AshleyCampa

SkeletalSystemLabReport
Boneswerediscoveredmanyyearsagoandthroughouthistorytheyhavebeennamed.Bonesare
themainfoundationofthebody.IntheRenaissanceage,scientistandphilosopherswere
studyingcarefullythestructuresunderourskin.Themanydifferentculturesinfluencedthe
namingofthebones.ThefirstboneIwillbedescribingarethePhalanges.Phalangesarethe
smallbonesinthefingersandtoes.TheywerenamedphalangesbecausetheyresembledaGreek
battleformationcalleda
phalanx.
Wheninthe
phalanx
formationthesoldierswouldgathervery
closeandassemblealinewiththeirshieldsandspearsoverlapping.Thesecondbonebeing
describedistheSacrum,whichinlatinthewordSacrummeansholyorsacred.Thepeople
believedsincethesacrumwasthelastbonetodecayitwouldformthebodyonthedayof
resurrection.IngreekitmeantgloriousandGalenevensaidthatthesarumwasthemost
importantboneintheentirespine.ThethirdbonebeingdescribedistheFemur,whichisnow
calledthethighbone.Thewordfemurcomesfromthelatinwordsfertusandfero,whichmeanto
bearandtobeborn.Thetwowordscomefromthelatinwordfeo,meaningtobefertile,which
explainsthefunctionofthethighstobearchildren.

Phototakenbyauthor.Thisisanimageofthephalanges.

Phototakenbyauthor.Thisisanimageofthesacrum.

Phototakenbyauthor.Thisisanimageofthefemur.


BoneHistology

Phototakenbyauthor.This
animageofthelabeled
compactbone.

Phototakenbyauthor.Thelabeled
drawingofthemicroscopicviewof
thetrabecularboneslide.

Phototakenbyauthor.Labeleddrawingoftheperiosteum.

BoneMatrix
Normalbonehomeostasisbeginswiththecombinationsofcollagenandminerals.Collagenand
mineralshelpthebonescompletetheirfunctionsinthebody.
Collageniswhatmakesup90%of
thehealthymatrix.Collagenismadeinosteoblastsandareformedastwistedchainswiththe
mineralsmixedinthem.Osteoblastsarecellsthatsecretethematrixforboneformationandthey
bindtogethertocreateosteoclasts.
Collagenisstrongandveryflexible,itformsbone,cartilage,
andtendons.Collagenformstendonsandthatishowbonesattachtothemuscleandmakesit
move.
Collagenwithoutthemineralscausesbonestobesoftandrubbery.
Thetwominerals
essentialinassistinginboneformationarecalciumandphosphorus.
BoneswithRicketswhichis
avitaminDdeficiency,themalfunctionofosteoblastshaveadeficiencyinhowthemineralsare
combinedwithcollagen.

Normal

VinegarSoakedBone CookedBone

CollagenMatrix

NormalLevelof
Collagen

HighLevelsof
Collagen

LowLevelsof
collagen

MineralSalts

Present

Notpresent

Present

DiseaseorDisorder

Osteoporosis,
Osteogenesis
Rickets/Osteomalacia Imperfecta

Characteristics

Hasperiosteum:little apparentcollagen
flexibility
yellowishincolor
Flexible

Harderintextureno
flexibility

ThechartisfromtheBoneMatrixlabthatshowstheresultsofthedifferencesinthecollagen,
mineralsalts,disease,andcharacteristicsofallthreebones.

Phototakenbyauthor.Thethreebonesofthe
BoneMatrixlab.Itisanexampleofa
cooked,vinegarsoaked,andnormalbones.

CurrentBoneresearch

Theresearchtopicchosenwastheproteinorganicmaterialbiointerfaces.Thegoalofthis
researchtopicistocombinetheunderstandingofproteinorganicandproteinproteininterfaces
tocreateanewbioinspiredbiosensortofindspecificchemicalsinacertainmanner.Partofthe
researchwascolorchangeandanexamplethattheyusedwasaturkey.Whenturkeysgetupset
,thesnood,whichistheflabbypartaroundtheface,changestothecolorred.Theresearchers
wanttogetinsidethecelltodeterminewhatmoleculesarecausingthecolorchangewiththe
biosensorwhichusespartsperbillion.Thebiosensorwiththepartsperbillionsisabletodetect
manydifferentmolecules.Theresearchgroupdemonstratedanewbiomimeticcolorimetric
sensingmaterialwithabacterialvirus.Thephagebasedstructuresweremadeintofilm,the
filmsarecomposedofnanostructuresanditmimicstheskinstructureofaturkey,whichare
structurallycoloredblueduetolightfromcollagennanostructures.Theresearchgroupwantsto
createanappwiththebiosensorbuiltintothephonewhichcanworkasanalertsystem,
monitoringsystem,anddelivery.Forexample,thealertsystemcanalertthepersonwhentheir
osteoporosisisgettingbadthenthebiosensorletsthemknowsotheycangotothedoctor.The
monitoringanddeliverysystemcouldbeusedtomonitorosteoporosisandthedeliverysystem
canbeusedtoguidethepersontodeliverthemedicinetoaspecificplace.

Thisimagebelongsto
http://leelab.berkeley.edu/research.php#C
.Thisisanimageoftheprotienorganicmaterial
biointerfaces.

ForensicCaseStudy
Bonescangiveanimmenseamountofinformationaboutaperson.Bonesgivealotof
informationsuchasheight,weight,sex,race,andalsotellusabouttheirancestryand
civilizations.Theyprovideagreatamountofinformationtoforensiccaseseverydayandsince
ourgenerationismoreadvancedandhasmoreaccesstotechnologyitmakesitonlythatmuch
easier.Theforensiccasechosenbeginsin1992whenininfantwasfoundburiedbeneaththe
floorofabrickchapelinMaryland.Theycouldtellthattheboneswereofaninfantbecausethe
boneswereshorter.Inthattimeperiodmotherswouldswaddletheirbabiesinquiltsorclothbut
swaddlingthemthebabywouldnotreceiveenoughsunlight.Thedoctorsinthattimeperioddid
notknowhowtotreattheseriousconditionsoftheinfant.Vitaminandmineraldeficienciesleft
markinginthebones.Theskullandthelongbonesshowedchangecausedbytherickets.
Small
teethandthejawlinemadeinvestigatorstobelievethatthebabywasafemalebutthesexifthe
femaleremainsunsolvedandtheydidaDNAtestbutthatwasinconclusive.Inthegravethey
foundpollensothatrevealedthattheinfantdiedinthespring.Sinceshediedinthespringthat
givesevidencethattheinfantwasswaddledduringthewinter.Themostevidenceofricketswas
foundontheinfantwasontheabnormalangleofthelowerjawbone.Thecoffinoftheinfant
wasfoundnexttotwocaskets,themaninonecasketwasthefatherbutthewomanwasnotthe
motherbecauseshewasburiedbeforetheinfant.

Imagecourtesy:SmithsonianInstitution.Thisisanimagewithmineralizationdueto

rickets,whichcausedtheholes.

Imagecourtesy:SmithsonianInstitution.Thisisanimageofthelowerjawof
theinfantwithholeswhichwerecausedbyrickets.

Imagecourtesy:SmithsonianInstitution.

Impropermineralizationcaused
theendsoftheribstoexpand.


APACitations
THEORIGINOFBONENAMESSTUDENTINFORMATIONCARDS.(n.d.).Retrieved
October23,2015,from
http://teachhealthk12.uthscsa.edu/sites/teachhealthk12/files/activity/downloads/BonesTeacher
NameCards2C.pdf

BlueHistologySkeletalTissuesBone.(n.d.).RetrievedOctober23,2015,from
http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/bone/bone.htm#labtrabecular

BlueHistologySkeletalTissuesBone.(n.d.).RetrievedOctober23,2015,from
http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/bone/bone.htm

CollagenandBoneMatrix.(n.d.).RetrievedOctober23,2015,from
https://depts.washington.edu/bonebio/ASBMRed/matrix.html

ResearchatBioInspiredNanomaterialLab.(n.d.).RetrievedOctober23,2015,from
http://leelab.berkeley.edu/research.php#C

WasThisBabySwaddledtoDeath?(n.d.).RetrievedOctober23,2015,from
http://anthropology.si.edu/writteninbone/swaddled_baby.html

WritteninBoneFurtherSkeletalEvidencefromtheSwaddledBaby.(n.d.).Retrieved
October23,2015,from
http://anthropology.si.edu/writteninbone/swaddled_skeletal_evidence.html