MAGNETISM

Is the study of magnetic fields and their effect on materials

The effect is due to unbalanced spin of electrons in atom

It is readily observed every day from the simple magnet that

attracts nails and other metals to cassette tapes to magnet-driven
trains

Coulombs Law
Like charges repel each other and unlike poles attract
each other
The force of attraction or repulsion between charges is
directly proportional to the product of two charges and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them

F=

Q1 Q 2
4 d
0

where:
Q1 , Q2

F=

k Q 1 Q2
d2

= Force (newton)

= charge in the body (coulomb)

12
absolute permittivity ( 8.854 10 farad per meter )

relative permittivity or dielectric constant (1 for

free space)
d

= distance between two bodies (meter)

= constant in SI Units ( 9 10

Example:
Two point charges of 2.5 x 10-10 coulomb and -3.0 x 10-10 coulomb are
10 cm apart in air. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the force
on each charge.

F=( 9 10 )

(3 1010 ) ( 2.5 1010 )

.10

F=6.75 10 N
PERMANENT MAGNETS
A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that
is magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field. An
everyday example is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a
refrigerator door. Materials that can be magnetized, which are also the
ones
that
are
strongly
attracted
to
a
magnet,
are
called ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic).
These
include iron, nickel, cobalt, some alloys of rare earth metals, and some
naturally occurring minerals such as lodestone. Although ferromagnetic
(and ferrimagnetic) materials are the only ones attracted to a magnet
strongly enough to be commonly considered magnetic, all other
substances respond weakly to a magnetic field, by one of several other
types of magnetism.
Example:
A wire 12 cm long and carrying a current of 30 A is placed between the
pole face of a magnet whose magnetic flux density is 0.9 tesla. If the
wire is inclined at an angle 60 degrees from the plane of the magnetic
field, what the force excreted on the wire?
F=IL

F=( 0.9 ) ( 30 )( 0.12 ) sin 60

F=2.8 N

ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electromagnetism is a branch of physics which involves the study of
the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs
between electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force
usually shows electromagnetic fields, such as electric fields, magnetic

fields, and light. The electromagnetic force is one of the

four fundamental interactions in nature. The other three fundamental
interactions are the strong interaction, the weak interaction,
and gravitation.

Example:
The armature coil of a generator with 50 conductors on it rotates in a
magnetic field with magnetic flux density 1.5 T. The effective area of
the coil is 1000 sq cm. If this coil is move across the pole un 0.5 sec,
determine the average emf induced in the coil.
e=N

( t )= NAt

( 50 )( 1.5 ) 1000 cm2

e=

1m
100 cm

)]
2

0.5

e=15 V

MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
Electrical current flowing along a wire creates a magnetic field around
the wire, as shown in Fig. That magnetic field can be visualized by
showing lines of magnetic flux, which are represented with the symbol
.
The direction of that field that can be determined using the right hand
rule

Faradays Law Of Electromagnetic Induction

Whenever the flux linking a coil or current changes, an emf is

induced in it.

The magnitude of the induced emf is proportional to the rate of

change in flux linkages.
Flux linkages=flux number of turns
e=N

d
dt
e

where:
N

d
dt

= induced voltage (Volt)

= number of turns
= rate of change of flux (Weber per Second)

Example:
A magnetic coil produces 100,000 maxwells with 2,000 turns and with
a current of 2A. The cut off and the flux collapses in 0.01 sec. What is
the average voltage that will appear across the coil?
e=N

( t ) 10

e=( 2000 )

10
( 100000
0.01 )

e=200 V

SELF AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

Self-Inductance or Coefficient of Self Induction is a measure of how
much counter emf is generated in a circuit or components for a change
in current through that circuit or component.

e=L

di
dt
e

where:
L

di
dt
k

= self-induced voltage (Volt)

= self-inductance (Henry)
= rate of change of current (Ampere per Second)
= constant in SI Units ( 9 10

Example:
How much is the inductance of a coil that induces 500 V when the
current changes at the rate of 5mA in 2s?
e=L

L=

di
dt

e
500
=
di
0.005
dt 2 106

L=0.2 H

Mutual Inductance is the amount of degree of mutual induction that

exists between two coils or windings.

M =k L1 L2

M=

k=
M

where:

N 1 N2
R

M=

flux linking L1L2

flux produced by L1

= Mutual Inductance (Henry)

L1

= self-inductance of coil 1 (Henry)

L2

= self-inductance of coil 2 (Henry)

0 r A N 1 N 2
l

= coefficient of coupling

= permeability of free space ( 4 10

= relative permeability of the core used

= cross sectional area of the magnetic path (sq. m)

Henry per

Meter)

N1

= number of turns in the primary winding

N2

= number of turns in the secondary winding

= mean length of the magnetic path (meter)

= Reluctance of the magnetic path (reciprocal Henry)

Example:
Two coils having 200 and 300 turns respectively are wound side by side
on a common closed core whose section is 100 cm2 and mean length of
200 cm. What will be the voltage induced in the second coil if the
current in the first coil changes from 0 to 5 A in o.05 sec? Assume
relative permittivity of the core to be 1500.

M=

0 r A N 1 N 2
l

( 1 ) ( 4 107 ) ( 1500 ) 100 cm2

M=

M =0.565 H
e 2=M

( dldt )
1

e 2=( 0.565 )
e 2=67.8 V

( 0.056 )

1m
100 cm

) ] ( 200 ) ( 300 )
2