Election of 1900 and Roosevelt:

McKinley and vice president Theodore Roosevelt defeated

William J. Bryan

New York political bosses have Roosevelt nominated for vice

president

Felt it was a powerless position

President McKinley is assasinated

1901 William McKinley shot at an exposition in Buffalo, NY

Died 8 days later by Leon Caologsz

Roosevelt becomes the youngest U.S president @ age 42

Reformers:

W.E.B DuBois-

black leader in the early 1900's who fought for civil rights

Founder of the Niagara Movement- demanded for blacks, all their

human rights at once

Niagara Movement helped create the NAACP in 1909

NAACP(National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People)- fought for African-American political rights

Booker T. Washington:

Founder of the Tuskegee Institute

Trained thousands of blacks to be better farmers and merchant

Felt that they should train quickly

Self-respect, self-education, self-help would bring blacks the
opportunities they deserved

Upton Sinclair:

Wrote The Jungle- described the miseries of the workers in the

stockyard, and rotten meat packed for sale

Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act were passed in
1906
Pure Food Legislation were passed because of his writing.

Muckrakers:

Journalists and novelists who investigated and exposed corruption and other
illegal activities.

Meat Inspection Act 1906:

Federal officials could inspect all meat shipped in interstate commerce

Checked to see if meat came from healthy animals and was

packed under sanitary conditions

Pure Food and Drug Act 1906:

The manufacture and sale of impure food, drugs, and liquids was
forbidden

labels on patent medicines had to list the contents

Ida Tarbell:

Published attacks on the Standard Oil Company

Writings appeared in the popular McClure's Magazine

Father committed suicide.

Lincoln Steffens:

A pioneer investigating reporter who wrote articles on

the government of cities

A new force have now entered politics

Social and political reform:

Amendments:

16th amendment-made the federal income tax legal

17th amendment-allowed for the direct election of senators by

voters

In the past, senators had been elected by state legislatures

Voting Changes:
Direct Primary- enabled voters to nominate their party's
candidates for the general elction

Initiative- voters can propose a law by petition and have been

voted on by the people
Referendum:

the goal was put on the ballet for voters to pass or defeat
voters could force an official to stand for re-election at any time
Women Suffrage:
Progressives were fighting for a woman's right to vote

First State: Wyoming

Some places in west allowed woman to vote though.

Political Reform:
Roosevelt favored more reforms: income inheritance taxes, federal
rules for the stock market, and more effective control of business

The trend was for the government to become more involved

Municipal Reform:

City Manager- a trained manager hired to run the city

the city manager was not a position Could not be fired

replaced a mayor

State Reform:

Robert "Battling Bob" Lafollette- was elected governor of

Wisconsin in 1900

Enacted "progressive" measure-Direct Primary, Railroad

Commission, Restrictions on lobbying
Roosevelt called Wisconsin "a laboratory for Democracy

Roosevelt's Domestic
Program: "Square Deal"

Anthracite Coal Strike, 1902:

Workers did not receive a pay raise in 20 years

Roosevelt brought the striking workers and the owners together

Roosevelt showed how the federal government could help

Government action was considered to be fair to both labor and

management

Coal miners- 9 hours a day and a 10% raise

Trust Building:

Northern Securities Case:

A holding company that dominated the railroads of the

Northwest

Roosevelt sued under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

The Supreme Court ordered the company to dissolve

This is the beginning of the "Trust Building" era

Roosevelt's[Trust Building] Philosophy:

Move against other unpopular trusts: beef,oil,tobacco

Felt the government should break up large corporations only

when they hurt the public

Conservation:

Roosevelt-increased national forests by almost 150 million acres

Created U.S. Forest Service founded by the Gifford Pinchot

Pinchot planned "reforesting": The planting of trees along with

the cutting of trees
Taft Administration at Home:

Election of 1908:

William Howard Taft, the secretary of war, was Roosevelt's handpicked successor

Taft easily defeated William Jenkins Bryan

Taft as a "Progressive:

Most thought Taft would follow Roosevelt in fighting for reform

Many progressives felt he did not fight for reform and were
disappointed

Taft and "Trust Busting:

Did not make the distinction between good and bad trusts like
Roosevelt

Taft-indict(bring criminal charges against) all trusts, and allow

courts to decide which trusts were good or bad

Payne-Aldrich Tariffs:

High Tariffs were becoming a problem

Consumer prices were rising

Taft promised to lower tariffs

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff actually raised the tariff on many items

This upset progressives

Election of 1912:

The Primaries:

The Republican Party was badly split

The issue of a conservation of natural resources caused a split

between Roosevelt and Taft

Democartic Nominee: Woodrow wilson

-Govener of New Jersey

Republican Nominee: William Howard Taft

Progressive Republicans persuaded Roosevelt to run on a

third party ticket-"Bull Moose" Party

The Results:

Wilson won fairly easily

Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, giving Wilson the
victory

Wilson's Domestic Program: New Freedom

Underwood Tariff:

The Underwood-Simmons Tariff reduced taxes about 11% from

the Payne-Aldrich Tariff

The public supported the cut in Tariffs

Federal Reserve Act:

12 districts, created a more flexible currency-Federal Reserve

Note

Also, helped prevent a "run" on the banks

Federal Reserve System:

All natural banks had to become a member of the Federal Reserve

System

Federal Reserve Banks: held members banks' reserves, and lent

money to member banks when needed

Each was supervised by a Federal Reserve Board- appointed by

the President

Divided the country in 12 districts, each with a Federal Reserve

Bank

Clayton Anti-Trust Act:

Gave the unions the right to exist

Manufacturers could not change the different customers different

prices

Federal Trade Commission:

Created to "monitor" business

Could issue "cease and desist" orders against companies

enraged in "unfair trade practices.