Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
BROKEN WINDOWS
POLICING
Broken windows policing is based on a metaphor: a building where a broken window goes
unrepaired will soon be subject to far more worse treatment, like lots of broken windows
because it sends a message that the building owners cannot or will not control the
area. In real life, broken windows means: a neighborhood where minor offenses go
unchallenged soon becomes a breeding ground for more serious criminal activity and,
ultimately, for violence. Police departments measure their broken windows success by
increasing misdemeanor arrests, such as for panhandling, smoking marijuana, public
drinking, loitering, graffiti, turn-style jumping, and prostitution. The affirmative says
broken windows is racially biased and targets Black and Latino/a neighborhood. Many
say broken windows is responsible for the death of Eric Garner and others. The negative
says the plan text problem-oriented policing is worse idea. Either the plan is just not a
big enough change to stop police violence, or the plan is a switch to an unproven theory
of policing and may let crime spiral out of control, 1980s style.
Who is right and who is wrong? The answer is up to you.
Welcome and Hot Tips............................................................................2
1st Affirmative Constructive ....................................................................4
Affirmative Case Evidence ...................................................................13
Answers To Negative Arguments...........................................................23
Core Negative Arguments.....................................................................37
Dear Novice,
The pack is a tool box of proof and argumentative ideas. You should think critically about
the arguments you want to make on the topic and pick evidence from the pack to
support your arguments. When you are ready to find your own evidence, please use the
articles in the pack at the end of each section. Are you ready to really find your own
evidence beyond the pack? Excellent, you are ready for JV!
1
WELCOME
AND
HOT TIPS
Welcome to Debate.
Debate is an opportunity for you to build your voice and be heard.
When you debate, you will have the chance to speak your mind on topics from Iraq to
poverty in the inner city, and to prove your skills against young people from all over the
bay. Debate is a sport: it calls on you to join a team, represent your school, and win
trophies, championships, and prizes. If you commit yourself to this sport you will have
much fun; most importantly, you will gain the tools to better yourself, to earn college
scholarships, and to speak up for your entire community.
What is Debate?
Debate is a competition between two teams, each with two debaters. One team takes
the Affirmative, proposing a plan to change the world and explaining why it is a good
idea. The other team is the Negative, who attacks the plan and tries to prove that it will
do more harm than good.
There are 8 speeches and 4 cross-examinations in a debate round. You and your partner
will each take the lead on 2 speeches (1 Constructive and 1 Rebuttal) and 1 crossexamination.
EVIDENCE
FOR THE
AFFIRMATIVE:
CORE AFF
Glossary: Broken Windows Policing learn more by watching Molly Crabapple: How broken windows
policing harms people of color at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXI1QJRqPD8
norm internalization Believing for yourself what society tells you is true/normal.
Hypotheses- Proposed ideas to answer a question.
Jurisdictions Area of authority.
Linchpin A person or thing that is vital to a whole operation/organization.
Systematically Together as a whole system.
Glossary: bigotry intolerance towards people who are different or have different opinions
Hannah Giorgis, April 30, 2015, The Guardian, We need racial and economic justice. We
cant breathe if we cant eat
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/apr/30/racial-justice-economic-justicebaltimore-we-cannot-breathe-if-we-cannot-eat
Arrest records, even when they dont lead to sentencing, can dramatically reduce someones chances of attaining
an education or stable employment. For black people, who are already pushed out of the workforce by so many
other factors, an arrest incurred for simply pissing off police can be the difference between having a job and
starving.
Indeed, the violence of the state extends beyond fatal or expensive encounters with trigger-happy law
enforcement officers, long before the final breaths now played on harrowing, infinite loop. To stifle a
community slowly, without the decisive replay value of a chokehold, you criminalize poverty while withholding
the resources needed to escape it. There are many quiet ways to rob someone of breath.
Across the US, racial and ethnic wealth gaps continue to increase, climbing to record highs even as the economy
slowly churns out of a recession. In 2013, the poverty rate among white Americans was 9.6%; among black
Americans the number jumped to a whopping 27.2%. The wealth of white American households in 2010 was
eight times the median wealth of black households; by 2013 it had risen to 13 times greater.
Your Words
Your Words
Glossary: Racial caste system separation into different levels of privilege based on race
correlation connection, relationship
Solidarity unity, agreement with.
Predominantly mostly
Apathetic uncaring
Enfranchisement giving privilege
Repression subduing someone or something with force
Subjugation one group of people having their freedom taken away by another group
Punitive having to do with punishment for something
Paramilitary an unofficial force organized similarly to a military force.
10
Your Words.
Glossary: martyrs people who were harmed or killed for the sake of others
Illegitimate not authorized by the law
Substantive significant
Dynamics the forces of growth or change in a system or process
Denigration criticizing, speaking poorly of someone/something
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The Affirmative reserves the right to clarify intent, and fiats the plans passage by usual
means.
Your Words
If you would like to know more about problem-oriented policing, check out this Interview
with Herman Goldstein at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d33MoqolDwU.
Glossary: Department of Justice branch of the government that is in charge of the FBI and enforcing
civil rights laws.
Problem-oriented policing policing with an emphasis on the wide range of problems the police confront. It
requires analyzing problems and coming up with a custom-made solution to the problem. There are many
alternatives to problems and law enforcement is only 1 alternative. Problem-oriented policing is proactive,
instead of reactive.
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Your Words.
13
Glossary: community policing a system where the police are from the community they work in, and
they get to know people.
misdemeanor a small, petty offense
Sobering serious, solemn, calming.
14
15
16
Your Words.
17
18
Persecuted being harassed, especially because of race, political beliefs or religious beliefs.
19
Your Words.
Glossary: phenomenon
Disparities
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HARMS: GENTRIFICATION
Broken Windows policing is a method of gentrification
Aaron Miguel Cant, Sept 28, 2014, Truthout, Policing for Wealth, google.com
For Bratton to cite changes in gentrified Williamsburg and Fort Greene as justification for a focus on minor crimes
means the strategy is about something other than the reduction of crime: It's about the reduction of the perception of
crime. But the perception that really matters is the one harbored by developers, investors and other members of the
capitalist class who can "come and build" for future residents who, in broken windows parlance, are "more orderly" whether or not these residents commit offenses outside the purview of the broken windows conception of "disorder."
And as the record indicates, and as previous investigations have revealed, "orderly" is often a proxy for whiteness.
Thus, broken windows isn't about making a dangerous neighborhood safer for those who live there so much as it is
about using police power to scythe the way forward for the gentrification process. We witness the broken windowsgentrification duality not only in New York, but also in other places across the country, evidencing that one seems to
always accompany the other.
Gentrification is institutional violence which is more insidious and widereaching than other forms of violence
Daniel Jose Older, April 10, 2014, Alternet, The Violence of Gentrification in American
Cities, google
Its easy to fixate on physical violence. Movies sexualize it, broadcasters shake their heads as another fancy graphic
whirs past sensationalizing it, politicians build careers decrying it with one side of their mouths and justifying it with
the other. But institutionalized violence moves in far more insidious and wide-reaching patterns. Gentrification,
Suey Park and Dr. David J. Leonard wrote in a recent post at Model View Culture, represents a socio-historic
process where rising housing costs, public policy, persistent segregation, and racial animus facilitates the influx of
wealthier, mostly white, residents into a particular neighborhood. Celebrated as renewal and an effort to beautify
these communities, gentrification results in the displacement of residents.
Gentrification is violence. Couched in white supremacy, it is a systemic, intentional process of uprooting
communities. Its been on the rise, increasing at a frantic rate in the last 20 years, but the roots stretch back to the
disenfranchisement that resulted from white flight and segregationist policies. Real estate agents dub changing
neighborhoods with new, gentrifier-friendly titles that designate their proximity to even safer areas: Bushwick
becomes East Williamsburg, parts of Flatbush are now Prospect Park South. Politicians manipulate zoning laws to
allow massive developments with only token nods at mixed-income housing.
Beyond these political and economic maneuvers, though, the thrust of gentrification takes place in our mythologies
of the hood. It is a result, as Park and Leonard explain, of a discourse that imagines neighborhoods of color as
pathological and criminal, necessitating outside intervention for the good of all. Heres where my pistol-whipped
patients revelation about his cinematic experience kicks in. The dominant narrative of the endangered white person
barely making it out of the hood alive is, of course, a myth. No one is safer in communities of color than white folks.
White privilege provides an invisible force field around them, powered by the historically grounded assurance that
the state and media will prosecute any untoward event they may face.
With gentrification, the central act of violence is one of erasure. Accordingly, when the discourse of gentrification
isnt pathologizing communities of color, its erasing them. Girls, for example, reimagines todays Brooklyn as an
entirely white community. Heres a show that places itself in the epicenter of a gentrifying city with gentrifiers for
characters it is essentially a show about gentrification that refuses to address gentrification. After critics lambasted
Season 1 for its lack of diversity, the show brought in Donald Glover to play a black Republican and still managed to
avoid the more pressing and relevant question of displacement and racial disparity that the characters are, despite
their self-absorption, deeply complicit with. Whats especially frustrating about Girls not only dodging the topic
entirely but pushing back often with snark and defensiveness against calls for more diversity is that its a show
that seems to want to bring a more nuanced take on the complexities of modern life.
1
Glossary: Gentrification - represents a socio-historic process where rising housing costs, public policy,
persistent segregation, and racial animus facilitates the influx of wealthier, mostly white, residents into a
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THE
HOMELESS
Homeless people get demonized and treated like they arent real people.
Tana Ganeva, March 20, 2015, Alternet, You Shouldn't Be Scared of Homeless People,
Homeless People Should Be Scared of You, http://www.alternet.org/you-shouldnt-bescared-homeless-people-homeless-people-should-be-scared-you
"Urine, feces, hypodermic needles,' Boden says. "That's the mantra attached to the homeless now. There's a
concerted effort to get rid of people, so you have to demonize them."
"You can't talk about human beings and treat them that way." Boden continues. "It gives the idea, "This isn't a
real person, let's kick their ass."
Your Words.
particular neighborhood
1
Glossary: Posits assumes is a fact
Conflates combine into one, but usually means combined/associated in a way that doesnt make sense or
isnt true.
Mantra a statement or slogan that is repeated frequently
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SOLVENCY: POP
IS
BETTER POLICING
Glossary: Vagrants a person without a settled home or regular work who wanders from place to place.
Noteworthy worthy of notice or mention.
Incivility rude or impolite speech/behavior
Interrogating questioning
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Your Words.
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SOLVENCY: DEPARTMENT
OF JUSTICE
The Department of Justice investigation and reform power is wide spread. This
is the best tool to reform police departments.
Sarah Childress, March 4, 2015, Public Broadcasting System, How the DOJ Reforms a
Police Department Like Ferguson, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/criminaljustice/how-the-doj-reforms-a-police-department-like-ferguson/
The law is the only tool that exists to compel widespread change within a police department. The Justice
Department can threaten to sue a department for constitutional violations, forcing it to enter into a negotiated
settlement, such as a consent decree.
Its often hard to reform police departments without external intervention, said Erwin Chemerinsky, dean of
the University of California-Irvine law school, and an expert on constitutional policing. Institutions are
resistant to change. None of us like to have somebody outside telling us what to do. And police departments are
especially that way. They have their own internal culture.
In the past 20 years, the Justice Department has launched at least 65 so-called pattern or practice
investigations of law enforcement agencies, 32 of which have led to agreements to reform , according to an
analysis of DOJ data by Stephen Rushin, a professor at the University of Illinois Law School who studies police
misconduct.
Thats a small number compared to the nearly 18,000 law enforcement agencies nationwide.
Still, the reforms have had an impact: today, nearly one in five Americans is served by a law enforcement
agency that has been subject to a DOJ investigation under this law, according to Rushins analysis.
Not solving immediately is not a reason to vote neg. Police reform takes time.
Simone Weichselbaum, May 26, 2015, The Marshall Project, Policing the Police,
https://www.themarshallproject.org/2015/04/23/policing-the-police
Obviously these things dont happen overnight, said William Yeomans, a former senior official of the Civil Rights
Division. There are always forces that will pull police departments towards reverting to practices that got them into
trouble in the first place. It is not something that you do once and then walk away from.
Glossary: constitutional the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution, originally
comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government
Sustainable - able to be maintained at a certain rate or level
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SOLVENCY: AGENTS
OF
CHANGE
We are responsible for making a world where justice and the dignity of every
person matters. The goal of this affirmative case is to reimagine democracy
and social justice so that we, the debaters, can become agents of social
change.
Henry A. Giroux, May 24, 2015, Educated Hope and the Promise of Democracy,
Commencement Speech at Chapman University,
http://www.tikkun.org/tikkundaily/2015/05/26/educated-hope-and-the-promise-ofdemocracy/
Fear now drives the major narratives that define social relations and legitimize dominant forms of power freed
from any sense of moral and political responsibility, if not accountability. These conditions raise a number of
challenges for your generation, which I am sure you will address. How will you enable young people to develop
their critical capacities to be change agents? How will you dismantle the school to prison pipeline? How will
you disrupt the mechanisms that want to turn all black men into criminals in the schools and on the streets? How
will you address the widespread anti-intellectualism that enables a culture of thoughtlessness and violence to
continue? What limits will you put on the growing atomization and isolation of everyday life and the ludicrous
assumption that shopping is the highest expression of citizenship?
How a society both represents and treats its children is a measure of how it values itself, the ideals of
democracy, and the future. This is an especially important insight because the future that young people inherit is
not of their own making. Yet, no one can escape responsibility for the future because the future we create for
generations of young people who follow us are tied to our ability to imagine a more just world, one infused by
our responsibility to others. Imagining a more just future presents a serious challenge for your generation
because the language of democracy and social justice have been emptied out as a result of the triumph of
individual rights over social rights, the collapse of the public into the private, and the celebration of self-interest
over the common good. Democratic values are under siege in a world dominated by commodified, corporatized,
and instrumentalized standards. In a post-Ferguson world, the space of shared responsibility has given way to
the space of shared fears and the ongoing spectacle of violence; moreover, exchange value has become the only
value that matters, and the rise of celebrity culture suggests the triumph of a commodified and infantilized
culture over all that matters in a democracy, which means among other things putting up with the likes of the
Kardashian sisters as role models.
Education should be preparing people to enter a society that badly needs to be reimagined. As future educators, I
would hope you would teach your students to become agents of social change, teach them the skills, knowledge
and values that they can use to organize political movements capable of stopping the destruction of the
environment, ending the vast inequalities in our society, and building a world based on love and generosity
rather than on selfishness and materialism. You can use your classroom to do this, even though that may mean
transgressing established norms and bureaucratic procedures. I also want you to remember that schools are not
going to change one classroom at a time. Teachers need to organize not just for better pay, but also to once again
gain control over their classrooms. That means building a movement to create a different kind of educational
system and a more democratic society. Get involved in politics, run for local school boards, become publicly
engaged citizens, use the power of ideas to move your peers and others, and work to develop the institutions that
allow everybody to participate in the creation of a world in which justice matters, the environment matters, and
living lives of decency and dignity matter.
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EVIDENCE
FOR THE
AFFIRMATIVE:
ANSWERS
TO NEG
Materialism - a way of thinking that gives too much importance to material possessions rather than to
spiritual or intellectual things
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IS
OBJECTIVE
Broken windows policing is a self-fulfilling prophecy. The arrests and overpolicing are a cycle that justify each other.
Eugene Robinson, May 6, 2015, Fixing Americas Broken Approach to Young Black
Men, http://www.truthdig.com
Central to the crisis is zero-tolerance or broken windows policing, which basically involves cracking down
on minor offenses in the hope of reducing major crime as well. Whether this strategy works is the subject of two
arguments whose right answers can only be inferred, not proved.
The first involves the contention that police should be more aggressive in patrolling inner-city minority
communities because thats where the criminals are. Those who hold this view might point to Grays history of
drug arrests. They might argue that the police officers were justified in thinking Gray must have been guilty of
something, especially when he ranand that if he had nothing to hide, he should have simply stayed put.
But this overlooks a universal phenomenon: We find things where we look for them.
If police concentrate their patrols in a certain area and assume every young man they see is a potential or
probable criminal, they will conduct more searchesand make more arrests. Which means a high percentage of
young men in that neighborhood will have police records. Which, in turn, provides a statistical justification for
continued hyper-aggressive police tactics.
Your Words.
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31
De-Policing threats subvert 1st Amendment rights and present a false choice.
Police should reform to stop abuse.
Mariano Castillo, June 4, 2015, CNN, Is a new crime wave on the horizon?,
http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/02/us/crime-in-america/
CNN Political Analyst Van Jones said tying the protests over the deaths of unarmed black men to increases in
crime is disingenuous. "Police unions are trying to link any crime to First Amendment protests and cherrypicking data," he told CNN's Erin Burnett. "This is all part of an attempt to tell black people that if we exercise
our First Amendment rights, we are somehow now responsible for people who engage in crime," he said. "Why
should the black community have to choose between police abuse and police neglect? That's a false choice."
Your Words.
Glossary: internalized racism the personal conscious or subconscious acceptance of the dominant
societys racist views, stereotypes and biases of ones ethnic group
Hegemonic ruling or dominant in a political or social context
Disenfranchisement to deprive of a legal right
Disingenuous not sincere
Cherry-picking electively choose (the most beneficial items) from what is available
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[H]ypersegregation . . . has made the round-up easy. Confined to ghetto areas and lacking political power, the
black poor are convenient targets. Heavy policing of these low-income neighborhoods has created an
expectation among residents, particularly among young black men, that they will be stopped, interrogated, and
frisked numerous times in the course of a month, or even a single week. In her book, Alexander shares a story
from a law student who participated in a ride-along with a Chicago police officer. The student described how,
[e]ach time we drove into a public housing project and stopped the car, every young black man in the area
would almost reflexively place his hands up against the car and spread his legs to be searched. These regular
encounters with law enforcement are problematic because they often function as the gateway into the criminal
justice system for non-violent, low-level offenses such as marijuana possession. Arrests for low-level nonviolent offenses have created a climate where a staggering 5.1 million people [are] under community
correctional supervisioni.e., on probation or parole. Moreover, an individual does not even need to be
convicted of a crime to be barred from gainful employment, access to public housing or other public assistance
getting arrested is enough to essentially lock someone out of mainstream society. Once a person has been
swept into the criminal justice system, it is difficult to get out. Scholar, Loc Wacquant has described this
phenomenon of people cycling in and out of prison and trapped by their second class status as a closed
circuit of perpetual marginality. Thus, requiring narrower definitions of high-crime areas could reduce the
number of Terry stops that occur in these neighborhoods. Reducing the number of Terry stops occurring in these
neighborhoods may, in turn, reduce the number of young minority men who are swept into the criminal justice
systems closed circuit of perpetual marginality for committing low level, non-violent offenses.
Violent crime went down in every major urban city whether they were
practicing broken windows or not.
Robert McCartney & Wesley Lowery, May 2, 2015, The Washington Post, Protests
likely to accelerate retreat from tough police tactics of the 1990s,
http://www.washingtonpost.com
Defenders of the strategy say the results are self-evident. As OMalley tweeted Friday, FBI statistics show
violent crime dropped by 41 percent while he was mayor, the largest reduction for any major U.S. city.
But skeptics note that violent crime has dropped sharply across the nation and even around the globe over
the past two decades. The phenomenon is not fully understood and has been attributed to factors, including
broad demographic trends, that have nothing to do with the police.
Crime has gone down in every large urban area in the country, including places that havent practiced zero
tolerance or broken windows policing, said Robert Gangi, director of the Police Reform Organizing Project in
New York.
Your Words.
Glossary: hypersegregation when a race/ethnic group is highly separated from others in multiple ways
Marginality in a place or position of lesser importance, influence, or power
Self-evident obvious
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35
Crime may have went down in New York City, but police brutality and
corruption charges went up.
Brent T. White, Simone M. Sepe, & Saura Masconale, professors of law, 2014, Emory
Law Journal, URBAN DECAY, AUSTERITY, AND THE RULE OF LAW, p. 32-33
From a normative perspective, our theory radically departs from the BWT. Based on the presumptive existence
of a causal link between minor disorder and serious crime, the BWT advocates a policy of strict coercive
enforcement. It emphasizes the necessity of pervasive police presence in urban communities and a high arrest
rate, combined with other aggressive enforcing techniques - an enforcement strategy referred to as "order
maintenance policing" or "quality-of-life initiative." This approach, however, overlooks the fact that social and
coercive enforcement only are substitutes to a limited and imperfect extent. Harcourt's examination of the
effects of the quality-of-life initiative New York City adopted in the 1990s supports our argument. Consistent
with our predictions, he found that New York's quality-of-life initiative coincided with a sharp increase in
complaints of police brutality and other forms of officer misconduct. He similarly found that law enforcement
costs rose exponentially under that policing strategy, both in economic and social terms. At the same time, he
cast doubt on whether the huge costs New York citizens were required to bear could be credited with having
exerted any direct impact on the reduction in crime rates New York experienced in those years.
Your Words.
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37
The logic of broken windows policing defies common sense. Sleeping on BART
is not the gateway to becoming a murderer.
MATT PEPPE, writer on politics, U.S. foreign policy and Latin America, Dec. 29, 2014,
Counterpunch, Broken Countries Policing,
http://www.counterpunch.org/2014/12/29/broken-countries-policing/
Despite being disproven as a strategy for reducing crime, the broken windows policing theory is still utilized in
New York and throughout in the United States to crack down on disorder and nonviolent crime. To think that
harsh enforcement of this type of crime would prevent serious crime like homicide and assault is patently
absurd on its face. If you want to rid society of the most serious crimes, you should be enforcing the most
serious crimes, like aggressive war. Call it broken countries policing.
In the United States in 2014, you may be arrested for selling loose cigarettes, jumping turnstiles, dancing on the
subways, and having small amounts of marijuana, but not for assassination, torture, anal rape, illegal
surveillance, or invading, occupying and bombing sovereign countries.
The broken windows theory that you can nip violent crime in the bud by punishing minor quality of life
violations like smoking and drinking in the street or sleeping on the subway is so transparently nonsensical it is
hard to believe anyone could even consider it seriously.
It is equivalent to a diet to prevent obesity that consists of forgoing vegetables and grains because foods with the
least calories are a gateway to fatty, fried foods with no nutritional value. Corn seeds are not twinkies, and
sleeping on a subway train is not murder.
Basic common sense and years of empirical data demonstrate that broken windows theory has no effect on
preventing serious crime. When you understand this, it is easy to see that the broken windows theory put into
practice is about something entirely different than its professed aims.
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Your Words.
Glossary: conservative holding to traditional attitudes and values and cautious about change or
innovation
Preposterous ridiculous
Voluminous occupying or containing much space
Sociologists The study of human society
Resurrecting revive the practice, use, or memory of
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Reforms dont respond to the root of the problem. Put away the idea that black
and brown communities have become the broken window and cities are made
safe by harassing them.
Kai Wright, Dec 4, 2014, Colorlines, The Ugly Idea That Killed Eric Garner,
http://www.colorlines.com/articles/ugly-idea-killed-eric-garner
In the hours following the grand jury announcement, the idea of body cams for cops morphed quickly from a
hopeful reform to a Twitter punchline. After all, the whole incident here was recorded and the whole world has
seen it. Still, maybe body cams will bring some marginal reforms; the record's mixed in jurisdictions where
they've been deployed. But the real killer here isn't in the margins. It's not the tools cops use. It's not their
training. It's not the rigged game of grand juries. At least, these things aren't at root. The root problem is a
consensus that we make cities safe by harassing the residents of their black neighborhoods. It is that idea that
must be indicted and convicted and put away for good.
Your Words.
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Even if the affirmative plan is not perfect, it is a step towards a better future.
Alana Semuels, May 28, 2015, The Atlantic, How to Fix a Broken Police Department,
http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/05/cincinnati-police-reform/393797/
Theres inequality throughout the country still, and theres still police brutality and a growing problem with
incarceration. But in Cincinnati, a diverse group of people, including police officers and citizens, are trying to
understand one another. Thats led to fewer arrests, fewer people in jail, less crime, and more dialogue between
police and the community that pays them to do their job. For a great many other cities, Cincinnatis imperfect
present provides a glimpse of a much better future.
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Glossary: subperson below the value of a human; a human who is not treated with the rights and
dignities of a human
Ontology - philosophy concerned with being, the way humans be in the world
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There are some situations beyond the ability of people to naturally resolve.
Police intervene when no other compassionate or rational intervention by the
community is possible.
Doug Wyllie, April 3, 2015, Police One, Answering the question: How would a world without
police look? http://www.policeone.com/police-heroes/articles/8517432-Answering-thequestion-How-would-a-world-without-police-look/
Van Fossen says that without cops, people would naturally just work out their differences. By eliminating the
involvement of the state in social conflicts, we increase our opportunity to practice methods of conflict
resolution like mediation, dialogue, and reconciliation. Van Fossen quotes Luis Fernandez Professor of
Criminology and Criminal Justice at Northern Arizona University as saying that most of our human
interactions are already outside of the purview of police officers... Most social relationships between people do
not require police intervention. This is true. But police exist because most interactions doesnt equal all
interactions. Most people have never committed a crime nor would they. But some do. Most people
have never been so horrified that they dial 911 with fumbling fingers and plead for help in vibrating voices. But
some do. Newsflash: You cant coexist with people who are trying to kill you, rape you, maim you, and take
from you all that you hold dear thats why we have police officers to protect us.
Your Words.
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READY
TO
Eugene Robinson, May 4, 2015, The Washington Post, Its time to seriously rethink
zero tolerance policing, https://www.washingtonpost.com
The first two steps toward uplifting young black men are simple: Stop killing them and stop locking them in prison for
nonviolent offenses.
Subsequent steps are harder, but no real progress can be made until the basic right to life and liberty is secured. If anything
positive is to come of Freddie Grays death and the Baltimore rioting that ensued, let it be a new and clear-eyed focus on
these fundamental issues of daily life for millions of Americans.
Central to the crisis is zero-tolerance or broken windows policing, which basically involves cracking down on minor
offenses in the hope of reducing major crime as well. Whether this strategy works is the subject of two arguments whose
right answers can only be inferred, not proved.
The first involves the contention that police should be more aggressive in patrolling inner-city minority communities
because thats where the criminals are. Those who hold this view might point to Grays history of drug arrests. They might
argue that the police officers were justified in thinking he must have been guilty of something, especially when he ran
and that if he had nothing to hide, he should have simply stayed put.
But this argument overlooks a universal phenomenon: We find things where we look for them.
If police concentrate their patrols in a certain area and assume every young man they see is a potential or probable
criminal, they will conduct more searches and make more arrests. Which means a high percentage of young men in that
neighborhood will have police records. Which, in turn, provides a statistical justification for continued hyper-aggressive
police tactics.
In New York, where a federal judge ruled then-mayor Michael Bloombergs stop and frisk policy unconstitutional, an
analysis by the New York Civil Liberties Union found that 85 percent of stops in 2012 involved African Americans or
Hispanics who make up just half the population. The No. 1 goal of the practice, city officials said, was to get illegal
weapons off the streets. But minorities were found to be carrying weapons just 2 percent of the time, while 4 percent of
whites who were stopped and frisked had weapons.
This doesnt mean the New York Police Department should have deployed all its resources to the Upper East Side. What it
strongly suggests is that officers, when deciding whether to stop and frisk whites, exercised greater discretion. It suggests
police were more likely to single out whites who genuinely had something to hide and to detain African Americans and
Hispanics indiscriminately.
The second argument about aggressive policing is about impact: The advent of broken windows has coincided with a
dramatic decline in violent crime across the nation.
Did one lead to the other? It is easy to show a correlation but impossible to prove causality. It is not as if police
departments were ignoring inner-city communities before the practice of rousting suspects on drug corners was known by
a fancy buzzword. And violent crime has also fallen sharply in many communities that either abandoned zero-tolerance
policing or never adopted it.
Has crime fallen because so many hard-core criminals are in prison? Believe me, my heart does not bleed for any
murderer, armed robber or rapist who is behind bars. But thousands of black men are in prison for possessing or selling
marijuana, a drug that is now legal in the nations capital. Blacks and whites smoke pot at equal rates, but African
Americans are four times more likely to be arrested for doing so.
In the larger war on drugs, the victims have been black and brown. The American Civil Liberties Union reported last
year that African Americans facing drug charges are imprisoned at a rate 10 times that of whites and that sentences for
black men are nearly 20 percent longer than those for white men, on average. Punishment for possessing or selling crack
cocaine remains vastly greater than for an identical quantity of the upscale powder variety.
Back to Freddie Gray and Baltimore: At 25 years old, without education, employment or immediate prospects, he was
hardly what anyone would call a pillar of the community. But neither was he any sort of menace to society. Perhaps some
intervention would have gotten his life on track. Perhaps not. Well never know.
When he saw police, he ran. Was that illogical? The officers chased him down, pinned him in a folded position like
origami, according to a witness, and tossed him into a police wagon. Was that necessary?
The answer to both questions is no. Therein lies the problem.
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EVIDENCE
FOR THE
NEGATIVE:
CORE NEG
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Turn Order reduces the overall number of arrests. It has a deterrent effect
and reduces opportunities for crime.
William Bratton & George Kelling, Winter, 2015, City Journal, Why We need Broken
Windows Policing, http://www.city-journal.org/2015/25_1_broken-windows-policing.html
Apart from the deterrent effect that minor arrests may have on individual offenders, the management of public
spaces to reduce disorderly behavior also lessens daily opportunities for crime. Just as disorder encourages
crime, order breeds more order. As bullies and shooters get driven off street corners and the risks of being killed
or terrorized diminish, the law-abiding community reemerges and starts to exert the kind of informal social
control common to more prosperous neighborhoods. In these transformed public spaces, peopleespecially
young peopleare subject to more restraint and are less likely to wind up in jail. Its important to note, too, that
quality-of-life arrests represent only a portion of the overall total of misdemeanor arrests in the city. About 35
percent of misdemeanor arrests in New York City are for assault and larcenycrimes that most people would
not consider minor. Traffic offenses account for 16 percent. Another 12 percent are for theft of service in the
subway (fare jumping) and frauds involving MetroCards. Steady increases in these categories have been
primary factors behind rising misdemeanor arrests in recent years. Taken together, traffic-related offenses, fare
jumping, and crimes against persons, including domestic violence and theft of smartphones and other electronic
equipment, account for 63 percent of all misdemeanor arrests in New York City. Broken Windows critics tend to
overlook the fact that fewer than 10 percent of misdemeanor arrestees, of any type, are actually sentenced to jail
time in New York City, and few of those for Broken Windows offenses.
Your Words.
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Police will stop policing neighborhoods that criticize them and violent crime
will rise in those neighborhoods
Mariano Castillo, June 4, 2015, CNN, Is a new crime wave on the horizon?,
http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/02/us/crime-in-america/
"If there's a national mood that starts to see police as the bad guys, the police as the enemy responsible for these
problems, it makes it a hell of a lot harder to police," said Peter Moskos, a former Baltimore police officer and
professor of policing. "One way that cops deal with that is that they just stop policing those people." A former
New York Police Department officer, Bill Stanton, agreed that an uptick in crime can be linked to police being
less assertive. "When you take away police pride and you take away giving them the benefit of the doubt ... and
you're going to call them racist and you're going to prosecute them for doing nothing wrong ," Stanton said,
"then what happens is they're going to roll back. They're not going to go that extra mile."
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Glossary: Modicum a small quantity of a particular thing, especially something considered desirable or
valuable
Polemic a strong verbal or written attack
Shunted moving to an alternate course
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Topicality Curtail
What does curtail mean?
-Defined: The negative defines curtail as
Explain to the judge why increasing policing means more government surveillance in
your own words.
-Violation:
Explain why it is unfair for the judge to allow the plan to be non-topical in your own
words.
-Fairness:
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B. Enacting the affirmative plan will increase crime. Ending broken window
policing has been a historical failure.
George L. Kelling, professor at Rutgers School of Criminal Justice, May 12, 2015, New
York Post, How Broken Windows Policing empties prisons & jails,
http://nypost.com/2015/05/12/how-broken-windows-policing-empties-prisons-jails/
In fact, the policing actions involved in recent incidents either ignore or misrepresent the Broken-Windows
approach that we conceived either in theory or in policy and practice or both. Theres every reason to believe
de-policing high-crime minority neighborhoods would be a disaster. We tried it in the past, and its taken
decades for us to regain control of public spaces, and even now some neighborhoods remain under threat.
Similarly, we experimented with decriminalization in New York City from the 1960s through the 1980s, most
memorably in the subway. The transit police at the time, using their discretion, decriminalized farebeating by
not enforcing the law. The result was a disaster with 250,000 people a day not paying their fare and creating
chaos in the subways. The real issue is to do policing, including Broken-Windows policing, right. Heres how.
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Glossary:
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Poverty can destabilize the entire country. It is a vicious cycle passed through
generations.
Scarlet Shelton, August 3, 2013, The Borgen Project, Effects of Poverty on Society,
http://borgenproject.org/how-poverty-effects-society-children-and-violence/
The vicious cycle of poverty means that lifelong barriers and troubles are passed on from one generation to the
next. Unemployment and low incomes create an environment where children are unable to attend school.
Children must often work to provide an income for their family. As for children who are able to go to school,
many fail to see how hard work can improve their lives as they see their parents struggle at every day tasks.
Other plagues accompanying poverty include:
Crippling accidents as a result of unsafe work environmentsconsider the recent building collapse in
Bangladesh.
Poor housinga long-lasting cause of diseases.
Water and food related diseases that occur simply because the poor cannot afford safe foods.
Ultimately, poverty is a major cause of social tensions and threatens to divide a nation because of income
inequality. This occurs when the wealth of a country is poorly distributed among its citizenswhen a tiny
minority has a majority of the money. Wealthy or developed countries maintain stability because of the presence
of a middle class. However, even Western countries are gradually losing their middle class. As a result there has
been an increased number of riots and clashes. For society, poverty is a very dangerous factor that can destabilize
an entire country. The Arab Spring is a great example of how revolts can start because of few job opportunities
and high poverty levels.
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Arab Spring a revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests , riots, and civil wars in the Arab world
that began on 17 December 2010 in Tunisia with the Tunisian Revolution
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Violent crime is very expensive. Broken windows is worth the cost to prevent
violent crimes.
Annie Lowrey, October 21, 2010, Slate, True Crime Costs,
http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/everyday_economics/2010/10/true_crime_costs.html
Researchers at Iowa State University recently attempted to run the numbers. They wanted to include not just the
direct coststhe damaged property and lost careers and prison upkeep and lawyer feesbut also the broader
and more intangible societal costs, such as more frequent police patrols, more complicated alarm systems, and
more expensive life-insurance plans. If we knew how much a crime costs society, their reasoning went, maybe
we could better decide how much money to spend trying to stop it.
They found that each burglary in the United Statesa car break-in, for examplecosts $41,288. For armed
robberies the cost increases eightfold, to $335,733. Every aggravated assault costs $145,379. Each rape costs
$448,532.
Then there is murder. The researchers, led by sociologist Matt DeLisi, put the price tag at a whopping
$17,252,656. That means in 2009, according to the FBI, murder cost the United States almost $263 billion
nearly as much the federal government annually spends on Medicaid.
Your Words.
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There is no place for reforms. The plan is just a tweak on the existing system
of policing rather than preventing racist violence.
Dante Barry, June 21, 2015, Truthout, Surviving White Terrorism: Next Steps in the
Struggle for Black Lives, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/31480-surviving-whiteterrorism-next-steps-in-the-struggle-for-black-lives
Black people have always had a complicated and violent relationship with citizenship in this country. There has
been a monopoly on who has the right to feel and be safe - a monopoly that is often regulated and enforced by
cops and corporations. This week's attack at Charleston's Emanuel A.M.E. Church was an undeniable act of
terrorism to incite fear into Black communities where we have bravely declared that Black lives matter.
Over the past year, in response to a series of high-profile police killings, communities across the country have
erupted in massive protests, sustained acts of civil disobedience, and militant and unapologetically Black direct
actions. Born in Ferguson, this movement spread like wildfire to New York City and South Carolina, to
Baltimore and Oakland.
Many conversations about policing, state power and anti-Black racism focus exclusively on tweaks to existing
policing and incarceration practices. (For example, some cities have funded taskforces and police body
cameras.) Meanwhile, the state spies on Black communities rather than using its surveillance mechanisms to
prevent racist vigilante attacks.
Your Words.
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David W. Murray & John P. Walters, June 5th, 2015, The Hudson Institute, 'Broken
Windows' Policing is Not Broken, http://www.hudson.org/research/11353-brokenwindows-policing-is-not-broken
Following the crisis in Americas cities involving the police and minorities, calls for justice reform have become even
more frequent than have interventions from the Department of Justice.
Tragically, a surge in violent victimizations has swept across several American cities in the past two weeks. This may well
be a reflection of what happens in the public square when the forces of order are weakened or demoralized.
Reform may well be necessary. Though not all the cases that inflamed the crowds were, in fact, instances of injustice, the
application of needless force has often produced a sense of oppression for inner-city citizens, and justice is the loser.
Data from every major report show profound declines in crime in the U.S. over the past two decades, accompanied with
sharp increases in incarceration. In this sense, our court system has worked. But the Obama Administrations Department
of Justice has shown troubling signs it hopes to use racial politics to prevail over the courts and public safety.
Alexis de Tocqueville once wrote, A revolt of the judiciary is more dangerous to a government than any other, even a
military revolt. Now and then it uses the military to suppress disorder, but it defends itself every day by means of the
courts. The fear is that some in the judiciary, guided by radical theory, will revolt against the police on the street.
The criminal courts are driven by the daily actions of the cop on the beat, the point of intersection between the violence of
victimization, and the quest for justice. While the cause and effect between incarceration and crime rates remains
unsettled, we know that there is no incarceration without policing.
There is no more important daily function for our justice institutions than when police maintain order, summarized in the
idea of broken windows policing. Famously, policy experts George L. Kelling and James Q. Wilson noted one
unrepaired broken window is a signal that no one cares, and so breaking more windows costs nothing. Some today regard
broken windows policing as the cause of unrest.
The Washington Post recently called for a softer approach, contrasting it with the pattern of aggressively arresting
people for minor crimes, a strategy known as zero tolerance.
However, New York Police Commissioner William Bratton, in a report to New York City, defines the matter more
carefully, emphasizing problem solving policing, which is not zero tolerance, but rather actions driven by police
discretion.
There are two ways that Brattons approach works: halting the withdrawal of the mechanisms that sustain community
norms, and breaking the vectors transmitting the criminal conduct. As Kelling and Wilson wrote, The essence of the
police role in maintaining order is to reinforce the informal control mechanisms of the community itself. When the
community withdraws in fear, disorder enters that space.
As Bratton notes, Serious crime was more likely to occur in a lawless environmentand ubiquitous low-level disorder
signaled lawlessness even more than serious crime, which was less common.
As for breaking the vector, Bratton introduced ideas from what would today be seen as basic epidemiology. Arresting
someone for a misdemeanor frequently prevents him from graduating to committing felonies, for which severe sanctions
like prison may result.
Misdemeanor arrestees dont go to prison, and they rarely go to jail. Yet an encounter for misdemeanor drug or alcohol
intoxication may take a weapon, and a shooter, off the streets.
Did it work in New York City? There were 1,946 men, women, and children murdered in 1993. In 2014, there were 328.
In some measure, regardless of your theory, cops were the instrument of that achievement.
When accused of racial targeting, Bratton stresses addressing behavior. As he put it, Our policing is based on conduct,
not demographics. Where the statistics show concentrated racial impact, Bratton argues that Blacks and Hispanics
represent half of our citys population, but 96.9 percent of those who are shot, and 97.6 percent of those who commit the
shootings.
That is, the strictest equality in crime is that between victimizers and victims. The dilemma for police is that nearly all
shooters/victims are Blacks/Hispanic, yet nearly all Blacks/Hispanics are not shooters/victims. Hence, the need for
discretion, based on conduct.
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