Ngon Ngu UML Va Ung Dung

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com
Ebooks Team
SVTH: Lm Nguyn Trung Nam - Lm Quang Vu
MUC LUC
LI CAM N...............................................................................................19
LI M U ...............................................................................................20
MT S T VIT TT ...............................................................................22
Chng 1 ......................................................................................................23
TNG QUAN 1 ............................................................................................23
1.1. Yu cu thc t ...................................................................................23
Chng 1 TNG QUAN 2 ............................................................................24
1.2. Gii thiu UML ..................................................................................24
Chng 1 TNG QUAN 3 ............................................................................25
1.3 Nguyn nhn ra i ..............................................................................25
1.3. Nguyn nhn ra i .............................................................................25
Chng 1 TNG QUAN 4 ............................................................................26
1.4. Tm quan trong cua vic m hnh hoa ..................................................26
Chng 1 ......................................................................................................27
TNG QUAN 5 ............................................................................................27
1.5. Xu hng phat trin trong nganh cng ngh phn mm .........................27
Chng 1 ......................................................................................................28
TNG QUAN 6 ............................................................................................28
1.3.3. S hi tu cua cac cng ngh ..............................................................28
Chng 1 TNG QUAN 7 ............................................................................29
1.7. UML hp nht cac y tng ni bt va nhng vn thc t trong qua
trnh phat trin cua cng ngh phn mm....................................................29
Chng 1 TNG QUAN 8 ............................................................................30
1.8. UML c lp vi ngn ng lp trnh va qui trnh phat trin phn mm ..30
Chng 1 TNG QUAN 9 ............................................................................30
1.9. UML la ngn ng m hnh hoa a dung (general purpose)....................30
Chng 1 TNG QUAN 10 ..........................................................................31
1.10. UML c h tr bi cac cng ty, cng cu phat trin phn mm .........31
1.10.1. UML la mt chun cng nghip ..................................................31
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1.10.2. Cac li ch cua UML...................................................................31
Chng 1 TNG QUAN 11 ..........................................................................32
1.11. i vi ngi s dung UML..............................................................32
1.11.1. UML cung cp c ch m rng va c bit hoa m rng cac khai
nim ct loi............................................................................................32
Chng 1 TNG QUAN 12 ..........................................................................33
1.12. UML y manh tai s dung trong nn cng ngh phn mm. ..............33
Chng 1 TNG QUAN 13 ..........................................................................34
1.13. So sanh vi cac phng phap khac .....................................................34
Chng 1 ......................................................................................................35
TNG QUAN 14 ..........................................................................................35
Chng 1 ......................................................................................................36
TNG QUAN 15 ..........................................................................................36
1.15. Lch s phat trin ..............................................................................36
Chng 1 ......................................................................................................36
TNG QUAN 16 ..........................................................................................36
Chng 1 TNG QUAN 17 ..........................................................................37
1.17. Kin truc tng quan cua UML ...........................................................37
1.17.1. Kin truc cua UML.....................................................................37
Chng 1 TNG QUAN 18 ..........................................................................38
1.18. Cac m hnh......................................................................................38
1.18.1. Cu truc View ............................................................................38
Chng 1 TNG QUAN 19 ..........................................................................39
1.19. Nhng lc ..................................................................................39
Chng 1 TNG QUAN 20 ..........................................................................39
Chng 1 TNG QUAN 21 ..........................................................................40
Chng 2 NG NGHA VA CU PHAP CAC THANH T TRONG UML
(UML Semantic) 22.......................................................................................41
2.1. Gii thiu ...........................................................................................41
(UML Semantic) 23.......................................................................................42
2.2 Tng quan v cac loai quan h gia cac thanh t ...................................42
(UML Semantic) 24.......................................................................................43
2.3. Quan h tng quat hoa (generalization)................................................43
2.3.1. Quan h kt hp (association) .......................................................43
3
(UML Semantic) 25.......................................................................................44
2.5. Quan h phu thuc (dependency).........................................................44
(UML Semantic) 26.......................................................................................45
2.6. Tng quan v cac thanh t va cu truc UML metamodel.......................45
2.6.1. Phn loai thanh t trong UML metamodel .....................................45
2.6.2. Cu truc UML metamodel.............................................................45
(UML Semantic) 27.......................................................................................46
2.7. Package Foundation (goi nn tang) ......................................................46
2.7.1. Package Core (goi ct loi).............................................................46
(UML Semantic) 28.......................................................................................47
2.8. M hnh Backbone (sn) ...................................................................47
(UML Semantic) 29.......................................................................................48
(UML Semantic) 30.......................................................................................49
(UML Semantic) 31.......................................................................................49
(UML Semantic) 32.......................................................................................50
2.12. M hnh Relationships (cac quan h)..................................................50
2.12.1. Quan h tng quat hoa (generalization)........................................50
(UML Semantic) 33.......................................................................................51
2.13. Quan h kt hp (Association)...........................................................51
(UML Semantic) 34.......................................................................................51
2.14. Lp kt hp (AssociationClass) .........................................................51
(UML Semantic) 35.......................................................................................52
2.15. M hnh Classifiers (cac c bit hoa cua classifiers)..........................52
(UML Semantic) 36.......................................................................................52
2.16. Class (lp) ........................................................................................52
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(UML Semantic) 37.......................................................................................53
2.17. Interface (giao din) ..........................................................................53
2.17.1. DataType (kiu d liu) ..............................................................53
2.17.2. Node (nut)..................................................................................53
(UML Semantic) 38.......................................................................................54
2.38. Component (thanh phn) ...................................................................54
2.38.1. M hnh Dependencies (cac quan h phu thuc)...........................54
(UML Semantic) 39.......................................................................................55
2.39. Binding (gn)....................................................................................55
2.39.1. Abstraction (tru tng hoa) .......................................................55
(UML Semantic) 40.......................................................................................55
2.40. Usage (s dung) ................................................................................55
2.40.1. Permisson (cho phep)..................................................................55
2.41.2. M hnh AuxiliaryElements (cac thanh t b sung) ......................55
(UML Semantic) 41.......................................................................................56
2.41. TemplateParameter (tham s cho mu)...............................................56
(UML Semantic) 42.......................................................................................56
2.42. PresentationElement (thanh t biu din trc quan) ............................56
2.42.1. Package Extension Mechanisms (goi c ch m rng)..................57
(UML Semantic) 43.......................................................................................57
2.43. Constraint (rang buc).......................................................................57
(UML Semantic) 44.......................................................................................58
2.44. Tagged Value (the gia tr)..................................................................58
2.44.1. Cac kiu d liu trong UML metamodel (Data Types)..................58
(UML Semantic) 45.......................................................................................59
2.45. Cac kiu d liu trong Data Types .....................................................59
(UML Semantic) 46.......................................................................................59
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(UML Semantic) 47.......................................................................................60
2.47. Package Behavioural Elements (goi thanh t hanh vi).........................60
(UML Semantic) 48.......................................................................................61
2.48. Package Common Behavior (goi hanh vi tng quat) ...........................61
2.48.1. M hnh Signals (tn hiu)...........................................................61
(UML Semantic) 49.......................................................................................62
2.49. Reception (thanh t nhn tn hiu) .....................................................62
2.49.1. Signal (tn hiu) ..........................................................................62
(UML Semantic) 50.......................................................................................62
2.50. Exception (li bit l) ........................................................................62
2.50.1. M hnh Actions (tac ng).........................................................62
(UML Semantic) 51.......................................................................................63
2.51. Argument (i s) .............................................................................63
2.51.1. Action (tac ng)........................................................................63
(UML Semantic) 52.......................................................................................64
2.52. ActionSequence (tac ng phc)........................................................64
2.52.1. M hnh Instances and Links (th hin va lin kt).......................64
(UML Semantic) 53.......................................................................................64
(UML Semantic) 54.......................................................................................65
2.54. Stimulus (tac nhn) ...........................................................................65
2.54.2. AttributeLink (the thuc tnh)......................................................65
2.54.2. LinkEnd (mi lin kt)................................................................65
2.54.3. Link (lin kt).............................................................................65
2.54.4. Instance (th hin) ......................................................................65
(UML Semantic) 55.......................................................................................66
2.55. Package Collaborations (goi cng tac)............................................66
(UML Semantic) 56.......................................................................................66
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(UML Semantic) 57.......................................................................................67
2.57. AssociationEndRole (vai cua mi kt hp).........................................67
2.57.1. AssociationRole (vai cua quan h kt hp)...................................67
2.57.2. ClassifierRole (vai cua Classifier) ...............................................67
2.57.3. Collaboration (cng tac)..............................................................67
(UML Semantic) 58.......................................................................................68
2.58. Message (thng ip) ........................................................................68
2.58.1. Package Use Cases (goi Use Cases).............................................68
(UML Semantic) 59.......................................................................................69
2.59. Actor (tac nhn) ................................................................................69
(UML Semantic) 60.......................................................................................69
2.60. Extend (m rng)..............................................................................69
2.60.1. Include (bao gm).......................................................................69
2.60.2. UseCase .....................................................................................69
(UML Semantic) 61.......................................................................................70
2.61. Package State Machines (goi m hnh trang thai)................................70
(UML Semantic) 62.......................................................................................71
(UML Semantic) 63.......................................................................................71
2.63. StateVertex (im trang thai).............................................................71
2.63. State (trang thai) ...............................................................................71
2.63.1. PseudoState (trang thai gia) .........................................................71
(UML Semantic) 64.......................................................................................73
2.64. Transition (chuyn trang thai) ............................................................73
(UML Semantic) 65.......................................................................................73
2.65. CompositeState (trang thai phc).......................................................73
2.65.1. StateMachine .................................................................................74
(UML Semantic) 66.......................................................................................74
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2.66. M hnh Events (s kin)...................................................................74
2.66.1. Package Activity Graphs (goi lc hoat ng).........................74
(UML Semantic) 67.......................................................................................75
2.67. ActionState (trang thai hoat ng)......................................................75
2.67.1. ActivityGraph ( th hoat ng).................................................75
(UML Semantic) 68.......................................................................................76
2.68. ObjectFlowState (trang thai i tng lun chuyn)............................76
2.68.1. Partition (vung) ..........................................................................76
(UML Semantic) 69.......................................................................................76
2.69. Package Model Management (goi quan tr m hnh)...........................76
2.69.1. Elementimport............................................................................77
(UML Semantic) 70.......................................................................................77
2.70. Model (m hnh) ...............................................................................77
2.70.1. Package (goi)..............................................................................77
2.70.2. Subsystem (h thng con) ...........................................................77
(UML Semantic) 71.......................................................................................78
2.71. Tom tt .............................................................................................78
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................78
H THNG KY HIU (UML Notation) 72 ...................................................78
3.1. Gii thiu ...........................................................................................78
Chng 3 H THNG KY HIU (UML Notation) 73....................................79
3.2. Cac thanh phn c ban cua lc ......................................................79
3.2.1. th va ni dung (Graphs and their Contents)..............................79
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................80
3.3. Cac ng dn (Drawing Paths) ..........................................................80
3.3.1. Cac lin kt n va vai tro cua cng cu ............................................80
3.3.2. Thng tin nn (Background Information).......................................80
3.3.3. Chui (String), tn (Name),nhan (Label) va t khoa .......................81
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................81
3.4. Biu thc (Expression)........................................................................81
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3.4.1. Ghi Chu (Note).............................................................................81
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................82
3.5. S tng quan gia cac loai thanh t va th hin cua no ........................82
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................82
3.6. Cac thanh phn quan tr m hnh (model management).........................82
3.6.1. Goi (Package)...............................................................................82
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................83
3.7. Cac thanh phn quan tr m hnh (model management).........................83
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................84
3.8. Subsystem ..........................................................................................84
3.8.1. Ng ngha ....................................................................................84
3.8.2. Ky hiu ........................................................................................84
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................85
3.9 Cac thanh phn quan tr m hnh (model management)..........................85
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................85
3.10. Model ...............................................................................................85
3.10.1. Ng ngha...................................................................................85
3.10.2. Ky hiu ......................................................................................85
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................86
3.11. Cac c ch m rng tng quat............................................................86
3.11.1. Rang buc (Constraint) va chu thch (Comment)..........................86
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................87
3.12. Ky hiu .........................................................................................87
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................87
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................88
3.13. Thuc tnh cua cac thanh t (Element Properties) ...............................88
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................89
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3.14. Cac mu (Stereotypes).......................................................................89
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................89
3.15. Cac lc .......................................................................................89
3.15.1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................89
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................90
3.16. Lc lp (Class Diagram).............................................................90
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................91
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................91
3.17. Chc nng.........................................................................................91
3.17.1. Cac thanh phn chnh..................................................................91
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................92
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................93
3.18. Interface ...........................................................................................93
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................94
3.19. Cac loai quan h................................................................................94
3.19.1. Quan h kt hp (association)......................................................94
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................94
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................95
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................95
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................96
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................97
3.20. Quan h tng quat hoa .......................................................................97
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................97
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Chng 3 ......................................................................................................98
H THNG KY HIU (UML Notation) 100 .................................................98
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................98
3.21. Quan h phu thuc (Dependency) ......................................................98
Chng 3 ......................................................................................................99
3.22. Cac thanh t c tnh toan (hay c dn xut derived Element)....99
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................100
H THNG KY HIU (UML Notation) 103 ...............................................100
3.23. Lc i tng (Object Diagram)................................................100
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................100
3.24. Cac thanh phn chnh ......................................................................100
3.24.1. Cac i tng (Objects) ............................................................100
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................101
3.25. i tng ghep (Composite Object).................................................101
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................102
3.26. Cac lin kt (Link) ..........................................................................102
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................103
3.27. Lc Use Case (Use Case Diagram)............................................103
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................103
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................104
3.29.1. Cac Use case ............................................................................104
3.29.2. Cac tac nhn (Actors)................................................................104
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................105
H thng ky hiu (UML Notation) 110.........................................................105
3.30. Cac quan h trn Use case ...............................................................105
Chng 3 H THNG KY HIU (UML Notation) 111................................106
3.31. Cac quan h trn actor .....................................................................106
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................106
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3.32. Lc tun t (Sequence Diagram) ...............................................106
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................107
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................107
3.33.1. Vic tao va huy mt i tng...................................................108
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................108
3.34. Thng ip khng ng b va qui ...............................................108
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................109
3.35. Thi gian chuyn thng ip trong lc tun t ...........................109
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................109
3.36. Lc cng tac (Collaboration Diagram).......................................109
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................110
3.37.1. Cac i tng ...........................................................................110
3.37.2. Cac lin kt ..............................................................................110
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................111
3.38. Thng ip va cac kch thch ...........................................................111
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................112
3.39. Cu phap t tn nhan .......................................................................112
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................113
3.40. Lc trang thai (Statechart Diagram)...........................................113
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................113
3.41.1. Trang thai (state) ......................................................................113
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................114
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Chng 3 ....................................................................................................115
3.42. Trang thai ghep (Composite state)....................................................115
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................115
3.42. S kin (event)................................................................................115
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................116
3.43. Cac chuyn i trang thai n gian (simple transitions) ....................116
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................117
3.44. Cac chuyn i trang thai phc tap (complex transitions)..................117
3.43.1. History Indicator.......................................................................117
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................118
3.45. Cac trang thai ng b (synch states) ...............................................118
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................118
3.46. Lc hoat ng (Activity Diagram).............................................118
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................119
3.46.1. Cac trang thai hanh ng (action state) ......................................119
3.46.2. Cac quyt nh (decisions) ........................................................119
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................120
3.48. Swimlanes va i tng trong lc hoat ng..............................120
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................121
3.49. Cac biu tng iu khin ...............................................................121
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................122
3.50. Lc thanh phn (Component Diagram)......................................122
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................122
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................123
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Chng 3 ....................................................................................................123
3.52. Lc trin khai (Deployment Diagram) .......................................123
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................125
3.53. Tom tt ...........................................................................................125
Chng 3 ....................................................................................................125
3.54. Tom tt ...........................................................................................125
Chng 4 NG DUNG UML TRONG QUY TRNH PHAT TRIN PHN
MM 139 ...................................................................................................126
4.1. Gii thiu .........................................................................................126
4.2. Gii thiu Rational Unified Process (RUP) ........................................126
4.2.1. Khai quat v RUP.......................................................................126
MM 140 ...................................................................................................127
MM 141 ...................................................................................................128
4.4 Gii thiu Rational Unified Process (RUP) .........................................128
4.4.1. Kin truc cua RUP......................................................................128
MM 142 ...................................................................................................128
4.5 Gii thiu Rational Unified Process (RUP) .........................................128
MM 143 ...................................................................................................129
4.6.1. Cu truc tnh cua quy trnh..........................................................130
MM 144 ...................................................................................................130
4.7.1. Cac c im phn bit cua RUP so vi cac quy trnh phat trin phn
mm khac ............................................................................................130
MM 145 ...................................................................................................131
4.8. RUP tp trung vao kin truc phn mm ..............................................131
14
MM 146 ...................................................................................................132
4.9. RUP la quy trnh lp va tng trng tng bc ...................................132
MM 147 ...................................................................................................133
4.10. ng dung UML trong RUP .............................................................133
MM 148 ...................................................................................................134
4.11. M hnh hoa nghip vu (business modeling).....................................134
4.11.1. M hnh nghip vu (Business Use Case)....................................134
MM 149 ...................................................................................................135
4.12. ng dung UML trong RUP .............................................................135
MM 150 ...................................................................................................135
4.13. M hnh i tng nghip vu (Business Object) ...............................135
MM 151 ...................................................................................................136
4.13. Xac nh yu cu (requirements)......................................................136
MM 152 ...................................................................................................137
MM 153 ...................................................................................................137
4.14. Phn tch (analysis) .........................................................................137
MM 154 ...................................................................................................138
MM 155 ...................................................................................................139
MM 156 ...................................................................................................140
4.15. Thit k (design) .............................................................................140
MM 155 ...................................................................................................141
MM 155 ...................................................................................................141
4.16. Cai t (implementation) .................................................................142
15
MM 159 ...................................................................................................143
4.16. Kim chng (test)............................................................................143
MM 160 ...................................................................................................143
4.17. Phat trin mt ng dung quan ly giao vu theo RUP...........................143
4.17.1. Gii thiu ng dung ..................................................................143
4.17.2. S lc yu cu va c im .....................................................144
MM 161 ...................................................................................................144
4.18. Phat trin ng dung theo cac workflow cua RUP ..............................144
4.18.1. M hnh hoa nghip vu (business modeling) ..............................144
MM 162 ...................................................................................................145
4.19. Xac nh yu cu (requirements)......................................................145
4.19.1. Phn loai ngi s dung (actor) va tm cac chc nng cua h thng
(use case) cho mi loai ngi s dung nay.............................................145
MM 163 ...................................................................................................146
4.20. Phn loai cac use case theo u tin ..............................................146
4.20.1. Lp su liu m ta chi tit cho tng chc nng...........................146
MM 164 ...................................................................................................148
4.21. Cu truc cac use case bng cach xac nh cac quan h gia ...............148
MM 165 ...................................................................................................148
4.22. Phn tch (analysis) .........................................................................148
4.22.1. Phn tch kin truc h thng ......................................................148
MM 166 ...................................................................................................149
4.23. Phn tch mt use case.....................................................................149
MM 167 ...................................................................................................150
4.24. Phn tch mt analysis class.............................................................150
MM 168 ...................................................................................................151
4.25. Thit k (design) .............................................................................151
16
4.25.1. Thit k kin truc ng dung.......................................................151
MM 169 ...................................................................................................152
MM 170 ...................................................................................................153
MM 171 ...................................................................................................153
4.28. Thit k mt use case ......................................................................153
MM 172 ...................................................................................................155
4.28. Thit k mt lp ..............................................................................155
MM 173 ...................................................................................................156
MM 174 ...................................................................................................157
4.29. Thit k mt h thng con ...............................................................157
MM 175 ...................................................................................................157
4.30. Cai t (implementation).................................................................157
4.30.1. Kin truc cai t (architectural implementation).........................157
4.30.2. Cai t va tch hp h thng......................................................158
MM 176 ...................................................................................................158
4.31. Cai t cac h thng con (subsystem)...............................................158
4.31.1. Cai t cac lp ..........................................................................158
MM 177 ...................................................................................................159
4.42. Kim chng (test)............................................................................159
4.42.1. Lp k hoach kim chng..........................................................159
4.42.2. Thit k cac quy trnh kim chng (test case).............................159
4.42.3. Thc hin kim chng...............................................................159
MM 178 ...................................................................................................160
4.43. Tom tt .......................................................................................160
Chng 5 ....................................................................................................160
17
TNG KT 179..........................................................................................160
5.1. Kt lun............................................................................................160
Chng 5 ....................................................................................................161
TNG KT 180..........................................................................................161
5.2. Hng phat trin ...............................................................................161
Phu luc A....................................................................................................164
CAC KHAI NIM ......................................................................................164
Phu luc B ....................................................................................................169
CAC KY HIU ...........................................................................................169
TAI LIU THAM KHAO ...........................................................................170
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19
LI CAM N
Chung em xin chn thanh cam n Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin, trng
ai Hoc Khoa Hoc T Nhin, TpHCM a tao iu kin cho chung em thc hin
tai tt nghip nay. Chung em xin chn thanh cam n Thy Dng Anh c
va Thy L nh Duy a tn tnh hng dn, ch bao chung em trong sut thi
gian thc hin tai. Chung em cung xin chn thanh cam n quy Thy C trong
Khoa a tn tnh giang day, trang b cho chung em nhng kin thc cn thit
trong sut qua trnh hoc tp tai trng, va cung xin gi long bit n su sc n
ba, me, cac anh ch va ban be a ung h, giup va ng vin chung em trong
nhng luc kho khn cung nh trong sut nhng nm hoc va qua. Mc du a c
gng hoan thanh lun vn vi tt ca s n lc cua ban thn, nhng lun vn chc
chn khng tranh khoi nhng thiu sot nht nh, knh mong s cam thng va
tn tnh ch bao cua quy Thy C.
Nhom thc hin
Trung Nam&Quang Vu.
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LI M U
Ngay nay, cng ngh thng tin a va ang ong vai tro quan trong trong
i sng kinh t, xa hi cua nhiu quc gia trn th gii, la mt phn khng th
thiu trong mt xa hi ngay cang hin ai hoa. Noi n cng ngh thng tin,
chung ta khng th khng nhc n cng ngh phn mm, phn mm ong mt
vai tro cc ky quan trong trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin. Hin nay, vic phat
trin cng ngh phn mm thanh mt lnh vc kinh t mui nhon la muc tiu quan
tm hang u nc ta.
Gi y, cng ngh phn mm a va ang tin b tng ngay, hang loat
nhng ky thut, nhng cng ngh mi ra i giup cho vic phat trin cac h
thng phn mm ngay cang n gian hn. Mt trong nhng lnh vc quan trong
va co anh hng rt ln n s thanh cng cua vic phat trin phn mm la vic
m hnh hoa phn mm. Co rt nhiu ngn ng m hnh hoa h tr cho vic m
hnh hoa phn mm, nhng co le ni bt nht la ngn ng UML (Unified
Modeling Language) t hang phn mm Rational. UML khng ngng c phat
trin va ngay cang c s dung rng rai trn th gii, a s cac cng cu h tr
phat trin phn mm hi n nay u co h tr ngn ng UML. Do vy, chung em
a u t nghin cu tai Nghin cu ngn ng UML va ng dung nhm
nm bt mt ngn ng hiu qua trong vic m hnh hoa phn mm, cung nh co
th tm hiu va s dung mt s CASE tool h tr cho vic phat trin phn mm.
Vi tai nay, chung em a th nghim ng dung UML trong vic m
hnh hoa phn mm quan ly giao vu ai hoc n gian, trin khai theo qui trnh
phat trin phn mm Rational Unified Process cua hang Rational va bc u a
at c mt s kt qua kha quan.
Muc ch cua tai la nghin cu ly thuy t v ngn ng UML (Unified
Modeling Language) va ng dung cua UML trong qui trnh phat trin phn mm
RUP (Rational Unified Process). Trong khun kh tai nay, lun vn chung
em c trnh bay trong nm chng chu yu tp trung trnh bay v h thng
ng ngha, ky hiu cua ngn ng UML va ng dung cua UML trong qui trnh
phat trin phn mm. Lun vn co nm chng chnh, bao gm :
Chng 1 Tng quan
21
Gii thiu tng quan v tai, muc ch nghin cu, pham vi nghin cu, gii
thiu tng quan v ngn ng UML : khai nim, cac c im, li ch, nguyn
nhn phat trin, lch s phat trin cua ngn ng UML...
Chng 2 H thng ng ngha (UML Semantics)
Trnh bay phn kin truc cua ngn ng UML da trn lp metamodel, chu yu la
cac thanh phn nn tang cua UML, cac thanh t hanh vi (Behavioral Elements),
va Model Management.
Chng 3 H thng ky hiu (UML Notation)
Chng nay trnh bay h thng cac loai lc va h thng cac ky hiu c s
dung trong UML m hnh hoa h thng.
Chng 4 ng dung cua UML
Trnh bay v ng dung cua UML trong qui trnh phat trin phn mm RUP
(Rational Unified Process), trong chng nay cung trnh bay v qui trnh phat
trin phn mm RUP va mt v du phn tch h thng s dung ngn ng UML
theo qui trnh RUP.
Chng 5 Tng kt
La chng cui cua tai, tng kt lai nhng kt qua at c va hng phat
trin trong tng lai.
MT S T VIT TT
CASE Tool Computer Aided Software Engineering Tool

OCL Object Constraint Language
OMG Object Management Group
OMT Object Modeling Technique
OOSE Object-Oriented Software Engineering
RUP Rational Unified Process
UML Unified Modeling Language
22
23
Chng 1
TNG QUAN 1
1.1. Yu cu thc t
Cung vi xu hng phat trin nganh cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh phn
mm a va ang tr thanh lnh vc mui nhon cua nhiu quc gia trn th gii.
Ngay nay, vic phat trin mt phn mm vi qui m va cht lng cao khng
con la cng vic n le cua nhng nha lp trnh. o la san phm cua mt tp th,
mt cng ty phn mm theo mt qui trnh cng ngh chun c quan ly cht
che va c h tr ti a bi cac cng cu va mi trng phat trin phn mm.
Do o, vic lp trnh ngay cang tr nn d dang hn va nhng lai vai tro mu
cht cho vic phn tch va thit k phn mm, trong o quan trong nht la c ta
va m hnh hoa th gii thc.
Trong tnh hnh o cac cng ty phn mm ln trn th gii a nhanh
chong a ra nhiu cng cu h tr phn tch thit k da trn nhiu phng phap
khac nhau.
Cac ngn ng m hnh hoa ra i va ngay cang c cai tin, trong o s
ra i cua UML (Unified Modeling Language) da trn ba phng phap hng
i tng Booch, OMT, OOSE a nhanh chong tr thanh mt ngn ng chun
dung trc quan hoa, c ta, xy dng va lam su liu cho cac san phm phn
mm va c h tr bi cac t chc,cac cng ty phat trin phn mm trn th
gii.
Hin nay hu ht cac CASE tools u co h tr UML do o vic tm hiu
ngn ng UML trc ht giup tip cn vi ngn ng m hnh hoa tin tin, nm
bt va s dung mt s CASE tools hin tai va tng bc xy dng CASE tools
c thu h tr cho vic xy dng va phat trin phn mm sau nay.
24
Chng 1
TNG QUAN 2
1.2. Gii thiu UML

Theo mt bai bao cua mt nha khoa hoc ni ting trong lnh vc cng
ngh thng tin Sinan Si Alhir vi ta Tri thc nhn t quyt nh cua
s thanh cng !, bai bao vit Tri thc la sc manh y la cu noi cua mt nha
trit gia ni ting FrancisBacon. Ngay nay, trn th trng toan cu va nht
la trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin - ni ma s canh tranh tr nn rt ph bin
va quyt lit, tri thc va kha nng ap dung chung vao trong cng vic mt cach
hiu qua se mang lai cho chung ta mt li th quan trong vao loai bc nht.
Chnh iu nay a dn ti mt cu hoi - lam th nao mt t chc co th nm bt,
truyn at, trao i, va nng cao tri thc cua mnh at c li th canh tranh
trn th trng ? Co le cu tra li chnh la ngn ng UML t hang phn mm
Rational va t chc OMG (Object Management Group). Vy UML la g, tai sao
no lai c gii thiu n tng n nh th ?
UML - Unified Modeling Language tam dch la ngn ng m hnh hp
nht, no c hiu nh la mt ngn ng thng nht nhng xu hng va hnh thai
cua cuc cach mang tri thc trong lnh vc thng tin. No la mt phng tin
giup cho cac t chc co th nhn thc mt cach tt nht li th canh tranh thng
qua vic nm bt, truyn at, trao i va nng cao tri thc trong lnh vc cng
ngh phn mm. Chnh xac hn UML la mt ngn ng m hnh hoa dung c
ta, trc quan hoa, xy dng va lam su liu cho cac h thng phn mm...
_ Unified (hp nht) UML c a ra ln u tin bi hang Rational va ba
chuyn gia v phng phap lun hang u trong lnh vc h thng thng tin/ ky
thut cng ngh Grady Booch, James.
25
Chng 1
TNG QUAN 3
1.3 Nguyn nhn ra i

Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson. No la s hp nht gia nhng phng phap cu
(Booch, OMT, OOSE...), kt hp vi nhng kinh nghim, nhng kin thc thc
t trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin. Hnh 1-1 S hp nht cua UML
_ Modeling (m hnh hoa) giup chung ta hiu c th gii thc, m hnh hoa
th gii thc co th hiu c nhng c trng, tnh toan cac thng s va d
oan kt qua se at c.
_ Language (ngn ng) chc nng cua UML nh la mt phng tin bay to
va trao i tri thc. No co bn c im chu yu co th phn bit vi cac ngn
ng m hnh hoa khac
- General-purpose - a dung
- Broadly applicable co th ng dung rng rai
- Tool-supported c h tr bi cac cng cu
- Industry standardized chun cng nghip
1.3. Nguyn nhn ra i
S ra i cua UML la mt tt yu khach quan trc s bung n cua nganh
cng ngh thng tin, no lam ni bt nhng xu hng then cht trong nganh cng
ngh phn mm, a ra c nhng vn do s phn ra cua nhng phng
thc m hnh hoa trc y gy ra. UML c hnh thanh trn c s cua cac vn
chnh - tai sao chung ta lai cn m hnh hoa phn mm, xu hng phat trin
trong nganh cng ngh phn mm ngay nay, s hi tu cua cac cng ngh...
26
Chng 1
TNG QUAN 4
1.4. Tm quan trong cua vic m hnh hoa

M hnh la g ? o chnh la s n gian hoa cua th gii thc.
Hnh 1-2 Kin truc mt ngi nha
_ Vic phat trin mt m hnh cho mt h thng trong cng ngh phn mm
cung cn thit nh la vic lp mt bang thit k cho mt toa nha ln.
_ Nhng m hnh tt giup cho vic phi hp gia cac nhom phat trin tt hn.
_ Chung ta cn xy dng m hnh cho nhng h thng phc tap bi v chung ta
khng th hiu c toan b h thng trong mt mi trng rng ln nh th,
khi s phc tap cua h thng cang tng, th no cung oi hoi ky thut m hnh hoa
tt hn. Vic xy dng m hnh giup chung ta hiu ro hn v h thng ma chung
ta ang xy dng.
_ M hnh cung cp cho chung ta mt khun mu v th gii thc, giup chung ta
co th nh hng trong qua trnh xy dng, co th tnh toan cac chi ph, xac
nh cac rui ro, lam su liu cho h thng...
_ Trong cac nhn t quyt nh n s thanh cng cua d an, nhn t cn thit la
mt m hnh chun, c ta y u, chi tit v th gii thc.
_ Trong mt h thng ma phc tap cang tng, vic trc quan hoa va m hnh
hoa cang cn thit. Ngn ng UML la mt s la chon hoan hao va trn thc t
no cung a c s dung va c chp nhn rng rai trn th gii.
27
Chng 1
TNG QUAN 5
1.5. Xu hng phat trin trong nganh cng ngh phn mm
Phat trin v pham vi, qui m, cht lng va t ng hoa trong qua trnh phat
trin phn mm
_ V gia tr cua nhng phn mm chin lc tng ln nhiu cng ty, nganh
cng nghip nay a va ang tm kim nhng ky thut co th t ng san xut
ra cac san phm phn mm.
_ Tm kim cac ky thut cng ngh mi co th nng cao cht lng, giam gia
thanh va giam thi gian a san phm ra th trng, nhng ky thut o bao gm
component technology, visual programming, patterns, frameworks... ngoai ra
con co nhng ky thut dung quan ly nhng d an ln ngay cang tng v pham
vi va qui m.
_ phc tap cua cng vic, cua cac bai toan ngay cang tng, va tuy thuc vao
lnh vc ng dung cung nh cac cng oan trong tin trnh phat trin phn mm.
_ Mt trong nhng ng c chnh cua nhng nha phat trin UML la tao ra mt
b cac ng ngha va ky hiu nhm phuc vu cho nhng d an co kin truc phc
tap trn nhng pham vi va lnh vc ng dung khac nhau.
28
Chng 1
TNG QUAN 6
1.3.3. S hi tu cua cac cng ngh

_ Trc khi UML ra i, khng co ngn ng m hnh hoa nao tri hn hn cac
ngn ng khac. Ngi dung phai la chon trong nhng ngn ng kha tng t
nhau vi nhng khac bit nho va cung chia se trn mt tp khai nim chung.
_ Chnh s thiu tng n g nay a ngn can nhng ngi mi tip cn vi cac
ky thut hng i tng va m hnh hng i tng.
_ Vic thng xuyn phai chi ph cho vic s dung va h tr cho nhiu ngn ng
m hnh hoa a thuc y nhiu cng ty u t vao san xut hoc s dung ky
thut mi, ho tan thanh va h tr cho vic phat trin ngn ng UML.
_ Trong khi UML khng ha hen c nhng thanh cng th no a lam c
nhiu iu, chng han nh:
+ Lam giam ang k nhng chi ph thng xuyn cho vic hun luyn va
thay i cng cu khi thay i d an hoc t chc.
+ Cung cp c hi cho vic tch hp mi gia cac cng cu, cac tin trnh
va cac domains.
+ Tao ra mt kiu mu chun, thng nht cho cac cng vic.
29
Chng 1
TNG QUAN 7
1.7. UML hp nht cac y tng ni bt va nhng vn thc t trong qua
trnh phat trin cua cng ngh phn mm..
Cac nha phat trin a c gng duy tr tnh n gian cua UML, loai bo cac
thanh phn khng c s dung trong thc t t cac phng phap Booch, OMT,
OOSE, thm cac thanh phn va y tng hiu qua hn t cac phng
phap khac nhau va ch xy dng mi cac phn cn thit. Mt s khai nim
mi a c s dung trong UML bao gm :
_ C ch m rng (extension mechanism)
_ Lung (thread) va tin trnh (process)
_ S phn tan (distribution) va ng thi (concurrency) (dung m hnh hoa
cac ng dung ActiveX, DCOM va CORBA)
_ Khun mu (patterns) va s cng tac (collabarations)
_ Nhng lc hoat ng - activity diagrams (cho business modeling)
_ S chon loc - refinement (x ly cac mi lin quan gia cac mc tru tng)
_ Giao din (interface) va thanh phn (component)
_ Ngn ng m ta rang buc (constraint language)
Mt s trong cac y tng trn co th c tm thy trong cac phng phap khac
nhau, tuy nhin, UML a lin kt chung cht che vi nhau. Thm vao o la mt
s cai tin mang tnh cuc b trn ba phng phap Booch, OMT, OOSE bao gm
ca v ng ngha va ln ky hiu. UML c phat trin da trn Booch, OMT,
OOSE va cac phng phap hng i tng khac, cac ngun khac nhau nay kt
hp nhiu y tng khac nhau t nhiu tac gia. Co th noi y tng cua UML da
trn nhng ky thut hng i tng va cung chu anh hng cua mt s phng
phap khng hng i tng khac. Cac nha phat trin UML khng tao ra hu ht
cac y tng nay ma vai tro cua ho la chon loc va tch hp cac y tng ni bt
trong m hnh hoa hng i tng va cac vn thc t cua cng ngh phn
mm.
Hnh 1-3 Nn tang cua UML
30
Chng 1
TNG QUAN 8
1.8. UML c lp vi ngn ng lp trnh va qui trnh phat trin phn mm
UML la mt ngn ng m hnh hoa chun nhng khng phai la mt qui
trnh phat trin phn mm chun. Mc du UML phai c ap dung trong pham
vi mt qui trnh cu th, cac qui trnh phat trin nay thng khac nhau cac t
chc phat trin phn mm, cac vn thuc cac lnh vc khac nhau. Do o,
cac nha phat trin UML a c gng tp trung vao nh ngha mt m hnh mc
siu (meta) thng nht cac khai nim v ng ngha va ky hiu, co th h tr
cho nhiu ngn ng lp trnh va qui trnh phat trin phn mm khac nhau.
Chng 1
TNG QUAN 9
1.9. UML la ngn ng m hnh hoa a dung (general purpose)
UML tng hp cac khai nim cua Booch, OMT va OOSE tao thanh mt
ngn ng m hnh hoa chung va co th s dung rng rai cho nhng ngi trc
y a quen vi ba phng phap trn hay cac phng phap khac. Ngoai ra,
UML m rng pham vi m hnh hoa cua cac phng phap hin co va co th m
hnh hoa y u cac h thng ng thi hay phn tan.
UML la ngn ng co th c s dung cho nhiu muc ch khac nhau.
UML cung cp c ch cho vic t chc va phn loai tri thc theo ng canh cua
vn cn giai quyt. Cac tri thc nay c nm bt y u bi m hnh bao
gm nhiu thanh phn va c th hin qua tp cac lc khac nhau co lin h
ch t che vi nhau. Hn na, mi lc nm bt vn nhng kha canh khac
nhau qua cac khai nim, cu truc, cac thanh phn m hnh th hin nhng ng
ngha va tri thc khac nhau. Cac lc nay m ta ni dung giao tip gia cac
31
thanh vin trong qui trnh phat trin phn mm va c tch hp vi nhau tao
nn tri thc m ta h thng, nhng vn cung nh cach thc thc hin giai
quyt chung.
UML c ap dung rng rai, co th m hnh hoa nhiu loai h thng khac
nhau UML co th c ap dung trn nhiu pham vi nhiu lnh vc khac nhau,
cac h thng khac nhau k ca cac h thng khng phai phn mm. UML co th
m hnh hoa nhiu loai h thng khac nhau nh : h thng quan ly thng tin, h
thng thi gian thc, h thng x ly phn tan, cac phn mm h thng, h iu
hanh, c s d liu...
Chng 1
TNG QUAN 10
1.10. UML c h tr bi cac cng ty, cng cu phat trin phn mm
Nhiu nha phat trin cng cu, tham gia hay khng tham gia vao UML
Partner Consortium h tr UML nhm muc ch thuc y vic s dung UML
trong t chc. Nhn thy c li ch cua UML, cac nha phat trin a xy dng
cac cng cu h tr UML d dang nm bt va x ly cac tri thc cho muc ch
cua mnh.
1.10.1. UML la mt chun cng nghip
UML khng la mt ngn ng c quyn mang tnh cht khep kn ma hoan
toan co kha nng m rng. UML co th c iu chnh nhm ap ng
yu cu ring cua mt t chc phat trin phn mm.
1.10.2. Cac li ch cua UML
Co th m hnh hoa nhiu loai h thng, co th dung trong nhng pha
khac nhau cua qui trnh phat trin phn mm.
UML la s thng nht cac khai nim m hnh hoa nn tang cua nhng nha
nghin cu va phat trin cng ngh hng i tng. UML cung cp mt s tnh
nng sau
_ y u ng ngha va ky hiu giai quyt trc tip va kinh t cac vn hin
tai trong m hnh hoa.
32
_ y u ng ngha giai quyt mt s kho khn tng lai trong m hnh hoa
c bit lin quan n cng ngh component, x ly phn tan, framework va
executability.
_ C ch m rng metamodel cho m hnh hoa cac ng dung c bit. C ch
nay cung khin cho cac hng tip cn m hnh hoa tng lai co th phat trin
da trn nn tang UML.
_ y u ng ngha d dang chuyn i m hnh gia ca c cng cu h tr
phn tch thit k khac nhau cung nh nh ro giao tip vi cac repository lu
tr va chia xe cac thanh phn m hnh.
Chng 1
TNG QUAN 11
1.11. i vi ngi s dung UML
Cung cp mt ngn ng m hnh hoa trc quan mang tnh din at cao
phat trin va trao i gia cac m hnh. Mt ngn ng m hnh hoa noi chung
c cu truc da trn cac thanh phn c ban nht mc meta-meta. Nu cu
truc nay thay i theo mt tp cac khai nim m hnh hoa khac nhau theo cac
phng phap khac nhau th vic chuyn i gia cac m hnh se khng tranh
khoi mt mat thng tin. khc phuc vn nay, UML a tp hp cac khai
nim m hnh hoa ct loi (core modeling concepts) c s dung trong nhiu
phng phap va cng cu m hnh hoa khac nhau. Cac khai nim nay co th h
tr cho pham vi ln cac ng dung. Ngoai ra, cac khai nim m hnh hoa mc
thp hn va cu th hn cho vic giao tip cung c nh ngha cho ngi s
dung m hnh hoa mt h thng cu th.
1.11.1. UML cung cp c ch m rng va c bit hoa m rng cac khai
nim ct loi.
Da trn nhng khai nim a c nh ngha nay, OMG mong i
UML kha nng bin i ap ng cac yu cu mi cua nhng pham vi ng
dung c bit. Cac nha phat trin UML khng mun rng mi khi co thay i th
cac khai nim ct loi phai c nh ngha lai. V v y, ho tin rng vic a ra c
ch m rng cho UML se h tr nhng xu hng phat trin mi. Ngi s dung
co th khai thac cac tnh nng sau cua UML
33
_ Xy dng m hnh bng cach s dung nhng thanh phn c ban a c nh
ngha khng s dung c ch m rng cho hu ht cac ng dung thng thng.
_ Thm cac khai nim va ky hiu mi cho nhng vng mc khng giai quyt
c vi cac khai nim c ban.
_ c bit hoa cac khai nim, ky hiu va rang buc cho mt pham vi ng dung
(application domain) cu th.
Chng 1
TNG QUAN 12
1.12. UML y manh tai s dung trong nn cng ngh phn mm.
Tai s dung la mt trong nhng vn c quan tm hang u trong
cng ngh phn mm. Nguyn tc cua tai s dung la da trn cac thanh phn
hin co a c kim chng v cht lng va ch xy dng cac thanh phn mi
khi thc s cn thit. iu nay khng nhng giup ng u vi mc phc
tap ngay cang cao cua ng dung ma con giam chi ph, giam thi gian phat trin
va tng kha nng canh tranh cua nha phat trin phn mm. UML cho phep tai s
dung hiu qua cac thanh phn cua mt h thng v c xy dng trn nn tang
hng i tng. Ngoai ra, UML con h tr cac khai nim phat trin phn mm
mc cao nh collabarations, frameworks, patterns va components. Ng ngha
cua chung c nh ngha rt ro rang va iu nay giup at c nhng gia tr
thc s y u cua hng i tng va tai s dung.
34
Chng 1
TNG QUAN 13
1.13. So sanh vi cac phng phap khac
UML khng hoan toan tach bit khoi ba phng phap c ban la Booch,
OMT(Object Modeling Technique), OOSE (Object-Oriented Software
Engineering) ma no tng hp nhng tinh hoa cua ca ba phng phap trn. V
vy nu trc y ban tng la ngi s dung cac phng phap Booch, OMT,
OOSE th nhng kin thc, kinh nghim, cac cng cu vn con co gia tr s dung.
UML co th m ta h thng mt cach ro rang va thng nht hn so vi cac
phng phap Booch, OMT, OOSE va cac ngn ng khac. iu nay co ngha
rng vic chuyn qua dung UML se mang n cho ngi s dung mt ga tr
nht nh nao o, bi v no cho phep ban lp m hnh moi cng vic trong d an,
iu ma trc y cha co ngn ng nao lam c.
Nhng ngi trc y a tng dung cac phng thc va cac ngn ng
m hnh hoa khac se co c li ch khi chuyn qua s dung ngn ng UML, no
giup cho ho loai bo nhng khac bit khng cn thit v ng ngha va ky thut
thng xay ra hu ht nhng ngn ng, nhng phng phap a cp trn.
UML co h thng ky hiu rt ro rang, mang tnh thng nht cao, c h tr bi
nhiu cng cu phat trin phn mm. ng thi, trn mt cng cu co h tr
UML, ngi dung co th chuyn i cac m hnh hin tai cua ho sang UML ma
khng s mt i thng tin nao.
i vi nhng ngi a bit n mt phng phap hng i tng trc
o, se co th hoc UML trong mt thi gian kha ngn co th at c mt
trnh tng ng so vi phng phap ma ho a bit trc y.
35
Chng 1
TNG QUAN 14
UML la s hp nht cua cac phng phap hng i tng, v vy no
cung k tha mt s khai nim t cac phng phap nay, v du nh :
_ Lc Use-case tng t nh trong phng phap OOSE.
_ Lc lp c kt hp t OMT va Booch va hu ht nhng phng phap
hng i tng khac.
_ C ch m rng (extension mechanism) c nh ngha trn nhiu loai lc
va h tr cho nhiu loai m hnh cua UML tao ra cac thanh phn a dang
mang c im ring bit cua h thng nhm muc ch h tr cac goc m
hnh hoa khac nhau. Nhiu khai nim mi c b sung lin quan n c ch
m rng trc y cha tng c m ta trong cac cac ngn ng m hnh hoa
chu yu khac bao gm cac khun mu (stereotypes), cac rang buc (constraints)
va gia tr nh kem (tagged Values).
_ Lc State-chart c ban da trn lc cung loai cua David Harel vi
mt t thay i nho. Lc hoat ng cung da trn phn ln cac ng ngha c
ban dung nh ngha State-chart cua UML va tng t nh lc lung
cng vic (workflow diagram) trong nhiu phng phap khac.
_ Lc tun t c tm thy trong nhiu phng phap hng i tng di
nhiu tn goi khac nhau (interaction, message trace hoc event trace).
_ Lc cng tac (collaboration diagram) c sa i lai t lc i tng
(object diagram) cua Booch va lc tng tac i tng (object interaction)
cua Fusion.
_ Lc thc thi (Implementation diagram) hay con goi la lc thanh phn
va trin khai bt ngun t phng phap cua Booch. Tuy nhin, chung gi y
mang tnh cht hng thanh phn (componentcentered) va lin kt vi nhau tt
hn nhiu so vi trc.
_ Stereotypes la mt trong ba c ch m rng ng ngha cua cac thanh phn
UML sn co. Cac stereotype cho phep bin i UML theo hng m rng ngha
la tao ra cac thanh phn mang ng ngha mi c trng ring cua h thng ma
vn gi nguyn cac thanh phn a nh ngha.
36
_ Ngn ng m ta rang buc Object Constraint Language c UML s dung
c ta ng ngha va c xem la ngn ng m ta trong qua trnh m hnh hoa.
OCL co ngun gc t phng phap Syntropy va chu anh hng bi mt s
ngn ng cung loai trong cac phap khac nh Catalysis nhng c chun hoa va
m rng hn.
Chng 1
TNG QUAN 15
1.15. Lch s phat trin

UML c phat trin bi hang Rational va nhng i tac. c bt u
phat trin vao thang 10 nm 1994, khi Grady Booch va Jim Rumbaugh bt u
cng vic hp nh t hai phng phap Booch va OMT.
Hnh 1-4 Lch s phat trin cua UML
Chng 1
TNG QUAN 16
Ban phac thao cua phin ban 0.8 c a ra vao thang 10 nm 1995 vi
tn ban u la Unified Method. Vao mua thu nm 1995, Ivar Jacobson cu ng
cng ty cua ng a quyt nh phi hp vi hang Rational, bng n lc kt hp
thm phng phap OOSE, tip tuc phat trin Unified Method.
Vi nhng n lc cua Booch, Rumbaugh, va Jacobson a a ra phin
ban 0.9 va 0.91 va o thang 6 va thang 10 nm 1996 vi tn la UML. Trong sut
nm 1996, nhom tac gia cua UML a nhn c rt nhiu s phan hi t pha
ngi s dung va cac chuyn gia trong lnh vc, ho uc kt va b sung t nhng
37
y kin nay , nhng ro rang cn phai co s quan tm nhiu hn na t pha ngi
s dung. T y UML c s quan tm nhiu hn t cac t chc, cac cng ty
phn mm ln, va vi s cng tac cua nhng cng ty hang u nh Digital
Equipment, HP, IBM, Microsoft, Oracle... phin ban UML 1.0 tr thanh mt
ngn ng m hnh hoa c nh ngha tt hn, ro rang, d hiu, manh hn va
co kha nng ng dung rng rai.
Phin ban UML 1.1 la s phat trin v mt ng ngha cua phin ban 1.0
ng thi cung tch hp thm nhng ong gop cua nhng nha cng tac mi.
UML ln u tin c trnh ln t chc OMG vao thang 1/1997 va ln cui
vao thang 9/1997 trc khi c a vao danh sach nhng ky thut c tha
nhn cua OMG vao thang 11/1997. K t y OMG chu trach nhim cho s
phat trin cua UML trong tng lai. Sau khi c tha nhn vao thang 11/1997,
OMG chu trach nhim kim tra va phan hi nhng kin ngh t pha cac i tac
s dung, ng thi t chc OMG cung chu trach nhim x ly cac li ky thut,
nhng im bt tng ng, nhng im con m h va nhng thiu sot nho ma
khng cn phai s i nhiu so vi ban thao ban u. K t y UML c a
vao s dung rng rai va c cai tin khng ngng, phin ban UML 1.3 alpha
c gii thiu vao thang 3/1999 va sau o phin ban UML 1.3 chnh thc c
gii thiu vao thanh 6/1999. Va phn kin thc ly thuyt v UML ma chung em
trnh bay trong bao cao nay da trn phin ban mi nht hin nay la UML 1.3.
Chng 1
TNG QUAN 17
1.17. Kin truc tng quan cua UML

1.17.1. Kin truc cua UML
UML c nh ngha trn mt c cu quan nim s dung cho vic m
hnh hoa, bao gm bn mc tru tng sau
_ Lp meta-metamodel bao gm cac thanh phn c ban nht.
_ Lp metamodel gm tt ca nhng thanh phn tao nn UML bao gm ca cac
khai nim trong cac m hnh hng i tng va thanh phn.
38
_ Lp model bao gm cac m hnh UML. y la lp dung cho vic m hnh hoa
cac bai toan, cac h thng va giai phap.
_ Lp user model bao gm cac thanh phn minh hoa cho UML model.
Hnh 1-5 Kin truc tng quan cua UML
Chng 1
TNG QUAN 18
1.18. Cac m hnh
Cac m hnh xet v tnh nm bt mt s c im va hanh vi cua h
thng xet v ng nm bt nhng c im cua h thng, v c ban chung
lu tr cac tri thc v mt ng ngha.
1.18.1. Cu truc View
Chung ta khng th m hnh hoa mt h thng phc tap ch bng mt m
hnh hay mt lc , h thng phai c phn tch di nhng goc khac
nhau : cac yu cu chc nng, phi chc nng, cach t chc h thng... V vy
co th m hnh hoa h thng mt cach chi tit, UML a ra nh ngha v cu
truc View, mi View (th hin) la mt th hin cua h thng c m hnh hoa,
mi View co th bao gm nhiu loai lc khac nhau. UML cung cp cu truc
View theo vic m hnh nhng bai toan va nhng giai phap, bao gm
Hnh 1-6 Cu truc Viiew trong UML
_ User model View hay con goi la Use Case View hoc Scenario View th
hin cac vn va cac giai phap lin quan n chc nng tng quat cua h
thng.
_ Structural model View - hay con goi la Static hoc Logical View - th hin cac
vn lin quan n cu truc thit k cua h thng.
_ Behavioral model View hay con goi la Dynamic, Process, Concurrent, hoc
Collaboration View th hin cac vn lin quan n vic x ly giao tip va
ng b trong h thng.
_ Implementation model View - hay con goi la Component View th hin cac
vn lin quan n vic t chc cac thanh phn trong h thng.
_ Environment model View hay con goi la Deployment View th hin cac
vn lin quan n vic trin khai h thng.
39
_ Va mt s model View khac co th c nh ngha va s dung khi cn thit.
Chng 1
TNG QUAN 19
1.19. Nhng lc
Hnh 1-7 Nhng lc trong UML
Chng 1
TNG QUAN 20
Cac lc miu ta cac tri thc v mt cu phap, c t chc xung quanh

cu truc View :
_ User model View
+ Lc Use Case (Use case diagram) m ta cac chc nng cua h
thng.
_ Structural model View
+ Lc lp (Class Diagram) m ta cu truc tnh cua h thng, th
hin cac phn h thng x ly c.
+ Lc i tng (Object Diagram) m ta cu truc tnh cua h thng
tai mt thi im xac nh, no co th c xem
nh mt th hin cua lc lp.
_ Behavioral model View
+ Lc tun t (Sepuence Diagram) m ta s tng tac gia cac
thanh phn trong h thng tun t theo thi gian.
+ Lc cng tac (Collaboration Diagram) m ta s tng tac cua cac
thanh phn theo thi gian va ca khng gian.
+ Lc trang thai (State Diagram) m ta trang thai va s hi ap gia
cac thanh phn trong h thng, b sung cho
40
lc lp.
+ Lc hoat ng (Activity Diagram) m ta hoat ng cua cac thanh
phn trong h thng.
_ Implementation model View
+ Lc thanh phn (Component Diagram) m ta t chc cua cac
thanh phn thc thi trong h thng.
_ Environment model View
+ Lc trin khai (Deployment Diagram) m ta cu hnh cua cac
thanh phn mi trng ma s xp t cua cac thanh phn h thng thc thi trn
o.
Chng 1
TNG QUAN 21
Va mt s lc khac co th c nh ngha va s dung khi cn thit.
41
Chng 2
NG NGHA VA CU PHAP CAC THANH T TRONG UML
(UML Semantic) 22
2.1. Gii thiu
UML bao gm UML metamodel va UML model. UML metamodel gi
chc nng nh ngha cac thanh t va cu phap UML. UML model m ta ky hiu
cac thanh t va cac lc da trn UML metamodel.
UML metamodel bao gm cac thanh t va mt s quy tc v cu phap.
Ngoai vic thanh t UML mang mt y ngha xac nh, cu phap UML con m ta
cach lin kt nhng thanh t nao vi nhau tao ra y ngha g. goc m
hnh hoa, cac thanh t UML co th phn chia lam ba loai la cac thanh t m hnh
hoa tnh, cac thanh t m hnh hoa tng tac va cac thanh t quan h co chc
nng lin kt gia hai thanh t trn vi nhau. UML metamodel gi vai tro hng
dn ng i s dung UML v cu phap trong m hnh hoa. Ngoai ra, UML
metamodel con c s dung bi cac nha phat trin CASE tool m hnh hoa
d liu cho mt CASE tool h tr UML. M hnh d liu nay s dung lai nh
ngha thanh t UML thit k cac lp c ban va b sung thm cac lp mi tuy
theo chc nng CASE tool cung cp cho ngi s dung. UML model la biu
din ky hiu cua cac thanh t UML ng thi cung cp cho ngi s dung cac
lc UML cu th m hnh hoa cung nh lam ngn ng giao tip gia cac
thanh vin cua nhom trong qua trnh phat trin phn mm. Noi cach khac, cac
lc trong UML model la th hin cua cac cu phap tng ng trong UML
metamodel. UML metamodel c chia thanh nhiu goi thanh phn (package)
da trn y ngha cua cu phap c m ta. Mi goi nh ngha cac thanh t khac
nhau va m ta mt nhom cu phap da trn cac thanh t nay. Trong mi goi lai co
th bao gm cac goi con. Vic phn chia nay giup cho nh ngha cua UML
metamodel ro rang hn, ch quan tm n cac thanh t trong goi va loai bo cac
thanh t khng cn thit vt ra khoi pham vi ng ngha cn m ta cua goi. Goi
c biu din nh sau
Hnh 2-1 Ky hi u package
42
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 23
2.2 Tng quan v cac loai quan h gia cac thanh t

Trong qua trnh nh ngha thanh t cn phai m ta cac mi lin h gia
thanh t nay vi cac thanh t khac nn UML s dung mt tp hp cac quan h.
Mi quan h co mt y ngha xac nh. Cac quan h nay bao gm quan h tng
quat hoa (generalization), quan h kt hp (association), quan h phu thuc
(dependency).
Mi thanh t u co ng ngha ring. biu din thanh t va quan h
gia cac thanh t, UML s dung cac ky hiu ring. Mt thanh t co ky hiu nh
sau
Tn thanh t
Cac thuc tnh
Hnh 2-2 Ky hiu thanh t
Phn sau trnh bay s lc cac loai quan h. Chi tit v cac loai quan h
gia cac thanh t c trnh bay trong chng 3 phn 3.5.2.4.3.
43
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 24
2.3. Quan h tng quat hoa (generalization)

Generalization la quan h gia mt thanh t tng quat hn va mt thanh t
c bit hn. Thanh t c bit hn cha y u cac c im cua thanh t tng
quat hn va ngoai ra con co nhng thng tin ring. Quan h tng quat hoa co ky
hiu nh sau:
Thanh t B
Thanh t A
Hnh 2-3 V du v quan h tng quat hoa
2.3.1. Quan h kt hp (association)
Quan h kt hp th hin lin h v mt ng ngha gia hai thanh t. Ngha la
thanh t nay co s dung hay nhn bit cac thng tin cua thanh t kia.
Association co th bao gm hai loai con la quan h ng ngha thng thng
(association)va quan h toan th - b phn (aggregation). Quan h ng ngha
thng thng Hoc phn m Sinh vin
0..*
ng ky
0..*
multiplicity association (quan h kt hp) Mt sinh vin ng ky nhiu hoc phn
m. Mt hoc phn m co th c ng ky bi nhiu sinh vin.
Hnh 2-4 V du v quan h kt hp (associiatiion)
44
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 25
2.5. Quan h phu thuc (dependency)
Dpendency th hin s phu thuc chc nng cua mt hay nhiu thanh t
nhn vao mt hay nhiu thanh t cho. Dependency kem chi tit v mc ng
ngha hn quan h kt hp va thng s dung m ta s phu thuc ln nhau
gia cac goi.
Tn goi nhn
Tn goi cho
Dependency Dependency m ta phu thuc gia goi nhn vao goi cho.
Hnh 2-6 V du cua quan h phu thuc (Dependency)
Quan h toan th b phn: thanh t nay cha thanh t kia theo
ngha vt ly.
Slider
Header
Panel
Window 2 1
+ScrollBar 1 1 +WindowTittle 1 1
+WindowClient
quan h toan th -b phn (aggregation) tn tham chiu (name)
Hnh 2-5 V du v quan h toan th-b phn (aggregatiion)
45
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 26
2.6. Tng quan v cac thanh t va cu truc UML metamodel

2.6.1. Phn loai thanh t trong UML metamodel
goc nh ngha, cac thanh t trong UML co th c chia lam hai
loai la thanh t tru tng va thanh t cu th. Cac thanh t tru tng co tnh
tng quat cao gi chc nng tham gia vao nh ngha cac thanh t khac. Cac
thanh t cu th thng co quan h tng quat hoa qua nhiu tng vi cac thanh t
tru tng, ngoai ra con co cac quan h kt hp (association) vi cac thanh t
khac. Ch cac thanh t cu th mi co ky hiu trong UML model va c s dung
trong m hnh hoa.
2.6.2. Cu truc UML metamodel
UML metamodel bao gm ba goi (package) chnh nh sau
Hnh 2-7 Cac package chnh cua UML
Goi nn tang (Foundation) la goi bao gm phn ln cac thanh t tru
tng va mt s thanh t cu th mang tnh cht ct loi. Cac thanh t trong goi
nay c s dung bi hai goi thanh t hanh vi (BehavioralElements) va quan tr
m hnh (ModelManagement).
BehavioralElements la goi nh ngha cac thanh t s dung cho vic m ta
qua trnh vn ng cua mt thanh t hay tng tac gia cac thanh t trong th
gii thc.
Model Management la goi nh ngha cac thanh t cho vic quan ly m
hnh cua ngi s dung.
46
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 27
2.7. Package Foundation (goi nn tang)

Foundation nh ngha nhng thanh t UML c ban. Foundation bao gm
ba goi con la goi ct loi (Core), goi cac kiu d liu (Data Types) va goi c ch
m rng (Extension Mechanism).
Hnh 2-8 Goi nn tang cua UML metamodell
Core nh ngha nhng thanh t ct loi bao gm ca cac thanh t quan h
va a s la mc tru tng.
Extension Mechanism nh ngha c ch m rng cho cac thanh t UML
b sung cac thanh t mi.
Data Types nh ngha cac kiu d liu c s dung trong UML
metamodel. Cac thuc tnh cua cac thanh t trong UML meatamodel co kiu d
liu thuc v Data Types.
2.7.1. Package Core (goi ct loi)
Core bao gm cac thanh t ct loi va c m ta bi nm m hnh la sn
(Backbone), quan h (Relationships), phu thuc (Dependencies), Classifiers va
b sung (Auxiliary Elements).
Core gii thiu cu phap cho m hnh hoa tnh, khng quan tm n qua
trnh vn ng va tng tac gia cac i tng trong th gii thc.
47
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 28
2.8. M hnh Backbone (sn)
Backbone chu yu nh ngha thanh t Classifier. Classifier la thanh t
tru tng ong vai tro tng quat hoa trc tip cua phn ln cac thanh t cu th
khac. Ngoai ra, cac thanh t cu th c ban cua UML c nh ngha trong Core
bao gm thuc tnh (attribute), phng thc (operation) va cach thc hin
phng thc (method), tham s (parameter) va rang buc (constraint).
phuc vu cho qua trnh nh ngha Classifier, UML a ra cac thanh t
tru tng co vai tro la tng quat hoa (trc tip hay gian tip) cua Classifier. Cac
thanh t nay co quan h vi nhau va co quan h vi Classifier c m ta trong
m hnh Backbone bao gm:
_ Element (thanh t) : Element la mt thanh t tru tng mc cao nht, tng
quat nht trong cac thanh t UML.
_ ModelElement (thanh t m hnh) : ModelElement la thanh t c nh danh
trong m hnh va la tng quat hoa cp cao nht th hai cho cac thanh t khac sau
Element. ModelElement la thanh t c xac nh qua tn (name).
_ Namespace (khng gian cac thanh t tham chiu theo tn): Namespace la tp
hp cac thanh t ModelElement vi iu kin nh danh cua mt ModelElement
trong mt Namespace la duy nht.
_ ElementOwnership: ElementOwnership nh ngha tm vc (visibility) cua
mt thanh t cha trong khng gian cac thanh t (Namspace).
ElementOwnership quy nh tm vc cua mt thanh t c gii han trong
Namespace (ch co th c tham chiu bi cac thanh t trong Namespace) hay
vt khoi Namespace (co th c tham chiu bi cac thanh t ngoai
Namespace).
48
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 29
_ GeneralizableElement (thanh t co th tng quat hoa hay c bit hoa):
GeneralizableElement la cac thanh t co th tham gia vao quan h tng quat hoa
hay c bit hoa. Do o mt GeneralizableElement co th la tng quat hoa hay
c bit hoa cua mt GeneralizableElement khac.
_ Feature (c tnh) : m ta cac c tnh cua mt Classifier chu yu la tm vc
(visibility) cua c tnh. Tm vc nay xac nh mt c tnh cua Classifier co th
c tham chiu bi cac Classifier khac hay ch c s dung bi chnh
Classifier cha c tnh o.
_ StructuralFeature (c tnh cu truc) : c tha k t Fearture,
StructuralFeature m ta c tnh v mt cu truc cua mt Classifier, m ta cu
truc nay co th thay i hay c nh qua thuc tnh changeability cua
StructuralFeature. StructualFeature co mt c bit hoa la thuc tnh (Attribute).
_ BehavioralFeature (c tnh hanh vi) c k tha t Feature va biu din cac
c tnh v mt hanh vi cua mt Classifier ng thi m ta c tnh hanh vi nay
co anh hng ln trang thai cua Classifier hay khng qua thuc tnh isQuery.
BehavioralFeature gm hai c bit hoa la phng thc (Operation) va Method.
49
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 30
Classifier co kha nng cha cac thanh t khac. Cac thanh t nay co nh
danh duy nht trong Classifier va co tm vc cho cac thanh t bn ngoai tham
chiu n qua thuc tnh visibility trong La c bic hoa cua thanh t tru tng
ModelElement, Classifier chu anh hng bi cac rang buc gn vi Classifier.
La c bit hoa cua GeneralizableElement, Classifier co th tham gia vao quan
h tng quat hoa. GeneralizableElement la thanh t co th tham gia vao quan h
tng quat hoa c m ta ro rang hn trong m hnh Relationships. Classifier
bao gm cac c im cu truc va hanh vi, cu th la thuc tnh (Attribute),
phng thc (Operation) va Method. Ngoai ra, M hnh Backbone con nh
ngha cac thanh t cu th ong vai tro quan trong bc nht la thuc tnh
(Attribute), phng thc (Operation), m ta phng thc (Method), tham s
(Parameter) va rang buc (Constraint).
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 31
_ Attribute (thuc tnh) : Attribute m ta cac gia tr ma mt Classifier co th s
dung th hin trang thai. Attribute co cac thuc tnh chnh la tn (name), gia
tr khi u (initial value).
_ Operation (phng thc) : Operation la phng thc co th c yu cu t
mt Classifier cha Operation tac ng ln Classifier nay. Operation co quan
h kt hp (association) vi tham s (parameter) ngha la Operation s dung mt
tp tham s khi u cho vic thi hanh. Mt Operation co th c k tha t
cac Operation khac.
50
_ Method (m ta phng thc) : Method co quan h kt hp vi phng thc
(Operation) m ta cu th cach thc thc hin mt phng thc bao gm cac quy
trnh va cac thut toan. Method co tac ng n kt qua cua phng thc.
_ Parameter (tham s) : Parameter la tham s co th thay i, gi va nhn. Mt
Parameter co th bao gm tn, kiu d liu va quan h vi cac thanh t khac
giao tip vi no. Parameter c s dung trong m ta phng thc (Operation),
mu (Templates)...
_ Constraint (rang buc) : Constraint la cac iu kin v mt ng ngha hay cac
gii han cho mt thanh t, co th din ta dang vn ban hay mt biu thc logic
cua mt ngn ng m ta rang buc. Ngoai vic nh ngha thanh t rang buc
Constraint, UML con nh ngha mt ngn ng cho m ta rang buc la ngn ng
rang buc i tng (Object Constraint Language). Gia cac Classifier co quan
h tng quat hoa. Do Classifier la thanh t tru tng nn tt ca cac thanh t
tha k Classifier u co tnh cht nay.
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 32
2.12. M hnh Relationships (cac quan h)
M hnh Relationships nh ngha cac quan h gia cac thanh t UML bao
gm hai loai quan h c ban la quan h tng quat hoa (generalization), quan h
kt hp (association).
Quan h tng quat hoa (generalization) la s lin h gia hai thanh t c bit
hn va tng quat hn. nh ngha quan h kt hp (Association) va Classifier
tham gia vao mi kt hp (Ass ociationEnd).
Hnh 2-10 M hnh Rellatiionshiips
2.12.1. Quan h tng quat hoa (generalization)
Mt quan h tng quat hoa c nh ngha la s lin h gia hai thanh t.
Thanh t c bit hn goi la thanh t con (child) va thanh t tng quat hn la
thanh t cha (parent). Thanh t con tham gia vao quan h tng quat hoa. Thanh
t cha tham gia vao quan h tng quat hoa.
Hnh 2-11 nh ngha quan h tng quat hoa trong m hnh Rellatiionshiips
51
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 33
2.13. Quan h kt hp (Association)
Quan h kt hp m ta nhiu Classifier tham gia vao nhiu mi kt hp
(AssociationEnd). Association thng gp la quan h kt hp co hai mi kt hp
(AssociationEnd). Mi mi kt hp gn vi mt Classifier. Quan h kt hp m
ta s lin h v ng ngha gia cac Classifier. Mt quan h kt hp co ti thiu
hai mi kt hp (AssociationEnd). Mi mi kt hp co lin h vi mt thanh t
Class ifier.
Hnh 2-12 nh ngha quan h kt hp trong m hnh Rellatiionshiips
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 34
2.14. Lp kt hp (AssociationClass)
Tha k t lp va quan h kt hp, lp kt hp va co tnh cht cua mt
lp va co tnh cht cua mt quan h kt hp. Lp ht hp ni mt tp cac
classifier vi nhau va co cac thuc tnh ring c trng cho quan h gia cac
classifier nay. Cng vic -tin lng Nhn s 1..* Cng ty 0..* Cng vic la mt
associationclass. Thuc tnh tin lng c trng cho mi quan h gia nhn s
va cng ty.
Hnh 2-13 V du lp kt hp
52
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 35
2.15. M hnh Classifiers (cac c bit hoa cua classifiers)
M hnh Classifiers m ta cac c bit hoa cua Classifier bao gm cac
thanh t lp (Class), giao din (Interface), kiu d liu (DataType), nut (Node)
va thanh phn (Component) Component bao gm nhiu thanh ModelElement.
Do thanh t tru tng bc cao do Component cung cha cac c ho a cua
ModelElement bao gm thanh t ang quan tm la va Node bao nhiu
Component. la cac nut x Component la thanh ong goi x ly va cp cac dch
Hnh 2-14 Cac lp c bit cua Cllassiifiiers
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 36
2.16. Class (lp)
Class la tp hp cac i tng co cung cac thuc tnh, hanh ng va ng
ngha. Mt Class co th la tru tng (abstract)ngha la khng co th hin (i
tng)nao c tao ra trc tip t no. Class la thanh t cu th co biu din ky
hiu trn UML model. La c bit hoa cua Classifier, Class bao gm cac thuc
tnh (Attribute), phng thc (Operation) va Method. Gia cac Class co quan h
tng quat hoa, quan h kt hp.
K toan vin
53
Th ky
Phong ban
Nhn vin
-Tn nhn vin
Ly thng tin nhn vin()
Cng vic thc hin trc thuc
Nhn vin bao gm hai c bit hoa la kim toan vin va th ky. Mi nhn vin
thc hin cac cng vic va thuc mt phong ban. tng quat hoa (generalization)
quan h kt hp (association) thuc tnh phng thc
Hnh 2-15 V du v lp (Cllass) va quan h gia ca c lp
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 37
2.17. Interface (giao din)
Iterface la tp cac phng thc (operation) cua mt Classifier. i Interface
cung cp mt dch vu cua Classifier bao gm mt nhom cac operation co quan
h vi Interface o. Mi Classifier co th cung cp nhiu dch vu khac nhau qua
cac Interface khac nhau.
2.17.1. DataType (kiu d liu)
DataType m ta kiu d liu cua ngi s dung. UML khng nh ngha
cac kiu d liu cu th. Vic nh ngha cac kiu d liu cua ngi s dung tuy
thuc vao mi trng phat trin phn mm nn thng cac CASE tool am nhn
chc nng nh ngha cac kiu d liu nay.
2.17.2. Node (nut)
Node la thanh t ai din cho mt tai nguyn vt ly co b nh va kha
nng x ly tnh toan. Cac node thng ai din cho cac may tnh va m ta vic
phn b cac may tnh trn mang.
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Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 38
2.38. Component (thanh phn)
Component la mt phn ring bit mc vt ly cua h thng.
Component ong goi cac phng thc x ly va cung cp tp cac dch vu
x ly nay qua mt tp giao din (interface)khac nhau. Mi giao din bao gm
nhiu phng thc khac nhau phuc vu cho mt muc ch cu th. Cac phng
thc co th la cac oan ma thi hanh c, cac script hay lnh. Mt component
thng cung cp nhiu loai dch vu khac nhau lin quan n mt i tng cu
th.
DBinding
DBindingCollection
DBindingCollectionEvents
MSBind la mt component ni mt control cua Window vi mt recordset.
MSBind cung cp nhiu dch vu, trong o dch vu gn control vao recordset la
DBinding.
Giao din (interface) component MSBind <<COM>
Hnh 2-16 V du v thanh phn (component) va giao din (iinterface)
2.38.1. M hnh Dependencies (cac quan h phu thuc)
Dependency m ta s phu thuc chc nng gia hai thanh phn cho va
thanh phn nhn. Thanh phn cho ong vai tro cung cp dch vu cho thanh phn
nhn. Dependency nh ngha phu thuc gia hai thanh t ModelElement nn
hu nh tt ca cac thanh t cu th tha k ModelElement u co th co quan h
phu thuc.
Quan h phu thuc co cac c bit hoa la gn (Binding), tru tng hoa
(Abstraction), s dung (Usage) va cho phep (Permisson). Quan h phu thuc la
quan h gia thanh t cho va thanh t nhn, cu th la gia hai ModelEleme Cac
c bit hoa cua quan h phu thuc
Hnh 2-17 M hnh Dependenciies (cac quan h phu thuc)
55
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 39
2.39. Binding (gn)
Binding nh ngha quan h gia mt mu (Template) la thanh phn cho
cua Dependency vi mt thanh phn c tao t Template o la thanh phn
nhn cua Dependency. Binding bao gm cac i s phu hp vi cac tham s cua
Template.
2.39.1. Abstraction (tru tng hoa)
Abstraction m ta mi lin h gia cac thanh t cac mc tru tng hoa khac
nhau. V du nh chuyn mt khai nim mc phn tch sang mc thit k bng
quan h Abstraction.
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 40
2.40. Usage (s dung)
Usage la quan h gia mt thanh t ModelElement co s dung phng
thc cua mt thanh t ModelElement khac.
2.40.1. Permisson (cho phep)
Permisson cung cp quyn han cho mt thanh t ngoai khng gian cac
thanh t (Namespace) tham chiu cac thanh t khac trong Namespace. Thanh t
nhn la mt ModelElement thanh t cho bt buc la mt Namespace.
2.41.2. M hnh AuxiliaryElements (cac thanh t b sung)
56
Mt ModelElement co th quan h vi cac ModelElement khac qua vic
s dung cac ModelElement khac lam tham s. Khi o ModelElement nay c
go la mt Template. Mt tham s mu (TemplateParameter) lin h vi mt
ModelElement theo y ngha la Template Parameter nay tham chiu n gia tr co
kiu la ModelElement. Thanh t biu din cha thng tin cho biu din trc qua
n cua mt thanh t ModelElement.
Hnh 2-18 M hnh AuxiilliiaryEllements (cac thanh phn b sung)
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 41
2.41. TemplateParameter (tham s cho mu)
Tham s cho mu la tham s cho cac thanh t Template. V du nh trong
mt mi trng ngn ng lp trnh h tr Template, ta co th xy dng lp mi
bng cach cung cp cac lp tham s cho Template. TemplateParameter nh
ngha quan h gia mt thanh t ModelElement vi cac tham s (cac tham s
nay la cac thanh t ModelElement ). ModelElement la mt Template khi s
dung t nht mt TemplateParameter.
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 42
2.42. PresentationElement (thanh t biu din trc quan)
PresentationElement m ta thng tin cho vic biu din cac
ModelElement. UML khng nh ngha cu th cac thng tin nay ma cho cac
CASE tool t do nh ngha.
57
2.42.1. Package Extension Mechanisms (goi c ch m rng)

Khai quat
Extension Mechanisms nh ngha cach thc m rng ngn ng UML
bng cach a ra c ch b sung cac thanh t vi ng ngha mi. Package nay
nh ngha Stereotypes, Constraint (rang buc) va Tagged Value (the gia tr) la
ba c ch m rng cua UML. UML cung cp c ch m rng thm cac thanh
t mi cho cac lnh vc c bit ma UML chun khng nh ngha. Cac lnh vc
cn cac khai nim mi co th t nh ngha cac khai nim nay qua c ch m
rng UML. Vic m rng nay khng n gian la gn tn Stereotypes vao thanh
t va quy nh ng ngha mi do i khi con co cac rang buc ng ngha trong
th gii thc. Do o cac stereotype thng cha cac rang buc va cac gia tr the.
Mi StereoType quy nh loai thanh t ModelElement ma stereotype nay co th
tac ng. Thanh t c tac ng nay la cac thanh t trong UML metamodel v
du nh Class, Association, Component... Khi gn stereotype vao cac thanh t
nay th c thanh t mi tha k thanh t cu va co tn cua stereotype. V du
nh Component co cac stereotype la document,executable,table. Cac
stereotype nay ban cht cung la component nhng document la mt thanh
phn (component) cha cac su liu, executable la thanh phn cha cac dch
vu x ly con table cha cac bang trong mt c s d liu.
Stereotype bao gm rang buc (Constraint), cac the gia tr (Tagged Value)
tac ng ln ModelElement va cho kt qua tng t nh c bit hoa. Loai thanh
t ma Stereotype co th ap dung c xac nh qua thuc tnh baseClass, v du
nh Class, Association... noi chung la tn cac thanh t trong UML
Hnh 2-19 M hnh c ch m rng
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 43
2.43. Constraint (rang buc)
La cac rang buc ng ngha c gn vi mt thanh t cn m rng ap
t cac iu kin ln thanh t nay va co tac dung thay i hay gii han ng
ngha. Thanh t m rng phai thoa man cac rang buc nay am bao s chnh
58
xac v ng ngha. Constraint cung co th c gn vi stereotypes tac ng
ln cac thanh t co quan h vi stereotypes nay.
La c ch phn loai mt thanh t theo quan h kt hp cua thanh t nay

vi cac stereotype. Mi stereotype gn mt thanh t se cho mt thanh t mi
tha k thanh t cu ngoai ra co thm cac thng ring. Stereotype chnh la s
khac nhau v ng ngha cua hai thanh t cung cu truc. V du nh trong quy
trnh phat trin phn mm Rational Unified Process, cac stereotype cho thanh t
Class c nh ngha thm trong o co stereotype boundary. Stereotype nay
la mt Class ong vai tro giao tip vi cac tng tac bn ngoai h thng. Muc
ch cua m rng nay la phn loai cac Class theo chc nng phuc vu cho qua
trnh phn tch.
Thit k giao din ngui s dung: Giao din ngi s dung phn tch Class vi
stereotype la boundary. Class chun cua UML.
Hnh 2-20 V du v stereotype
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 44
2.44. Tagged Value (the gia tr)

La cac thuc tnh nh kem cho mt thanh t m rng. Tagged Value co
th cha nhng thng tin bt ky cn thit b sung cho mt thanh t mi.
2.44.1. Cac kiu d liu trong UML metamodel (Data Types)
Khai quat
DataTypes nh ngha cac kiu d kiu dung ring trong UML metamodel
ngha la thuc tnh cua cac thanh t trong UML metamodel co cac kiu d liu
trong Data Types. Data Types cn thit cho s tham khao su hn v cac thuc
tnh va y ngha mi thuc tnh cua mt thanh t trong UML metamodel. Data
Types khng phai la kiu d liu cua ngi s dung. Kiu d liu cua ngi s
dung UML c nh ngha bi DataType la c bit hoa cua Classifiers trong
Core. Data Types khng nh ngha cu phap nao cho ngi s dung.
59
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 45
2.45. Cac kiu d liu trong Data Types
- ActionExpression : biu thc cho kt qua la s thi hanh mt Action.
- AggregationKind : kiu lit k bao gm cac gia tr none, aggregate,
composite. Cac gia tr nay xac nh loai Association.
- ArgListsExpression :biu thc tra v mt danh sach cac i tng (object).
- Boolean : kiu lit k bao gm hai gia tr false va true.
- BooleanExpression : biu thc logic tra v kiu Boolean.
- CallConcurrencyKind : kiu lit k bao gm cac gia tr sequential, guarded,
concurrent.
- ChangeableKind : kiu lit k quy nh gia tr mt AttributeLink hay mt
LinkEnd co th thay i bao gm cac none, frozen va addOnly.
- Enumeration : nh ngha kiu lit k.
- EnumerationLiteral : nh ngha mt gia tr thuc mt kiu lit k.
- Expression : biu thc tra v mt kiu thuc package DataType.
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 46
- Integer : kiu nguyn.
- IterationExpression : chui tra v cu truc kim soat lp.
- LocationReference : v tr cho vic chen mt use case vao mt use case khac.
60
- Mapping : biu thc chuyn i cac ModelElement.

- MappingExpression : biu thc tra v kiu Mapping.
- MessageDirectionKind : kiu lit k bao gm cac gia tr activation va return.
- Muliplicity : tp cac s nguyn khng m.
- MultiplicityRange : min gia tr s nguyn khng m.
- Name : nh danh cho mt ModelElement.
- ObjectSetExpression : biu thc tra v danh sach cac i tng.
- OperationDirectionKind : kiu lit k quy nh mt Operation la c yu cu
hay c cung cp bi mt Classifier bao gm cac gia tr provide va require.
- ParameterDirectionKind : kiu lit k bao gm cac gia tr in, inout, out va
return.
- Primitive : nh ngha kiu d liu n.
- ProcedureExpression : biu thc tra v mt Procedure.
- ProgrammingLanguageType : kiu d liu trong mt ngn ng lp trnh.
- PseudostateKind : kiu lit k bao gm cac gia tr initial, deepHistory,
shallowHistory, join, fork, branch, junction va final.
- ScopeKind : kiu lit k bao gm cac gia tr classifier va instance.
- String : chui vn ban.
- Structure : kiu d liu co cu truc.
- Time : kiu gi.
- TimeExpression : biu thc kiu Time.
- UnlimitedInteger : kiu nguyn khng gii han.
- Uninterpreted : kiu khng xac nh.
- VisibilityKind : kiu lit k bao gm cac gia tr public, protected va private.
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 47
2.47. Package Behavioural Elements (goi thanh t hanh vi)
Behavioral Elements bao gm cac thanh t cung vi cac cu phap cho m
hnh hoa hanh vi va tng tac. BehavioralElements bao gm nm goi la
Common Behavior (hanh vi tng quat), Collaborations (m hnh cng tac), Use
61
Cases (m hnh chc nng), State Machines (m hnh trang thai) va Activity
Graphs (m hnh hoat ng).
Hnh 2-21 Cac thanh t hanh vi
CommonBehavior nh ngha cac thanh t hanh vi c ban.
Collaboration nh ngha cac than h t va cu phap cho lc
Collaboration va Sequence UML model. Collaboration m ta tng tac
gia cac thanh t thc hin mt tac vu cu th.
Use Cases bao gm cac thanh t m hnh hoa chc nng h thng cho
tng loai ngi s dung. Use Cases gi vai tro nh ngha cho lc Use Case
UML model.
StateMachine bao gm cac khai nim cho m hnh hoa qua trnh thay i
trang thai cua mt thanh t. StateMachine nh ngha lc StateChart trong
UML model.
Activity Graphs la dang c bit cua StateMachine, c nh ngha da
trn StateMachine, m ta qua trnh hoat ng cua mt hay nhiu thanh t.
Activity Graphs nh ngha lc Activity Graph trong UML model.
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 48
2.48. Package Common Behavior (goi hanh vi tng quat)
Common Behavior nh ngha cac thanh t c ban cho m hnh hoa tng
tac. Common Behiavior c m ta bng cac m hnh Signals(tn hiu), Actions
(tac ng), Instances and Links (th hin va lin kt).
2.48.1. M hnh Signals (tn hiu)
M hnh nay chu yu nh ngha thanh t Signal (tn hiu). Tn hiu c
tao ra t mt hanh vi (BehavioralFeature) cua classifier nay va gui n mt
thanh t nhn tn hiu (Reception) cua mt classifier khac. Tn hiu c tao ra
tp cac hanh vi cua mt Do tha k t (BehavioralElement la thanh hanh vi cua
mt classifier) Reception cung la mt thanh hanh vi cua classifier. nh ngha
hanh vi x ly tn cua mt tn hiu c gi n thanh t x ly tn hiu cua mt
Hnh 2-22 M hnh Siignall nh ngha thanh t Siignall (tn hi u)
62
Chng 2
NG NGHA VA CU PHAP CA C THANH T TRONG UML
(UML Semantic) 49
2.49. Reception (thanh t nhn tn hiu)
Reception la thanh t nhn tn hiu t mt classifier va gi chc nng m
ta cac tac ng (bng chui vn ban) cua tn hiu n classifier nhn.
2.49.1. Signal (tn hiu)
Signal la cac tac tng tac khng ng b gia cac classifier va la thanh
t c lp vi cac classifier. Signal c tao ra do cac hanh vi
(BehvioralFeature) cua cac classifier nay va gi n cac classifier khac. Do
BehavioralFeature la thanh t hanh vi tru tng nn tt ca cac thanh t hanh vi
tha k BehavioralFeature nh cac phng thc (operation) u co th tao va gi
cac signal.
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 50
2.50. Exception (li bit l)

Tha k signal, exception la tn hiu c gi i khi co mt li trong qua
trnh thi hanh mt hanh vi.
2.50.1. M hnh Actions (tac ng)
Action c m ta bng m hnh Actions cua UML metamodel.
63
Action la cac ch th thi hanh co gy anh hng n trang thai cua h thng cac
c bit hoa cua mt tac ng (Action) ActionSequence la mt tac ng thc
bao gm cac tac ng con theo trnh t xac nh. Acti on bao gm mt tp i
s.
Hnh 2-23 M hnh nh ngha hanh ng (Actiions)
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 51
2.51. Argument (i s)
Argument la i s cho mt Action, cung cp gia tr tham s cho mt
Action.
2.51.1. Action (tac ng)
Action la cac ch th thi hanh trong mt quy trnh tnh toan co anh hng
n trang thai cua h thng. Action bao gm cac c bit hoa sau
- AssignmentAction : gan cho thuc tnh mt gia tr mi.
- CallAction : kch hoat mt hanh ng.
- CreateAction : tao th hin cua mt Classifier.
- DestroyAction : huy mt i tng
- ReturnAction : tra v gia tr cho i tng goi.
- SendAction : gi tn hiu (Signal ).
- TerminateAction : hanh ng t huy cua mt i tng.
- UninterpretedAction : hanh ng khng xac nh.
64
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 52
2.52. ActionSequence (tac ng phc)
ActionSequence la mt tac ng cha mt tp cac Action con theo th t
xac nh.
2.52.1. M hnh Instances and Links (th hin va lin kt)
Instance va Link c nh ngha trong m hnh Instances and Links cua
UML metamodel. Instance nh ngha th hin cua mt classifier, cac th hin
nay lin kt vi nhau qua cac Link.
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 53
Lin kt (Link) bao gm nhiu mi lin kt (LinkEnd) Mi lin kt
(LinkEnd) la th hin cua mi kt hp (Association), c xac nh bi mi kt
hp. Instance la th hin cua Classifier, c xac nh bi Classifier. Cac
Instance tng tac vi nhau qua cac tac nhn (Stimulus). gn vi cac Link. Lin
kt (Link) la th hin cua quan h kt hp (Association), c xac nh bi quan
h kt hp. Cac Instance lin h vi nhau qua cac Link.
Hnh 2-24 M hnh cac thc th va cac lin kt cua UML
65
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 54
2.54. Stimulus (tac nhn)
Stimulus la mt giao tip cu th gia hai instance qua mt lin kt (link)
c gi i bi s thi hanh mt Action, co th la mt tn hiu gi n instance
hay vic kch hoat mt phng thc. Hay noi cach khac, cac th hin tng tac
vi nhau qua stimulus.
2.54.2. AttributeLink (the thuc tnh)
AttributeLink cha tp cac gia tr cua Attribute trong mt instance do o
th hin trang thai cua instance.
2.54.2. LinkEnd (mi lin kt)
LinkEnd la cac mi lin kt cua mt Link. Mi LinkEnd tng ng vi
mt mi kt hp (AssociationEnd) xac nh LinkEnd. LinkEnd trong UML
metamodel la th hin cua AssociationEnd trong UML metamodel. Cac instance
lin kt vi nhau qua cac LinkEnd.
2.54.3. Link (lin kt)
Link la lin kt gia cac instance. Link tng ng vi mt Association co
vai tro xac nh Link. Link trong UML metamodel la th hin Association trong
UML metamodel. Link ch co vai tro lin kt cac instance vi nhau, cac tac ng
gia cac instance thc hin qua cac stimulus. Mt Link co th tng ng vi
nhiu stimulus.
2.54.4. Instance (th hin)
Instance la th hin cua mt Classifier. Instance la mt thc th co cac
thng tin v trang thai va chu tac ng cua cac phng thc (Operation) thay
i trang thai. Instance c xac nh cu truc va hanh ng qua Classifier co
quan h kt hp vi no. Instance co cac c bit hoa sau
- DataValue (gia tr d liu): gia tr cua mt thuc tnh la th hin cua kiu d
liu cua thuc tnh o.
- ComponentInstance (th hin thanh phn): th hin cua mt Component.
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- NodeInstance (th hin nut) : th hin cua mt Node.

- Object (i tng) : th hin cua mt Class.
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 55
2.55. Package Collaborations (goi cng tac)
Collaborations nh ngha thanh t Collaboration va cu phap cho m hnh
hoa tng tac gia cac thanh t thi hanh mt tac vu cu th. M hnh cng tac
m ta quan h gia instance va link thng qua cac thng ip (message).
Thanh t Collaboration c nh ngha la qua trnh trao i cac thng ip
(message) gia cac vai (role) cua cac thanh t trong Collaboration. Mt thanh t
classifier co th tham gia vao Collaboration thng qua nhiu vai cua thanh t o.
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 56
Classifier tham gia vao Collaboration qua nhiu vai (ClassifierRole). Cac
ClassifierRole trong Collaboration co lin h vi nhau qua vai tro cac mi lin
kt (AssociationRole) tng ng vi cac mi kt hp cua Classifier. Cac
ClassifierRo le trong Collaboration tng tac vi nhau qua c ch trao i thng
ip (message). Mt message xac nh classifier gi va calssifier nhn. Mt
thng ip trong Colaboration tng ng vi mt tac ng tao nn thng ip.
Hnh 2-25 M hnh Collllaboratiions trong UML
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Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 57
2.57. AssociationEndRole (vai cua mi kt hp)
AssociationEndRole la mi lin kt cua mt vai Association
(AssociationRole) trong Collaboration. Mt Association co th tham gia nhiu
vai vao Collaboration nn cung co nhiu vai cua mi lin kt tng ng.
2.57.1. AssociationRole (vai cua quan h kt hp)
Mt Association co th tham gia vao Collaboration qua nhiu
AssociationRole. AssociationRole la mt vai cua Association trong
Collaboration.
2.57.2. ClassifierRole (vai cua Classifier)
Mt Collaboration bao gm cac ClassifierRole va cac lin kt gia cac
ClassifierRole nay. Mt Classifier co th tham gia vao Collaboration qua nhiu
ClassifierRole.
2.57.3. Collaboration (cng tac)
Collaboration m ta qua trnh tng tac gia cac thanh t classifier (qua
cac ClassifierRole cua no) thc hin mt phng thc (operation). Cac
classifier nay trao i cac thng ip vi nhau theo mt th t xac nh. Mi
thng ip gy ra mt tac ng ln thanh t classifier nhn. Collaboration chnh
la m ta cho c ch vn hanh cua mt h thng
Giao din sa i thng tin sinh vin : Sinh vin UI
X ly sa i thng tin sinh vin : Sinh vin Control
D liu sinh vin : Sinh vin Data
X ly sa i thng tin sinh vin : Sinh vin Control
1: sa i thng tin sinh vin
4: chon sinh vin va sa i
5: cp nht thng tin a sa i
2: hin thi cac sinh vin
6: cp nht thng tin sinh vin
68
3: ly d liu sinh vin

7: cp nht d liu ln c s d liu
Hai vai cua cu ng mt classifier Sinh vin Control tham gia vao Collaboration.
AssociationRole thng ip vi classifier gi va nhn.
Hnh 2-26 V du v m hnh cng tac
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 58
2.58. Message (thng ip)
Message la thng ip gia cac ClassifierRole. Message nh ngha vai
tro cua ClassifierRole gi va ClassifierRole nhn cung vi mt tac ng
(Action) ln Classifier nhn thng ip.
2.58.1. Package Use Cases (goi Use Cases)
Use Cases nh ngha cac thanh t va cu phap cho m hnh hoa chc nng
cua h thng cung cp cho tng loai ngi s dung. Cac thanh t trong Use
Cases chu yu m ta cac hanh vi trong h thng trong khi vn cha xac nh
cu truc h thng.
Use Cases nh ngha hai thanh t c ban la Actor va UseCase. Actor la
cac tac nhn bn ngoai h thng co tng tac vi h thng (co th la ngi s
dung hay mt h thng khac). Trong khi o, m i UseCase m ta mt chc nng
cua h thng va chc nng nay c kch hoat khi co tac ng cua Actor ln
UseCase. Association ni Actor vi cac UseCase cho bit cac chc nng ma h
thng cung cp cho Actor UseCase la mt classifier cha mt day cac hanh vi
c th c hin theo th t khi co tac ng kch hoat t tac nhn (actor). Hai loai
quan h gia hai UseCase.
Hnh 2-27 M hnh nh ngha Use Case trong UML
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(UML Semantic) 59
2.59. Actor (tac nhn)
Actor la tac nhn tac ng ln h thng thng qua cac Use Case cua h
thng. Mt Actor co th tng tac vi nhiu Use Case khac nhau.
ExtensionPoint la v tr trong mt UseCase co th m rng hanh vi bng cach
chen thm cac hanh vi cho Use Case o.
Chng 2
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2.60. Extend (m rng)
Extend nh ngha quan h gia cac Use Case vi y ngha mt Use Case
nay co th c m rng thm cac hanh vi trong Use Case khac bng cach thm
vao m ta cua Use Case gc cac biu thc va iu kin m rng tai nhng v tr
xac nh trong mt day cac hanh vi cua Use Case.
2.60.1. Include (bao gm)
Include nh ngha quan h gia cac Use Case vi y ngha UseCase nay s
dung cac hanh vi c nh ngha trong UseCase khac.
2.60.2. UseCase
UseCase la cac chc nng cua h thng di goc cua ngi s dung.
UseCase khng quan tm n cu truc bn trong cua h thng. Mi UseCase bao
gm mt da y cac hanh ng nguyn t co th t (khng b ngt bi cac hanh
ng nao khac) ma h thng se thc hin khi co tng tac cua Actor ln
UseCase o. Mi UseCase co th c m ta ro hn thng qua mt
70
Collaboration cha cac thanh phn cua h thng va tng tac gia chung thc
hin Use Case.
Quan ly sinh vin
Phong ao tao
ng nhp h thng <<include> tac nhn (actor) UseCase UseCase Quan ly sinh
vin bao gm mt day cac hanh ng ma h thng se thc hin quan ly sinh
vin.
Hnh 2-28 V du Use Case
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 61
2.61. Package State Machines (goi m hnh trang thai)
State Machines cung cp cac thanh t va cu phap cho m hnh hoa hoat
ng va bin i trang thai cua mt thanh t trong chu ky sng di cac s kin
tac ng ln no. Mt mt than h t (nh cac Classifiers, Operation, Attribute...)
co th co mt qua trnh bin i trang thai. Qua trnh nay c nh ngha bi
thanh t StateMachine.
Thanh t StateMachine c nh ngha trong goi nay bao gm thanh t
c ban la State va Transition. State m ta trang thai mt thanh t. Transition bao
gm nhiu loai khac nhau m ta s chuyn trang thai sang mt trang thai mi
qua tac ng cua mt s kin (event). State Machines bao gm hai m hnh la
Main (chu yu) va Events (s kin). Main m ta trang thai (State) va chuyn
trang thai (Transition). Events m ta cac s kin tac ng ln mt thanh t.
71
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 62
Thanh t StateMachine bao gm trang thai (State) va chuyn trang thai
(Transition). Trang thai phc (CompositeState) bao gm nhiu trang thai n
(State). Transition la s chuyn trang thai nay sang trang thai khac. Trang thai co
th cha cac tac ng (action) c thc hin khi vao trang thai, gi trang thai
hay kt thuc trang thai.
Hnh 2-29 M hnh chnh nh ngha trang thai va s chuyn trang thai
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 63
2.63. StateVertex (im trang thai)
StateVertex la im biu din trc quan mt trang thai.
2.63. State (trang thai)
State m ta trang thai cua thanh t (classifier, operation, use case...) ngoai
ra con m ta mt s cac Action se c thi hanh khi thanh t bt u trang thai,
nm gi trang thai va kt thuc trang thai cung mt s cac s kin (Event) c
treo khng cho tac ng ln thanh t. Ve hnh entry/ thit lp Device do/ Ve trn
Device exit/ huy bo Device. Mt State cung vi cac hanh ng c thc hin
khi bt u, nm gi va kt thuc trang thai.
Hnh 2-30 V du trang thai (State)
State co c bit hoa la FinalState. FinalState la trang thai kt thuc.
2.63.1. PseudoState (trang thai gia)
72
PseudoState nh ngha cac loai State m rng cho StateMachine.
PseudoState bao gm cac loai sau
- initial : trang thai khi u thanh t chuyn sang trang thai mc nh.
- deepHistory : ly lai State a c gi trc o bt c State con nao cua
CompositeState cha deepHistory.
- shallowHistory : ly lai State a c gi trc o cung mc vi
shalowHistory trong CompositeState.
- join : nhom cac Transition t nhiu State khac nhau.
- fork : tach Transition thanh nhiu Transition n cac State khac nhau.
- junction : tach mt Transition thanh cac Transition co Guard phn nhanh
theo iu kin .
Trang thai mc nh
CompositeState1
CompositeState2
C1
C2 H
B1
CompositeState2
C1
C2
B1
Tam dng
Mt PseudoState loai shalowHistory trong CompositeState1 Nu s kin "Tam
dng" xay ra ln u va vao luc trang thai la B1, ca C1 va C2 u cha c
kch hoat th H ai din cho trang thai mc nh la C2. Nu khng H ai din
cho C1 hoc C2 tuy theo trang thai nao a c kch hoat gn nht.
Tam dng
Tip tuc
Hnh 2-31 V du trang thai gia
73
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 64
2.64. Transition (chuyn trang thai)

Transition nh ngha quan h chuyn i trang thai gia mt StateVertex
ngun va mt StateVertex ch. Mt Transition co th gn vi cac chn (Guard).
Guard la biu thc logic gn vi mi Transition. Khi mt s kin tac ng ln
thanh t gn vi StateMachine, Transition se c kch hoat thanh t nay
chun b chuyn trang thai. i vi cac Transition co Guard th biu thc cua
Guard se c lng gia. S chuyn trang thai ch xay ra khi biu thc nay co
gia tr la true, ngc lai se b huy bo.
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 65
2.65. CompositeState (trang thai phc)
Composite State ai din cho trang thai phc bao gm nhiu im trang
thai (StateVertex ). Do mi im trang thai biu din mt trang thai n nn
CompositeState cung bao gm nhiu trang thai n. CompositeState cung co th
bao gm cac CompositeState khac.
Khi tao ng ky hoc phn.
Chm dt ng ky hoc phn
ng ky hoc phn
Con ch
Ht ch
74
Con ch
Ht ch
Thm sinh vin[
m < 10 ]
[ m = 10 ] ^Thng bao.Tao thng bao Thm sinh vin / Khi tao
m = 0
Phong ao tao huy hoc phn trang thai khi u trang thai kt thuc Mt trang
thai phc bao gm hai trang thai n. Nu s sinh vin ng ky cho hoc phn <
10 th tip tuc cho ng ky. Nu s sinh vin = 10 th thng bao ht ch va chm
dt ng ky hoc phn. Nu ang ng ky ma phong ao tao huy hoc phn th
cung chm dt vic ng ky.
Hnh 2-32 V du v trang thai phc //ghep
2.65.1. StateMachine
StateMachine la thanh t m ta trang thai va s bin i trang thai qua cac
s kin cho thanh t gn vi StateMachine. StateMachine bao gm hai thanh t
c ban la trang thai (State) va chuyn trang thai (Transition).
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 66
2.66. M hnh Events (s kin)
Event la cac s kin co th nhn bit, Event bao gm mt tp tham s
Parameter). cac c bit hoa cua Events
Hnh 2-33 M hnh Event nh ngha s kin
Event la cac s kin tac ng ln mt ModelElement bao gm cac c
bit hoa sau
- Call Event : mt Operation c kch hoat.
- ChangeEvent : mt biu thc logic chuyn sang gia tr true.
- SignalEvent : mt Signal c gi i.
- TimeEvent : kt thuc mt gii han thi gian.
2.66.1. Package Activity Graphs (goi lc hoat ng)
75
Activity Graphs la c bit hoa t StateMachine. Activity Graphs m ta
cac thanh t va cu phap cho m hnh hoa hanh ng va s chuyn i hanh ng
gia cac thanh t vi nhau thc hin mt tac vu. Activity Graphs tp trung
vao trnh t va iu kin xay ra cua cac hanh ng, s phn chia hanh ng cho
mi thanh t lin quan. cac loai trang thai c bit hoa cua State s dung ring
cho ActivityGraph. ActivityGraph phn loai cac trang thai (ActionState) vao cac
phn (Parttion). Mi Parttion am nhn mt vai tro ring trong ActivityGraph.
Hnh 2-34 M hnh Actiiviity Graphs nh ngha thanh t ActiiviityGraph
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 67
2.67. ActionState (trang thai hoat ng)
ActionState k tha SimpleState t StateMachine ai din cho vic thi
hanh mt ha nh ng.
2.67.1. ActivityGraph ( th hoat ng)
ActivityGraph m ta cac x ly cua cac thanh t lin quan, thanh t nao
am nhn cac x ly nao va s chuyn giao x ly gia cac thanh t vi nhau.
ActivityGraph c gn v i mt classifier (bao gm UseCase) va co th c s
dung m hnh hoa quy trnh nghip vu trong mt t chc.
Yu cu mua hang
Thanh toan
Nhn hang
Nhn t hang
Giao hang
ActionState Cung cp hang
Partition Kho hang
Kho hang : B phn ban hang : Khach hang :
Hnh 2-35 Actiiviiviity Graph
76
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 68
2.68. ObjectFlowState (trang thai i tng lun chuyn)
ObjectFlowState m ta s trao i d liu v cac i tng gia cac trang
thai hoat ng trong ActivityGraph. ObjectFlowState cha thng tin v mt
classifier ang mt trang thai xac nh va ong vai tro trao i thng tin gia
cac ActionState.
2.68.1. Partition (vung)
Parttion phn chia cac State trong ActivityGraph thanh cac nhom va
thng tng ng vi cac n v cu truc trong mt t chc. Partition co th
c s dung phn loai trang thai hay cac tai nguyn h thng co lin quan
n mt nhom cac trang thai
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 69
2.69. Package Model Management (goi quan tr m hnh)
Model Management bao gm cac thanh t co chc nng tp hp cac thanh
t khac thanh nhom. Cac thanh t c nh ngha trong Model Management co
y ngha logic trong h thng c m hnh hoa. Chc nng cua chung la phn
chia h thng thanh cac phn con giup cho vic quan ly m hnh cung nh m
hnh hoa thun li hn. Package co th tham gia vao quan h tng quat hoa cac
77
c bit hoa cua package. Package cha cac thanh t vi ch danh va tm vc
cho cac thanh t ngoai package tham chiu.
Hnh 2-36 M hnh cua cac thanh t quan tr m hnh..
2.69.1. Elementimport
ElementImport nh ngha ch danh va tm vc cua mt ModelElement
khi c a vao mt Package. Mt ModelElement trong package se co ch
danh co th khac vi nh danh cua ModelElement o.
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 70
2.70. Model (m hnh)
M hnh la tru tng hoa cua mt h thng cho mt muc ch cu th.
Muc ch nay giup xac nh nhng thanh phn nao cua h thng se c phan
anh m hnh, khng phai tt ca cac thanh phn h thng u tn tai trong mt
m hnh. Do o m hnh se th hin h thng trn goc phu hp vi muc ch
nay.
2.70.1. Package (goi)
Package la tp hp logic cac thanh t do o Package khng ong vai tro
g trong qua trnh ma hoa phn mm. Tuy nhin Package giup quan ly m hnh
vi chc nng cha cac thanh t va cac Package con. Cac thanh phn trong mt
Package co tm vc c xac nh qua thuc tnh visibility cho cac thanh phn
ngoai Package tham chiu n. Quan h access (la mt stereotype cua quan h
Permission)gia hai Package mang y ngha cac thanh t co visibility la public
trong Package cho co th tham chiu bi cac thanh t trong Package nhn.
Quan h import (la mt stereotype cua quan h Permission)gia hai
Package mang y ngha cac thanh t co visibility la public trong Package cho
c thm vao trong Package nhn vi cac ch danh khac ( tranh trung tn
vi ch danh cua cac thanh t co sn) va co th c tham chiu bi cac thanh
t co sn qua ch danh nay.
2.70.2. Subsystem (h thng con)
78
Subsystem la nhom cac thanh t m ta hanh n g cua mt h thng.
Subsystem do o bao gm cac phng thc (Operation) va cung cp cac giao
din (Interface). Cac thanh phn trong Subsystem co th chia lam hai loai la cac
thanh phn m ta hanh ng va cac thanh phn thc thi hanh ng.
Chng 2
(UML Semantic) 71
2.71. Tom tt
Chng hai trnh bay nhng thanh t c ban va cu truc UML, cung vi
vic phn tch cac goi thanh t cua ngn ng nh: package nn tang, package
hanh vi, package quan tr m hnh. Mt s khai nim va cu phap ng phap kha
tru tng, trong chng ti se trnh bay nhng ky hiu trc quan cua cac thanh
t trn trong vic m hnh hoa cac h thng thng qua cac loai lc .
Chng 3
H THNG KY HIU (UML Notation) 72
3.1. Gii thiu
Khi m hnh hoa mt h thng, chung ta cn xy dng cac loai m hnh
khac nhau, trong UML cac thng tin trong m hnh thng c biu di n bng
cac ky hiu hoa cung vi cac kt ni th hin mi quan h gia cac ky hiu
nay. Tp cac ky hiu hoa va cac lin kt gia chung dung m ta cho mt
chc nng, thanh phn hoc mt th hin cua h thng c t chc thanh mt
lc (diagram), cac lc se giup trc quan hoa cac m hnh cua h thng
79
cn c xy dng, mi m hnh se c biu din bng nhiu loai lc va
mi loai lc co th c s dung trong nhiu loai m hnh khac nhau.
Trong chng nay se trnh bay h thng cac ky hiu cua UML, cac ky
hiu nay c phn loai theo cac lc . Mi lc se co h thng cac ky
hiu ring va cung co mt s ky hi u chung s dung trong nhiu loai lc
khac nhau. Trong UML nh ngha chn loai lc :
_ Lc Use Case (Use case diagram)
_ Lc lp (Class Diagram)
_ Lc i tng (Object Diagram)
_ Lc tun t (Sepuence Diagram)
_ Lc cng tac (Collaboration Diagram)
_ Lc trang thai (State Diagram)
_ Lc hoat ng (Activity Diagram)
_ Lc thanh phn (Component Diagram)
_ Lc trin khai (Deployment Diagram)
Chng 3
3.2. Cac thanh phn c ban cua lc
3.2.1. th va ni dung (Graphs and their Contents)
Hu ht cac lc trong UML u dang th, cac thng tin c t
chc di dang hnh hoc top, khng b anh hng bi s thay i v hnh dang
va kch thc. Cac ky hiu trong UML thng dang hai chiu, mt s la hnh
chiu cua cac ky hiu ba chiu (cac khi lp phng), nhng thng c biu
din di dang cac biu tng trn b mt hai chiu. Co bn loai ky hiu hoa
c ban trong h thng ky hiu cua UML :
_ Cac biu tng (Icons) la mt hnh khng th thay i v hnh dang cung nh
kch thc, Icon khng th m rng cha ni dung bn trong.
_ Cac ky hiu hai chiu (2-d sumbols) co kch c khac nhau, co th m rng
cha cac th khac nh danh sach cac chui hoc ngay ca cac ky hiu khac bn
trong, chung cung co th c chia lam nhiu phn. Loai ky hiu nay khi keo
80
hoc xoa se lam anh hng n ni dung bn trong cung nh cac ng dn lin
kt vi no.
_ Cac ng dn (Paths)- la mt tp tun t cac oan thng, mt ng dn phai
lun c gn vi cac ky hiu hoa khac hai u. ng dn co th co cac
terminator, o la cac biu tng cui ng dn lam ro ngha cho cac ng
dn nay.
_ Cac chui (Strings)- co th tn tai nh la mt thanh t c lp trong cac lc
hoc la mt phn cua cac thanh t khac trong lc , hoc la mt nhan gn
vao cac ky hiu hay cac ng dn.
Chng 3
3.3. Cac ng dn (Drawing Paths)
ng dn la mt tp cac oan thng co cac im cui khp vi nhau,
y la mt n v hnh hoc top n. Cac oan thng co th la cac ng trc
giao, ng xin hoc ng cong. Trong mt s quan h (v du nh kt hp
hoc tng quat hoa), vai ng dn cung loai co th lin kt n cung mt ky
hiu n. Trong mt s trng hp cac ng dn co th kt hp lai hoc phn
nhanh thanh nhiu ng nh t chc cua mt cy.
3.3.1. Cac lin kt n va vai tro cua cng cu
Mt ky hiu vit trn giy th khng th cha cac thng tin n, ky hiu
trn man hnh co th cha cac lin kt n cac thng tin n khng th hin th
trong view tnh, mun th hin cac thng tin n nay phai nh n ca c cng cu h
tr. Cac ky hiu trnh bay di y c nh ngha nh la nhng ky hiu tnh.
3.3.2. Thng tin nn (Background Information)
Cac th hin cua ky hiu lp trong cac lc khac nhau co th khac
nhau, v du nh ky hiu lp ch co phn tn lp hoc co cha thm phn thuc
tnh hoc ham tuy theo yu cu cua tng lc . Khng phai tt ca cac thng
tin dang ky hiu hoa, mt s th hin tt nht di dang vn ban, UML
khng gia thit tt ca cac thng tin trong m hnh se c th hin trong lc ,
mt s co th ch c biu din di dang bang.
81
3.3.3. Chui (String), tn (Name),nhan (Label) va t khoa

(Keywords) Chui la mt day cac ky t dung hin th mt thng tin
nao o trong m hnh. Font va kch c cua chui co th phu thuc vao thuc tnh
cua m hnh, mt chui co th dang dong n hay mt phn oan.
Chng 3
Tn la mt chui dung nh ngha cho mt thanh t m hnh duy nht.
Mt pathname (tn ng dn), gm mt tp cac tn c ni vi nhau bi mt
ky hiu c bit (v du nh du ::), c dung tm mt thanh t m hnh bt
u t gc cua h thng. Tn c th hin nh la mt chui vn ban, thng
thng nm trn mt dong va thng khng cha cac ky t c bit.Thng
thng dai cua tn va tp cac ky t dung t tn c nh ngha bi cng
cu va ngn ng hin th.
V du : Tn - Nguyn Vn A, abstract, interger Pathname - ngn
hangA::ChinhanhB::PhongC Nhan (label) cung la mt chui ky t c gn vao
ky hiu hoa.
T then cht (hay t khoa - keyword) thng dung phn bit gia nhng
nhom, nhng chu chung. Ky hiu cua mt keyword thng la mt chui c
t trong hai du
.V du :extend
,include
...
3.4. Biu thc (Expression)
Biu thc c s dung trong mt s cu truc cua UML, c bit la trong
ngn ng m ta rang buc dung nh ngha UML. Ham c th hin nh la
mt chui ky t va cu phap cua chui c nh ngha tuy thuc vao cng cu h
tr va cng cu phn tch cho ngn ng.
V du : Cngty.Giamc.Lng > Cngty.Nhnvin.Lng
3.4.1. Ghi Chu (Note)
La mt ky hiu hoa co cha thng tin di dang vn ban hoc cha ca
hnh anh. Note co th th hin nhiu loai thng tin khac nhau nh: rang buc,
chu thch, thn cua cac ham, cac gia tr nh kem...
82
Hnh 3-1 Note dung ghi chu cho m hnh
Chng 3
3.5. S tng quan gia cac loai thanh t va th hin cua no
Nhiu khai nim m hnh hoa trong UML co hai th hin tng t nhau i
thanh mt cp thanh t va th hin, v du nh : Lp va i tng, quan h kt
hp va lin kt, tham s va gia tr...
Hnh 3-2 Lp Poiint va hai i tng Poiint
Role (vai tro) trong mt cng tac (collaboration) cung la mt cp gia
thanh t va th hin. Mt role trong mt collaboration c th hin bng mt
tn, du hai chm va kiu, mt th hin c biu din bng tn, du /, danh
sach vai tro, du hai chm va danh sach kiu. V du : Cac vai tro Cac i tng
mt collaboration
Hnh 3-3 Cac vai tro va cac i tng im
Chng 3
3.6. Cac thanh phn quan tr m hnh (model management)
3.6.1. Goi (Package)
Ng ngha
Mt goi(package) la mt nhom cac thanh t m hnh, ban thn package
cung co th cha cac package con. Tt ca cac thanh t m hnh u co th t
chc di dang package.
83
Lu y rng package co th s hu cac thanh t, cac mang m hnh, nhng
thanh phn c ban iu khin cu hnh, lu tr, iu khin cac truy cp.
Mi thanh t co th c s hu trc tip bi mt package n, v vy cy k
tha cua package la mt cy k tha nghim ngt. Mt package co th tham
chiu n mt package khac bng cach dung cac khun mu cua quan h phu
thuc nhimport,
access
hoc cac quan

h khac nh tinh ch hay tng
quat hoa.
Ky hiu
Mt package c biu din bng mt hnh ch nht ln vi mt hnh
ch nht nho gn goc trn trai, ging nh biu tng cua mt th muc.
_ Nu ni dung cua package khng th hin trong hnh ch nht ln th tn cua
package c t bn trong hnh ch nht ln. (Cach th hin A).
_ Nu bn trong hnh ch nht ln co cha ni dung th tn cua package c
t bn trong hnh ch nht nho. (Cach th hin B).
Cach th hin A Cach th hin B
Name Tn package
Hnh 3-4 Cach th hin tn cua Packages
Packages Editor cha cac Package phu thuc cac quan h
Hnh 3-5 Package va cac quan h
Chng 3
3.7. Cac thanh phn quan tr m hnh (model management)
Hnh 3-6 Ni dung cua package Ediitor th hin di dang Cy
84
Chng 3
3.8. Subsystem
3.8.1. Ng ngha
Mt subsystem (h thng con) miu ta mt n v hanh vi cua mt vn
trong h thng hay noi cac khac la trong mt m hnh. c ta cua subsystem bao
gm cac thao tach hay cac ha m cua subsystem, cac thanh t c ta lin quan n
subsystem nh use case, state machines...
3.8.2. Ky hiu
Ky hiu cua mt subsystem tng t nh cua package, gm mt hnh ch
nht ln va mt hnh ch nht nho gn vao goc trn trai cua hnh ch nht ln,
ng thi co thm mt ky hiu hnh cai na gn vao goc trn phai cua hnh ch
nht cha tn subsystem.
Hnh 3-7 Mt th hi n n gian cua subsystem
Mt subsytem cung co hai cach th hin tn ging nh package. Bn canh
o ta cung co th dung ky hiu cua package thay th cho subsystem bng
cach thm vao t khoasubsystem
vao pha trn tn cua

subsystem. Hnh ch nht ln cua subsystem co th c chia lam ba phn :
_ Operation (thao tac)
_ Specification Element (thanh t c ta/m ta)
_ Realization element (thanh t thc thi/ dung nh ro cac c ta tng ng)
Tuy trng hp s dung ma nhng phn nay co th hin th hay khng, co th
hin th ca ba phn hay tng phn ring, gia cac phn co th co cac anh xa vi
nhau hoc vi cac thanh t bn ngoai thng quan cac quan h.
Hnh 3-8 Mt th hin y u cua subsystem
85
Chng 3
3.9 Cac thanh phn quan tr m hnh (model management)

Hnh 3-9 Subsystem va anh xa (mappiing) gia cac thanh phn
Chng 3
3.10. Model
3.10.1. Ng ngha
Mt model (m hnh) la s tru tng hoa cua mt vn trong h thng,
no miu ta h thng di mt goc quan sat c bit vi mt mc tru
tng nao o, model co th cha tt ca cac thanh t m hnh cn thit cho vic
miu ta vn cua h thng. Cac thanh t trong m hnh c t chc di dang
cy k tha cua cac package hoc subsystem.
3.10.2. Ky hiu
Mt model s dung ky hiu cua package vi mt hnh tam giac nho c
gn vao trn phai cua hnh ch nht ln. Trong trng hp, model co cha ni
dung th hnh tam giac c ve trong hnh ch nh t nho cung vi tn cua model.
Mt model cung co th s dung ky hiu nh la package vi mt t khoamodel
c t pha trn tn cua model.

V du : mt m hnh h thng (systemModel) se cha cac m hnh phn
tch (analysis models) va thit k (design models)
86
Hnh 3-10 M t th hin cua Modell

V du v vic t chc cy k tha trong model. K tha da trn Model K tha
da trn Subsystem
Hnh 3-11 T chc k tha trong Modell
Chng 3
3.11. Cac c ch m rng tng quat
3.11.1. Rang buc (Constraint) va chu thch (Comment)
Ng ngha
Constraint (rang buc) la mt quan h rang buc v ng ngha c nh
kem vao cac thanh t m hnh nhm thay i va gii han v ng ngha cua cac
thanh t nay, am bao h thng c m hnh hoa mt cach ung n. Mt s
constraint c nh ngha ngay trong ban thn UML, mt s do ngi s dung
t nh ngha ly. Nhng rang buc do ngi dung nh ngha thng c c
ta bng cac t trong mt ngn ng c qui nh (cu phap va s th hin phu
thuc vao cng cu h tr). Comment (chu thch) la mt chui vn ban c gn
trc tip vao cac thanh t m hnh co tac dung ghi chu, giai thch, b sung ng
ngha cho thanh t o.
87
Chng 3
3.12. Ky hiu
Constraint c biu din bi mt chui vn ban c t trong cp du
{}. Ngn ng dung vit constraint thng c nh ngha bi cng cu h tr
(v du nh OCL Object Constraint Language hoc co th dung ngn ng t
nhin c ta rang buc). i vi cac thanh t ma ky hiu la mt chui vn
ban (v du nh mt thuc tnh nao o...) chui ky t rang buc c ghi ngay
sau chui vn ban va c tach bi mt du ngn cach.
i vi mt danh sach cac thanh t dang vn ban (v du nh danh sach
cac thuc tnh cua mt lp) th rang buc se c ap t trn tt ca cac thanh t
sau chui rang buc cho ti khi co mt chui rang buc mi hoc kt thuc danh
sach.
Rang buc 1 ap dung cho cac thuc tnh 1,2 ti n-1
Rang buc 2 ap dung cho cac thuc tnh t n ti cui .
Hnh 3-12 Rang buc trn danh sach thanh t
Chng 3
i vi cac thanh t co ky hiu hoa n, chui rang buc co th t
gn ky hiu, tt nht la t gn tn cua thanh t nu co. i vi cac mt cp hai
ky hiu hoa, rang buc c th hin bng mt mui tn t net t nhan cua
thanh t nay ti nhan cua thanh t kia. Chair-of (lam chu tch) phai la tp con
cua Member-of(thanh vin) rang buc
88
Hnh 3-13 Rang buc trn mt cp thanh t

i vi rang buc trn ba ky hiu th tr ln, rang buc c t trong
note ( trong cp du {})va co cac ng t net lin kt n cac thanh t b
rang buc.
Cac chu thch la mt chui ky t t trong mt biu tng note. Cac chu
thch cho cac ham hoc cac rang buc khng c c ta trong UML nhng
c c ta trong cng cu h tr.
Hnh 3-14 Rang buc trn nhiu thanh t
Hnh 3-15 Chu thch cho package MFC6..0
Chng 3
3.13. Thuc tnh cua cac thanh t (Element Properties)
Ng ngha
Mt s thuc tnh cua cac thanh t khng co ky hiu trc quan. thm
vao o ngi dung co th nh ngha cac thuc tnh mi bng cach s dung c
ch tagged value (tam dch la gia tr nh kem hay gia tr the). Mi tagged value
biu din mt loai thuc tnh c bit trong ng dung tng ng vi mt hay
nhiu loai phn t m hnh.
Ky hiu
Mt tagged value c th hin bn trong mt cp du {}, vi mt the
(tag) va mt gia tr (value), co dang : { name = value } name la tn cua the (tag),
value la gia tr cua the, ca hai c biu din bng chui ky t. Nu kiu cua the
la Boolean (ung/sai) th gia tr mc nh cua the la True (ung), nhng kiu
khac th cn phai co gia tr ro rang, thng thng th khng co nh ngha hnh
thc cho gia tr the, muc ch chu yu ch cung cp thng tin quan ly m hnh
v du nh version, tac gia cua m hnh, khng lin quan n san phm cui.V
du : {abstract} { Tac gia = Nguyn Vn A, Thi han cui = 31-7-2000, Gian
oan = Phn tch } (gia tr the )(rang buc)
Hnh 3-16 V du v tagged vallue
89
Chng 3
3.14. Cac mu (Stereotypes)
Ng ngha
Stereotype dung c bit hoa v mt ng ngha cua cac phn t a
c nh ngha trong UML, la mt lp cac phn t m hnh mi c tng quat
t nhng phn t a c nh ngha, c gii thiu tai mt thi im cn thit
nao o trong qua trnh m hnh hoa h thng.
Ky hiu
Cach th hin tng quat cua Stereotype la s dung ky hiu cua phn t c
s vi mt t khoa nm bn trn tn cua thanh t, chui t khoa c t bn
trong cp du
cung la tn cua stereoype. Mt cach th hin khac la t

biu tng (icon) bn trong hnh ch nht cha tn cua khun mu, hoc ch co
biu tng va bn di la tn cua khun mu.
Hnh 3-17 M t s stereotype (khun mu )
Chng 3
3.15. Cac lc
3.15.1. Gii thiu
Cac lc la nn tang c ban m hnh hoa h thng trong UML.
UML cung cp chn loai lc khac nhau nhm giup m hnh hoa chi tit h
thng, chung c chia thanh ba loai chnh
90
_ Cac lc tnh : Use Case (Use Case Diagram), lp (Class diagram), i
tng (Component diagram).
_ Cac lc ng (hay cac lc hanh vi) : tun t (Sequence Diagram),
cng tac (Collaboration diagram), trang thai (Statechart diagram), hoat ng
(Activity diagram).
_ Cac thc thi : thanh phn (Component diagram), trin khai (Deployment
diagram).
Cac lc ln lc c trnh bay theo cu truc :
_ V du : gm hnh ve va cac chu thch trn lc
_ Ng ngha : y ngha cua cac lc
_ Chc nng : chc nng s dung
_ Cac thanh phn chnh : gii thiu cac thanh phn chnh trong lc .
Hnh 3-18 Tn g quan v cac lc trong UML
Chng 3
3.16. Lc lp (Class Diagram)
(quan h kt hp hay thu nap) (tn lp) (quan h tng quat hoa) (quan h kt
hp) (rang buc) (thuc tnh) (ham) (giao tip) (quan h phu thuc) (vai tro)
(biu tng cua lp) (a xa)
Hnh 3-19 Lc lp (Cllass Diiagram)
91
Chng 3
Ng ngha
_ Mt lc lp la mt lc dung m ta cac lp (class), cac giao tip
(interface), s cng tac (collaboration) va cac mi quan h gia cac thanh phn
trong m hnh.
_ Class Diagram la mt th hin di dang th cu truc tnh cua m hnh.
Chng 3
3.17. Chc nng

_ t tn va lp m hnh cac khai nim trong h thng.
_ c ta s cng tac, cac mi quan h quan h gia cac lp
_ c ta s c s d liu
_ Ngi ta thng dung cac lc lp th hin s kt ni cua cac thanh
phn cu truc trong design view va process view.
_ Class Diagram c s dung trong m hnh phn tch va thit k, h tr cho
giai oan phn tch va thit k h thng.
3.17.1. Cac thanh phn chnh
Lp (Class)
Ng ngha
92
Mt lp (class) la mt ai din cho mt tp cac cac i tng co nhng
c tnh tng t nhau. y la thanh phn c ban nht cua mt lc lp. Lp
cung co cu truc d liu, hanh vi va cac quan h vi cac lp khac.
Ky hiu
Biu tng cua mt lp n gian ch la mt hnh ch nht gm co ba
phn:
- Phn trn cung : cha tn cua lp, tn cua lp phai la duy nht khng c
trung vi tn cac lp khac trong cung mt package. Ngoai ra trong mt s
trng hp ngn nay con co th cha stereotype (khun mu) hoc tagged value
(gia tr the).
- Phn gia : cha danh sach cac thuc tnh(hay con goi la cac bin thanh phn).
- Phn cui : cha danh sach cac hanh vi (hay con goi la cac ham thanh phn)
Trong m t s lc hai phn di cung thng c bo qua, ngay ca khi
chung thc s hin din, th chung cung khng hin th tt ca danh sach cac
thuc tnh cung nh cac hanh vi. Muc tiu y ch th hin nhng thuc tnh
va nhng hanh vi co ch trong mt lc cu th, v vy biu tng cua lp co
th c rut gon khi cn thit.
Hnh 3-20 Biu tng cua m t lp
Chng 3
(biu tng n gian nht) (th hin cua lp mc phn tch h thng) (th
hin cua lp mc trin khai xy dng h thng)
Hnh 3-21 Th hin cua lp cac giai oan khac nhau
Cac thuc tnh va cac hanh vi trong mt lp co th co cac tm vc (visibility)
khac nhau, cac ky hiu cua cac tm vc c t trc cac thuc tnh hay hanh
vi, trong UML nh ngha ba mc chun :
_ Public ky hiu bng du (+)
_ Private ky hiu bng du (-)
_ Protected ky hiu bng du (#)
Cu phap cho cac khai bao cua thuc tnh nh sau :
Tm vc Tn thuc tnh Ban s : Kiu = Gia tr khi tao
93
V du : - color : Color = Red

+ size: Area = (100,100)
# points [2..*] : Point
Cu phap cho cac khai bao cua ham nh sau :
Tm vc Tn thuc tnh (danh sach tham s) : Kiu tra v
V du : + display (): Location
+ hide()
- attachXwindow(zwin: Xwindow*)
Chng 3
3.18. Interface
Ng ngha
Co nhng lp khng co g ngoai cac ham ao thun tuy, trong ngn ng
Java cac lp nh vy khng la i tng, chung c goi la interface (giao tip).
Mun s dung interface, lp phai giao tip vi no bng mt quan h phu thuc,
lp s dung ch phu thuc vao cac hanh vi trong giao tip, ch khng phu thuc
vao cac th khac trong interface.
Ky hiu
Ky hiu n gian cua mt interface la mt hnh tron nho co tn ngay pha
di. Mun ch ra cac hanh vi trong interface, co th biu din interface bng ky
hiu lp vi mt stereotype bn trn cua tn interface.
Hnh 3-22 Th hin cua m t iinterface
Hnh 3-23 Mt cac s dung iinterface
94
Chng 3
3.19. Cac loai quan h
3.19.1. Quan h kt hp (association)
Mt quan h kt hp la quan h v mt cu truc gia hai, hoc gia mt
va nhiu thanh t (lp hoc i tng).
- Trn quan h kt hp co th co hai tn cho hai hng ngc chiu nhau.
(2 quan h kt hp cng nhn lam vic cho cng ty va cng ty quan ly cng
nhn )
manage
Hnh 3-24 Tn trong quan h kt hp
- Mi mi h kt hp cung co ban s (multiplicity) va tnh nh hng
(navigate). V du nh: (0..1), (1), (0..*), (1..*), (1..6), (10..*)...
Chng 3
Hnh 3-25 Ban s (mulltiiplliiciity) trong quan h kt hp
- Trong quan h kt hp cung co s quy (trong trng hp mt lp (hay i
tng) kt hp vi chnh no. ( quy )
Hnh 3-26 Quan h kt hp quy
- Trong quan h kt hp co th co cac vai tro (hoc th hin role) khac nhau.
Tn cua vai tro (hoc th hin) c t trn quan h va ngay sat canh lp co th
hin o. (xem hnh ve 3-27 bn di).
95
Chng 3
(vai tro) (Person ong vai tro la ngi lao ng) (Company ong vai tro la ngi
chu)
Hnh 3-27 Vai tro (rolles) trong quan h kt h p
- Ngoai ra con co Or-Association (quan h kt hp rang buc or), y co th coi
la mt rang buc trn hai hay nhiu quan h kt hp. No xac nh cac i tng
cua mt lp ch co th tham gia vao mt trong nhng quan h kt hp nay tai
mt thi im. Xet v du trong hnh 3-28 tai mt thi im nht nh th lp
Account (tai khoan) ch co quan h kt hp vi mt trong hai lp Person (ngi)
hoc Corporation (hang). (cach th hin cua quan h Or-Association) (tai mt
thi im th ch co mt trong hai quan h co tac dung)
Hnh 3-28 Mt cua Or-Associiatiion
- Trong quan h kt hp cung co quan h kt hp han ch (qualified
association). Xet v du hnh 3-29 lp Person (ngi) ch quan h vi lp Bank
(ngn hang) thng qua thuc tnh han ch la account (tai khoan).
Chng 3
(thuc tnh han ch )
Hnh 3-29 M t v du cua Qualliifiier Associiatiion
- Trong quan h kt hp ta cung co mt loai th hin khac o la quan h thu nap
(Aggregation). Quan h nay ch ra rng lp kt hp c xem la toan th, va
lp kia c xem nh la mt b phn cua toan th o. Xet v du hnh 3-30 lp
Window c xem la lp toan th bi v no co th cha nhiu hnh (lp
96
shape). (lp toan th ) ( lp b phn) (cach th hin cua quan h thu nap)
Hnh 3-30 Quan h thu nap (aggregatiion)
- Ngoai ra con co quan h cu thanh (composition). y la mt dang manh hn
cua quan h thu nap (aggregation), trong trng hp nay khi lp toan th b huy
th lp b phn (hay lp cu thanh) cung b huy theo. Xet v du trong hnh bn
di 3-31 ta co th thy lp Window c cu thanh t hai thanh cun
(scrollbar), mt header ong vai tro la tiu va mt panel ong vai tro la body
cua Window.
Chng 3
(lp window c cu thanh t ba lp Slider , Header va Panel) (cach th hin
cua quan h cu thanh)
Hnh 3-31 Quan h cu thanh (Composiitiion)
- Ngoai ra con co quan h n-ary association (quan h kt hp bc n) gia nhiu
lp vi nhau.Sau y la mt v du v quan h gia ba lp Year (nm), Team
(i) va Player (cu thu). Quan h nay ch ra s ban lot li, s ban c,
s trn thng, s trn thua, s trn hoa cua thu mn cua mt i bong trong mt
mua bong. (cach th hin cua quan h kt hp bc 3)
Hnh 3-32 Quan h kt hp bc 3
- Lu y trong quan h kt hp bc n tt ca cac nhanh quan h u la quan h kt
hp thng thng, khng phai la thu nap hay cu thanh.
97
Chng 3
3.20. Quan h tng quat hoa
Quan h tng quat hoa con c goi la quan h k tha. Quan h tng
quat hoa la mt quan h gia mt thanh t tng quat (thng c xem la thanh
t cha superclass) va mt hay nhiu thanh t chuyn bit (c xem la thanh
t con - subclass). Quan h nay thng c s dung cho cac thanh t m hnh
nh lp (class), goi (package), use case... Trong quan h nay thanh t con c
k tha cac c im cua thanh t cha (v du lp con k tha cac thuc tnh va
ham cua lp cha). Sau y la v du v quan h tng quat hoa :
Chng 3
(lp cha) (cac lp cha Shape c tng quat hoa t cac lp con Polygon, Ellipse,
Spline... ) (cach th hin kiu ring le) (cach th hin kiu cy chia se) (cach th
hin cua quan h k tha)
Hnh 3-33 Mt s cach th hin cua quan h tng quat hoa (Generalliizatiion)
Trong quan h tng quat hoa co mt s kiu rang buc trn quan h :
- Phu lp (Overlapping) quan h nay cho phep mt lp con cp su hn co
th k tha t nhiu lp con (cung mt luc) cp cao hn cua mt quan h k
tha trn mt lp cha chung nao o.
98
Chng 3
(lp con co k tha phu lp) (lp con c k tha phu lp) (lp cha) (cach th
hin cua quan h k tha phu lp)
Hnh 3-34 Quan h k tha phu lp (Overllappiing)
- Tach ri (Disjoint) quan h nay trai ngc vi quan h k tha phu lp lp
con cp su hn khng c k tha cung mt luc nhiu lp con cp cao
hn.
- Hoan toan (Complete) co ngha la quan h nay a y u cac lp con, khng
th thm mi mt lp con nao na. V du: lp cha la lp Ga (con ga)va hai lp
con la Ga trng va Ga mai, hin nhin ta khng th thm mt lp vao trong quan
h k tha gia ba lp nay. Cach th hin cung tng t nh phn phu lp, ta ch
thay rang buc Overlapping bng Complete.
- Khng hoan toan (Incomplete) ngc lai vi quan h hoan toan, y la quan
h mc nh trong quan h k tha, co ngha la co th thm vao cac lp con
trong quan h nay.
Chng 3
(th hin cua quan h k tha khng hoan toan, tach ri)
Hnh 3-35 Quan h k tha khng hoan toan
3.21. Quan h phu thuc (Dependency)
Quan h phu thuc la mt quan h ng ngha gia hai thanh t m hnh,
trong hai thanh t nay co mt thanh t c lp va mt thanh t phuc thuc vao
99
thanh t c lp nay. Thng y la quan h gia hai lp hai use case hoc hai
package...V du nh mt lp s dung tham s la mt i tng cua mt lp
khac.
(lp Shape phu thuc vao lp DrawingContext v ham Draw trong lp Shape s
dung tham s la i tng cua lp DrawingContext) (cach th hin cua quan h
phu thuc )
Hnh 3-36 Mt v du cua quan h phuc thuc
Thng thng quan h phu thuc c biu din bng mt ng t net
co mt mui tn u va thng co cac keyword i kem bn trn mui tn ch
kiu phu thuc. (cac kiu quan h phu thuc)
Hnh 3-37 Cac keyword trn quan h phu thu c
Chng 3
3.22. Cac thanh t c tnh toan (hay c dn xut derived Element)
y la cac thanh t c tnh t cac thanh t khac trong m hnh hay
trong lc , chung c thm vao trong ban phn tch giup lam ro thm cac
lc , chung vn c thm vao ngay ca khi vic nay khng cung cp thm
thng tin v ng ngha cho lc . Ky hiu cua cac thanh t nay la mt du s
(/)ngay trc tn cua thanh t. (thuc tnh age c tnh t hai thuc tnh
currentDate va birthday) (quan h kt hp dn xut)
Hnh 3-38 Thanh t tnh toan dn xut (Deriived Ellement)
100
Chng 3
3.23. Lc i tng (Object Diagram)
V du: (cac i tng trong lc (gia tr thuc tnh) (lin kt gia cac i
tng) (i tng n danh)
Hnh 3-39 Lc i tng(Objject Diiagram)
Chng 3
Ng ngha
_ La mt th cua cac th hin, bao gm cac i tng va cac gia tr cu th.
_ La mt th hin cua lc lp, a ra mt cai nhn kha chi tit v cac i
tng trong h thng tai mt thi im nht nh.
Chc nng
_ Minh hoa cu truc cua d liu
_ Minh hoa cac i tng tai nhng thi im cu th.
_ c ta cac snapshot (th hin cua h thng)
3.24. Cac thanh phn chnh
3.24.1. Cac i tng (Objects)
Ng ngha
101
Mt object (i tng) la mt th hin cu th cua mt lp trong h thng,
i tng co th ly tn tht trong th gii thc. Mt i tng co th c nh
danh va nh tr.
Ky hiu
Ky hiu cua i tng trong lc la mt hnh ch nht c dn xut
t ky hiu cua lp, thng co hai phn chnh
- Phn trn cua hnh ch nht cha tn cua i tng va tn lp cua i tng
(ca hai u c gach di). Nu i tng khng co tn, ch co lp phu thuc,
ta goi y la i tng n danh (anonymous). Cu phap t tn i tng :
Tn i tng : Tn lp
- Phn bn di cha cac gia tr cua i tng vi cac gia tr cu th. Cu phap :
Tn thuc tnh : Kiu = Gia tr
(mt th hin n gian ch vi tn cua i tng) (tn i tng) (tn lp) (i
tng co cac gia tr thuc tnh cu th ) ( i tng n danh, ch co tn lp ) ( i
tng vi biu tng lp phu thuc va tn c gach di)
Hnh 3-40 Mt s th hin cua i tng (Objject)
Chng 3
3.25. i tng ghep (Composite Object)
Ng ngha
i tng ghep biu din i tng mc cao hn, i tng ghep
c cu thanh t cac i tng thanh phn khac. y la mt th hin cua lp
trong quan h cu thanh (xem hnh 3-34).
Ky hiu
Ky hiu cua i tng ghep tng t nh cua i tng thng, nhng
phn hnh ch nht bn di co cha cac i tng thanh phn cu thanh va cac
lin kt gia cac i tng nay. (tn i tng va tn lp)(cac i tng thanh
phn)
Hnh 3-41 Th hin cua i tng ghe p (Composiite Objject)
102
Chng 3
3.26. Cac lin kt (Link)
Ng ngha
t lin kt (link) la mt tham chiu gia cac i tng. Lin t la mt th
hin cua quan h kt hp.
Ky kiu
Ky hiu cua lin kt la mt ng dn ni hai i tng vi nau, cui
ng dn co th co tn vai tro cua i tng trong lin kt o. Lu y, lin kt
khng co ban s. Lin kt co rang buc han ch (qualifier) th hin bnh mt
hp nho cha gia tr han ch ngay u lin kt. Ngoai ra lin kt con co mt s
stereotype khi thc hin lin kt.
- association - mc nh khng cn th hin trn lin kt, ngoai tr trng
hp cn nhn manh.
-parameter
- i tng la tham s ham

local
-
- i tng la bin cuc b
global
-
- i tng la bin toan cuc
self
-
- t lin kt (cac lin kt gia cac i tng) (th hin cua lin kt han
ch)
Hnh 3-42 Cac lin kt (links)
103
Chng 3
3.27. Lc Use Case (Use Case Diagram)
( cac tac nhn trong h thng) (quan h kt hp gia tac nhn va use case) (ranh
gii xac nh h thng) (cac use case trong h thng (quan h extend (m
rng) gia hai use case)
Hnh 3-43 Lc Use Case (Use Case Diiagram)
Chng 3
Ng ngha
_ La mt loai lc bao gm cac actor, cac use case,va cac mi quan h gia
chung.
_ Lc Use Case ghi nhn chc nng cua h thng di goc nhn cua ngi
s dung.
Chc nng
_ c ta ng canh cua mt h thng va cach thc h thng tng tac vi th gii
bn ngoai.
_ Nm bt cac yu cu cua h thng.
_ Xac nhn tnh hp l cua kin truc h thng.
_ Xac nh pham vi ng dung va cac chc nng cua h thng
_ nh hng qua trnh cai t va phat sinh cac trng hp test.
104
_ ong vai tro trung tm trong vic hoach nh tin trnh tin hoa phn
mm.
Chng 3
3.29.1. Cac Use case
Ng ngha
Use case (tam dch trng hp s dung) la mt chui cac hanh ng hoc
mt n v chc nng c cung cp bi h thng nhm ap ng nhu cu cua
cac tac nhn bn ngoai hay cac h thng khac. Use case phai la mt n v chc
nng toan din, lun tra v kt qua cui cung cho tac nhn co quan h vi no va
khng th chia nho use case. im m rng (extension point) la mt tham chiu
ti cac hanh ng c m rng t mt use case khac.
Ky hiu
Ky hiu cua mt use case la mt ellipse vi tn bn trong hoc t ngay
bn di ellipse. ng ky hoc phn KHP (tn use case)
Hnh 3-44 Th hin cua Use case
Th hin cua im m rng la mt danh sach nm bn trong use case
c bt u vi tiu la Extension Points (xem hnh ve 3-46 trong phn
3.5.4.4.3 Cac quan h).
3.29.2. Cac tac nhn (Actors)
Ng ngha
Actor (tac nhn) la mt thc th ong vai tro tng tac vi h thng, tac
nhn co th la ngi s dung h thng hoc mt h thng khac. Mi tac nhn co
mt vai tro nht nh i vi Use case ma no tng tac.
Ky hiu
Ky hiu cua mt tac nhn la mt hnh ch nht biu tng cua lp vi
stereotype laactor
c t ngay trn tn cua tac nh n. Biu tng chun

cua tac nhn trong lc la mt ngi hnh que (stickman) vi tn c t
ngay bn di.
105
Hnh 3-45 Th hin cua mt tac nhn (Actor)
Chng 3
H thng ky hiu (UML Notation) 110
3.30. Cac quan h trn Use case

Ng ngha
Co mt s quan h chun c nh ngha gia Use case va Actor hoc
Use case :
- Quan h kt hp (association) y la quan h gia mt actor va mt use case,
quan h xay ra khi nhng thc th cua use case va actor co giao tip, lin lac vi
nhau.
- Quan h m rng (extend) quan h m rng t use case A ti use case B ch
ra rng use case A se m rng thm mt s hanh vi ly t use case A, cac hanh
vi c m rng t use case B tuy thuc vao iu kin m rng c c ta tai
im m rng (extension point) trn use case B.
- Quan h tng quat hoa (generalization) quan h tng quat hoa t use case A
ti use case B ch ra rng A la mt phn c bit hoa cua B.
- Quan h bao ham (include) quan h bao ham gia use case A va use case B
co ngha la A se bao ham nhng hanh vi c c ta bi B.
Ky hiu
- Ky hiu cua cac quan h :
- Kt hp ng dn lin net ni actor va use case
- M rng ng dn t net co hng ni hai use case trn o co t khoa
extend.
- Tng quat hoa ng dn lin net co tam giac rng cui ng dn.
- Bao ham - ng dn t net co hng ni hai use case trn o co t khoa
include.
(actor) (quan h m rng) (im m rng) (quan h bao ham)

Hnh 3-46 Nhng quan h trn use case
106
Chng 3
3.31. Cac quan h trn actor
Ng ngha
Co hai loai quan h trn actor o Quan h kt hp tng t nh phn use
case. - Quan h tng quat hoa (generalization) quan h tng quat hoa t tac
nhn A ti tac nhn B ch ra rng A cung co th giao tip, lin lac vi cac use
case ma tac nhn B giao tip c.
Ky hiu
(quan h tng quat hoa) (quan h kt hp)
Hnh 3-47 Quan h trn cac actor
Chng 3
3.32. Lc tun t (Sequence Diagram)
i tng) (tn) (lp) (thng ip truyn i) (nhan) (kch hoat) ( qui) (ng
gii han chu ky sng cua i tng) (tra v) (huy) (tao)
Hnh 3-48 Lc tun t (Sequence Diiagram)
107
Chng 3
Ng ngha
_ La mt lc tng tac tp trung vao cac hanh vi ng hng thi gian.
_ Cach th hin tun t c bit hu dung trong cac h thng vi cac chc nng
phu thuc vao thi gian nh la cac ng dung thi gian thc, hoc cho cac kch
ban ph c tap khi ma s phu thuc vao thi gian ong vai tro quan trong.
_ Lc tun t co hai phng
_ Theo phng thng ng biu din truc thi gian theo hng t trn xung
di.
_ Theo phng ngang biu din cac i tng khac nhau trong chui tun t
cac s kin dung thc hin mt chc nng nao o cua h thng.
_ Lc tun t co hai c im ma lc cng tac khng co la ng gii
han chu ky sng (lifeline) va kch hoat (focus of control).
Chc nng
_ M hnh hoa lung x ly
_ Minh hoa cac kch ban c trng
_ M ta mt cach ro rang s tun t cua cac s kin, th hin khi nao mt i
tng c tao va huy, m ta cac hanh ng ng thi.
Chng 3
Lc tun t bao gm bn thanh t chnh :
- Cac i tng (object) lin quan n lc .
108
- Cac ng gii han chu ky sng (lifeline) th hin s tn tai cua i tng trn
truc thi gian.
- Cac kch hoat (activation - focus of control) c th hin bng hnh ch nht
nm trn ng sng. dai cua focus of control cho bit thi gian ma i
tng tn tai thc hin mt s hanh ng nao o.
- Cac thng ip (message) th hin s lin lac gia cac i tng, c biu
din bng cac canh ni gia nhng hnh ch nht cua cac focus of control co lin
quan. Co mt s dang thng ip : thng ip ng b, thng ip khng ng
b, thng ip qui...
3.33.1. Vic tao va huy mt i tng
Trong lc tun t ta co th c ta khi nao mt i tng c tao ra
va b huy i. Xet v du sau :
Hnh 3-49 la mt lc tun t din ta vic khi tao va huy cac
i tng trong lc tun t. y, ta thy i tng CellularRadio tao mt
i tng Connection ap ng lai thng ip Connect. Vic tao mt i
tng c ky hiu bng mt mui tn thng ip ch n hnh ch nht m ta
i tng cn tao. Tng t nh vy, vic huy i tng ky hiu bng mt mui
tn thng ip ch n du X nm cui ng lifeline cua i tng. Thi gian
sng cua i tng Connection c th hin rt ro trn hnh ve.
(tao i tng) (huy i tng) (chu ky sng cua i tng c tao ra) (thng
ip bt ng b)
Hnh 3-49 Tao va huy i tng trn lc tun t
Chng 3
3.34. Thng ip khng ng b va qui

Thng ip khng ng b la mt thng ip tr v ngay lp tc sau khi
sinh ra mt tiu trnh trong i tng nhn thng ip. Trong lc tun t, no
c th hin bng mt mui tn khng y u (ch co 1 net). Xem v du hnh 349, thng ip Connect(pno) c tra v i tng Cellularradio ngay lp tc
109
sau khi c gi ti i tng Connection. Khi mt i tng t kch hoat co
ngha la no sinh ra mt thng ip t gi cho chnh no, y phai la mt thng
ip ng b va c biu din bng mt mui tn t moc vao thanh kch hoat
(xem hnh ve 3-48).
Chng 3
3.35. Thi gian chuyn thng ip trong lc tun t
Mt thng ip trong lc tun t co th c c ta thi gian gi i
hoc thi gian nhn v. Chung co cac tn hnh thc co th c dung trong biu
thc rang buc (xem v du hnh 3-50). Mt thng ip thng ip co th tn tai
trong mt khoang thi gian ang k t luc c gi i n luc c tip nhn va
x ly, trong lc tun t cac thng ip dang nay c biu din bng mt
mui tn xeo t hnh ch nht kch hoat nay ti hnh ch nht kch hoat kia.
(rang buc v thi gian nhn va gi thng ip) (thi gian chuyn thng ip la
ang k)
Hnh 3-50 Rang buc v thi gian chuyn thng ip
Chng 3
3.36. Lc cng tac (Collaboration Diagram)
V du
110
(lin kt gia 2 i tng co tng tac vi nhau) (i tng) ( message gi i
gia cac i tng) (s th t cua cac message)
Hnh 3-51 Lc cng tac(Collllaboratiion Diiagram)
Ng ngha
_ La mt lc tng tac tp trung vao cu truc t chc, mi quan h
tac ng qua lai gia cac i tng.
- Lc cng tac va tun t tng t nhau v mt ng ngha, chung th hin
nhng thng tin tng t nhng theo hai cach khac nhau.
- Lc tun t chu trong n th t cac thng ip c chuyn tai theo thi
gian.
- Lc cng tac chu trong n mi quan h gia cac i tng.
Chc nng
_ Ghi nhn cac hanh vi ng cua h thng (hng message)
_ M hnh hoa lung x ly
_ Minh hoa s phi hp gia cu truc i tng va cac x ly
_ Th hin s anh hng ln nhau gia cac i tng
Chng 3
3.37.1. Cac i tng
Cac i tng c th hin tng t nh trong lc tun t, o la mt
hnh ch nht vi tn i tng va tn lp c gach di, trong mt s trng
hp co th khng tn i tng.
3.37.2. Cac lin kt
Lin kt gia cac i tng c th hin bng mt ng ni hai i
tng co quan h vi nhau. Cac vai tro (role) va han ch (qualifier) trong lin
kt c th hin u cui cua lin kt (tng t nh trong quan h kt hp
gia hai lp). Trong lc tun t c ta sn mt s khun mu sn cho vai tro
cua cac lin kt :
111
local
-
- ch ra rng thc th tng ng la mt bin cuc b trong mt hanh vi
hay mt ham.
global
-
- ch ra rng thc th tng ng la mt bin toan
cuc trong mt hanh vi hay mt ham.
parameter
-
- ch ra rng thc th tng ng la mt tham s trong mt hanh
vi hay mt ham.
self
-
- ch ra rng i tng co th gi thng ip cho chnh no...
(cac thng ip) (cac vai tro trong lin kt) (t lin kt vi khun mu self)
Hnh 3-52 V du v cac khun mu trong vai tro lin kt
Chng 3
3.38. Thng ip va cac kch thch
Ng ngha
Trong lc cng tac mt s kch thch (stimulus) la mt lin lac gia
hai i tng nhm muc ch truyn at thng tin cho nhau. Mt stimulus se gy
ra mt ham, hoc anh thc mt s kin hoc tao ra hoc huy mt i tng.
Mt thng ip chnh la mt c ta cua mt stimulus, no nh ro vai tro cua i
tng nhn va i tng gi.
Ky hiu
Thng ip va stimulus c th hin bng mt mui tn co nhan t ngay
trn lin kt gia hai i tng. y cac lin kt (links)ong vai tro chuyn,
thi hanh, hay phn phi cac kch thch ti cac i tng nhn. Mui tn cua thng
ip ch hng n i tng nhn. Mt s dang lin lac gia cac i tng Ky
hiu Y ngha (tng trng cho) Cac thu tuc goi hoc cac lung iu khin con.
Lung iu khin nn. Mi mui tn biu din vic xuc tin cho thng ip k
tip trong chui cac thng ip Mt kch thch khng ng b. Thng ip tra v
cua mt thu tuc goi nao o.
112
Chng 3
3.39. Cu phap t tn nhan
y la mt phn rt quan trong trong vic c ta cac thng ip, cu phap
chun cua cac thng ip bao gm Predecessor guard-condition sequenceexpression return-value := message-name argument-list
- Predecessor la mt danh sach cac ch s th t c phn cach nhau bng
du phy (,)va kt thuc bng du (/). Cu phap cua predecessor nh sau
Ch s th t lung , /
Y ngha : cac thng ip co ch s th t trong danh sach trn phai c x ly
xong th thng ip hin tai mi c gi i.
- Guard condition c vit bng ma gia hoc bng ngn ng lp trnh tuy
thuc cng cu h tr thit k. Cu phap [ Mnh iu kin ]
- Sequence number biu din ch s cua cac thng ip, cac thng ip lng,
cac thng ip ng thi... Cu phap
[ s / tn ] [ recurrence] :
Y ngha : S ch th t cua thng ip. Tn ch cac thng
ip ng thi. V du :
1 - ch thng ip u tin 2.1, 2.2 ... ch cac thng ip lng sau khi x ly
thng ip 2 3.1a, 3.1b la hai thng ip ng thi. Recurrence biu din cac
hoat ng lp hoc iu kin.
Co hai dang cu phap :
* [ iu kin lp ] biu din mt iu kin
lp. V du : * [ i=1..n].
[iu kin re nhanh ] xac nh mt iu kin
re nhanh. V du : [ x > y ].
- Return value gia tr tra v cua thng ip
- Message name - tn thng ip
- Argument list danh sach cac i s
113
- Mt s v du v cach t tn nhan 2: display (x,y) - thng ip n gian

1.3.1 : p:= find(name) - thng ip lng [x<0] 4 : invert (x, color) - co iu kin
A3,A4/ C3.1 * : update() -message ng thi
Chng 3
3.40. Lc trang thai (Statechart Diagram)
(trang thai kt thuc) (trang thai bt u) (s chuyn i trang thai ni tai) (s
kin) (hanh ng) (s chuyn i trang thai) (trang thai con) (trang thai)
Hnh 3-53 Lc trang thai(Statechart Diiagram)
Ng ngha
_ La mt lc th hin may trang thai
_ La mt lc th hin hanh vi cua cac thc th co th mang nhng
hanh vi ng bng cach c ta s hi ap cua chung trc nhng s
kin t cac thc th khac gi ti.
Chc nng
_ M hnh hoa chu trnh sng cua i tng
_ M hnh hoa cac i tng phan hi (user interfaces, devices...)
Chng 3
3.41.1. Trang thai (state)
Ng ngha
114
Mt trang thai (state) la mt hoan canh hay mt tnh hung trong qua
trnh sng cua i tng thoa man mt vai iu kin nao o, trang thai co th
tnh trang chu ng tin hanh mt s hoat ng hoc thu ng ch i mt vai
s kin khac xay ra. Trong lc trang thai lun co mt trang thai ban u
(initial state) va mt hoc nhiu trang thai kt thuc (final state).
Chng 3
Ky hiu
Trang thai ban u (hay trang thai khi ng) c ky hiu bng mt hnh
tron nho c t en bn trong, trang thai kt thuc c ky hiu bng mt hnh
tron nho c t en c bao bi m t ng tron ln hn pha ngoai (xem
hnh ve3-53). Trang thai thng thng c biu din bng mt hnh ch nht
vi cac goc tron. Hnh ch nht biu din mt trang thai co th c chia thanh
nhiu phn
- Phn cha tn cha tn cua trang thai.
- Phn cha cac s chuyn i ni tai (Internal transitions) phn nay cha danh
sach cac hanh ng ni tai (internal actions) bn trong mt trang thai. Cu phap :
action-label / action-expression Co mt s nhan hanh ng (actiona-label)
chun c nh ngha trong UML:
- entry - xac nh mt hanh ng u vao cua mt trang thai. V du trc trang
thai anh password (Typing Password hnh 3-54) ta phai co mt hanh ng la
nh dang cac ky t anh vao di dang n (v du nh dung ky t * thay th).
- exit - xac nh mt hanh ng khi thoat ra khoi trang thai. V du sau khi thoat
khoi trang thai anh password ta phai t lai chun thng thng cho vic nhn
mt ky t t ban phm (khng hin th di dang n na).
- do xac nh mt hanh ng ni tai xay ra trong trang thai.
- include xac nh mt trang thai con hoc mt may trang
thai con co lin quan.
- Trong nhng trng hp khac, ngi dung co th nh ngha cac nhan s kin
theo cu phap sau:
Tn s kin ( danh sach i s c cach nhau bng du phy ) [ iu kin
bao v ] / biu thc hanh ng
115
Hnh 3-54 Trang thai anh password
Chng 3
3.42. Trang thai ghep (Composite state)

Ng ngha
Mt trang thai ghep bao gm hai hay nhiu trang thai con co th c
chia thanh cac nhom tun t hoc ng thi (con goi la min region) vi nhau.
Mt trang thai con cung co th la mt trang thai ghep cha cac trang thai con
khac. Mi min (region) con co th co trang thai bt u gia va trang thai kt
thuc.
Ky hiu
Hnh 3-55 Trang thai con tun t (min) (trang thai bt u gia)
Hnh 3-56 Trang thai con ng thi
Chng 3
3.42. S kin (event)
o la mt s vic ang chu y, mt s kin co th gy ra mt s chuyn
i trang thai. Co th co mt s loai sau:
- Mt iu kin c ch nh tr thanh ung (miu ta bng biu thc co gia tr
ung/sai). S kin xay ra khi gia tr biu thc chuyn t sai sang ung. Con c
goi la s kin chuyn i (change event). V du (xem hnh 3-57): Connected,
busy
116
- Nhn mt tnh hiu (signal) bn ngoai t mt i tng khac. Con c goi la
mt s kin tn hiu (signal event)
- Nhn mt li goi hanh vi t mt i tng khac. Con c goi la s kin goi
(call event).
- Khoang thi gian tri qua sau mt s kin c ch nh (thng la thi im
vao cua trang thai hin tai). V du: after (5 seconds)
Mt tn hiu hoc mt s kin goi co cu phap nh sau:
Tn s kin ( danh sach cac tham s ) V du : xem hnh 3-57.
Chng 3
3.43. Cac chuyn i trang thai n gian (simple transitions)
y la quan h gia hai trang thai, c biu din bng mt cung hoc
mt ng dn co hng t trang thai u n trang thai cui. Nhan cua mt
simple transition co dang nh sau:
Event-signature [guard-condition ] / action-expression Trong o eventsignature co cu phap: Tn s kin ( danh sach tham s ) Guard-condition
(iu kin bao v) la mt biu thc ung/sai. Action-expression (biu thc hanh
ng) c thc thi khi co mt s chuyn i xay ra.
V du: Right-mouse-down(location) [location in window] / object:=pickobject(location); Giai thch: khi phm chut phai c bm tai v tr location,
nu v tr location nm trong ca s man hnh th i tng se c gan bng i
tng c ly tai v tr location (thng qua ham pickobject). (cac s kin) (s
chuyn i trang thai)
Hnh 3-57 Mt v du v lc trang thai..
117
Chng 3
3.44. Cac chuyn i trang thai phc tap (complex transitions)

Mt complex transition co th co nhiu trang thai u va nhiu trang thai
cui. No biu din s ng b hoc phn chia cac tin trnh ng thi cho cac
trang thai con xay ra ng thi.
(complex transition)
Hnh 3-58 Compllex Transiitiion
Giai thch: qua trnh cai t c chia thanh nhiu tin trnh con x ly ng thi
vi nhau sau o tt ca cac tin trnh nay se b huy.
3.43.1. History Indicator
Mt history indicator dung ghi nh cac trang thai, no c xac nh
bng mt hnh ch nht cha cac trang thai va mt hnh tron co ch H (history)
bn trong. Khi mt s kin xay ra (v du nh hoat ng b ngt gia chng) se co
mt tn hiu resume c gi n History indicator, no se khi phuc lai cac
trang thai ln sau cung trong hnh ch nht.
(tn hiu ngt) (tn hiu khi phuc) (history indicator) (vung chu anh hng cua
history indicator)
Hnh 3-59 History Indiicator
118
Chng 3
3.45. Cac trang thai ng b (synch states)

Ky hiu cua cac trang thai ng b la mt hnh tron co cha du (*) bn
trong. Xet v du (ng b)
Hnh 3-60 Trang thai ng b
Giai thch: trong v du trn ta co th thy trang thai build frame (xy khung nha)
phai ng b vi vic gn cac thit b in nn tang. K o, sau khi i dy (theo
cac khung) cho cac thit b in trong nha se c tin hanh ng b vi vic
lp mai va sau o mi ti vic tng va gn cac thit b in bn ngoai.
Chng 3
3.46. Lc hoat ng (Activity Diagram)
(trang thai bt u) (trang thai hoat ng) (xet iu kin tip tuc thc hin)
(phn thanh cac nhanh hoat ng ng thi) (kt hp cac nhanh hoat ng ng
thi lai) (trang thai kt thuc)
Hnh 3-61 Lc hoat ng (Actiiviitiies Diiagram)
Ng ngha
_ La mt lc th hin cac lung cua cac hanh ng
119
_ La mt bin th cua may trang thai trong o cac trang thai th hin s hoat
ng cua cac hanh ng va s chuyn i c khi ng khi cac hanh ng
hoan thanh
_ S dung lc hoat ng trong trng hp tt ca hoc hu ht cac s kin
th hin s hoan tt cua cac hanh ng c san sinh bn trong tin trnh.
Chc nng
_ M hnh hoa cac hoat ng th gii thc
_ M hnh hoa cac thao tac
_ Nm bt cac cng vic se c thc hin khi mt hanh vi c thc hi trong
h thng.
Chng 3

3.46.1. Cac trang thai hanh ng (action state)
La mt dang n gian cua trang thai, no se trc tip bin i sang trang
thai khac sau khi thc hin mt hanh ng nao o. Mt action state khng th co
cac chuyn i ni tai trong trang thai. Ky hiu cua mt action state la mt hnh
tng t hnh ch nht nhng hai canh bn c thay bng hai cung tron, bn
trong cha biu thc hanh ng
Hnh 3-62 Cac actiion state..
3.46.2. Cac quyt nh (decisions)
Lc hoat ng s dung cac quyt nh khi cn co nhng chuyn i
hp ly ti cac trang thai hanh ng khac vi nhng iu kin do ngi dung c
ta, hng chuyn i phu thuc vao gia tr ung/sai cua biu thc quyt nh.
(decision)
Hnh 3-63 Decisions
Giai thch: trong v du trn khi tnh toan tng chi ph cho mt vic nao o,
nu s tin nho hn 50 USD th co th chuyn ngay sang trang thai hanh ng
charge customers account, nu ln hn 50 USD phai chuyn sang trang thai
hanh ng la xin thm quyn (getauthorization) ri mi chuyn sang trang thai
hanh ng chargecustomers account.
120
Chng 3
3.48. Swimlanes va i tng trong lc hoat ng.

Nhng hanh ng hoc nhng hoat ng con co th t chc vao cac
swimlane (cac ng phn lung cng vic). Swimlane co tac dung nhom cac
hanh ng lai theo mt muc ch cu th (v du nh cac hanh ng cung xay ra tai
mt ni, cac hanh ng cua cun g mt tac nhn...).
Biu din cua swimlane la mt hnh ch nht co tn ngay pha trn bn
trong hnh ch nht. Xem v du hnh 3-64, ta thy cac actionstate c chia vao
trong ba swimlane la Customer, sales, va stockroom. Ta thy cac action state
nh Reuest Service (yu cu phuc vu), Pay (tra tin), collect order (chon) u la
nhng hanh ng cua khach hang (customer) nn chung c t chc vao cung
mt swimlane. Trong lc hoat ng cung co th xut hin cac i tng, no
ong vai tro la u vao hoc u ra cho cac action state, hoc ch dung minh
hoa i tng b anh hng bi mt hoat ng nao o trong lc . Nu i
tng la u ra hoc b anh hng bi mt hanh ng th se co mt mui tn t
net i t hanh ng n i tng, ngc lai nu la u ra th mui tn co hng
t i tng ti hanh ng. ( tn cua cac swimlane) (i tng trong lc
hoat ng) (ba swimlanes trong lc la Customer, sales, storckroom)
Hnh 3-64 Cac Swimlane va cac i tng
121
Chng 3
3.49. Cac biu tng iu khin

Cac biu tng iu khin cung cp nhng ky hiu dung din ta cho
mt loai thng tin nao o cn c c ta trong qua trnh chuyn i gia cac
hanh ng. Chung c a vao lc ch nhm muc ch nhn manh nhng
thng tin ma ngi dung thm vao. Chung co hai loai:
- Tn hiu nhn : biu din bng mt hnh ch nht co mt u lom, mt mui tn
t net c ve t i tng ti hnh ch nht cho bit y la i tng gi tn
hiu.
- Tn hiu gi : biu din bng mt hnh ch nht co mt u li, va cung co th
co mt mui tn ve t hnh ch nht ti i tng nhn tn hiu. (tn hiu gi va
i tng nhn tn hiu) (tn hiu nhn va i tng gi tn hiu)
Hnh 3-65 Biu tng gi va nhn tn hiu
Gia i thch: khi hanh ng bt may pha ca ph c thc hin (turn on
machine) no se gi tn hiu la may bt (turn on) n i tng la bnh pha ca ph
(coffeepot) sau o se chuyn qua trang thai pha ca ph (Brew coffee), k o khi
i tng bnh pha ca ph (coffeepot) bao en a tt th se chuyn qua hanh
ng ch ca ph ra ly (Pour coffee).
122
Chng 3
3.50. Lc thanh phn (Component Diagram)

V du
(cac trang web lin kt vi cac thanh phn khac trong h thng) (thanh phn
thc thi) (cac th vin) (cac component (thanh phn) trong h thng)
Hnh 3-66 Lc thanh phn (Component Diagram)
Ng ngha
_ La lc th hin s phu thuc gia cac thanh phn phn mm vi nhau.
_ La lc ghi nhn cu truc vt ly cua phin ban cai t.
Chc nng
_ T chc source code
_ Xy dng mt phin ban thc thi c
_ c ta cu truc c s d liu vt ly
_ c xy dng nh mt phn c ta cu truc h thng
Chng 3
Thanh t chnh trong lc thanh phn la cac thanh phn (component),
chung biu din cac thanh phn trong vic trin khai h thng bao gm chng
trnh (ma ngun cua phn mm, ma nh phn, chng trnh thc thi, cac trang
123
web...), va cac su liu cho h thng... Ky hiu cua component trong lc la
mt hnh ch nht co hai hnh ch nht nho gn canh bn cua hnh, bn trong
cha tn cua component vi cu phap: Component - type
Chng 3
Mt thc th component co tn va kiu c gach di va cach nhau bi
du hai chm. Component cung co th cha cac i tng (tai thi im thc
thi) bn trong ban thn no.
Hnh 3-67 Mt component cha cac object bn trong..
Ngoai ra trong lc thanh phn con co cac quan h phu thuc gia cac thanh
phn, quan h phuc thuc ch ra s phu thuc ln nhau gia cac thanh phn khi
trin khai h thng. Mt thanh phn co th nh ngha cac giao tip cho cac
thanh phn khac s dung, tn giao tip t ngay bn canh biu tng cua giao
tip (xem phn 3.5.2.4.2)
(component) (interface)
Hnh 3-68 Component va cac giao tip (interface)
Chng 3
3.52. Lc trin khai (Deployment Diagram)
V du
(kt ni gia cac node khi trin khai h thng) (cac node trin khai trong h
thng)
Hnh 3-69 Lc tri n khai (Deplloyment Diiagram)
124
Ng ngha
_ La mt th cac node c lin kt bi cac kt ni
_ La lc th hin cu hnh cua cac thanh phn ang x ly tai thi
im h thng ang chay, cac thanh phn phn mm, cac tin trnh
va cac i tng ang sng trong chung
Chc nng
_ c ta s phn b cac thanh phn trong h thng_
_ B sung cho lc thanh phn bng cach ch ra cu hnh cua cac thanh phn
x ly khi h thng ang chay va cac thanh phn phn mm.
_ Th hin s chuyn i cua cac thanh phn t node ngay sang node khac hoc
cac i tng t thanh phn nay sang thanh phn khac.
Cac thanh phn chnh
Thanh phn chnh trong lc trin khai la cac node (nut), y la cac
thanh t vt ly, tn tai tai thi im h thng ang thc thi, chung biu din cac
tai nguyn may tnh. Cac component sng (live) trn cac node va cac node biu
din vic trin khai vt ly cua cac thanh phn. Ky hiu cua cac node trong lc
co th la cac biu tng trong th gii thc hoc la mt hnh khi vi tn
node bn trong.
Hnh 3-70 Mt s th hin cua Node
Mt node co th cha cac component bn trong va nhng component nay
co th lin h vi nhau bng cac quan h phu thuc, trong khi o nu hai node
co quan h vi nhau, chung se c lin kt bng mt connection (kt ni), va
cac i tng hay cac thanh phn bn trong node se lin lac, quan h vi nhau
thng qua kt ni nay.
Hnh 3-71 Node cha cac component co quan h vi nhau
125
Chng 3
3.53. Tom tt
Chng 3
3.54. Tom tt
Chng ba trnh bay v cac loai lc cung vi h thng cac ky hiu
c nh ngha trong UML, bn canh o la mt s cu phap va khun mu dung
nh ngha ky hiu cho cac khai nim mi ma ngi dung mun nh ngha.
Nh ta thy, cac lc trong UML co nhng c im ring bit, mi lc
th hin mt kha canh ring cua h thng cn xy dng. Thng qua chn lc
ta co th thy UML co th m hnh hoa nhiu h thng t n gian n phc tap.
Trong chng k tip se trnh bay v ng dung cua UML trong qui trnh phat
trin phn mm RUP, c bit la cach s dung cac lc c ta cac m hnh
trong cac giai oan khac nhau cua qui trnh.
126
Chng 4
NG DUNG UML TRONG QUY TRNH PHAT TRIN PHN
MM 139
4.1. Gii thiu

Ngay nay, cht lng phn mm phu thuc vao rt nhiu yu t khac
nhau, trong o quy trnh cng ngh ong mt vai tro quan trong vao loai bc
nht. Trc tnh hnh o cac cng ty phn mm ln trn th gii a nhanh chong
a ra nhiu quy trnh cng ngh khac nhau, trc tin la phuc vu cho nhu cu
phat trin phn mm trong cng ty mnh, sau o la cng b rng rai thu thp
y kin t nhng i tac nhm tm kim li giai cho bai toan ti u hoa quy trnh
cng ngh cua mnh. Hin nay co rt nhiu quy trnh phat trin phn mm khac
nhau c s dung trong cac cng ty phat trin phn mm nh : Water fall
Process, OPEN Process, Object-Oriented Software Process,Unified Process...
mi quy trnh u co nhng u/khuyt im ring cua mnh nhng ni bt nht
va ngay cang c s dung rng rai nht la Unified Process cua hang Rational.
RUP (Rational Unified Process) ngay cang c s dung va c h tr rng rai
t nhng i tac s dung, mc du RUP mi c phat trin trong nhng nm gn
y, nhng s xut hin cua RUP anh du mt xu hng phat trin mi trong
giai oan bung n cua nganh cng ngh phn mm.
4.2. Gii thiu Rational Unified Process (RUP)
4.2.1. Khai quat v RUP
RUP Rational Unified Process - la quy trnh cng ngh phn mm c
phat trin bi hang Rational, RUP h tr cac hoat ng phat trin phn mm
theo nhom, phn chia cng vic theo th t cho tng thanh vin cua nhom trong
tng giai oan khac nhau cua quy trnh phat trin phn mm. RUP s dung ngn
ng UML m hnh hoa va cung cp nhng hng dn s dung UML mt
cach hiu qua nht.
Hnh 4-1 Tom t t lch s phat trin cu a RUP
127
Chng 4
MM 140
Muc ch chnh cua RUP la giup san xut nhng phn mm co cht lng
cao thoa man yu cu cua ngi dung cui, trong khun kh thi gian va ngn
sach.
RUP c phat trin va duy tr bi hang Rational, am bao qui trnh lun
c cai tin hoan chnh hn trn c s nhng kinh nghim phan hi t i tac
s dung, s tin hoa va nhng cach vn dung tt nht trong thc t. RUP nng
cao nng sut lam vic cua nhom. Cac thanh vin trong nhom co hng dn,
khun mu, cng cu h tr va u s dung mt ngn ng chung, mt qui trnh
chung do o co s thng nht trong cach nhn va phng hng phat trin mt
phn mm. S dung UML h tr tt ca cac giai oan (phase) trong quy trnh
phat trin phn mm, hoat ng chnh cua RUP la tao, cai tin va quan ly cac
loai m hnh. Ngoai ra, RUP con hng dn lam mt lng ln cac su liu cho
phn mm, RUP nhn manh vic phat trin nhng m hnh giau ng ngha biu
din cho h thng di goc cua ngi phat trin. Ngay nay, RUP c h tr
bi cac cng cu, giup t ng hoa phn ln quy trnh phat trin phn mm. Cac
cng cu h tr RUP co th k n la quan ly an, phn cng nhn s, tao lp
va quan ly m hnh, kim chng...
Khng mt quy trnh nao co th phu hp cho tt ca cac t chc phat trin
phn mm. RUP c phat trin trn c s cu truc n gian va ro rang, co th
cu hnh lai cho phu hp vi nhu cu cua t chc s dung. RUP phu hp cho
nhng nhom phat trin nho cung nh nhng t chc ln. RUP la tp hp nhng
cng vic va kinh nghim a c vn dung hiu qua nht trong thc t. Vic
phat trin theo RUP cho phep nhng nhom phat trin co c mt s thun li
so vi nhng nhom khac.
128
Chng 4
MM 141
4.4 Gii thiu Rational Unified Process (RUP)
4.4.1. Kin truc cua RUP
Cac giai oan (phase) cua quy trnh
RUP la quy trnh bao gm nhiu bc lp xy dng h thng goi la cac
chu ky (cycle). Mi chu ky cho kt qua la mt phin ban release cua phn mm
bao gm ma ngun trong cac thanh phn (componennt) co th bin dch va thc
thi. Mt chu ky c chia lam bn phase la khi u (inception), trin khai
(elaboration), xy dng (contruction), chuyn giao (transition).
_ Inception : xac nh pham vi d an, cac tai nguyn cn thit va phac thao chc
nng cho ngi s dung (business case).
_ Elaboration : phn tch vn , lp k hoach d an, anh gia rui ro va
xac nh kin truc h thng.
Chng 4
MM 142
4.5 Gii thiu Rational Unified Process (RUP)
_ Construction : phat trin cac thanh phn (component), tch hp vao san phm
va kim chng cac chc nng
129
_ Transition : chuyn giao san phm n khach hang, hun luyn khach hang
cach s dung, bao tr ng thi iu chnh mt s chc nng cn thit.
Cac giai oan (phase)
Inception Elaboration Construction Transition
Khi u Trin khai Xy dng Chuyn giao
Trc quan hoa
Kin truc c ban
Cac tnh nng khi u
San phm
release
Hnh 4-2 Cac phase cua RUP
Ngoai ra, trong mt cycle (chu ky) con bao gm nhiu bc lp con
(iteration). Mi iteration cung cho kt qua la mt phin ban release va c hoan
thanh qua qua trnh thc hin mt day cac cng vic cu th goi la lung cng
vic (workflow). Cac cng vic c phn chia vao cac workflow xy dng
phin ban release cho mt iteration. Cac lung cng vic c ban la business
modeling (m hnh hoa nghip vu), requirements (xac nh yu cu), analysis
(phn tch), design (thit k), cai t (implementation) va deployment. Ngoai ra
con co cac lung cng vic h tr quan ly d an (project management), quan ly
cu hnh va thay i (configuration and change management) va quan ly mi
trng (enviroment).
Chng 4
MM 143
Hnh 4-3 Cac wokflow va iteration
Hnh trn m ta kin truc cua RUP theo hai truc :
- Truc hoanh t chc theo thi gian din ta mt chu ky (cycle) bao gm cac
phase va cac bc lp (iteration).
130
- Truc tung t chc theo cac lung cng vic (workflow) bao gm cac hoat
ng, cac thanh phn va ngi thc hin.
4.6.1. Cu truc tnh cua quy trnh
RUP m ta ai (Who) ang lam g (What), lam nh th nao (How) va khi
nao (When). RUP nh ngha bn thanh phn sau _ Worker Who nh ngha
cng vic va trach nhim cua mi ca nhn, hoc mt s ca nhn lam vic vi
nhau trong nhom. V du:
- Project Manager : trng d an.
- System Analyst : phn tch vin h thng.
- Tester : kim tra vin.
- Activities How hoat ng cua mt worker la mt tp cng vic co mt muc
ch ro rang. V du: Lp k hoach cua trng d an
Chng 4
MM 144
- Tm cac use case va cac actor cho h thng cua phn tch vin h thng.
- Artifacts What la nhng thng tin c phat sinh, thay i hoc s dung
bi quy trnh. V du: M hnh Use Case (Use Case model), M hnh thit k
(Design model). Cac su liu (document). Cac thanh phn thc thi.
- Workflows When m ta cach thc tin hanh cac hoat ng theo trnh t va
vai tro cua mi worker.
Hnh 4-4 V du v mt lung cng vic va vai tro cua cac worker
4.7.1. Cac c im phn bit cua RUP so vi cac quy trnh phat trin phn mm
khac
RUP la quy trnh hng chc nng h thng (use case)
Thay cho cach m ta chc nng truyn thng, RUP s dung m hnh Use
Case m hnh hoa chc nng cho tng loai ngi s dung. Ngoai ra, cac chc
nng (use case) con ong vai tro dn dt quy trnh phat trin n cac bc phn
131
tch, thit k va kim chng. Da trn use case, ngi phat trin tao mt loat cac
m hnh phn tch (analysis model), thit kt (design model) cai t
(implementation model) va xem xet cac m hnh o co bao gm cac thanh phn
ap ng y u cho vic thc hin chc nng h thng hay khng. Quy trnh
phat trin theo o se thc hin day cac cng vic da trn use case.
Thit k Cai t Kim chng
Phn tch Xac nh yu cu
Cac use case lin kt cac workflow nay vi nhau.
Hnh 4-5 RUP hng chc nng h thn g
Chng 4
MM 145
4.8. RUP tp trung vao kin truc phn mm
Kin truc la cai nhn tng th v thit k cua h thng, loai bo chi tit va
tp trung vao nhng tnh cht quan trong. RUP cung cp phng hng tng
bc xac nh kin truc cua h thng, ap ng cac yu cu cho vic thay i va
tai s dung cua phn mm. RUP xac nh mt mi lin h gia kin truc vi use
case. Kin truc phai c xy dng sao cho ap ng tt ca chc nng trong hin
tai va tng lai. Vic xac nh kin truc oi hoi phai xac nh nhng chc nng
nao la quan trong bc nht va chu yu cua h thng. Kin truc phn mm c
xac nh va cai tin tng bc qua cac phase. Kin truc phn mm Cac giai oan
(phase) Inception Elaboration Construction Transition Khi u Trin khai Xy
dng Chuyn giao
Hnh 4-6 RUP tp trung vao kin truc phn mm
132
Chng 4
MM 146
4.9. RUP la quy trnh lp va tng trng tng bc

Phat trin mt phn mm phc tap oi hoi khng ch thi gian ma con ky
thut phn chia h thng thanh nhng phn nho. Quy trnh gm nhiu iteration
(bc lp) xy dng phn mm. Mi tp chc nng cua h thng se c phat
trin trong mt iteration va kt qua la s hoan chnh v tng th ngay cang gia
tng. Cac iteration phai c thc hin theo k hoach va co kim soat. Mt
iteration la mt trnh t cac hoat ng c ln k hoach theo mt tiu chun
xac nh va cho kt qua la mt phin ban release cua phn mm. Trong mi
bc, ngi phat trin chon mt nhom cac chc nng va tin hanh phn tch
(analysis), thit k (design), cai t (implementation) va kim chng (test) cac
chc nng nay. Nu iteration ap ng c muc ch ra th chuyn sang mt
iteration mi vi mt nhom cac chc nng k tip.
Thit k
Cai t
Kim chng
Phn tch
Xac nh
yu cu
Inception Elaboration Construction T r a n s i t i o n
Bc lp m u
Lp1
Lp2
Lp n
Lp n+1
Lp n+2
Lp m
133
Lp m+1
Mt bc lp trong phase
Elaboration.
Release Release Release Release ReleaseRelease Release
Hnh 4-7 RUP la quy trnh lp va tng trng tng b c
Chng 4
MM 147
4.10. ng dung UML trong RUP
UML cung cp mt ngn ng cho m hnh hoa, trc quan hoa va lam su
liu phn mm. Nhng nu khng co mt quy trnh phat trin phn mm c thu
ng dung UML th se khng tn dung kha nng manh me cung nh nhng khai
nim m hnh hoa a dang cua UML. RUP la quy trnh phat trin phn mm
c xy dng trn nn tang UML va nhng yu cu thc t trong cng ngh
phn mm. RUP hng dn cach s dung UML hiu qua nht hin nay. UML
c s dung trong cac lung cng vic (workflow) nh ngha bi RUP. Mi
lung cng vic s dung nhng m hnh khac nhau lin quan n cac khai nim
va lc UML khac nhau.
Hnh 4-8 Cac lung cng vic va cac m hnh RUP
134
Chng 4
MM 148
4.11. M hnh hoa nghip vu (business modeling)
M hnh hoa nghip vu nhm muc ch nm bt quy trnh hoat ng cua
t chc ni cn xy dng h thng phn mm bao gm quy trnh nghip vu va
cach thc thc hin, i tng thc hin nghip vu va i tng thao tac cua
nghip vu, cac tac nhn bn ngoai co giao tip va anh hng n hoat ng cua
t chc. M hnh hoa nghip vu la tuy chon cho tng d an. Business modeling
nh ngha hai m hnh Business Use Case (m hnh nghip vu) va Business
Object (m hnh i tng nghip vu).
4.11.1. M hnh nghip vu (Business Use Case)
M hnh nghip vu chu yu bao gm lc Use Case cua UML vi mt
s m rng cho Unified Process cu th la nh ngha thm business actor,
business worker va business use case t c ch m rng cua UML.
_ Business actor : cac tac nhn bn ngoai co lin quan hay tac ng n hoat
ng cua t chc v du nh khach hang va co ky hiu sau
Tn business actor
Hnh 4-9 Ky hiu busines actor
_ Business worker : nhn vin thc hin nghip vu, thng ong mt vai tro cu
th trong t chc v du nh k toan vin, thu kho, quan c va co ky hiu sau
Tn business worker
Hnh 4-10 Ky hiu busines actor
_ Business use case : nghip vu c thc hin bi mt business worker v du
nh m tai khoan cho khach hang hay nhn cac n t hang va co ky hiu sau:
Tn nghip vu
Hnh 4-11 Ky hiu busines use case
Business use case model tp trung vao m hnh hoa cac quy trnh nghip vu,
ngi thc hin va mi lin h gia cac tac nhn bn ngoai vi t chc.
135
Chng 4
MM 149
4.12. ng dung UML trong RUP

M tai khoan
Nhn vin giao tip
khach hang
Khach hang m tai khoan cho (Nhn vin giao tip khach hang thc hin nghip
vu m tai khoan cho khach hang)
Hnh 4-12 V du mt lc Use Case trong m hnh Busines Use Case
Chng 4
MM 150
4.13. M hnh i tng nghip vu (Business Object)

M hnh Business Object s dung chu yu lc lp (Class diagram)
m rng cho RUP da trn c ch m rng cua UML bao gm organization
unit (n v t chc), business entity (thc th nghip vu).
- Organization unit : cac n v cu truc cua t chc thng tng ng vi cac
phong, ban hay b phn trong t chc va co ky hiu Tn organization unit
Hnh 4-13 Ky hiu organization unit
136
- Business entity : i tng thao tac cua nghip vu thng la d liu, cac loai h
s. Cac nghip vu thng ly d liu, thay i, lu tr cac business entity v du
nh h s khach hang hay cac loai mt hang. Business entity co ky hiu sau
Tn busines entity
Hnh 4-14 Ky hiu busines entiity
M hnh i tng nghip vu m ta nhng business worker nao s dung nhng
tai nguyn, tai liu g cua t chc va s dung nh th nao thc hin nghip vu
cu th.
Nhn vin giao tip khach hang
Tai khoan tao mi
(Nhn vin thm tai khoan khach hang vao h s cac tai khoan). (Nghip vu m
mt tai khoan)
Hnh 4-15 V du v lc lp (Cllass diiagram) trong m hnh Busines Objject
Chng 4
MM 151
4.13. Xac nh yu cu (requirements)
Muc ch cua giai oan xac nh yu cu la co c mt s thng nht
gia khach hang vi cac nha phat trin v nhng g ma h thng se thc hin.
Mt su liu trc quan se c xy dng qua m hnh hoa cac chc nng ma h
thng h tr cho tng loai ngi s dung. Giai oan nay s dung m hnh chc
nng (Use Case model) bao gm chu yu lc Use Case cua
137
Chng 4
MM 152
UML. Actor la ngi s dung h thng. Use case la chc nng h thng
c thc hin khi co tac ng t actor.
Hnh 4-16 M hnh Use Case va cac lc UML
Cac chc nng h thng co th c la chon t cac nghip vu (business use
case) trong m hnh business use case xac nh nhng nghip vu nao se c
h tr va cho ngi s dung nao.
M tai khoan
(Xac nh chc nng h thng cho mi loai ngi s dung qua cac nghip vu)
(Use Case) (Actor)
Hnh 4-17 V du v lc Use Case trong m hnh Use Case
Chng 4
MM 153
4.14. Phn tch (analysis)
Trong mi iteration, phat trin tng nhom cac use case, cac nha phat
trin tin hanh m ta ro rang hn cac yu cu chc nng nay bng ngn ng cua
nhng ngi phat trin phn mm. Workflow phn tch bt u m hnh hoa
hoat ng bn trong cung nh xy dng c ban kin truc cua h thng nhng ch
dng lai mc quan nim, cha xem xet n cac kha canh chi tit cung nh cac
138
yu cu phi chc nng. Trong workflow nay, RUP nh ngha m hnh Analysis
s dung lc lp (Class diagram) vi mt s m rng va cac lc m hnh
hoa tng tac nh Sequence hay Collaboration cua UML.
Hnh 4-18 M hnh phn tch va cac lc UML
RUP m rng lc Class cho workflow analysis bng cach nh ngha thm
boundary, control va entity t c ch m rng cua UML.
_ Boundary : lp trong h thng am nhn vai tro giao tip gia h thng vi
cac tac nhn bn ngoai v du nh giao din ngi s dung. Boundary co ky hiu
sau:
Tn boundary
Hnh 4-19 Ky hiu boundary
Chng 4
MM 154
- Control : lp mang chc nng x ly, iu khin cac hoat ng x ly, tnh toan.
Control co ky hiu sau tn entity
_ Entity : lp ai din cho thc th ngha la cac i tng d liu co th lu tr,
tham chiu hay sa i. Entity co ky hiu sau tn entity
M hnh Analysis co chc nng lam ro cac use case, m ta cac quan h
gia ba thanh phn boundary, control, entity trong h thng thc hin use
case.
139
Chng 4
MM 155
Giao din m tai khoan
X ly m tai khoan
Tai khoan
(Chc nng m tai khoan cua h thng) (Nhn vin s dung giao din m tai
khoan thao tac trn i tng tai khoan thng qua x ly m tai khoan)
(boundary) control entity
Hnh 4-22 V du v lc Class trong m hnh Analysis
Lc tng tac s dung chu yu trong m hnh Analysis la Collaboration cua
UML. Lc nay m ta c ch vn hanh cua h thng, cac hoat ng cua cac
thanh phn trong h thng theo mt trnh t xac nh cung nh qua trnh tng
tac gia cac thanh phn thng qua cac thng ip (message) thc hin mt
chc nng cu th.
: Nhn vin giao tip khach hang
: Giao din m tai khoan
: X ly m tai khoan
: Tai khoan
1: yu cu chc nng m tai khoan
2: hin thi giao din nhp d liu
3: nhp d liu tai khoan
4: yu cu m tai khoan
5: m tai khoan
6: tao mi tai khoan
7: ong chc nng m tai khoan
Lc Collaboration m ta c ch tng tac gia cac thanh phn boundary,
control va entity thc hin chc nng m tai khoan. thng ip (message)
140
th t thi hanh thng ip vao chnh i tng gi.

Hnh 4-23 V du v mt lc Collaboration trong m hnh Analysis
Chng 4
MM 156
4.15. Thit k (design)
Design la workflow s dung cac kt qua mc phn tch (analysis) cho
mt nhom use case tip tuc phat trin h thng v kin truc, chi ti t cac chc
nng cung nh lu y n cac yu cu phi chc nng, cac rang buc co th co.
Cac vn quan tm trong workflow nay co th k n la
_ Mi trng phat trin phn mm, ngn ng lp trnh, h iu hanh, cac yu
cu x ly ng thi hay phn tan va mi trng c s d liu.
_ nh dang kin truc h thng trn c s bao toan kin truc mc phn tch
nhng co th tip tuc phn ra cac h thng con thanh cac n v nho hn co
th quan ly va cai t mt cach hiu qua.
_ Thit k cac giao din (interface) chu yu co th giao tip vi cac h thng
con va phat trin tng i c lp cac h thng con nay. Workflow Design nh
ngha m hnh Design bao gm cac lc Class, lc Deployment va cac
lc tng tac nh Colaboration va Sequence t UML. Design s dung chu
yu lc Sequence m hnh hoa tng tac. Ngoai ra con s dung cac lc
m ta trang thai va hoat ng la State Chart va Activity Graph.
Hnh 4-24 M hnh thit k va cac lc UML
141
Chng 4
MM 155
Lc Class c xy dng cho mt mi trng cu th. Cac kiu d liu
hay cac lp u mang tnh cht c trng cua mi trng cai t va ngn ng lp
trnh.
CTaikhoanUI
CtaikhoanCtrl 1
CTaikhoanRs +m_lSotien : long
+m_TaikhoanCtrl111
Lc lp cho use case m tai khoan vi cac b sung so vi mc phn tch.
tham chiu multiplicity
+m_TaikhoanRs
thuc tnh co kiu d liu cua ngn ng lp trnh cu th. navigation
Hnh 4-25 V du v lc lp trong m hnh Design
Lc Sequence m ta tng tac gia cac lp thc hin chc ng trong o
quan tm n trnh t thi gian la im khac bit chu yu so vi lc
Collaboration.
Chng 4
MM 155
: Nhn vin giao tip khach hang
: CTaikhoanUI : CTaikhoanCtrl : CTaikhoanRs
142
1: OnClick()
2: DisplayUI()
3: GetData()
4: UpdateData()
5: NewAccount()
6: InsertAccount()
7: Close()
thi gian tn tai thng ip (focus of control) ham tng ng vi lp
CTaikhoanCtrl. Lc Sequence m ta tng tac mc thit k.
Hnh 4-26 V du v lc Sequence trong m hnh Design
4.16. Cai t (implementation)
Implementation s dung cac kt qua t analysis va design tin hanh ma
hoa va cai t cac thanh phn (component) di dang ma ngun, cac script, cac
file nh phn hay cac file thi hanh. Muc ch cua workflow nay la
_ T chc cai t cac lp vao cac thanh phn (component) va phn b cac thanh
phn vao cac node trn m hnh Deployment.
_ Kim chng cac thanh phn.
_ Tch hp cac phn cai t cua nhng ngi hay nhng nhom phat trin vao h
thng.
M hnh Implementation bao gm lc Component cua UML. Mi
component co th bao gm nhiu lp va cung cp dch vu cua no qua cac giao
din (interface). Component la cac thanh phn c lp va cac component cua h
thng co th c cai t trn cac mi trng khac nhau.
Implementation Design
Interface tai khoan
+Motaikhoan() <<Interface>> Tai khoan
+Motaikhoan() a lp tai khoan vao component tai khoan thm dch vu m
tai khoan cho component. realize (cung cp)
Component tai khoan
Interface tai khoan
Hnh 4-27 V du t chc mt lp vao mt component s dung (dependency)
Chng trnh chnh
Component tai khoan
Interface tai khoan
Component tai khoan ong goi cac dch vu lin quan n tai khoan va cung cp
cac dch vu o qua interface tai khoan.
143
Interface tai khoan bao gm dch vu m tai khoan va cac dch vu khac v tai
khoan.
MFC 6.0
Hnh 4-28 V du v lc Component trong m hnh Component
Chng 4
MM 159
4.16. Kim chng (test)
RUP la mt quy trnh lp. Mi bc nh vy u trai qua kim chng nn
cho phep ngi phat trin phn mm co th phat hin li rt sm. Test co th
bao gm
_ Kim tra qua trnh tng tac gia cac i tng.
_ Kim tra tnh ung n cua vic tch hp cac component trong phn mm.
_ Kim tra cac chc nng co c cai t chnh xac hay khng. M hnh Test
lin quan n tt ca cac m hnh trong iteration va tham chiu n cac lc
thch hp.
Chng 4
MM 160
4.17. Phat trin mt ng dung quan ly giao vu theo RUP

4.17.1. Gii thiu ng dung
144
y la ng dung ma hin trang a c nm bt bi nhiu ngi va la lnh
vc kha quen thuc trong m hnh hoa va phat trin phn mm. Giao vu ai hoc
la bai toan tng i c thu trong cng ngh phn mm va co ng dung thc t.
Vic phn tch va thit k khng qua phc tap nhng lin quan n mt tp khai
nim m hnh hoa tng i y u cua UML va iu nay giup ngi phat trin
nm bt kha nng cung nh cach ng dung UML trong quy trnh phat trin phn
mm RUP.
Muc ch cua ng dung la minh hoa chi tit cac lung cng vic trong
RUP s dung UML trong bc lp (iteration) th nht.
4.17.2. S lc yu cu va c im
ng dung quan ly giao vu bao gm quan ly giang vin va quan ly sinh
vin. Vic quan ly giang vin ch n gian la lu tr thng tin giang vin nhm
da dang hoa quy trnh nghip vu phuc vu cho qua trnh minh hoa. Vic quan ly
sinh vin tun theo mt s yu cu sau
_ Quan ly thng tin sinh vin : bao gm vic lu tr, tra cu, tm kim d liu
mt sinh vin nh ho tn, ngay sinh.
_ Quan ly vic ng ky hoc phn cua sinh vin : lu tr va tra cu cung nh thay
i nhng hoc phn ma sinh vin ng ky trong hoc ky.
_ Quan ly qua trnh hoc tp va kt qua cua sinh vin : lu tr kt qua thi cac hoc
phn cua hoc ky, tra cu im s va in bang im.
ng dung c m hnh hoa s dung Rational Rose 2000, cai t trn
VC++ 6.0, h quan tr c s d liu la SQL Server 7.0. ng dung cung s dung
cac khai nim phat trin phn mm theo component, kin truc phn mm ba lp
(three-tiered application) va kin truc client-server nhm muc ch minh hoa
trn mt tp khai nim a dang UML va RUP.
Chng 4
MM 161
4.18. Phat trin ng dung theo cac workflow cua RUP
4.18.1. M hnh hoa nghip vu (business modeling)
145
Xac nh cac business actor va nghip vu (business use case) cho mi
business actor. Lp su liu m ta quy trnh thc hin nghip vu.
Phong dao tao (from Business Actors)
T chc thi c, m hoc phn
Ghi nhn kt qua
Da trn kha nng cua trng va yu cu cua sinh vin, phong ao tao tin hanh
m cac hoc phn vao u mi hoc ky.
su liu mt nghip vu (business use case). Phong ao tao am nhn cac cng
vic m hoc phn, t chc thi va ghi nhn kt qua.
Hnh 4-29 Mt lc Use Case cua ng dung trong m hnh Busines
Use Case
Tm cac business entity c s dung trong mi nghip vu m ta ro hn v
nghip vu nay qua lin h gia cac busisness entity.
Hoc phn (from Business Object Model)
Phong ao tao (from Business Actors)
M hoc phn
Nghip vu m hoc phn cua phong ao tao oi hoi thao tac trn mt danh sach
cac hoc phn. businness entity businness worker
Hnh 4-30 Mt lc Clas cua ng dung trong m hnh Busines Objject
Chng 4
MM 162
4.19. Xac nh yu cu (requirements)
4.19.1. Phn loai ngi s dung (actor) va tm cac chc nng cua h thng (use
case) cho mi loai ngi s dung nay.
Xac nh nhng ngi s dung h thng t vic chon la cac business
actor va business worker trong qua trnh m hnh hoa nghip vu. Mi use case
nn c thit k khng qua rng va cung khng qua nho thun li trong qua
trnh phn tch. Cac use case ong vai tro quan trong trong khi u phat trin
ng dung va m hnh Use Case khng n gian la mt danh sach cac use case.
146
Muc ch cua m hnh nay la tao cac use case sao cho thun li trong sa
i, kim tra va quan ly v vy mt s use case khng ng ring le ma tham gia
vao cac quan h vi use case khac. Cac quan h gia cac use case bao gm
nhiu loai nh Association (vi cac stereotype nh include,
extend...) hay tng quat hoa (Generalization).
Quan ly hoc phn (from Hoc phan)
Xp thi khoa biu (from Giang day)
Phong ao tao (from Actors)
ng nhp h thng (from He thong)
Phn cng giang vin(from Giang day)
M hoc phn (from Hoc phan)
Tra cu hoc phn (from Hoc phan)
Thit k use case va quan h gia cac use case. use case tng quat hoa
(generalization) Use case quan ly hoc phn tha k tt ca cac thuc tnh va hanh
vi cua use case m hoc phn.
Hnh 4-31 Mt Lc Use Case cua ng dung trong m hnh Use Case
Chng 4
MM 163
4.20. Phn loai cac use case theo u tin
Xac nh th t phn tch, thit k, cai t, th nghim cua mi use case.
Cac use case co u tin cao se c phat trin trc. u tin co th c
anh gia da trn tnh cht quan trong, chu yu cua chc nng trong h thng
hay trnh t thc hin chc nng trong quy trnh nghip vu.
4.20.1. Lp su liu m ta chi tit cho tng chc nng
M ta chi tit tng s kin cho mi chc nng bao gm cach thc chc
nng c kch hoat, kt thuc va qua trnh tng tac vi ngi s dung. ng
thi co th s dung cac lc State Chart hay Activity m hnh hoa chu ky
sng va hoat ng cua chc nng.
M ta chi tit chc nng
1. Quan ly hoc phn (from Hoc phan)
147

ng nhp h thng (from He thong)
M hoc phn (from Hoc phan)
Tra cu hoc phn (from Hoc phan)
Chc nng m hoc phn cho mt khoa trong mt hoc ky
Phong ao tao kch hoat chc nng cho vic duyt mt danh sach cac hoc phn
cua hoc ky cho mt khoa
2. Tuy theo kha nng cua nha trng va yu cu cua sinh vin, phong ao tao
quyt nh m mt hoc phn hay khng
3. Khi quyt nh m hoc phn mt transaction se c thc hin va chuyn
phn o sang danh sach cac hoc phn m.
4. Chc nng m hoc phn kt thuc
Hnh 4-32 S liu m ta chi tit chc nng m hoc phn
entry/ Ly d liu
entry/ Khi tao danh sach hoc phn
ng duyt hoc phn
do/ Duyt hoc phn
Chon hoc phn
do/ anh du hoc phn c chon
Duyt hoc phn kch hoat chc nng
Quyt nh m danh sach hoc phn
Tip tuc duyt
Chc nng m hoc phn kt thuc
khi u kt thuc trang thai (state) Lc State Chart m ta chuyn i gia
cac trang thai x ly trong qua trnh thi hanh chc nng m hoc phn. chuyn
trang thai (transition) s kin tac ng (event) cac hanh ng c thc hin khi
nm gi trang thai
M cac hoc phn
do/ Chuyn cac hoc phn c chon sang danh sach hoc phn m
do/ Danh sach cac hoc phn a m trn danh sach hoc phn
Mt hoc phn c chon
Hnh 4-33 Lc State Chart m ta trang thai hoat n g cua ch c nng m hoc
ph n
148
Chng 4
MM 164
4.21. Cu truc cac use case bng cach xac nh cac quan h gia
Cac use case: Tm cac use case mang chc nng tng quat va k tha cho
cac use case khac (quan h tng quat hoa). Tm cac use case mang chc nng
m rng cho cac use case khac (quan h extend). Xac nh cac quan h khac
(nh include) gia cac use case.
Chng 4
MM 165
4.22. Phn tch (analysis)
4.22.1. Phn tch kin truc h thng
Xac nh cac goi (package) cho h thng thng qua vic phn loai thanh
nhom cac chc nng cho mt quy trnh nghip vu tng i rng hay nhom cac
chc nng cho mt actor cu th.
Xac nh quan h phu thuc (dependency) gia cac goi
Sinh vin
H thng
Phong ao tao
Quan ly sinh vin
Quan ly hoc phn
149
Phn chia phn h phong ao tao thanh cac package hng chc nng.
Phn tch kin truc h thng qua vic phn chia thanh cac package.
Hnh 4-34 Phn chia h thn g thanh cac package
Trong mi goi, xac nh cac entity d dang nhn thy cho mi use case.
Cac entity nay co th c chon la t m hnh Busines Object va thng mang
c im c trng cho pham vi cua ng dung.
Chng 4
MM 166
4.23. Phn tch mt use case
Xac nh cac analysis class (bao gm boundary, control va entity) cn
thit cho vic thi hanh use case va thit lp m hnh analysis.
Hoc phn
Khoa
Duyt hoc phn
M hoc phn UI
Hoc phn m
M hoc ph n Control
Hoc ky
Lc Class trong m hnh analysis m ta mi lin h gia cac lp analysis
thi hanh use case m hoc phn. Boundary control entity association
Hnh 4-35 S dung cac analysis cllas phn tch use case m hoc phn
M ta tng tac gia cac i tng qua m hnh Collaboration thc
hin mt s cai tin trn analysis model nu co.
: M hoc phn Control
: M hoc phn UI
: Hoc phn
: Hoc phn m
150
: Sinh vin
: Hoc ky
: Khoa
: Duyt hoc phn
1: Yu cu m hoc phn
2: Hin th hoc ky
3: Ly d liu hoc ky
4: Chon hoc ky
5: Hin th hoc phn trong hoc ky cua khoa
6: Ly d liu khoa
7: Ly d liu hoc phn
8: Duyt hoc phn
9: Chon hoc phn
10: M hoc phn
11: M hoc phn
12: Tao hoc phn m
Lc Collaboration m ta tng tac gia cac i tng thi hanh use case
m hoc phn. i tng (object)
Hnh 4-36 Lc Collaboration m ta cach thc thi hanh use case m hoc
ph n
Chng 4
MM 167
4.24. Phn tch mt analysis class
Xac nh cac analysis class co vai tro tng ng va tham gia vao nhiu
use case lp danh sach cac lin h vi cac analysis class khac.
Xac nh cac thuc tnh cho mi analysis class bng cach s dung cac lin
h trn tm cac thuc tnh y u cho mi analysis class. iu nay co ngha la
tp thuc tnh tm c phai co kha nng ap ng cho tt ca cac use case cha
analysis class nay nhng mi use case cha no ch s dung tp con thuc tnh.
151
Xac nh cac quan h quan h ng ngha (Association) va tng quat hoa
(Generalization) gia cac analysis class thng qua cac quan h Association trn
lc lp hay cac lin kt trn lc Collaboration do cac quan h va lin
kt nay phan anh s tham chiu ln nhau gia cac lp. S cac quan h cn phai
c ti thiu hoa.
Hoc phn
- Tn hoc phn
- S tn ch LT
- S tn ch TH
- Khoa
-Tn khoa
- Duyt hoc phn
- M hoc phn UI
- Hoc phn m
- M hoc phn Control
- Hoc ky
- Hoc ky
- Nm hoc
Tinh ch cac quan h va xac nh thuc tnh hin nhin cua cac analysis class.
thuc tnh (attribute)
Hnh 4-37 Cac thuc tnh cua analysis cllas
Chng 4
MM 168
4.25. Thit k (design)

4.25.1. Thit k kin truc ng dung
Xac nh cu hnh mang va cac node c trin khai v co anh hng trc
tip n kin truc ng dung va vic t chc cac chc nng cho mi node trn
mang. ng thi, m ta vic t chc nay bng lc Deployment.
152
Chng 4
MM 169
Client Phong ao tao intranet <<network>>University Server Client Sinh
vien
Lc Deployment client-server cho ng dung. node x ly thit b (device)
Hnh 4-38 Lc Deplloyment cua ng dung
Xac nh cac h thng con (subsystem) va interface la cach phn chia h thng
thanh cac thanh phn nho co th quan ly va bao gm cac bc sau
_ Xac nh cac h thng con am nhn chc nng cung cp dch vu cho cac h
thng khac.
_ Xac nh cac phn mm c s va cac phn mm h thng cn thit cho vic
phat trin ng dung. Co th k n h iu hanh, h quan tr c s d liu, cac
phn mm dch vu truyn thng, cac cng ngh phn tan, cac phn mm phat
trin giao din cung nh cng ngh quan ly giao tac.
Sinh vin
Phong ao tao
COM / ActiveX MFC 6.0
H thng cho phong ao tao s dung MFC 6.0 phat trin giao din va cac
component cho cac thao tac trn c s d liu. Package phu thuc (dependency)
Hnh 4-39 Xac nh cac thanh phn h tr
_ Xac nh cac quan h phu thuc gia cac h thng con.
Phong ao tao
Client UI Control Objects Data Services
H thng cho phong ao tao c phn chia thanh ba h thng con la giao din,
x ly va dch vu d liu.
Hnh 4-40 Phu thuc gia cac h thn g con
153
Chng 4
MM 170
_ Lu tr d liu : co th s dung mt h quan tr c s d liu hay t chc theo
tp tin. H quan tr c s d liu ph bin va y u tnh nng hin nay la h
quan tr c s d liu quan h. Tuy nhin, cn phai lu y n vic nng cp h
thng ln h quan tr c s d liu hng i tng khi h thng cu li thi.
_ Phn tan d liu va x ly : xac nh cac node phn tan va nhom cac lp vao
cac node.
_ Bao mt
_ X ly li va khi phuc h thng
_ Kim soat cac giao tac : s dung mt phn mm dch vu giao tac (Microsoft
Transaction Server).
Chng 4
MM 171
4.28. Thit k mt use case

Xac nh cac lp tham gia vao use case, cn thit cho qua trnh thi hanh
use case va khng d tha bng cach s dung cac lp mc analysis cho use
case ng thi xem xet cac yu cu c bit b sung thm lp hay thm c
154
tnh. M ta tng tac gia cac i tng bng lc Sequence va
Collaboration.
Xac nh cac h thng con va interface tham gia trong qua trnh thi hanh
use case. M ta tng tac trong Use case qua lc Sequence vi s tham gia
cua cac h thng con nay.
Xac nh cac yu cu cho qua trnh cai t thng la cac yu cu phi chc
nng.Hoc phn Fields (from DS)
Hoc phn
-Tn hoc phn
- S tn ch LT
- S tn ch TH (from Quan ly hoc phn) <<realize>>
Xac nh cac lp thit k t cac lp phn tch cho mt use case. chuyn i gia
hai mc tru tng
Hnh 4-41 Chuyn mt anallysis clas sang mc thit k
: Hoc ph n MoRs
: Hoc phn
UI : Phong ao tao : Hoc phn
KhoaRs
: Hoc ky Rs
: Hoc phn Ctrl
1: Yu cu m hoc phn
2: Hin th hoc ky
3: Ly d liu hoc ky
4: Chon hoc ky
5: Hin th cac hoc phn cua khoa
6: Ly d liu hoc phn cua khoa
7: Chon hoc phn m
8: M hoc phn
9: M hoc phn
10: Cp nht d liu cho hoc phn m
11: Kt thuc chc nng
lp thit k (design class) Lc Sequence m ta trnh t qua trnh thi hanh
use case m hoc phn. thi gian tn tai thng ip (focus of control) thng ip
(message)
Hnh 4-42 Lc Sequence mc thit k m ta cho use case m hoc phn
155
Chng 4
MM 172
4.28. Thit k mt lp
Xy dng lp va cac interface da trn cac lp mc analysis. Trong o
bao gm cac vn lin quan n mi trng cai t.
_ Cac lp boundary : phu thuc mi trng phat trin giao din nh Visual
Basic hay Visual C++.
_ Cac lp entity : thng s dung cng ngh c s d liu va trai qua bc anh
xa t cac lp thit k sang cac bang trn mt m hnh c s d liu quan h.
Bc nay kha tinh vi co th t ng hoa mt phn nh cac CASE tool va s
dung cac nguyn tc thit k c s d liu cung vi cac m hnh d liu.
_ Cac lp control : co chc nng kt hp boundary va entity. Khi thit k cn va
phai quan tm n cac yu cu phn tan trn mang, tc hay cac x ly giao tac.
Xac nh cac thuc tnh, phng thc, cac quan h Association, tng quat hoa
(generalization) gia cac lp va s dung cu phap cua mt ngn ng lp trnh cu
th m ta. ng thi thm cac tinh ch cho cac quan h nh multiplicity,
navigation va xac nh thut toan cung nh quy trnh cho mi phng thc (co
th m ta bng ngn ng t nhin).
156
Chng 4
MM 173
Hoc phn Fields
-m_str Tn hoc phn : CString
-m_iSoTCLT : int
-m_iSoTCTH : int
-m_iGiai oan : int
-m_lTn hoc phn Status : ULONG
-m_lSoTCLTStatus : ULONG
-m_lSoTCTHStatus : ULONG
-m_lGiaidoanStatus : ULONG
- Hoc phn
- Tn hoc phn
- S tn ch LT
- S tn ch TH <<realize>>
Cac thuc tnh ly mc analysis Cac thuc tnh b sung khi xem xet mi
trng cai t la VC + 6.0 Analysis Design
Hnh 4-43 Thit k mt lp trong use case m hoc phn
- Hoc phn UI (from User Interfaces)
- Hoc ky Rs (from DS)
- Rs (from DS)
- Hoc phn khoa Rs (from DS)
- Hoc phn Ctrl (from Controls)
-1+m_HocphanCtrl+m_HocKyRs+m_HocPhanMoRs+m_HocPhanKhoaRs1111
tn tham chiu (rolename) navigation multiplicity
Hnh 4-44 B sung ng ngha cho lc Cllas
cua use case m hoc phn
157
M ta cac trang thai qua lc State Chart vi mt s tinh ch so vi bc
analysis. Kim soat cac yu cu c bit va thm chc nng cho lp theo yu
cu nay.
Chng 4
MM 174
4.29. Thit k mt h thng con
Kim soat cac cac quan h phu thuc gia cac h thng con va c gng ti
thiu hoa cac quan h phu thuc nay. Thit k interface cua h thng con mc
chi tit cac phng thc (operation) cua interface. Thit k cac thanh phn trong
h thng con cung cp cac interface nay.
Chng 4
MM 175
4.30. Cai t (implementation)
4.30.1. Kin truc cai t (architectural implementation)
Phac thao m hnh Component bng cach xac nh cac component mang
tnh cht chu yu, cu tao nn kin truc h thng nh cac component thi hanh va
loai bo cac component t quan trong khoi m hnh nh cac component cha tai
liu hay ong goi cac file ma ngun va gn cac component chnh nay vao cac
node.MFC6.0TSManagement
<<EXE>>ADO<<ActiveX>>Controls<<ActiveX>>
158
Chng trnh chnh va cac component.

Hnh 4-45 Lc Component cua ng dung
4.30.2. Cai t va tch hp h thng
Lp k hoach cho vic cai t va tch hp tng bc cac thanh phn cua h
thng khi u t cac use case trong iteration. iu nay khin vic kim chng
mt use case hoan chnh d dang hn.Qua trnh cai t cac thanh phn cn phai
da vao cac phu thuc gia cac thanh phn. Cac thanh phn nao ong vai tro
cung cp dch vu cn phai c cai t va tch hp trc ng thi c kim
chng chc nng. Mi ln tch hp mt thanh phn nn da vao kt qua ln tch
hp trc.
Vic xy dng mt use case i khi oi hoi phai xy dng mt loat cac
component mi. V vy thng phai co s thoa hip. Ch xy dng nhiu
component mi khi use case ong vai tro quan trong, nu khng th tam thi
hoan lai n ln cai t va tch hp k tip. Khi a co k hoach co th tin hanh
chon phin ban cai t thch hp cua mt h thng con va cac component tin
hanh bin dch, lin kt va thi hanh.
Chng 4
MM 176
4.31. Cai t cac h thng con (subsystem)
Cai t tng h thng con theo vai tro cua no trong toan b h thng ngha
la cac dch vu ma h thng con s dung a c cai t va tch hp trc o.
Mi lp va giao din trong trong mt package c s dung phai c cai t
trong component tng ng.
4.31.1. Cai t cac lp
Cai t mt s cac lp cn thit tch hp. Ma ngun c cha trong
cac tp tin cai t cua mt lp va c lu trong mt component tham chiu cac
file nay. Chi tit cua lp va cac quan h gia cac lp a c m ta trong qua
trnh thit k theo mt ngn ng lp trnh cu th. Co th phat sinh thng ma
159
ngun cho cac lp nay. La chon cac thut toan va cu truc d liu thch hp
hay s dung cac su liu m ta phng thc trong phn thit k cai t
phng thc cua lp.
Chng 4
MM 177
4.42. Kim chng (test)
4.42.1. Lp k hoach kim chng
Xac nh chin lc kim chng, nhn s va cac tai nguyn lin quan, cac
kt qua at c trong mi quy trnh kim chng.
4.42.2. Thit k cac quy trnh kim chng (test case)
Test case cho mt use case m ta cach kim chng cho mt use case bao
gm ca kt qua tng tac gia ngi s dung vi h thng, trnh t thi hanh theo
kch ban (script) cua use case. Test case cho mt use case mc design (use
case realization) m ta cach kim chng qua trnh tng tac gia use case vi
cac component lin quan n vic thi hanh use case.
Test case cho h thng m ta quy trnh kim chng vic thi hanh chnh
xac cac chc nng cua h thng xet v tng th chu yu la s thi hanh phi hp
ln nhau gia cac use case di mt s iu kin cu th bao gm cu hnh phn
cng, ngi s dung, kch thc c s d liu...
4.42.3. Thc hin kim chng
T ng hoa cac quy trnh kim chng mt cach ti a bng cach tao cac
component kim chng. Mi component cha cac kch ban (script) cho quy trnh
kim chng. Kim chng kt qua tch hp. Kim chng h thng qua thc hin
test case cho h thng. anh gia kt qua kim chng cac o v mc hoan
chnh va tin cy.
160
Chng 4
MM 178
4.43. Tom tt
Chng bn a trnh bay s lc v qui trnh phat trin phn mm
Rational Unified Process, qua o cung gii thiu kha nng ng dung cua UML
trong mt qui trnh phat trin phn mm cu th. RUP va UML c phat trin
ng hanh vi nhau va co ngun gc t hang phn mm Rational, v vy vic
kt hp gia UML va RUP mang lai mt cng cu rt hiu qua trong vic phar
trin phn mm. minh hoa thc t cho ng dung nay chung em a s dung
phn mm Rational Rose 2000 (co h tr hoan toan ngn ng UML va RUP)
thit k ng dung, vic tip cn va s dung mt cng cu mi trn thc t co
khng t kho khn, nhng nhng kt qua at c trong ng dung co th cho
thy kha nng ng dung cua UML trong thc t la rt kha quan.
Chng 5
TNG KT 179
5.1. Kt lun
Qua tm hiu va nghin cu tai, lun vn chung em a trnh bay v h
thng thng ng ngha ct loi, h thng cac loai lc cung vi cac ky hiu
m ta cua cac thanh t c nh ngha trong ngn ng UML, bn canh o cung
gii thiu tng quan v qui trnh phat trin phn mm RUP va kha nng ng
dung cua UML trong qui trnh nay.
161
Trn c s phn tch va s dung ngn ng UML,no cho thy no khng ch
la mt ngn ng hp nht n thun, UML con bao gm ca nhng khai nim
mi cung vi cach m ta, nh ngha va s dung cac khai nim nay. Vic nghin
cu ngn ng UML khng ch dng vic tm hiu, s dung cac khai nim, cac
ky hiu trong ngn ng, ma bn canh o chung ta cn phai tm hiu cach thc
m hnh hoa mt h thng phn mm, cung nh vic tch hp UML vi mt qui
trnh phat trin phn mm cu th. Hin nay, hu ht cac cng cu h tr phn tch
thit k u co h tr ngn ng UML, vic nghin cu UML giup chung ta co
th tm hiu va s dung cac CASE tool h tr cho vic phat trin phn mm,
ng thi co th tip cn vi nhng qui trnh san xut phn mm tin tin trn
th gii. Trong iu kin nn cng ngh phn mm nc ta con kha non tre, vic
a vao s dung mt qui trnh cng ngh va mt ngn ng m hnh hoa mi se
gp khng t kho khn, nhng trong giai oan bung n cua nganh cng ngh
phn mm hin nay vic tm hiu va s dung mt ngn ng m hnh hoa hiu
qua nh UML la rt cn thit.
Chng 5
TNG KT 180
5.2. Hng phat trin
UML la mt ngn ng m hnh hoa rt rng, bn canh nhng phn a
c trnh bay trong lun vn, UML con co nhiu ng dung rt a dang nh cac
ng dung m hnh hoa h thng thi gian thc, cac h thng phn tan, cac ng
dung trn web...
Trn c s nhng phn a thc hin, tai cua chung em co mt s hng
phat trin sau:
_ Xy dng tai liu nghin cu giang day UML
_ Da trn qui trnh cng ngh RUP, tm hiu va xy dng mt phng phap
phat trin phn mm phu hp vi iu kin cua nn cng ngh phn mm nc
ta hin nay.
_ Da trn cu truc ng ngha cua UML, tng bc xy dng cng cu phn tch
thit k h tr ngn ng UML.
162
Mt ln na chung em xin chn thanh cam n Thy Dng Anh c, Thy L

nh Duy cung toan th quy Thy C trong khoa a tn tnh giang day chung
em trong sut nhng nm hoc va qua. Mc du chung em a ht sc c gng
hoan thin tai nhng chc khng tranh khoi nhng thit sot nht nh, knh
mong quy thy c tn tnh ch bao tai cua chung em c hoan thin hn.
163
164
Phu luc A
CAC KHAI NIM
A
abstract class Lp tru tng khng co thc th ai din.
action Hanh ng, hanh ng co kt qua lam thay i mt trang thai nao o cua
h thng.
action state Mt trang thai hoat ng gy ra mt hanh ng nao o.
activation S kch thch mt hanh ng.
active class Mt lp co nhng thc th la mt active object.
active object Mt i tng s hu mt tin trnh co th iu khin
c.
actor Tac nhn - la mt thc th ong vai tro tng tac vi h thng, tac nhn co
th la ngi s dung h thng hoc mt h thng khac.
aggregation La mt quan h thu nap gia mt lp ong vai tro toan th va mt
lp ong vai tro la b phn.
artifact Mt phn thng tin c du ng hoc c phat sinh t h thng.
association Quan h kt hp gia hai thanh t trong h thng.
association end im cui cua quan h kt hp lin kt vi mt classifier.
attribute Thuc tnh cua mt thanh t trong lc .
B
behavior Hanh vi cua thanh t trong h thng.
binary
association Quan h kt hp nh phn/ quan h kt hp gia hai lp.
C
call Mt trang thai hanh ng dn n mt hanh ng trn
classifier.
class Class la tp hp cac i tng co cung cac thuc tnh
classifier La mt thanh t tru tng miu ta cac c im v hanh vi va cu
truc.
165
class diagram La mt lc dung m ta cac lp (class), cac giao tip
(interface), s cng tac (collaboration) va cac mi quan h gia cac thanh phn
trong m hnh.
collaboration Mt collaboration m ta qua trnh thc hin cua mt thao tac hay
mt classifier trong mt tp cac classifier co tng tac vi nhau.
collaboration
diagram La mt lc tng tac tp trung vao cu truc t chc, mi quan h
tac ng qua lai gia cac i tng.
comment La mt chu thch c gn vao cac thanh t trong m hnh nhm lam
ro ngha cho cac thanh t nay.
component La mt phn cua h thng c trin khai.
component
diagram La mt lc ghi nhn cac t chc va s phu thuc gia cac thanh
phn trong h thng.
composite state La mt trang thai cha cac trang thai con lun phin hoc tun
t (tach ti).
composition Quan h cu thanh, la mt da ng manh hn cua quan h thu nap.
Concurrent substate La mt trang thai con c tin hanh ng thi vi mt
trang thai con khac bn trong mt trang thai ghep.
D
datatype Kiu d liu, m ta kiu d liu cua ngi s dung.
dependency Quan h phu thuc gia hai thanh t m hnh.
deployment
diagram La mt lc th hin cu hnh luc chay cua cac thanh phn, cac thit
b, b x ly.
derived element La mt thanh t c dn xut t cac thanh t khac trong h
thng.
disjoint substate Mt trang thai con khng th tin hanh ng thi vi cac tin
trnh con khac trong mt trang thai ghep.
E
entry action La mt hanh ng u vao cua mt trang thai.
event Mt s kin, co th gy ra s chuyn i trang thai trong lc trang
thai.
exit action La mt hanh ng u ra cua mt trang thai.
extend Quan h m rng gia hai Use case, hanh vi cua use case nay c m
rng t nhng hanh vi cua mt use case khac.
166
F
final state Trang thai kt thuc cua mt may trang thai.
focus of control La mt ky hiu trn lc th hin khoang thi gian khi mt
i tng thi hanh mt hanh ng.
G
generalization Mi quan h gia mt thanh t tng quat va mt thanh t phu c
bit.
guard condition La mt iu kin cn c thoa man co th thi hanh mt mt
s chuyn i trang thai.
I
interface Tn cua mt tp cac thao tac c trng cho hanh vi cua mt thanh t
m hnh.
internal
transition La mt s chuyn i tn hiu hi ap cho mt s kin ma khng cn
thay i trang thai cua i tng.
L
link La mt tham chiu gia cac i tng..
M
message La mt s chuyn i thng tin gia cac thc th.
metaclass La mt lp tru tng ma th hin cua no la nhng lp.
model element Thanh t m hnh.
multiplicity Ban s, c ta s lng cho phep cua cac thc th trong mt mi
quan h.
N
n-ary association Quan h kt hp bc n, la mt quan h kt hp gia ba hay
nhiu lp vi nhau.
name La mt chui nh ngha cho thanh t m hnh.
node La mt thanh phn biu din cac tai nguyn may tnh.
O
object La mt th hin cu th cua mt lp trong h thng.
object diagram La mt th cua cac th hin, bao gm cac i tng va cac gia
tr cu th.
object lifeline La mt ng trong lc tun t th hin s tn tai cua i
tng trong mt khoang thi gian nao o.
P
package La mt c ch tng quat cho vic t chc cac thanh t thanh cac nhom.
Q
167
qualifier La mt thuc tnh cua quan h kt hp nhm han ch tp i tng
quan h vi mt i tng khac thng qua quan h kt hp.
R
role La tn t bit cua mt thc th tham gia trong mt ng canh c bit nao
o.
S
sequence
diagram La mt lc tng tac tp trung vao cac hanh vi ng hng thi
gian.
signal c ta mt mi lin h kch thch khng ng b gia cac thc th. Tn
hiu co th co tham s.
state La mt hoan canh hoc mt tnh hung trong qua trnh sng cua i tng
thoa man mt iu kin nao o, biu din mt s hoat ng hoc ch mt vai s
kin.
Statechartdi La mt lc th hin may trang thai.
Diagram stereotype La mt loai phn t m hnh dung m rng ng ngha
cua UML. Khun mu phai da trn cac thanh t a c nh ngha trong
UML.Stereo ch m rng v ng ngha khng m rng v cu truc..
substate Trang thai la mt phn cua trang thai ghep.
subpackage Mt package cha cac package khac.
subsystem Nhom cac thanh t m hnh biu din cac n v hanh vi trong h
thng vt ly.
swimlane Dung nhom cac hanh ng co cung mt muc ch nao o trong
lc i tng.
T
tagged value Ga tr the nh ngha mt thuc tnh theo dang tn-gia tr. Dung
b sung thng tin cho cac thanh t m hnh.
transition Quan h gia hai trang thai, ch ra rng mt i tng chuyn t trang
thai nay sang mt trang thai khac khi co mt s kin hoc mt tn hiu nao o
xay ra.
U
use case La mt chui cac hanh ng hoc mt n v chc nng c cung cp
bi h thng nhm ap ng nhu cu cua cac tac nhn bn ngoai hay cac h thng
khac.
use case diagram Lc Use Case ghi nhn chc nng cua h thng di goc
nhn cua ngi s dung.
V
168
visibility Tm vc, pham vi tham chiu cua cua thanh t m hnh bao gm cac
gia tr (public, protected, or private).
Phu luc B
CAC KY HIU
Tn Ky hiu
Actor (tac nhn)
Name
Association (Quan h kt hp)
Aggregation (Quan h thu nap/kt hp)
Composition (Quan h cu thanh)
Class (lp)
Collaboration (s cng tac)
Component (thanh phn)
Constraint (rang buc)
Dependency (quan h phu thuc)
Generalization (quan h tng quat hoa)
Interface (giao tip)
Node (Nut)
Note (ghi chu)
Object (i tng)
Package (goi)
Stereotype (khun mu) (stereotype)
Tagged Value (gia tr the)
Use case Name
169
170
TAI LIU THAM KHAO
(1) Bruce Powel Douglass - Ph.D.Chief Evangelist, The Unified Modeling

Language for Systems Engineering, I-Logix 1/1999.
(2) CRaG System Report, An Introduction to the UML, 1998.
(3) Engineering Notebook C++ Report, UML Use Case Diagrams, 10/1998.
(4) James Rumbaugh, UML The View from the front, Rational Software
Corporation, 3/1999.
(5) Grady Booch, Software Architecture and the UML, Rational Software,
4/2000.
(6) Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson, The Importance of
Modeling, The UML Users Guide,1998.
(7) Gunnar Overgaard, Bran Selic va Conrad Bock, Object Modeling with UML
Behavioral Modeling, 1/2000.
(8) Ivar Jacobson, Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh, The Unified Software
Development Process Book, 4/1999.
(9) OMG & Rational Corporation, OMG Unified Modeling Language
Specification V1.3, 8/1999.
(10) Popkin Software, Modeling Systems with UML, A Popkin Software White
Paper, 1998.
(11) Philippe Kruchten, A Rational Development Process, 4/2000.
(12) Rational Software Corporation, Analysis and Design with UML, 1997.
(13) Rational Software Corporation, Rational Unified Process Best Practices
for Software Development Teams,A Rational Software Corporation White
Paper, 12/1999.
(14) Robert C.Martin, UML Tutorial Class Diagrams, 9/1997.
(15) Robert C.Martin, UML Tutorial Collaboration Diagrams, 10/1997.
(16) Robert C.Martin, UML Tutorial Finite State Machines, 6/1998.
(17) Robert C.Martin, UML Tutorial Sequence Diagrams, 4/1998.
171
(18) Scott W.Amber, Enhancing the Unified Modeling Language, A Ronin
International White Paper, 3/2000.
(19) Scott W.Amber, The Unified Modeling Language and Beyond: The
Techniques of Object-Oriented Modeling, An AmbySoft Inc.White Paper
2/2000.
(20) Sinan Si Alhir, Applying the Unified Modeling Language, 8/1998.
(21) Sinan Si Alhir, Description of the Public Model for Unified Modeling
Language metamodel abstract syntax V1.3, OMG Revision Task Force 11/1998.
(22) Sinan Si Alhir, Extending the UML, 1/1998
(23) Sinan Si Alhir, The Foundation of the UML, Updated 8/1998
(24) Sinan Si Alhir, The UML One year sfter Adoption of the Standard,
1/1999.
(25) Sinan Si Alhir, The UML One year sfter Adoption of the Standard,
12/1999.
(26) Sinan Si Alhir, Reuse and the UML, Updated 1/1999.
(27) Sinan Si Alhir, Succeeding with UML, 8/1998.
(28) Sinan Si Alhir, What is the UML, 8/1998.
(29) Sinan Si Alhir, The True Value of the Unified Modeling Language, 9/1998.
(30) Sinan Si Alhir, Unified Modeling Language - Extension Mechanisms,
10/1998.
(31) Tony Clark & Andy Evans, Foundation of Unified Modeling Language,
University of Bradford, UK 8/1999.
(32) Xiaobing Qiu, Object-Oriented Software Development using UML, 1998.

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mercury@Updatesofts.

SVTH: Lm Nguyn Trung Nam - Lm Quang Vu

SVTH: Lm Nguyn Trung Nam - Lm Quang Vu

SVTH: Lm Nguyn Trung Nam - Lm Quang Vu

SVTH: Lm Nguyn Trung Nam - Lm Quang Vu

SVTH: Lm Nguyn Trung Nam - Lm Quang Vu

CASE Tool Computer Aided Software Engineering Tool

SVTH: Lm Nguyn Trung Nam - Lm Quang Vu

SVTH: Lm Nguyn Trung Nam - Lm Quang Vu

1.2. Gii thiu UML

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1.3 Nguyn nhn ra i

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1.4. Tm quan trong cua vic m hnh hoa

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1.3.3. S hi tu cua cac cng ngh

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1.15. Lch s phat trin

1.17. Kin truc tng quan cua UML

Cac lc miu ta cac tri thc v mt cu phap, c t chc xung quanh

SVTH: Lm Nguyn Trung Nam - Lm Quang Vu

SVTH: Lm Nguyn Trung Nam - Lm Quang Vu

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2.2 Tng quan v cac loai quan h gia cac thanh t

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2.3. Quan h tng quat hoa (generalization)

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2.6. Tng quan v cac thanh t va cu truc UML metamodel

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2.7. Package Foundation (goi nn tang)

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SVTH: Lm Nguyn Trung Nam - Lm Quang Vu

SVTH: Lm Nguyn Trung Nam - Lm Quang Vu

SVTH: Lm Nguyn Trung Nam - Lm Quang Vu

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2.42.1. Package Extension Mechanisms (goi c ch m rng)

La c ch phn loai mt thanh t theo quan h kt hp cua thanh t nay

2.44. Tagged Value (the gia tr)

SVTH: Lm Nguyn Trung Nam - Lm Quang Vu

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- Mapping : biu thc chuyn i cac ModelElement.

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2.50. Exception (li bit l)

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- NodeInstance (th hin nut) : th hin cua mt Node.

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3: ly d liu sinh vin

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2.64. Transition (chuyn trang thai)

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