The City of Bandung and Review of Bandung Spatial

Planning Strategies in 2005

Written by:
1
Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan
1
MSc. Environmental Management (NUS), S.T. (ITB)
Urban Planner & Researcher,

Green Impact Indonesia

Integrated Urban, Drainage and Environmental Planning and Design
Email: gunteitb@yahoo.com
http://greenimpactindo.wordpress.com/about/

Introduction
Bandung or “Paris Van Java” faces tremendous development pressures. The city is congested
because of urban sprawling, development of new shopping centres as and development of toll
road Cipularang (CIkampek - PUrwakarta - PadaLARANG) in 2005. We actually wrote this for
MSc. Environmental Management, National University of Singapore, for the Environmental
Planning Assignment in 2005. But we feel that this paper is important to be shared to its residents
and foreigners for better understanding and sympathy for Bandung condition.

We also included the Review of Bandung 2013 Spatial Planning Strategies. We understand that
currently the new Spatial Plan (Master Plan) of Bandung is still in development process. We
hope that this review will give other perspectives to the Municipality and Stakeholders of Bandung
to produce more sustainable Spatial Plan or Master Plan.

The Physical Context

Bandung is located in West Java, Indonesia. It is the capital City of West Java Province. Its
geographical location is 1070 32’ 38.91” E and 60 55’ 19.94” S, while its altitude is between 675
m and 1’050 m above the sea level. Bandung topography condition can be categorised into two
parts. The Northern part is a mountainous terrain with beautiful panoramas, while the Southern
part of the City is relatively low with agriculture areas and swamps. Bandung atmospheric
condition can be described as wet and humid. The average temperature is 23.6°C, while the
monthly rainfall reaches 156.4 mm (average of 15 rainy days in every month). Another distinguish
feature of Bandung is its surrounding mountains. Some experts explained that Bandung was a
great basin in the prehistoric age. This apparently is a constraint in the development context
because of limited area for expansion and higher development costs for developing steep slopes.
And these could be observed in the following photos. 1

1
 Figure 1. Beautiful Scenery of North of Bandung

With total area of 167.29 km2, Bandung City is divided into Six Development Districts which are:
• Bojonegara District
• Cibeunying District
• Tegallega District
• Karees District
• Ujungberung District
• Gedebage District. 2

The division is further presented in following figure.

Figure 2. Bandung map, with six Development Districts.3

2
Social, Political and Institutional Context

Bandung was built in 1488 by Pajajaran Kingdom. But it was not fully developed till 1799, when
the City was surrendered from VOC to Dutch Government. In 25th May 1811, the City was
declared as Bandung Regency capital. Further, the Gemeente Bandoeng was formed in the 21st
February 1901. Later the Municipality form was changed to Burgemeester Van Bandoeng in 1st
July 1917 and Staadgementee Bandoeng in 1st October 1928. 4

Figure 3. Bandung in 1930’s

Because of the Dutch defeat by the Japanese in Indonesia in World War II, Bandung Municipality
was surrendered to the Japanese and named Bandung Si, in 9th March 1942. This Municipality
apparently only sustained for 3 years. The independence of Indonesia brought the first National
Municipality of Bandung City in 2nd September 1945. Unfortunately during the second Dutch
military invasion to Indonesia, the City was occupied by Dutch and became the Capital of
Pasundan Country run by Dutch annexes in April 1946. 5

During the stabilization time of Republic of Indonesian the Municipality form was changed to
Staadsgemeente Bandoeng in 1st July 1948, Haminte Bandung in 17th January 1949, and finally
became Bandung Big City in 15th August 1950. Since that the Municipality was handled by the
national government under the Bandung Municipality. The area of Bandung City was extended
several times, because of the population and political needs. In 1906 the City was declared as
autonomous region with 1’922 Ha areas. This is the first area extension of the City. The second
area extensions occurred in in 12th October 1917 to 1’871 Ha. 6

In 1933, the planning process of Bandung City was initiated by Prof, Ir. Thomas Karsten. His plan
was prepared for the next 25 years. Because of the plan, Bandung area was extended from
2’871 Ha to 12’758 Ha in order to house 750’000 people in 1955. This plan was later known with
“Karsten Plan” and can be seen in the following figure.7

3
 Figure 4. Karsten Plan for Bandung, 1933.8

The Dutch colonialism was implemented clearly in this plan. The strategy was done by dividing
the City for European, Far-East Asian and Native Indonesian residents. Apparently the
government was trying to promote segregation and conflicts between these people. Later this
policy appears to create slums area and disintegration in the City systems. Because of Dutch
defeat, the Karsten Plan was only partially implemented in the City, mostly in the Northern
Bandung. Bandung City area was later expanded by the Japanese authority in 1942-1945
reaching to 5’413 Ha. Under the Pasundan Country in 1949 the City was expanded further to
8’098 Ha. Finally in 1987 under The Republic of Indonesia Government Statue number 16, 1987
the administrative area of Bandung City was extended to 16’729.65 Ha. 9

The Municipality of Bandung City now is organized according sub-districts division and lower level
of people associations. The Bandung City is divided by:
• 6 Development Districts (Wilayah Pengembangan)
• 26 Sub-Districts (Kecamatan), led by a Sub-District Head (Camat)
• 139 Villages (Kelurahan), led by a Village Chief (Lurah)
• 1’500 Community Associations (Rukun Warga), led by a Leader of Community Association
(Ketua RW)
• 9’277 Neighbourhood Associations (Rukun Tetangga), led by a Leader of Neighbourhood
Association (Ketua RT). 10

4
The problems of lack of funding, lack of human resources, lack of supporting tools are happening
in the Bandung Municipality. According to the research which conducted in 2001, numbers of
officers with good related backgrounds in the government agencies are very small. For example
in the City Planning Agency (Dinas Tata Kota) number of officers with architect or urban designer
background is only 10% compared to officers with legal backgrounds. Apparently this has caused
disintegrations between the Master Plan, the development control and infrastructure provisions.11

According to 2003 National Economic Census the population of Bandung has reached 2’228’268
people (with 1’113’267 women and 1’115’001 men). The average population density of Bandung
is 13’367 people/ km2, with the highest population density in Bojongloa Kaler Sub-district 38’149
people/ km2.12 The population distribution of Bandung City by area is presented in following
tables and figures. Apparently some over populated areas in the City possess social and
environmental problems.

Table 1. Districts’ names, areas, and population numbers and densities

in Bandung City 2003.13

5
 14
Figure 5. Population Densities in Bandung, 2000.

Bandung people education level can be considered normal. Only 9.33% do not receive education,
82.09% has finished primary and secondary education. 8.30% population hold degrees from 1
Year-Diploma to Bachelor Degree, while 0.29% of the people hold Master and Doctoral
Degrees.15 This is the highest education rate in the province, but still there are residents’ illiteracy
problems. The unemployment problem in Bandung also has been highlighted by some experts.
For example it is reported 27’500 people are unemployed because of companies closing down
and lack of job creations. This is a tendency of unsustainable social and economic development
in the city. 16

In 2003 Economic Census the poor people number has reached 34.34% of total population. The
poverty problems are very clear and have created a lot of social problems such as criminalities,
slum areas, and illegal street-hawker as described in the following photos. While the family
economic status distributions and criminalities figures in Bandung 2003 are described in the
following table.

6
 17
Figure 6. Aerial View of Over-populated Area and Substandard Housing.

Figure 7. Illegal Street-hawkers were Obstructing Pedestrians.18

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Table 2. Poor family distributions in Bandung City 2003.19

8
 Table 3. Criminalities figures in Bandung City, 2003.20

The number of health facilities in Bandung actually is enough to cater the need of Bandung
populations, although ideally it should be increased. The real problem is actually the need of
affordable healthcares. Because of increase of healthcare service, more and more people
actually need the affordable ones.

Economic Context

The main economic activities of the City are trading and manufacturing industry especially textile
and garment. The textile industry started emerging in the City in 1970, while the other economic
activities are services industry especially in education and tourism started to emerge 1980. The
agriculture activities in Bandung had been reduced since 1970, because a lot of land had been
converted from agricultural use to industrial estate and housing. This situation tends to create
unsustainable food production, although food supplies are still available in adjacent agricultural
area (especially Lembang, North of Bandung). 21

9
The total number of industries in Bandung, between 1998 and 2003, seems not to increase much.
The data presented in Table …shows that between 1998 and 2000, number of industries was
increasing. It reached the peak in 2000 with 581 industries, but after that it decreased. I believed
this phenomenon is happening because of increase of oil cost, and greater competition with
China and India emerging industries. All types of industries and their distribution in Bandung are
presented in the following tables. And they showed that there is no differentiation of industrial
pollution.

Table 4. Total number of large and medium industry establishments and absorbed manpower by them in
Bandung, 1998 - 2003. 22

10
 Table 5a.New Industrial Classification (Klasifikasi Lapangan Usaha Industri / KLUI).23
Code Industry Type Existing Code in Bandung
15 Food products and beverages 151, 152, 153, 154
16 Tobacco
17 Textiles 171, 172, 173
18 Wearing Apparel 181
19 Tanning and dressing of leather 191, 192
20 Wood and products of wood except furniture and plaiting 202
materials
21 Paper and paper products 210
22 Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media 221
23 Coal, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel 232
24 Chemicals and chemical products 241, 242, 243
25 Rubber and plastics products 251, 252
26 Other non-metallic mineral products 261, 264
27 Basic metals
28 Fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment 281, 289
29 Machinery and equipment 291, 292, 293
30 Office, accounting, and computing machinery 300
31 Electrical machinery and apparatus i.e. 311, 313, 314
32 Radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus 321, 322
33 Medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks 331
34 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi -trailers 342, 343
35 Other transport equipment 359
36 Furniture and manufacturing 361, 369
37 Recycling

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Table 5b. Industry classifications and distribution in Bandung City 2003.24

12
Table 5c. Industry classifications and distribution in Bandung City 2003.25

13
Table 5d. Industry classifications and distribution in Bandung City 2003.26

14
 Table 5e. Industry classifications and distribution in Bandung City 2003.27

We can found approximately 300 textile industries in Bandung. The industries were concentrated
in 3 areas: Eastern area along Cileunyi - Cicalengka Road; Central area along Mohamad Toha
Road, Dayeuhkolot Area and Majalaya; and Western area around Nanjung and Padalarang.
Another industrial centre can be found in Leuwigajah, Cimahi. Some other textile industries can
be found spreading in the southern part of Bandung. 28 The recent development of textile
industries showed that almost 70% of industries were closed down in 2005 because of reasons
mentioned above. This seems to bring negative impact to economic development in Bandung.29

Another important industry in Bandung is the PT Dirgantara Indonesia. It is a high-tech aircraft

company with total employees of 15’801 people, and 2’900 engineers.30 After 18 years the
company decided to reduce 30’000 of the employees because of decreasing of aircraft demand
and mismanagement. This apparently affected the economic situation and created more
unemployment.

15
Other economic sector that makes a lot of contribution is the education. Some nationally
recognised university such as Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Padjajaran University
(UNPAD) and Parahyangan Catholic University (UNPAR) apparently had encouraged numbers of
private universities emerged in Bandung. All of education institutions later created demands for
supporting economic activities such as: food centres, accommodation, stationery stores, book
stores and markets, internet shops, etc. Actually these activities support most of City residents. It
was recorded there are 5 government and 66 private tertiary education institutions presence in
Bandung, 2005.

The factory outlets, delicious foods and beautiful sceneries are three attracting factors for tourists
coming to Bandung. This has generated great profits to these industries. On the other hand,
negative impacts caused are severe weekend traffic jams. Because of new toll road built from
Jakarta to Bandung, every weekend now more that 12’000 vehicles jam Bandung roads and
create traffic congestions. The traffic jams sometimes can progress from 12 AM to 20 PM.

31
Figure 8. The Traffic Congestions in Bandung

Environmental Context

The needs of 2’228’268 population in Bandung for good public sanitation are not easy to handle,
because there are public services network disintegrations in existing urban structure. For
example until now there are slums areas without access to clean water, solid waste collection and
sewage collection. The phenomenon actually exists in most developing countries. The main
reason is the illegal status of land ownerships, lack of funding and inefficiency in the Municipality
and Agencies.

In the case of solid waste collections only 70% of solid waste produced in Bandung can be
transported to the final disposal dumping site.32 The rests will pollute the river, the gardens, empty
lands and public spaces. It is reported that 41.7% of Citarum River, that crosses some areas of
Bandung, has been polluted. 33 Apparently this water pollution is also caused by direct sewage
discharge from households. In 1997, the household percentage served by sewerage system was
only 32.41 %. This is the example of unsustainable waste management practice in developing
cities.

The lack of adequate final solid waste treatment is the main problem for waste management. The
solid waste collapse in Leuwigajah (the largest open dumping site) in the early 2001 that killed
around 100 people actually caused the closing of the dumpsite. This occurred because the
mismanagement of Public Sanitation Company (PD Kebersihan). The company did not follow the

16
correct landfill method; they just did an open dumping method. Other problems derived from this
operation are heavy metal land contaminations, water contaminations, odour pollutions and
infectious disease spreads. All of these phenomena show the need of a paradigm shift in
Bandung solid waste management.

Figure 9. The Solid Waste that could not be transported and The Garbage Landslide in
Leuwigajah Open Dumping Site, Bandung City.34

Another Bandung environment related problem is annual flooding. Because of the rapid
developments in Bandung, especially in the Northern area which are groundwater recharge
areas, the flooding problems become annual event in the Southern parts of Bandung. The other
cause of this is littering problem in the river. The solid waste accumulation in river apparently also
caused many local flooding. Apparently to change people attitude we need more time and efforts
to educate them. 35

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 Figure 10. The Flood Prone Areas and River Improvement Program in Bandung.36

Figure 11. The Flood Condition 37

The air pollution problems also are happening in Bandung, because of over-population of private
cars and motorcycles. This is a very good example of unsustainable transportation practices. It is
reported that Pb, CO, NOx, SOx, and suspended solids pollutant level in Bandung has reached
dangerous level for human. 38 Other sources of air pollutant are factories, households and solid
waste incinerations.

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Existing Spatial Planning Strategies

Bandung Municipality actually has identified the some of the problems above in two government
plans. These plans had stated new strategies for achieving sustainable development. These
documents are: Strategic Plan of Bandung City 2004 - 2008, and Bandung Master Plan 2013.

Strategic Plan of Bandung City 2004-2008

Strategic Plan of Bandung City has identified some strategic issues to be prioritised in the 5-years
development program. The strategic development issues are: 39
1. Human Resources Development
• Improving in human resources (public and government agents)
• Improving of education institutions in the City
2. Economic Development
• Improving of community economy based on local potent and equal opportunity
• Creating interesting investment opportunity to promote job opportunities
• Reducing poverty
3. Social – Cultural Development
• Creating social cohesion in the community
• Improving community participation in every development processes
• Utilising total community potential
• Controlling urbanisation
4. Urban Planning
• Providing public services for all City residents
• Providing good infrastructures for new investments especially transportation system
• Developing Eastern part of the Bandung City
• Controlling flooding problems
• Maintaining the city infrastructures
• Reducing groundwater exploitation, with providing enough clean water supplies
• Reducing pollution to land, water and air
• Improving the life quality
• Creating efficient and effective solid waste management
5. Good Governance
• Improving stakeholders participation in all development processes
• Promote professionalism, accountability, and responsive government agents
• Improve government infrastructure for public services
• Improve coordination between municipalities in Greater Bandung area
6. Regional Budget
• Improving people participation in budgeting
• Creating accountable, effective, efficient regional budget system

These issues are later translated into Vision, which is “Promoting Bandung to be a clean,
wealthy, good and friendly City, based on service industry.” Later every issue also is translated

19
into more detail development programs. My respond for this plan is the time limitation as well as
the direct impact of every program to the Urban Development.

Bandung Master Plan 2013

The purpose of this Master Plan was to create land use efficiency, integrate city development and
improve urban services effectiveness. It also included some recommendations from 1992 Master
Plan. Six Development Districts were proposed according to same geographic location inside the
service line of Secondary Urban Centre. The district divisions are described below:

Table 6.District, Sub-District and Secondary Urban Centres names.

No Name of Development District Name of Sub-District Name of Secondary Urban Centres
1 Bojonagara Andir, Cicendo, Sukasari, Sukajadi Setrasari
2 Cibeunying Cidadap, Coblong, Bandung Sadang Serang
Wetan, Cibeunying Kidul,
Cibeunying Kaler, Sumur Bandung
3 Tegallega Astana Anyar, Bojongloa Kidul, Kopo Kencana
Bojongloa Kaler, Babakan Ciparay,
Bandung Kulon
4 Karees Regol, Lengkong, Batununggal, Turangga
Kiaracondong
5 Ujungberung Cicadas, Arcamanik, Ujungberung, Arcamanik
Cibiru, part of Rancasari (Mekar
Mulya Village)
6 Gedebage Bandung Kidul, Margacinta, the Margasari
rest of Rancasari

Further this division and Urban Centres are presented in following figure.

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 Figure 12. The Primary and Secondary Urban Centres and Districts served in Bandung. 40

Master Plan 2013 proposed eight Urban Centres to create better urban services. Two Primary
Centres are Asia Afrika Area (existing City Centres) and Gedebage Area. These were proposed
to create a duo-centric city and to reduce traffic congestion in City Centres. Six Secondary
Centres had been described in previous table. Further some facilities that would be catered in
the Urban Centres are presented in next table.

Table 7. Facilities proposed in Primary and Secondary Urban Centres

No Facilities
1 Education Facilities
2 Healthcare Facilities
3 Religious Facilities
4 Social Facilities
5 Sport and Recreation
Facilities
6 Government Facilities
7 Retail Facilities
8 Transportation Facilities
Primary Urban Centres in
Gedebage Areas
Tertiary Educations and Library
B Class Hospital with 11 health
specialist heath treatments
Mosque, etc
Multi-Purposed Hall
Sport Complex with Stadium,
Cinema, Theatre, Public Open
Spaces
Municipality Offices, Post Office,
Military District Office, Religion
Office Telecommunication,
Electricity, Water Companies, and
Fire-fighter Centre
Wet Market, Retail Shops,
Shopping Centres, Bank, Offices
Bus Terminal and Parking Lots
Secondary Urban Centres
Academy Institutions and Library
Class C hospital
Mosque, etc
Multi-Purposed Hall
Mini Stadium, Museum, Theatre
and Cinema
Sub-District Office, Public Service
Offices, Post Office, Military Sub-
District Office, Religion Office,
Sanitation Office, Electric
Transformer Post
Wet Market, Retail Shops
Transit Terminal and Parking Lots

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Land use Plan is also presented in following figure. And this plan actually translated the all
development strategies in the Master Plan.

Figure 13. Bandung Land Use Plan 2013.41

Because of Bandung role as the capital city of West Java Province, some strategic areas also
were identified to serve the greater region, which will be presented in the next table.

Table 8. Provincial, Regional and Municipal Centres in Bandung

Provincial and Regional Centres Municipal Centres
• Government Office for West Java Province in • Government Office for Bandung Municipality in
Gedung Sate Area Merdeka Road
• Siliwangi Regional Military Centres (KODAM) • Recreation Park in Gasibu, Tegallega and Punclut
• PT Dirgantara Indonesia and PT Pindad Area

• Husein Sastranegara Airport • Tertiary Educations in Ganesha Road, Dipati Ukur

Road and Surapati Road.
• Kebon Kawung and Kiaracondong Train Station
• Gedebage Terminal
• Ir. H Juanda Recreation Park and Forest
• Commercial Areas in Asia Afrika Road
• Caringin Grocery Centre

These locations further are presented in following figure

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 Figure 14. Provincial, Regional and Municipal Centres in Bandung. 42

In respond to accessibility issue of the City, a transportation system was proposed. It includes
Primary Artery, Secondary Artery, Primary Collector and Secondary Collector and Local Roads.
The proposed plan consists of:
• Internal toll roads in Northern and Eastern area of Bandung
• Proposed railway road
• Improvement of existing railway station to become a regional station
• Build an integrated terminal in Gedebage that will cater public transport, container and train
station
• Build a new bus terminal in the City perimeter
• Utilise Husein Sastranegara Airport until new airport area is build.
This transportation plans are presented in following figure.
.

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 Figure 15. Road Structures Plan of Bandung. 43

Figure 16. Proposed Toll-Road Structures Plan of Bandung. 44

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The Master Plan 2013 proposed four land-use strategies, which prescribe conservation area,
development area, urban facilities, population density and carrying capacity of the City.

First, conservation areas are selected to preserve the aquifer recharge, biodiversity in forest and
park area in the city and historical buildings. This is further translated in the Conservation Plan in
table and figure below.

Table 9. Detail Classification of Conservation Strategy

Conservation Area Type
Groundwater Recharge Area
Green Open Spaces
Nature Reserve
Heritage Conservation Areas
Hazardous Areas
Detail Location
Potential forest area for groundwater Northern of Bandung
recharge
Riparian and lake areas All over the City
Area surrounding to water springs
Setback of the railway road
Area underneath of high voltage grid
Setback of toll road
City Park and funeral
Recreation park Cidadap Sub-district
Biodiversity conservation area
Building and areas that hold an Alun-alun, Asia Afrika, Braga,
important historical and cultural value Cikapundung, Kelenteng, Pasar Baru,
of Bandung Oto Iskandardinata, ABC, Pecinan,
Sumatra, Jawa, Aceh, Bali, Gudang
Utara, etc
Potential area for natural disasters, Northern of Bandung
that is earthquake

Figure 17. Conservation Plan for Bandung. 45

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Development areas and development strategies are divided in several land use types which are:
Housing, Government Facility, Trade, Service Industry, Education, Healthcare, Industry and
Warehouse, Tourism and Recreation, Military.

For 2013, Bandung would prescribe housing in the 60% of the city area to cater 2’944’860
people. Two strategies were proposed are horizontal and vertical developments. Three housing
densities are further suggested comprise high, medium and low density. High density proposed
were the low cost and exclusive apartments in Tamansari, Andir, Braga, Cigondewah, Cicadas
and Kiaracondong, on the Municipality-owned land. The medium density would be proposed in
Tegallega, Karees, Gedebage. Lastly the low density would be proposed in Bojonegara,
Cibeunying, and Ujungberung. Realising more limited land resources in Bandung, the
Municipality found that horizontal developments were not possible anymore. Other programs
proposed were the urban renewal of the slums area and the new housing developments in
Gedebage. The new residential area would comprise 3000 empty parcels and 1000 utilised
parcels.

A lot of Government Agencies Centres that exists in Bandung, such as PT Dirgantara Indonesia,
PT INTI, PT POS, etc including Provincial Government were proposed to stay in the City.

For trade, Master Plan proposed to develop traditional market and shopping mall in Secondary
Urban Centres to reduce the congestion to the Primary Centres. Some detail development will
include:
• Redevelopment of traditional markets areas such as Andir, Kiaracondong, etc
• Relocation of land-use-inconsistent markets such as Suci, Kordon, Balubur, Simpang,
Gegerkalong, Palasari, Sukajadi
• Redevelopment of wholesaler market in Caringin and Gedebage

The municipality realised the overcrowding of shopping centres and factory outlet in Bandung.
These developments needed to be controlled and redirected to the Eastern of Bandung, Another
mall-related problem is the traffic congestions along the artery and collector roads, while factory
outlet developments also need corrections because of housing land use violations. Last problem
to be control is the illegal street-hawker (PKL). This problem was proposed to be solved with
proposing some designated areas for catering the street-hawker.

Relating to the Service Industry, the Plan proposed to develop this industry in Primary and
Secondary Urban Centres, especially in Eastern part of the City. On the other hand, it was
realised the need to reduce its intensity in Western Bandung.

For Education, the Master Plan suggested to control the development of education institutions
and relocate them to Eastern Bandung, Jatinangor Area.

Regarding Healthcare developments, the Master Plan proposed improvement of Hasan Sadikin
Hospital to become an International-recognised Teaching Hospital. Other similar prescription
because of too intensified healthcare developments in Western was to regulate healthcares in
Western part and improve more healthcares in Eastern part.

For Industries and Warehouses developments, it was realised that Bandung limited capacity for is
catering the polluting and water-demanding industries, so they were proposed to be phased out.

26
 Industries that are proposed later to replace them are small-scale environmental-friendly
industries, while the warehouses are suggested to be relocated to the Eastern area of the City.

In order to develop tourism and recreation area, some strategies were prescribed in the plan,
which are:
• Preserve existing cultural tourism and recreation areas
• Develop new shopping mall and cultural tourism area in Eastern Bandung
• Control the development of negative tourism such as bar, pub, massage, karaoke, etc.

Lastly for land use, The Military areas in the city were only proposed to be preserved and
secured. Building Densities also were also proposed in the Master Plan. These densities further
are presented in table below.

Table 10. The Building Density Strategies

Max Built Area Max Plot Ratio
Road Class Road Class
No Land Use Type Details
Collector

Collector
Artery

Artery
Local

Local
1 Conservation Area 2% 2% 2% 0 0.02 0 Only for important utilities
2 Development Area
Building with more than 8
a Housing High Rise 25% 20% 15% 4 2.4 1.5
floors (apartment)
Building with 4 to 8 floors (low
Midde Rise 25% 25% 25% 1.3 1.25 1.3
income flats)
Building Height Limit is 45%
from road axes
The construction legal status
must be preceded by design
review and impact
assessments
Building with 3 floors
Low Rise
maximum
Building density more than 40
unit/Ha and population
Low Rise - High Density 60% 70% 80% 1.2 1.4 1.6
density more than 200
people/Ha
Building density between 15
Low Rise - Middle and 40 unit/Ha and
50% 60% 60% 1.2 1.2 1.2
Density population density below 200
people/Ha
Building density less than 15
unit/Ha and average
Low Rise - Low Density 40% 50% 60% 1.2 1.2 1.2
population density 75
people/Ha
Building density less than 10
unit/Ha and average
Northern Bandung 20% 20% 20% 0.6 0.6 0.4
population density 50
people/Ha
The construction legal status
must be preceded by design
b Service Area > 10'000 m2 25% 40% 50% 2 1.6 1.5
review and impact
assessments

27
 The facilities provided must
Area > 5'000 m2 25% 40% 50% 2 1.6 1.5 follow technical standard
especially parking lots

Area from 1'001 to 5'000 Building Height Limit is 45%

50% 50% 50% 1.5 1.5 1.2
m2 from road axes
Area from 200 (min) to
60% 60% 60% 1.2 1.2 1.2
1'000 m2

The facilities provided must

Primary Urban Centres 50% 50% 50% 4 3 2 follow technical standard
especially parking lots
Secondary Urban
50% 50% 50% 3 2.5 2
Centres
The facilities provided must
c Government Offices, Area < 5'000 m2 40% 50% 50% 1.6 1.5 1.2 follow technical standard
especially parking lots
The construction legal status
must be preceded by design
d Trade Wholesaler 30% x x 20 x x
review and impact
assessments
The facilities provided must
follow technical standard
especially parking lots
Building Height Limit is 45%
from road axes
Shopping Mall 50% 60% x 1.5 0.9 x
Shopping Centre 50% 60% x 1.5 0.9 x
Single Shop 50% 60% 60% 1 0.9 0.6
Primary Urban Centres 70% 70% 70% 2.8 2.1 1.4
Secondary Urban
70% 70% 70% 2.8 2.1 1.4
Centres
The construction legal status
must be preceded by design
e Industrial Large-scale Industry 40% x x 1.2 x x
review and impact
assessments
Middle-scale Industry 40% 40% x 1.2 0.8 x
Small-scale Industry 60% 60% 1.2 1.2
House Industry 60% 60% 1.2 1.2
The construction legal status
must be preceded by design
f Education 50% 50% x 2 1 x
review and impact
assessments
The facilities provided must
follow technical standard
especially parking lots
Building Height Limit is 45%
from road axes
The construction legal status
must be preceded by design
g Public Facilities 50% 50% 60% 1 1 0.6
review and impact
assessments
The facilities provided must
follow technical standard
especially parking lots
Building Height Limit is 45%
from road axes

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Other plans proposed in Master Plan 2013 are:
• Clean Water Supply
• Sewage Water System and Treatment
• Solid Waste System and Treatment
• Fire-fighting Station
• Energy and Telecommunication
• Public Facilities

Further the first-three plans are explained in following figures.

46
Figure 18. Clean Water Supply Plan for Bandung.

29
Figure 19. Sewage Water Treatment Plan for Bandung. 47

Figure 20. Solid WasteTreatment Plan for Bandung. 48

30
Analysis of Spatial Planning Strategies

The Municipality of Bandung had realised many sustainable urban development strategies in the
Strategic Plan of Bandung City and Master Plan 2013. One of the strategies was to develop
natural and historical conservation plan. Unfortunately, due to current legal, social, economic as
well as technical problems, many of the strategies could not be implemented entirely.

For example, the Master Plan 2013 was failed to realise the carrying capacity of Bandung (natural
and social). Due to rapid urbanisation, the Master Plan 2013 had to increase the population
capacity of Bandung from 750’000 persons (“Karsten Plan”) to 3 million persons. I am afraid that
this will create further unsustainable problems in Bandung such as floods, landslides,
groundwater deficiencies, etc. 49

The Master Plan 2013 also tried to implement some sustainable urban development strategies
such as proposing Primary and Secondary Urban Centres. On the other hand, for the
metropolitan city with approximately 3 million population (in 2005), the Master Plan did not
prescribe a clear mass transportation system. Furthermore, the sustainable traffic control method
was not prescribed in the Master Plan also. I believe that this would worsen the traffic problems.

Further, the integrated land use and transportation planning approach in Master Plan 2013 were
failed to be implemented due to land and development speculation by private sectors. The current
commercials are mostly designated mostly in the city centres, while affordable housings are
located in the suburban area. The separation actually will decrease accessibility, city vibrant life
and livelihood issues. And this would worsen the city traffic jams.

Observing the present condition of the City, I believe that 2013 Master Plan had failed to realise
the legal social and technical problems. Major private land ownership and limited space in the city
had prohibited the Master Plan to be implemented. Some social issues like affordable housing
for low income people were not proposed to be solved with integrated participatory approach
although high density living strategy was already considered. While job creations pan and slum
areas redevelopments also were not clearly revealed in the plan.

The Conservation Plan actually had recognised the important historical and nature areas in
Bandung. Unfortunately, the natural conservation area in the North of Bandung could not be
implemented due to legal issues with landowner and Central Government. Because increasing
land value and less stringent development control in the area. Furthermore, this has increased
the run-off of the Northern Bandung area, causing potential floods in the Southern Bandung.

Integrated water management and solid waste management were not prescribed in the Master
Plan. Although, the implementation and improvement of existing practice still need more time.
Some problems also exists such as solid waste sorting, sewage treatment plant were not
prioritised to be done. Regarding the industries, the recognition of the need of development of
environmental friendly industries was mentioned in the Plan. Although in the reality, the polluting
industries were not effectively regulated yet.

In conclusion, because of existing conditions of urban development in Bandung, the Municipality

of Bandung had tried its best effort in prescribing the sustainable urban development strategies in
the Master Plan 2013. Unfortunately it is very difficult to implement this because of low public
acceptance, less stringent development control as well as legal and financial limitations. Still, I
hope that this paper would give some insights input to the Municipality of Bandung,

31
The Writer’s Description
I. Personal Information
Full name : Gunawan Tanuwidjaja
e-mail : gunteitb@yahoo.com
website : http://greenimpactindo.wordpress.com/
Mobile Phone : +62 812 212 208 42 (Indonesia)
Place of Birth : Bandung
Date of Birth : 08 of August 1978
Sex : Male
Nationality : Indonesian
Mother Language : Indonesian
Language Skill : Indonesian, English

II. Education Backgrounds

Formal Education
Name of Study Time Graduated from
City/Country Specialization GPA
Institution (Months/Years) (Month and Year)

National MSc 3.86

University of Singapore 1 year October 2006 Environment from scale
Singapore Management of 5
Bandung Institute
of Technology 2.73
Bandung / Bachelor of
(Institut 5 years July of 2001 from scale
Indonesia Architecture
Teknologi of 4
Bandung)

III. Informal Education

Study Time (Years) Name of Institution Course Name & Specialization

2008 Singapore Institute of Planner Spatial Planning for a Sustainable

Singapore (1-day seminar)
2008 Lee Kuan Yew School Of Public Policy "Lessons Not to Learn from American
Cities" by Prof Alan Altshuler (Half-day
seminar)
2007 National University of Singapore, Faculty of Short Course On "A – Z Of Oil & Gas To
Engineering, PAC (Professional Activities Petrochemicals (3-days seminar)
Centre)
2007 Singapore Institute of Planner Destination Resorts, The Next Wave
(1-day seminar)
2007 Singapore Institute of Planner, Malaysia Seminar of Planning of Iskandar
Institute of Planner and Universiti Kebangsaan Development Region (1-day seminar)
Malaysia
2001 The British Institute IELTS Preparation Course
2000 Language Center ITB English Writing Course
1999 Gradasi Bulletin Student Union of Architecture Journalistic Training
Gunadharma ( IMA-Gunadharma)
1997 Architecture Department ITB AutoCad R14 Training
1993-1995 Saint Angela’s English Course English Course level C6 to C11
1990-1992 Saint Angela’s English Course English Course level J2 to J5

IV. Working Experience

Name of Contract
City/ Countries Position Job Description
Institute/Companies Periods
Green Impact Indonesia Bandung Manager Team Leader and March 2003 to
Integrated Urban, Urban Planner now
Drainage and
Environmental Planning
Consultant

32
 Name of Contract
City/ Countries Position Job Description
Institute/Companies Periods
Agency for Research and Bandung Urban Planning Assistant October 2008 to
Development, Institute of and Management now
Water Resources, Ministry Expert
of Public Works, Republic
of Indonesia,
Jurong Consultants Pte Singapore Planner Physical Planner November 2006
Ltd., Planning Division to October 2008
National Parks Board, Singapore Intern Researcher July 2006 to Aug
Republic of Singapore 2006
Agency for Research and Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Researcher GIS Expert Assistant Jan 2005 - Aug
Development, Institute of (Arc View 3.2), in 2005
Water Resources, Ministry Polder Team
of Public Works, Republic
of Indonesia,
Satyamitra Jasapuri Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Architect, House, Factory and Aug 2003 - Dec
Engineering Estimator Café Design 2004
PT. Trinitas Buana Utama Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Architect Apartment Design Aug 2002 - Aug
2003
PT. Imesco Dito Jakarta/ Indonesia Junior Architect Junior Architect Jan 2002 – Aug
2002
COMBINE Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Researcher Urban Development Aug 2001 - Jan
Research, especially 2002
on Urban Garbage
Management
CV. Cipta Bina Sarana Bandung/ Indonesia Work Trainee Junior Architect May - July 2001
ASPEK Bandung/ Indonesia Program Garbage Jan 2000 - Aug
Facilitator Management , 2001
Community Mechanism Making
Recovery Program and Controlling of
(CRP-HUI) in RW Cooperative Credit
11, Cibangkong Unit
District

V. Research, Planning & Design Works

Name of Project Position Year
Under Green Impact Indonesia
Assistance for Directorate of Spatial Team Leader and Urban Planner Dec 2009
Planning, Public Works Department
(2009), Sustainable Urban
Improvement Program (SUSIP) -
Executive Presentation
Drainage Master Plan Revitalisation Team Leader and Urban Planner Apr – Dec 2009
in Summarecon, Kelapa Gading,
Jakarta, Indonesia
Hospital Preliminary Design and Team Leader and Senior Architect Apr – Aug 2009
Study in Pangalengan, West Java,
Indonesia (Proposal to KPBS, Milk
Producer Cooperative in
Pangalengan)
Community Based Development Team Leader and Environmentalist Aug 2009
Revitalisation in PT Newmont Nusa
Tenggara, Sumba, Nusa Tenggara
Barat, Indonesia (Proposal)
Traditional Market Mapping, GIS Team Leader and Urban Planner Aug 2009
Database and Analysis in the
framework of Implementing
Presidential Decree No 112/2007 on
Development of Traditional Market
and Relocation of Modern Market in
Indonesia (Proposal to Ministry of
Trade of Republic of Indonesia)

33
 Name of Project Position Year
Integrated Water Resources Team Leader and Environmentalist Aug 2009
Management Plan for Barangkal
River, sub catchment of Brantas
River Basin, in relation with Social
Aspect and Institution Capacity
Building (Proposal to JICA)
“9 Pearl” Elementary School in Team Leader and Architect 2003
Bandung
Proposal 99’ers Radio School Team Leader and Architect 2003
(Proposal)
Under Jurong Consultants Pte
Ltd.
Preliminary Study and Brief Planner 2007 to 2008
Development Concept of QEZ3,
Petrochemical Complex, Qatar
Dera Bassi Detailed Master Plan, Planner 2007 to 2008
Greater Mohali Area, Punjab, India
Libya Africa Economic City Planner 2007 to 2008
Wonogiri Industrial Park, Indonesia Planner 2007 to 2008
(Guanxi State Farm - Biofuel Plant)
Master Plan An Tay Industrial Planner 2007
Service Centre
Master Plan Zhangzhou Waterfront Assistant Planner 2006-2007
City, China
Master Plan AMRL International Assistant Planner 2007
Tech City, Tamil Nadu, India

With MSc Environmental

Management Program
“Neotiewpia” Eco Village Master Planner & Environmentalist 2006
Plan in Kranji Singapore
Under SJP Engineering
BTC Café Junior Architect 2004
Kopomas Factory Junior Architect 2004
Private Houses Bandung Junior Architect, Design Development 2003 – 2004
Under PT. Trinitas Buana Utama
Rental Houses in Bandung Studio Coordinator 2002 – 2003
Bukit Resik Exclusive Aparment Studio Coordinator 2002 – 2003
Site Plan “S. Parman” Elite Housing Studio Coordinator 2002
Under PT. Imesco Dito
Private Houses in Jakarta Junior Architect 2002
Freelance Project
Cibangkong Low Cost Housing, Final Year Student 2001
Bandung Indonesia
Design Development of KARANG Junior Architect, Design Development 2001
SETRA Hotel, Spa and Cottages,
Bandung Indonesia under Cipta
Bina Sarana
Master Plan of Cipulir Housing Site Junior Architect 2001
Plan, Jakarta under Prof Ir.
Danisworo

VI. Awards, Prestige, Activities, and Publication

Awards/ Best Dissertation Prizes from Shell, MEM National University of Singapore, 2006-2007
Prestige Shell Grant Bursary Holder in MEM National University of Singapore, 2005-2006
Second Champion of Design Competition of Informal Traders Stand held by The Municipal\
Government of Kota Bandung, Praksis dan IMA-Gunadharma ITB Year 2001

34
Activities Bandung Independent Living Center (BILIC)
2003 - 2004 : Voluntary Attendant for Difable (Disable) Person
2003 : Coordinator Research Team in Accessibility Issue for Difable (Disable) Person in Several
Location in Bandung
Forum Gelar Kota Bandung (City Development Discussion Forum)
2002 : Forum Gelar Kota Secretariat
2001 : Junior Researcher
Ikatan Mahasiswa Arsitektur Gunadharma ITB (Gunadharma Student Union of Architecture
Department of ITB)
2001 Member of Legislative Bodies of IMA - Gunadharma
Member of Sustainable Human Settlement Discussion Group
Coordinator of TOR Team of Sustainable Human Settlement Seminar
1999 – 2000 Coordinator of Gradasi (Architecture Bulletin of IMA-G)
OSIS SMAK I BPK Penabur (Student Union of BPK Penabur Senior High School)
OSIS SMP St Aloysius (Student Union of St Aloysius Junior High School)
Publications Integration of Sustainable Planning Policy and Design of Low-Cost Apartment, in the Context of
Sustainable Urban Development, National Seminar of Low-Cost Apartment, Maranatha University,
Bandung, Indonesia, 2009.
Bamboos as Sustainable and Affordable Material for Housing as one of alternatife material of Low-
Cost Apartment, National Seminar of Low-Cost Apartment, Maranatha University, Bandung,
Indonesia, 2009.
Guidelines for Developing Polder System in Indonesia, Agency for Research and Development,
Institute of Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works, Republic of Indonesia, 2008-2009.
Developing a Landscape Evaluation Tool for Developing Countries, Case Studies Bintan Island,
Indonesia, MSc Environment Management Program, National University of Singapore (Best
Dissertation Award)
Report of Research in Accessibility Issue for Difable (Disable) Person in Several Location in Bandung
Reports of Bandung Urban Discussion Forum on Urban Solid Waste Management, January 2002.
Reports of Bandung Urban Discussion Forum in Housing Needs, August 2001.
Thesis of Design Studio, Case of Low Economy Flat for Cibangkong Village, Bandung, Indonesia
(Kelurahan Cibangkong), Theme Pattern Language Architecture
Seminar Report of Housing Development Based on Low Economy People.

1
http://www.bappeda-bandung.go.id/
2
Ibid.
3
Planning Agency Bandung Municipality, Bandung Master Plan 2013
4
Op.cit.1
5
Op.cit.1
6
Op.cit.1
7
Op.cit.1
8
http://www.geocities.com/bandungcity/
9
Op.cit.1
10
Op.cit.1
11
Report of Bandung City Forum on Housing Problem, 25th August 2001, Architecture Department ITB and
COMBINE
12
Op.cit.1
13
Statistics Agency Bandung City, Economic Census 2003
14
Op.cit.1
15
Op.cit.1
16
http://www.urbanpoor.or.id/content/view/176/48/
Kompas Jawa Barat 17/11/05

35
17
http://www.schatten.info/images/show/indonesia2004/show-bandung-01.html
www.flickr.com
18
http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com
19
Family Planning Coordination Board, Bandung City, 2003
20
Bandung City Police Headquarters (Polwiltabes Bandung), Bandung City, 2003
21
Op.cit.1
22
Op.cit.13
23
Op.cit.13
24
Op.cit.13
25
Op.cit.13
26
Op.cit.13
27
Op.cit.13
28
www.tekmira.esdm.go.id/publikasi/ TriswanSuseno/TranportasiBatubara.doc
29
http://www.suarakarya-online.com/news.html?id=138470
30
http://www.dprin.go.id/links/pt_iptn/inbrief.htm
31
www.flickr.com
32
Report of Bandung City Forum on Solid Waste Problem, 1st February 2002, ITB, PPLH and COMBINE
33
http://www.kompas.com/gayahidup/news/0404/28/210224.htm
34
Private Collection, Tanuwidjaja Gunawan
http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com
35
http://www.adrc.or.jp/publications/Cooperative_projects/Indonesia/pdf/Ap-
c%20Makalah%20Pak%20Arief%20Ilyas.pdf
http://webdomino1.oecd.org/comnet/agr/landconserv.nsf/viewHtml/index/$FILE/Fahmuddin.PDF
http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0502/24/ekonomi/1577753.htm
36
Op.cit.3
37
Op.cit.31
38
http://www.kompas.com/kesehatan/news/0506/18/111004.htm
39
Op.cit.1
40
Op.cit.3
41
Op.cit.3
42
Op.cit.3
43
Op.cit.3
44
Op.cit.3
45
Op.cit.3
46
Op.cit.3
47
Op.cit.3
48
Op.cit.3
49
Op.cit.1

36