Cytoplasmic

inheritance

M. K. Tadjudin
Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu
Kesehatan
Universitas Islam Negeri
Syarif Hidayatullah
Jakarta
 Genetics

Mendelian Genetics Non-Mendelian

Genetics

Cytoplasmic Polygenic Epigenetics

inheritance inheritance

Dominance Co-dominance Epsitasis

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 Cytoplasmic
inheritance
• Inheritance via genes found in
cytoplasmic organelles
• Extra-chromosomal inheritance
controlled by non-nuclear
genomes
Who is your mama
?
The transmission of cytoplasm
differs between sex cells:
• Male contribution: Sperm or
pollen transfer little or no
cytoplasm to the egg
• Female contribution: Egg
contributes almost all of the
cytoplasm to the zygote
 What is in the cytoplasm
that could contain DNA?
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplasts
 Endosymbiotic
hypothesis
• Free living prokaryotes ancestors
of chloroplasts and mitochondria
invaded plant and animal cells
but provide useful function and
so a symbiotic relationship
developed over time
 Organelle
inheritance
• Organelles (Chloroplasts and
mitochondria) have circular
chromosomes
• A zygote inherits its organelles from the
cytoplasm of the egg  Maternal
inheritance
• The pattern of inheritance is not
associated with meiosis or mitosis
because the organelles are in the
cytoplasm not the nucleus
 Extranuclear
inheritance
• Transmission of genes that occur
outside the nucleus
• Found in most eukaryotes and is
commonly known to occur in
cytoplasmic organelles such as
mitochondria and chloroplasts or
from cellular parasites like
viruses or bacteria
 Types of Extranuclear
Inheritance (1)
VEGETATIVE SEGREGATION
• Results from random replication and
partitioning of cytoplasmic organelles
as with chloroplasts and mitochondria
during mitotic cell divisions and results
in daughter cells that contain a random
sample of the parent cell’s organelles
e.g. mitochondria of asexually
replicating yeast cells
 Types of Extranuclear
Inheritance (2)
UNIPARENTAL INHERITANCE
• Occurs in extranuclear genes when only one parent contributes
organellar DNA to the offspring e.g. uniparental gene transmission is
the maternal inheritance of human mitochondria. at fertilization via
the egg
• The father’s mitochondrial genes are not transmitted to the offspring
via the sperm. Very rare cases which require further investigation
have been reported of paternal mitochondrial inheritance in humans,
in which the father’s mitochondrial genome is found in offspring
• Chloroplast genes can also inherit uniparentally during sexual
reproduction. They are historically thought to inherit maternally, but
paternal inheritance in many species is increasingly being identified.
The mechanisms of uniparental inheritance from species to species
differ greatly and are quite complicated. For instance, chloroplasts
have been found to exhibit maternal, paternal and biparental modes
even within the same species
 Types of Extranuclear
Inheritance (3)
Biparental inheritance
• Occurs in extranuclear genes when both parents
contribute organellar DNA to the offspring
• It may be less common than uniparental
extranuclear inheritance, and usually occurs in a
permissible species only a fraction of the time
• An example of biparental mitochondrial inheritance
is in the yeast, [Saccharomyces cerevisiae]. When
two haploid cells of opposite mating type fuse they
can both contribute mitochondria to the resulting
diploid offspring
 Perinatal Inheritance of
Parasites
• Extranuclear transmission of viral genomes
and symbiotic bacteria is also possible
• An example of viral genome transmission is
perinatal transmission
• This occurs from mother to fetus during the
perinatal period, which begins before birth and
ends about 1 month after birth
• During this time viral material may be passed
from mother to child in the bloodstream or
breastmilk
• This is of particular concern with mothers
carrying HIV or Hepatitis C viruses
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