Unit19Task4

Pixels
Pictureelement
Apixeliswhatanimageorpictureismadeupof.Thisisrepresentedbythousandsand
thousandsofdifferentpixels.Pixelsareshownandproducedasdifferentsquares
horizontallyandvertically,theyarealljoinedtogetherlikeasquaregrid.Eachandevery
squarehasadifferentcolour,youwillnevergetapixelwithtwoormorecoloursinside.

Imageresolution
Eachphotoorimagehasadifferentresolutionwhichisthetotalnumberofpixels,soifyou
hadanimageswithalowresolutionitwillbeeasiertoseethepixels,whereasifyouhada
highresolutionimageitwouldbemuchhardertoseethepixels.Theimageresolutioncan
changeasyoueditandstretchtheimage,butyouwilldefinitelyseethepixelsclearer.
Asyoucanseefromtheleftpictureitisverypixelatedandunrecognisable.Whereasthe
rightphotoisntandyoucanseeit.

ColourIntensity
Theintensityinpictureshasthreecolourchannelsandtheseare;yellow,blueandred.You
willusethesedifferentcolourstocreatedifferentatmosphereslikebright,lightanddark.
Youwillbeabletochangetheintensityofyourpicturebyyourselfthroughbundlesof
colour.Themoreintenseyoumakethecolourthesharperthephotowillbe.

Rasterimages
Datacompression
Datacompressionisatechniquesthatis
usedforreducingafilesizeofdifferent
images,soitallowstheimagestobe
storedontosomethinglikeadisc.The
qualityofanimageisreducedwhen
comparedimagessosomeofthe
informationislostandthismakesthe
filesizealotsmaller.Thehighresolutioncantbescaledonrasterimagesasitleadsto
disadvantagesoftheimagelosingqualityinthepicturebeingahighresolution.Onthe
otherhandlosslessiswhenimagescanbeundoneandcanbearesultofthepicturebeingin
ahighresolution,thisisusedforvectorgraphicsisbecausethesizewillbesamequality.
RasterimagesareusedinpaintprogramssuchasPhotoshop.Arasterimageisalsocalleda
bitmap.Rasterimagescantakeawholerangeofformats.Adigitalcamerahasthedefault
formatasaPNG,butthisishardforpeoplelikephotographersastheycanteditthemas
wellastheylike,sothesephotographerswillchangethefileformatfromaPNGtoaraw
file.Arawfileisafilethatwillcapturetheoriginalstate,butitwilladdtheimagepresents.
ThesearethingslikeISO,Colourtempandfstop.Therawfilecanstillkeeptheoriginaldata
incaseyoudontliketheneweffects.Therawfileimagesisgoodforphotographersasit
cangivethemsomemorehelpinotherprograms.Thesearesomerawfileextensions:NEF
(Nikon),CR2(Cannon),ORF(Olympus),therearemanymore.
Imageformats
BMP(BestManagementPractices).Thisisanimageformatusedtostorebitmapdigital
imagesforMicrosoftWindowsandOSoperatingsystems.
PNG(PortableNetworkGraphics).Thisisarasterimagefileformatthatcansupport
losslessdatacompression.APNGwascreatedasanimprovedandasareplacementfor
GIFS.APNGisdesignedsothatyoucantransferitthroughtheinternet,thisimagetypeis
notrecommendedforprinting.APNGwillallowandsupporttransparency.APNGcannotbe
usedtoscaleasitwillnotlookgood.Thisisarastertypeimage.

GIF(GraphicsInterchangeFormat).Thisisabitmapimageformatthathasbeenusedon
theWorldWideWebanditswidesupportandportability.Agifisusespecificallyforonline
uses.Agifcanbeusedforanimationastherearesmallfilesizesandsupportstransparency.
AgifislikeaPNGbutalowerquality.Thisisarastertypeimage.
TIFF(TaggedImageFileFormat).Thisisusedtostoregreyscaledata,itisthenormal
formatforscannedimages,andexportinggreyscaleandcolourimagestootherprograms.
JPG(JointPhotographicExpertsGroup).ThisisthesameasaGIFbutcancontainsmore
colours,andusuallyresultsinlossofquality.AJPGismainlyusedforhighqualityphotos
andwillnotsupportanytransparency.Ajpegisnotrecommendedforprintingasitwont
beagoodquality.Thisisarastertypeimage.
PSD(PhotoshopDataFile).ThisisusedonPhotoshopwhichisagraphicseditingprogram.
Itisafileformatthatismadeupfromlayerswhicharejoinedtogether.Thishasalotof
supportwhenitcomestolayers,inPhotoshopyouwillusealotoflayerslikethisisto
createwhatyouwant.Thisisarasterimagetype.

Vectorimages
VectorimagesaremoreflexiblethanRasterimages
becausetheycanberecognisedmoreeasilyastheycan
beresizedandstretched.Vectorimagesareknownto
lookbetterondeviceslikemonitorsandprintersas
theychangedependingonthedeviceresolution.Vector
imagesarecreatedonsoftwareslikeAdobeillustrator,
Coreldrawandmanyothers.
Youwillfindavectorimageinlogosasyoucanrescalethem.Theyareusedformapping
software,whichmeansyoucanzoominandouttofinddifferentplacesorfindsmaller
routes.Avectorimagecanbeusedincartoonsasyoucanseetheminabetterquality.

Zoomed
in

EPS(EncapsulatedPostscriptVectorGraphics).Thisisafileextensionthatcontainstextas
wellasgraphics.Itwillalsocontainabitmapversionoftheimageforsimplerviewing.
AI(AdobeIllustratorArtwork).Thisisthefileextensionfor
adobeillustrator,itisusedtorepresentsinglepagevectorbased
drawingsinEPSorPDF.
FLA(FlashDocument).Thisisafilethatcanbeedited,butwhen
youconvertitorexporttheflashdocumentitbecomesaSWFdocumentthatyouwillbe
abletoseeinmostbrowsersthroughaFlashplugin.
Vectorimageshavelinesegmentswhichcomes
betweentwodifferentanchorpoints,amainimage
ismadeupoflotsofsmallerindividuallines.
TheseslinesegmentsarewhatmakesupaVector
image.
Vectorimagesalsohavepolygonstoallowany
pathsontheimagetocreatethreeormoreline
segmentstojointogether.Acurvewillbe
calculatedanddrawnbyknowingthepositionof
twoendpointsandthecentralpoint.
Avectorimagewillstaythesamewhenbeing
movedaround,thiswillalsonothavea
backgroundbutatransparentbackground.A
Rasterimagewillhaveabackgroundandthiswill
meanyouwillhavetocropitdownandresize.A
vectorimageiseasiertouse.

Bitdepth
Bitdepthlooksathowmanydifferentcoloursthereareina
colourpalette,thisisdeterminedbyhowmanybitsareinan
image.Imageswithahighbitratewillhavemoreshadesof
coloursastheyhavemorezerosandonesinthecode,forexample
10100011.Thebitdepthwillalsohaveahighlevelofprecisionwhen
ittriestospecifythecolour,insideeachsinglepixel.Theseprimary
coloursarered,greenandbluethesearefromthecolourchannels.
Monochromeisblack,whiteorgreyscale.Thisallowsdifferentshades
ofacolourtobestoredonthecomputersmemory.TheHighcolouris
awayofmakingdifferentcoloursbrighter.Thetruecolourisawayofstoringinformation
aboutabigbunchofcoloursandshades.

Colourspace
Colourspaceisalsoknownascolourmodel,thisisa
systemthatisputinplacetohelpyoushowcolourina
pacificorder.
Greyscale
GreyscalearedifferentshadesofRed,GreenandBlue(RGB)tomakeupadifferentshades
ofcolour.Thesecolourshavethesameintensityspace,thismeansthatthereisless
informationforeachpixel.TheintensityofthesecolourswillbethesameastheRGBimage
becausetherearelesspixelsneedinglessinformation.

RGB
RGBiscolourmadeupofRed,GreenandBlue.Thesearecolours
thatwhenputtogethermakeacolourthatcanbeseenona
displayeddevice.Thesecolourscanalsobeusedinchangingthe
colouronanimage,itispopularingamegraphics.Youwilluse
RGBforcomputermonitors,email,television,alldigitalfiles.
CMYKusesthecoloursCyan,Magenta,YellowandBlack.CMYK
alsohasabout1milliondifferentcolourvariants,CMYKisusedfor
posters,businesscards,brochuresandleaflets.

YUV
YUVisusedforvideoandTV.Thecolourinformationisusedforthingslikeluminance,TheY
isusedforbandwidthorchrominanceandtheUVisusedtoreducethechrominance.They
areusedwhenthecolourisfullresolutionwhiletheUandVarenotgoodquality.
HSV
HSVstandsforHue,SaturationandValue.TheHuestandsforcolour.Saturationis
therichnessorvibrancyofthecolour.TheValueisthelightthatcomesofan
object.
Imagecapture
Cameras
Compact(pointandshoot)60400:Acompactcameraiswhat
peopleuseiftheyaregoingonanadventureoraholiday,itis
easyasitcanbeplacedintoyourpocket.Thisisoftenthebest
choiceforeverydaysnapshots.Theproblemisthatitisnotahigh
quality,itcantworkwithinlowlightsoithasabuiltinflash.One
mainproblemisthatyoucantchangethelenses.Theaverage
resolutionforapointandshootisabout14megapixels.

BridgeCamera150800:Abridgecameraisthecrossbetweena
compactcameraandaDSLRcamera.Thecamerahasthesamemanual
controlsasaDSLRbuthasahigherqualitythanacompactcamera.A
bridgecamerahasagoodlensastheycanreach35x,thishasabig
problemasitcantbechanged.Thismeansyoucanttakeitaroundwith
youasitislessportable.Theaverageresolutionforabridgecameraisabout
22to28megapixels.

DSLR5503000+:Thesecamerasareusedforprofessional
photographersastheyhavethebestqualityfortakingimages,
TheDSLRCamerasareeasilychangeableasyoucanchange
overthelensesandyougetalargerqualityofresolution.The
problemisthattheyaremoreexpensive,withthisitmeansthat
youhavetohavemoneytogetadditionalparts.Theaverage
resolutionforaDSLRisabout40to60megapixels.
PhonecameraFree500:Everybodyhasaphonethatcomeswith
acameraandthisisveryportable.Thephonesinthisdayinageare
gettingbetter,thenewIPhone6ShasfullHD1080Pandthevideo
shootsin4k.ThisismeansthattheyarebetterthansomeDSLRS.
Phonescanhavelowquality.Theaverageresolutionforaphonecanbe
from8to20megapixels.
Scanners
3Dscanners:A3Dtemplatecanonlyreadby3Dscanner.Theyaremostlyusedfor
catalogingandarchivingobjects,theonlyproblemisthatyouhavetogluedifferentpointof
reference.
Bookscanners:Abookscannerisusedforreadingscriptbounddocuments.Thishasspecial
versionforscanningrecordsandmaps.
Documentscanners:Theseareforplacingreallifedocumentsontoa
computer,thisisthenforyoutoprintofortoeditadocument,the
scannerproducesthefileasanADFdocument,thisstandsforAutomatic
DocumentFeeder.
Therearemanymore.

Resolution
Therearedifferentsizesofresolutionthereis320Pwhichis
verylowto720pand1080Pthesearehighresolutionand
areinHDquality.Themainimageresolutiononacomputer
isabout72to96DPI,buttheprintsizeisusuallysettoabout
300DPI.Youcanusuallyenlargeoradjustthisthrough
graphicsoftwaresuchasPhotoshop.Youcanchangeto

resolutionthroughacamerassettingstogetabetterquality.Acheapcamerawillbe
producedat256x256,amidrangedcamerais640x580and1216x912andfinallythebest
qualitycamerais2240x1680.
Highresolution:300DPI,thisisusedformagazinesandhighqualityprints.
Lowresolution:75DPI,thisisusedforonlineandscreenuse,thisisnotgoodforprinting.

Storage
Therearemanydifferenttypesofstoragedevicesfordifferentdevices,everypieceof
electronicsneedsastoragetype,andthisistostoredifferenttypesofdata.
SDcards:SDcardsstandforSecureDigital.Youcangetdifferentsizesofthem,youcanalso
getSDHCandSDXC.ThesebothstandforSecureDigitalHighCapacityandalsoSecure
DigitaleXtendedCapacity.Thesewerecreatedsothatyoucanfitmoredataonthem.
Standardupto2GB
Highcapacity2GBto32GB
Extendedcapacity32GBto2TB
Memorysticks:Amemorystickisalsoknownasremovableflash
memorycardthatcameoutin1998bySony.Thememorystickissomething
thatpeoplewillcarryaroundwiththemonadaytodaybasis.
Harddrives:Aharddrivecanbeinternallyinsideacomputerandanexternal
harddriveissomethingthatyoucancarryaroundbutitisnottooeasytodoso.
Online:Youcanstoreitemsonthecloud,thiscanbedonethroughOneDrive,iCloud,
Dropbox,etc.Theitemsyoucanstorephotos,music,documents.Peoplecanevenaccess
youraccountandcopythefilesacrosstotheirowncomputer.

Optimising
Optimisingisusedeverydayintheworldwideweb(WWW),thishappenswhenyougetan
imagethatistoolargeforthewebpage,thisisthenresizedandmadesureitfitsforthe
webpage.Adisadvantageisthatpeoplewontwaitforalongtimeforthewebpageimages
toloadin,theywilljustfindanotherwebsitetogetapicture.Youcanusesoftwaressuchas
fireworksthatwillhelptoreducethefilesizebutthenwontreducethequality.Ifa
computersizeresolutionis72ppi,thentheimagesontheworldwidewebwillusuallythen
besetto72ppi.Somecomputerscreenscanbesetto96ppi,buttheinternetwilljust
producetheimagesat72ppi.Thesizeoftheimagethatisbeingviewedontheworldwide
webwouldntmakeanydifferencebecauseitstodowithhowitsbeenviewed.


ThesearetheDifferentfileformats,thebiggestfilesizeisa.TIFFanda.BMP.Thesmallestfilesizeis
a.GIFanda.JPEG.YoucanusesoftwaressuchasAdobePhotoshoptogeneratetheseotherfile
extensions.
Therearecertainsetdimensionsforsocialmediawebsites.
FacebookThetimelinecoverimageis851X315pixels.Theprofile
pictureis200X200pixels.Thefavouriteappboxesimageis111X74
pixels.

TwitterThebackgroundpictureis2000X1200pixels.Theprofilepictureis
128X128pixels.Theheaderis1200X600.

YouTubeTheprofilepictureis1600X1600pixels.The
channelsbackgroundis1500X2000pixelsor1200X2500
pixels.

PinterestTheavataris180X180pixels.Themaxiumsizeof
pinnedimagesis554X5000

GooglePlusYourbanner940X180.Theprofilepictureis250X250.

Fromthisyoucanseethattheyareallfairlysimilar,withallthedimensions.Buttheyareall
setoutdifferently.