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feelings,
motives, and
behaviors that
set people
apart from one
another.
Trait- an aspect of
personality that is
considered to be
reasonably stable.
Hippocrates, an
ancient Greek
physician, believed
that traits were the
result of different
combinations of bodily
fluids called humors.
Gordon Allport
believed that traits
are the building
blocks of
personality and a
persons behavior is
a product of his or
her particular
combination of
traits.
FiveFactor
Modelrefers to
recent
research
that
suggests
that there
may be
five basic
personalit
y factors.
The psychoanalytic
approach to personality
teaches that all people,
even the most welladjusted, undergo inner
struggles.
People are born with
certain biological drives
such as aggression, sex,
and the need for
superiority. These drives,
however, may come into
conflict with laws, social
norms, and moral codes.
Its an inner contest
between the opposing
forces of drives and rules.
Freud believed
that the mind has
three basic
psychological
structures: the id,
the ego, and the
superego.
According to Freud,
people with healthy
egos, and therefore
healthy
personalities, find
ways to balance the
ids demands and
the superegos
warnings.
Defense
mechanisms are
methods the ego
uses to avoid
recognizing ideas or
emotions that may
cause personal
anxiety. These
defenses operate
unconsciously.
Repression removes
anxiety-causing ideas
from conscious
awareness by pushing
them into the
unconscious.
This is not always
successful as it results
in outbursts of anger
and the development
of other psychological
and emotional
problems.
Displaceme
nt is the
transfer of
an idea or
impulse from
a
threatening
or unsuitable
object to a
less
threatening
object.
Regressionwhen a person
is under a great
deal of stress
he or she will
return to
behavior
characteristic of
an earlier stage
of development.
Projection is when
people see their
faults and
unacceptable
thoughts in others.
Denial- a person
refuses to accept
the reality of
anything that is
bad or upsetting
Sublimationchanneling basic
impulses into
socially acceptable
behavior.
By age 5 or 6 Freud
believed that
children would
retreat from conflict
and repress all
aggressive urges
which would cause
them to enter the
latency stage.
Latent means
hidden.
The structural
components of the
collective unconscious
are basic, primitive
concepts called
archetypes.
Archetypes are ideas
and images of the
accumulated
experience of all
humans. Examples
include: the hero the
maiden, the wise old
man, and the
nurturing mother.
Jung argued
that archetypes
influence our
thoughts and
feelings and
they help form
a foundation on
which our
personality
develops.
Alfred Adler
was another
follower of
Freud.
Inferiority
Complexpeople are
basically
motivated by a
need to
overcome
feelings of
inferiority.
Behaviorism- founded
by John Watson who
claimed that external
forces or influences,
not internal influences
such as traits or inner
conflict, largely shape
peoples preferences
and behavior.
B.F. Skinner agreed
that we pay attention
to how people behave
and avoid trying to see
within their minds.
Abraham Maslow
believed that humans
are separated from
lower animals
because they
recognize their desire
to achieve selfactualization; to
reach their full
potential.
People must take their
own paths to selfactualization because
they are unique.
Accomplishing this
requires taking risks.
The sociocultural
perspective focuses on
the roles of gender,
ethnicity, and culture in the
formation of personality.
One aspect of culture that
is focused on is the level of
individualism or
collectivism in a society. An
individualist see the self
as separate from other
people, while a
collectivist sees the self
as complete only in terms
of their relationships to
others.