Jordan Johnson

Mrs. Sintich
Advanced Placement Biology
November 9, 2015
Cell Structure

Functions:
Peripheral Proteins- Protein loosely attached to the inner or outer surface of the membrane.
Integral Proteins- Proteins spanning the depth of the membrane that can act as a channel/
transport proteins or carrier proteins.
Cholesterol- keeps the membrane flexible and fluid.
Cytoskeleton- provides some rigidity to the plasma membrane of cells.
Glycolipids & Glycoproteins- carbohydrates that attach to the outside surface of the plasma
membrane used in cell signaling and recognition.
Phospholipids- creates a barrier between the environment inside the cell and the enviroment
outside the cell.
Hydrophilic Head- attracted to water
Hydrophobic Tail- repels water.
Extra cellular Matrix- nonliving fibers outside of the cell that gives it support and provides a
medium for transporting material.
Carbohydrates- for cell recognition

Abiotic and biotic factors have a very significant impact on the cell. For example, biofilm
is a collection of microorganisms stuck to one another and on an external substance. The biofilm
can affect the cell because it coordinates the cells behavior with other cells around it. Also, the
biofilm is helpful in cellular communication by acting as a medium for signals to pass from cell
to cell. Another factor that could affect the cell would be density-dependent inhibition. In normal
cells they continue to divide until all the space is filled then they stop growing. Unfortunately
some cell, more specifically, cells with cancer keep dividing until they eventually kill the
organism. Additionally, temperature also has a big impact on the cell, because an increase in
temperature causes an increase in the rate of cellular respiration, while a decrease in temperature
causes a decrease in cellular respiration. Finally water availability can also affect the cell. If the
cell is hypertonic it would shrivel in size, because the solute concentration is greater than the
water concentration. If the cell is hypotonic it would swell and eventually burst, because it has
more water than solute. Finally, the most favored type of cell is isotonic where water and solute
is balanced.

There are two domains for prokaryotic cells, which are Bacteria and Archaea. The
Bacteria domain is the most common and includes the typical bacteria we encounter on a daily
basis. For example, the bacteria that lives in our intestines is under the domain Bacteria. The
bacteria under the Archaea domain live mainly in extreme environments and are the oldest type
of bacteria. The only other type of domain is Eukarya, which consists of all the eukaryotic cells.
This eukaryotic cells include both animal cells and plant cells.