Epoxy
liquid)
Epoxy coated bars failed in flexure Rather
than in bond about 4% lower load than
uncoated steel.
34
Metallic
coating provide protection by one of

the 2 ways
Coating with more negative corrosion
potential metal (zinc & cadmium) than steel.
(Zinc provide better protection in costal areas)
Development of passivating product on the
coating which protects only as long as the
coating is un Brocken.(nickel & stainless steel)
. Hot-dipping process (Galvanising) gives
thicker coating than radioing, electroplating &
spraying methods
35
The
corrosion in damp soil is Electro Chemical in

nature
It consists of electrical connections. It neutralise
the corrosion current by counter current & forms
the layer of insoluble reaction product
It
is used in submerged structures such as piles ,

locks & gates in the interior of water tanks
Cathode protection will not prevent corrosion
unless the structure is sorrows by an electrolyte
(swatter or damp
soil)
36
37
The
construction industry has in general

fallen to non-technical persons most of
whom have little or no knowledge of
correct construction practices.
There
is a general lack of good

construction practices either due to
ignorance, carelessness, or negligence. Or,
a combination of all of these.
38
Similarly
for a healthy building it is

absolutely necessary for the construction
agency and the owner to ensure good
quality materials selection and good
construction practices.
All the way to building completion every

step must be properly supervised and
controlled without cutting corners.
39
Selection
of poor quality cheap materials.
Inadequate
and improper proportioning of

mix constituents of concrete, mortar etc.
Inadequate
control on various steps of

concrete production such as batching,
mixing, transporting, placing, finishing and
curing
40
Inadequate
quality control and

supervision causing large voids (honey
combs) and cracks resulting in leakages
and ultimately causing faster
deterioration of concrete.
Improper construction joints between
subsequent concrete pours or between
concrete framework and masonry.
Addition of excess water in concrete and
mortar mixes.
Poor quality of plumbing and sanitation
materials and practices.
41
Very
often, the building loses its durability

at the time of preparation of specifications
for concrete material.
It
is of crucial that the designer and

specified must first consider the
environmental conditions existing around
the building site.
42
It
is also equally important to do

geotechnical (soil) investigations to
determine the type of foundations, the
type of concrete materials to be used in
concrete and the grade of concrete
depending on chemicals present in
ground water and subsoil.
43
It
is critical for the structural designer and

architect to know whether the agency
proposed to carry out the construction has
the requisite skills and experience to
execute their designs.
Often
complicated designs with dense

reinforcement steel in slender sections
result in poor quality construction.
In
addition, inadequate skills and poor

experience of the contractor, ultimately
causes deterioration of the building
44
Closely
spaced of reinforcement steel bars due to

inadequate detailing and slender concrete
shapes causes segregation.
If concrete is placed carelessly into the formwork

mould, concrete hits the reinforcement steel and,
obstructing its placement and is lost from the
concrete mix while the coarse material falls
below causing large porosity (honeycombs).
It
is necessary for the structural consultant to

provide adequate reinforcement steel to prevent
structural members from developing large cracks
when loaded.
45
Proper
specification for concrete materials and

concrete.
Proper
specifications to take care of

environmental as well as sub soil conditions.
Construct
able and adequate structural design.
46
Proper
quality and thickness of concrete

cover around the reinforcement steel.
Planning
proper reinforcement layout

and detailing the same in slender
structures to facilitate proper placing of
concrete without segregation.
Selection
of proper agency to construct

their designs.
47
Architects
and Engineers are parents of the

buildings they plan and design and therefore
their contribution to the health and life of the
building is quite significant.
Once
the plans are drawn the structural designs

and specifications are prepared, it is then the
turn of the agency to construct the building and
bring the blue print to reality.
Special
care must be taken in the design and

detailing of structures and the structure should
be inspected continuously during all phases of
construction to supplement the careful design
and detailing.Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL
48
3 Basic symptoms of distress in a

concrete structure
Cracking, Spalling and Disintegration
Reasons for their development may be
poor materials, poor design, poor
construction practice, poor supervision
or a combination
49
ACTIVE CRACKS
If the magnitude of the movement, measured over
a reasonable period of time (say 6 months or 1

year), is sufficient to displace or show significantly.
we can treat the crack as an active one. Do not
remain in constant in width.
DORMANT CRACKS
If the movements are smaller, the crack may be
considered as dormant. They remain constant in
width, and may be repaired by filling then with a
rigid material.Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL
50
Increase in width become the original

reason for their occurrence persists,
e.g: Continuing foundation settlement
or cracks due to reinforcement
corrosion.
51
In
a long retaining wall or long channel,

the regular formation of cracks indicates
faults in the design rather than the
construction, but an irregular distribution
of cracks may indicate poor construction
as well as poor design.
Regular
patterns of cracks may occur in

the surfacing of concrete and in thin
slabs. ThesePrepared
areby S.Karthivelu
called
pattern cracks
AP CIVIL
52
Strength
of concrete.
Permeability of concrete.
Durability of concrete.
Creep of concrete.
Thermal property of concrete.
Micro cracking of concrete.
Stress and strain characteristic of concrete.
Shrinkage and temperature effects.
Acid attack fire resistance, efflorescence
53
The
degree of allowability for other

material (liquid & gas) to pass through
concrete.
It depends on the pores and their
continuity
CAUSES OF PORES IN CONCRETE
gel pores & capillary pores in cement
past
pour compaction
54
Aggressing
liquid attack the concrete

Moisture air will result in corrosion
Frost action
Water tightness of liquid retaining structures
Hydrostatic pressure in the interior of the
dams
Causes
honey combed structure

Reduces the strength of concrete
55
The
permeability can be measured by a

simple test by measuring the quantity of
water flowing through a given thickness
of concrete in given time.
durable concrete should be relatively

impervious
56
Concrete
is strong in compression &

weak in tension
57
58

Rrs Unit 2

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SEMBODAI RUKMANI VARATHARAJAN

Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

of design and drawings

outlines and implement (by quality

manufacture of every complex item

The need of quality assurance

Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

Task and responsibilities

Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

the Specification methods of

specification make concrete

that its own personal and

by regular test by the person

Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

to the material and to the

by person who work on the

Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

Written document has

check line for items inspected,

for task, functions, and

and functions should include the

Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

character of concrete: Heat of

three important thermal properties

in Jules / second / square meter

the composition ( type of

Conductivity ranges from 1.4 and

coefficient of concrete is a resultant

general it is a function of the quantity

affects the stability and durability at

It is determined by three factors.

The capacity of concrete to with stand

The subsequent action of water

The conductivity of the concrete to heat

introduces temperature gradients

expand in both laterally

When inner temp. 40oc & outer temp. 800oC

an hour inside reaches 400oC,

cover protects the steel from

in concrete reacts with steel

thickness of cover & Low

differences in concentration of dissolved

dissimilar metals are embedded in

Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

Corrosion resisting steels.

Coatings for steel.

Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

inhibitor is an admixture that is

may react with the existent

inhibitors replace water at site

Cathode inhibitors act to stifle the

A mixed inhibitors may affect both

A safe inhibitor - reduces the total

Anodic inhibitors are generally

Prepared by S.Karthivelu AP CIVIL

based on the actions

steel or inox steel is a steel

steel differs from carbon (mild)

low-oxygen, high-salinity, or poor aircirculation environments

contains both benefits(corrosion

excellent corrosion protection of