Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Anatomy
Mrs. Lafferty
Skeletal Lab Report
Part #1
As all important systems of the body, the skeletal is recognized as the hardest part of the
body, this dating back to the earlier ages. We can award Galen of Pergamon, the physician, as
being the first to offer a hypothesis on the system and beginning the long journey of labeling the
structure. As quoted, "It is very clearly apparent from the admonitions of Galen how great is the
usefulness of a knowledge of the bones since the bones are the foundation of the rest of the
parts of the body and all the members rest upon them and are supported, as proceeding from a
primary base. Thus, if any one is ignorant of the structure of the bones it follows necessarily that
he will be ignorant of very many other things along with them."-- Niccolo Massa, 1559. In this
early quote, we gain insight as to what early had thought of the skeletal system and we can
conclude that they were very vigilant of each and every detail pertaining to the bone. In this
inference, we get an idea as to why the human bones are very numerous in labels, but the
question remains where did you get these wild, creative names? We see that in the fifteenth
century, Jacopo Berengario da Carpi had the idea of including many languages in his labeling,
his languages were: Arabic, Latin, and Greek. With these languages, he focused to label the
singular parts rather than areas. But in this era, anatomists rarely gave the skeletal focus as a
whole but instead mostly concentrated on one area that fascinated them the most. Another
conflict remain, is Galen wrong or are modern anatomists collection of advanced labels right?
But the many anatomists in this period came together and offered their many suggestions of
names. However, I have chosen three different bones to expound on, the three are the rib, the
skull, and the pelvis. The first is the rib, which is a short version of the Middle English word
ribbe which is meant to be a beam or a strip. So, we can conclude that the rib is the beam
or strip of the chest. Next, is the skull, which excites anatomists the most, which derives from
the Middle English word skulle, this also comes from another language Anglo-Saxon word
scealu which roughly translates to cup or bowl? This can be guessed at that the skull is closely
seen as resembling that of a cup or round, circular object. And the last of the bones, is the
pelvis, this term comes a Latin term pelvis meaning a basin. And, this Latin word is derived
from the Greek word Pella which means a dish or bowl.
Part #2
In this figure, depicted is a
prepared slide of compact
bone which is labeled to
show the many
components that make up
the bone structure. Picture
by author.
Vinegar Soaked
Cooked Bone
Bone
Collagen Matrix
Present
Present
None
Mineral Salts
Present
None
Present
Disease or Disorder
None
Rickets, Tibail
None
Dyschondroplasia,
Osteoporosis
Characteristics
Red in coloration,
Really Flexible,
Brown-ish
Semi-
coloration, Dark at
and neck of
Transparent, Lack
any kind of
protective layer,
protection
somewhat of
protection,
In this picture, we see the three different types of bones all laid out.
In order from top to bottom; first is the vinegar soaked bone, then
the cooked bone, lastly the normal bone. We can clearly see
physical differences. Picture by author
Part #4
Protein-Protein
In this research, the main goal of it is to understand how the mechanism works in nature, and
how it goes about creating such diverse, complex structures which each serves different
purposes and have different structures. The researchers then looked specifically at different
relationships in the process of assembling the first is proteins to protein, which is the most and
easy to understand and examine. Firstly, researchers looked at the actual assembling of
structures and saw how collagen I plays an important role, and they created a similar cell which
is composed from a virus that possess the same characteristic of collagen. Next, they modified
it to complete the same task as would collagen conducts, after this they sought to conduct an
experiment of the cell created. Then, researchers compared the natural structures versus the
structures that were created in a controlled situation. They found that the created collagen-clone
created a somewhat similar structure but was much simpler, lesser degree than the natural
structures formed. However, researchers realize that even though the attempt fails to duplicate
the same structures it does serve as a gateway of eventually creating these same complex
structures in the future.
In this illustration, we
see the modified virus
and its self-templating
process in action, and
how an object in the
phage solution is met
by friction from a slight
creation of a structure
by the modified virus.
Part #5
Was this baby swaddled to death?
Archeologists discovered remains of an infant buried beneath a chapel in St. Marys City,
Maryland, which they believe was part of a prominent family, but all the investigators have to tell
its story is bones and burial clues. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are clear in the bone
residues. Researchers have found that this infant was suffering from rickets, a vitamin D
deficiency. Chronic diarrhea was thought to intensify the baby's malnutrition. Some features of
the pelvis and skull that most would overlook; small teeth, pointed chin, and jaw line led
investigators to think this infant was female, but the identification of sex undetermined and no
other tests are found to be productive. Another tool researchers use is the examination of
pollen count in the air, and they concluded that the death happened in the spring, which proves
that the baby was swaddled in the winter. The burial was very extensive and thought-out. Pins
and traces of linen indicated that the body was placed in a shroud and then in a costly lead
coffin buried in a place of honor beneath the chapel floor. Most intriguing, the infant's coffin lay
beside two larger lead coffins. The names of the adult male and female they held were unknown
at discovery. Forensic investigation later identified the adults as the colony's chancellor and
governor, Philip Calvert, and his first wife, Anne Wolseley Calvert. Births, deaths, and marriages
were rarely recorded in the colonial Chesapeake. Historical records on infants or children are
virtually nonexistent, even for those born to families of high social status. Because Anne
Wolseley Calvert was at least 60 at her death, and this baby was buried after her, the infant
could not have been hers. It was most likely a child born to Philip Calvert and his second wife,
Jane Sewell.
These three images show clear symptoms of the bone disease, Rickets. Which is extremely
evident in the first image that is a part of the infants skull; this skull piece has big holes from
abnormal mineralization. The second image is ribs of the infant that are inflated at the ends from
Rickets. And lastly is the jaw of the infant which very porous and has an abnormal angle.
Historic St. Mary's City. Image courtesy: Smithsonian Institution.
APA Citations
Rodan, G. A. (1998). Bone homeostasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of
the United States of America, 95(23), 1336113362.
Was This Baby Swaddled to Death? (2015). Retrieved October 23, 2015, from
http://anthropology.si.edu/writteninbone/swaddled_baby.html
Research at Bio-Inspired Nanomaterial Lab. (n.d.). Retrieved October 23, 2015, from
http://leelab.berkeley.edu/research.php#A
Introduction. (n.d.). Retrieved October 23, 2015, from
https://depts.washington.edu/bonebio/ASBMRed/intro.html
Slomianka, L. (Ed.). (2009, May 6). Blue Histology - Skeletal Tissues - Bone. Retrieved October
23, 2015, from http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/bone/bone.htm#labtrabecular
Skinner, Henry Alan. Origin of Medical Terms. The Williams and Wilkins Co., 1961.Wain, Harry.
The Story Behind the Word: Some Interesting Origins of Medical Terms. Springfield, Illinois:
Thomas, 1958. From http://teachhealthk-12.uthscsa.edu/sites/teachhealthk12/files/activity/downloads/Bones%20Teacher%20Name%20Cards%202C.pdf