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Dept of Mechanical and Marine Engineering, B/ Dar University, Machine Design project. 1
t
D
a) Thin shell: - if the ratio of
1
10
is less than
t
D
1
10
pi
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Dept of Mechanical and Marine Engineering, B/ Dar University, Machine Design project. 1
head
shell
nozzle and
support
A. HEAD
All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell section).
Heads are typically curved rather than flat. Curved configurations are stronger and allow the
heads to be thinner, lighter, and less expensive than flat heads. Heads can also be used inside a
vessel. Head are usually categorized by their shapes. Ellipsoidal, hemispherical, torispherical,
conical, toriconical and flat are the common types of heads.
B. SHELL
The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shells are
welded together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis. Most pressure vessel
shells are cylindrical, spherical, or conical in shape. Horizontal drums have cylindrical shells and
are fabricated in a wide range of diameters and lengths.
C. NOZZLE
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure Vessel.
The nozzle ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary connections and to permit easy
disassembly for maintenance or access. Nozzles are used for the following applications: Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel.
Attach instrument connections, (e.g., level gauges, thermo wells, or pressure
gauges).
Provide access to the vessel interior at man ways.
Provide for direct attachment of other equipment items, (e.g., a heat exchanger
or mixer)
D. SUPPORT
The type of support that is used depends primarily on the size and orientation of the
pressure vessel. In all cases, the pressure vessel support must be adequate for the applied
weight, wind, and earthquake loads [3]. Calculated base loads are used to design of anchorage
and foundation for the pressure vessels.
Typical kinds of supports are as follow:i.
Skirt support
Tall, vertical, cylindrical pressure vessels are typically supported by skirts. A support
skirt is a cylindrical shell section that is welded either to the lower portion of the vessel shell or
to the bottom head (for cylindrical vessels). Skirts for spherical vessels are welded to the vessel
near the mid-plane of the shell. The skirt is normally long enough to provide enough flexibility
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Dept of Mechanical and Marine Engineering, B/ Dar University, Machine Design project. 1
so that radial thermal expansion of the shell does not cause high thermal stresses at its junction
with the skirt
ii.
Leg support
Small vertical drums are typically supported on legs that are welded to the lower portion
of the shell. The maximum ratio of support leg length to drum diameter is typically 2:1. The
number of legs needed depends on the drum size and the loads to be carried. Support legs are
also typically used for spherical pressurized storage vessels. The support legs for small vertical
drums and spherical pressurized Storage vessels may be made from structural steel columns or
pipe sections, whichever provides a more efficient design.
iii.
Saddle support
Horizontal drums are typically supported at two locations by saddle supports. A saddle
Support spreads the weight load over a large area of the shell to prevent an excessive local stress
in the shell at the support points. The width of the saddle, among other design details, is
determined by the specific size and design conditions of the pressure vessel. One saddle support
is normally fixed or anchored to its foundation.
iv.
Lug support
Lugs that are welded to the pressure vessel shell, which are shown on, may also be used to
support vertical pressure vessels. The use of lugs is typically limited to vessels of small to
medium diameter (1 to 10 ft.) and moderate height-to-diameter ratios in the range of 2:1 to 5:1.
Lug supports are often used for vessels of this size that are located above grade within structural
steel. The lugs are typically bolted to horizontal structural members to provide stability against
overturning loads; however, the bolt holes are often slotted to permit free radial thermal
expansion of the drum.
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Dept of Mechanical and Marine Engineering, B/ Dar University, Machine Design project. 1
15
low alloy steel and use medium of ammonia at the temperature of
45Mpa
and pressure
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Dept of Mechanical and Marine Engineering, B/ Dar University, Machine Design project. 1
pD po po
pD 45 45
10
100
1
10
49.5
N/mm
Design temperature
The strength of metals decreases with increasing temperature so the maximum allowable
design stress will depend on the material temperature. The design temperature at which the
design stress is evaluated should be taken as the maximum working temperature of the material,
with due allowance for any uncertainty involved in predicting vessel wall temperatures.
T 0 15O C
Then
From typical design stress table find the stress for low alloy steel:-
D 240
N/mm
t 550
N/mm
For cylindrical shell thickness required to resist internal pressure can be determined from
the formula. Now assume outer diameter of the shell is
our pressure is safe.
1M
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Dept of Mechanical and Marine Engineering, B/ Dar University, Machine Design project. 1
pD 0.385 SE.........................use t Ro
pD 0.385SE.........................use t
z 1
..........................(1)
z
pD R
..........................( 2)
SE 0.4 pD
If
Where S = allowable stress (Design stress)
E = joint factor
pD R
SE 0.4 PD
t 95.26mm 95mm
2mm
For carbon and low alloy steel corrosion allowance is
should be used
Therefore,
L
K.
for P 3.43MPa
D
where k cons...... 4 K 6
K 4
But for economic purpose select
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Dept of Mechanical and Marine Engineering, B/ Dar University, Machine Design project. 1
L 4D
4 1000mm
L 4000mm
Then,
Do Di L
4
but Di Do 2t
1000 2(97)
Di 806mm
1000 806 4
4
V 1.10014m 3
V
2 :1
Most standard ellipsoidal are manufactured with a major and minor axis ratio of
following equation can be calculated required thickness.
the
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Dept of Mechanical and Marine Engineering, B/ Dar University, Machine Design project. 1
1) To calculate thickness
PD R
SE 0.9 PD
h
D
Do
4
Where
DO h
Vh
6
(1m) 2 0.25m
6
Vh 0.131m3
Calculate the stress on the shell using lames equation
Tangential stress: - is the maximum tensile stress and it is known as
circumferential stress.
Radial stress: - is the maximum compressive stress and it is negative. The
negative sign indicates that the radial stress is opposite to design stress equal.
Since, if the stress is less than the maximum tensile strength of the material, then the
design is safe. Now to calculate the value of stress.
a) Tangential stress
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Dept of Mechanical and Marine Engineering, B/ Dar University, Machine Design project. 1
PD Ri
R
1 O2
2
2
RO Ri
Ri
49.5 N / mm (403mm) 2
(500mm) 2
(500mm) 2 (403mm) 2
(403mm) 2
2
b) Radial stress
PD Ri
R
1 O2
2
2
RO Ri
Ri
(500mm) 2 (403mm) 2
(403mm) 2
c) Longitudinal stress
2
PD
L 2D i 2
DO Di
L 91.78 N / mm2
The formula that I am going to calculate is the same as thickness formula to calculate for
At Di 300mm
shell, the only difference is the diameter we use.
E 1
PD Ri
SE 0.4 PD
Length of nozzle
L
k where k 4 k 6 L 4 300mm
D
L 1. 2 M
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Dept of Mechanical and Marine Engineering, B/ Dar University, Machine Design project. 1
D0 2t Di
57.16mm 300mm
357.16mm
Here no need of volume b/c its function is to as way of a fluid.
p d 49.5 N / mm 2 300mm
c
259.8 N / mm 2
2t
2 28.58mm
WS
Where
CV
A factor to account for the weight of nozzles, man ways, internal supports,
Etc; which can be taken as
1.08
1.15
HV
Height, or length, between tangent lines (the length of the cylindrical section)
Wali
l thickness, mm
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Dept of Mechanical and Marine Engineering, B/ Dar University, Machine Design project. 1
Dm
Mean diameter of vessel
Di t 103 m
Dm 0.806m 0.097 m
0.903m
WS 240 1.15 0.903m 4m 0.8 0.903m 0.097m
Thus
WS 114.165 N
vf f g
vf
Where
WF
f 604kg / m
Weight of fluid
Thus,
To find the total weight of the system will be
W WS W F
114.165 N 7294.82 N
W 7408.98 N
I choose round bar as support that is skirt support is preferable to vertical position. The three
120o c
skirt support is welded at
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Dept of Mechanical and Marine Engineering, B/ Dar University, Machine Design project. 1
Wtotal
3
Therefore weight each support carries
Weach P
of load.
7408.98 N
Wtotal
P
2469.66 N
3
3
Let
The material selection for skirt support is stainless.
The length of weld part (x) is subject to pure shear and the bar weld at two part
p 2 0.707 S allo x
allo
y
3n
n factor of safty
n 3.2
Where
y t
Take
t 540 Mpa
in the standard table
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Dept of Mechanical and Marine Engineering, B/ Dar University, Machine Design project. 1
allo
y
3 n
540 Mpa
3 3 .2
97.43Mpa
S 10mm
Take
p 2 0.707 S allo x
x
x
2469.66 N
2 0.707 10mm 97.43Mpa
17.93mm
x 10.2mm 17.93mm
x 28mm
2 EI
Pe
N2
Pe n p
3.2 2469.66 N
7902.91N
Take N= 2m
pe N 2
2 E
D4
I
64
But
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Dept of Mechanical and Marine Engineering, B/ Dar University, Machine Design project. 1
Pe N 2 64
D 2
E
4
7902.91N 2m
64
2
2
3.14 210000 N / mm 3.14
D 42.65mm
2
tb
Permissible tensile stress of the bolt
n = number of bolt
Here we know that the upward face acting on the cylinder cover is:
D .........................................1
4
This force is resisted by n number of bolt and the resisting force offered by n number of bolts is
FR
2
dc tb n.................................. 2
4
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Dept of Mechanical and Marine Engineering, B/ Dar University, Machine Design project. 1
FR
dc 2 tb n
4
tb 550 N / mm2
Here select the material for the bolt low alloy steel. So,
M 60
diameter is from the table by taking standard
Designation
pitch mm
size.
nominal
pitch
core diameter
Diameter nut $
diameter bolt
nut
depth of stress
bolt mm area
mm2
Bolt (d=D) mm
M 60
5 .5
60
mm
56.428
mm
mm
53.177 54.046
3.374
2360
dc 53.177 mm
From the table
53.177 2 550 n
4
FR 1220899.77 n
Since F FR
FR
F
25243230.87
20.67 21 bolts
1220899.77 1220899.77
2.6. Design of nut
If the bolt and nut are made up of similar material then the effective height of the nut made
equal to the nominal diameter of the bolt. Since the bolt diameter is 60mm. so the effective
height of the nut is also 60mm.
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Dept of Mechanical and Marine Engineering, B/ Dar University, Machine Design project. 1
Standard flanges are available in a range of types, sizes and materials; and are
used extensively for pipes, nozzles and other attachments to pressure vessels.
Nom.
size
100
pipe
o.d.
d1
Flange
D
114.3
210
16
Raised face
Drilling
Boss
d4
d2
d3
40
148
18
170
130
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Dept of Mechanical and Marine Engineering, B/ Dar University, Machine Design project. 1
Based all the above mentioned factors considering the operating temperature and
corrosiveness of the process fluid will be the controlling factor in gasket selection. Vegetable
100 o c.
fibre and synthetic rubber gaskets can be used at temperatures of up to
Summary
This course provided an overview of pressure vessel mechanical design
requirements. It summarized the main components of pressure vessels. Materials of
construction, design requirements and considerations, fabrication, inspection and
testing. Participants now have a good overall understanding of pressure vessel
mechanical design requirements, are prepared to use this knowledge in their jobs, and
have sufficient prerequisite information to take more detailed pressure vessel courses.
Acknowledgements
First of all I would like to thanks for my Advisor Ato Abdul hakim Shukutea for that
he has given me all the information and the procedure, all the data and for he has given
the reference books.
Secondly I would like to thanks my dormitory for giving me the chance to talk with
5th
them about my design and I would thanks for
year Mechanical engineering student
wondem to give the information.
And, finally thanks for all being with me.
REFERENCE BOOKS
R.K. Sinnot, Coulson & Richardsons, Chemical Engineering, volume 6, Third
Edition.
Paul Buthod and Tulsa, Oklahoma, pressure vessel handbook, Tenth Edition.
Dennis R. Moss, Pressure Vessel Design Manual, Third Edition.
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Dept of Mechanical and Marine Engineering, B/ Dar University, Machine Design project. 1
Mr. G. Ghanbari, Mr. Mohammad Raza Lazadi and M. Serai. Pressure Vessel
Design Guides & Procedures.
Table content
CHAPTER- I
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
CHAPTER-II
DESIGN PROCEDURE
2.1
.......................................... 6
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Dept of Mechanical and Marine Engineering, B/ Dar University, Machine Design project. 1
2.2
2.3
Design of nozzle
2.4
Design of support
2.5
Design of bolt
2.6
Design of nut
2.7
Design of flange
2.8
Design of gasket
2.9
Summery
.............................................. 8
......................................................................10
..................................................................11
.........................................................................13
........................................................................15
......................................................................15
......................................................................16
....................................................................................16
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCE
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